Tài liệu Tong quan ve nguon luc_1

TRUONG QUAN I.," KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHt TONG QUAN CAC NGUON LIYC KHOA HOC VA CONG NGI4 HA Ni, ' nam 2016 MUC TIEU CUA CHUYEN BE: Cung cap nhung nhan thirc co ban ve: + Nhan -auk chung ve tiem luc, ngu6n lire not chung va tiem luc va ngu6n lire KH&CN not rieng: - Khai niem chung ve tiem lkrc, ngu6n luc. - Khai niem ve tiem luc va ngu6n lire KH&CN. - Cac tiep can khi xem xet ngu6n lire KH&CN + Khai quat ve cac clang ngu6n lire co ban va nhung van de dat ra doi vai cong tac quan 1y ngu6n lkrc KH&CN tai dia phuang. + Khai ltroc ve co so' phap ly quart ly cac clang ngu6n luc KH&CN cua cac dia phuong. PHAN I KHAI QUAT VE CAC NGUON LirC KH&CN 1. NHAN THtrc CHUNG VE TIEM LVC, NGUON LIIC KH&CN 1.1. Khai niem chung ve tiem luc va nguon hrc KH&CN 1.1.1. Khcii niem vd tidm va tiem hrc KH&CN I. Tidm hfc cua mat quac gia: Toan b(13 sire manh tiem tang cua dat nu6c, c6 kha nang bee 10 de tro• thanh sire manh thkrc hien nhiem vu khi dugc huy &Ong. Tiem lvc not chung co the g6m tiem luc kinh te,,tiem lvc chinh tri, tiem luc quan sir, tiem lire KH&CN, tiem luc van hoa va tinh than dm mot quoc gia. M6si loai tiem lire c6 cac dac trung va tieu chi rieng. Chung luon tac dOng tuong ho Fan nhau trong qua trinh dixochuy deng de thuc hien nhiem vu. Su tac deng Fan nhau luon phai thong qua yeu to con ngtr6i. Tiem lkrc ton tai dtrad clang hien hilt' va dtrai clang tiem nang c6 the huy deng. 2. Tidm KH&CN: La khai niem dung chi sire manh tiem tang c6 kha nang b0c 10 khi dugc huy Ong de tao thanh sire manh thkrc hien cac nhiem vu KH&CN. 3. Cac ydu to caw thanh tiem ltrc KH&CN: Theo UNESCO, tiem lac KH&CN g6m 4 thanh to chinh. DO la Nhan lire (con nguai), Vat lye (ca sa vat chat ky thuat, may mot, thiet bi, vat tu,...), Tai lac (nguOn tai chinh) va Tin lac (thong tin phtic vu hog dOng KH&CN). Nhang yeu to nay clugc quan tam va phat trien tiz nhang nam 60 — 80 dm the kj, XX. Tir cuoi the ky XX den nay, do su phat trien manh me cfra KH&CN cling nhu sir hai nhap va quoc to hOa nen kinh to da lam cho cac yeu to khac nhu To chac, ICH&CN, Tai san tri tue va hop tac quoc to ye KH&CN not len nhu nhang yeu to co vai trd quan tong trong viec gia tang six manh cua mat quoc gia, mat be, nganh, dia phucmg hay,to chirc ca so trong viec that hien c6 hieu qua cac nhiem KH&CN. Cac yeu to nay ngay nay cling &rot xem nhu nhiing nguon lac quan trong va dugc chit y phat trien va phat huy manh trong phat trien KH&CN. 1.1.2. Khai niem ve nguon luc KH&CN 1. Khcii niem: a Ngu6n lac KH&CN,la khai niem duoc dvng chi phan tiem lac da duot huy dOng nha co che va chinh sach, san sang a phuc vu cho hog Ong KH&CN cua mat nuac, be, nganh, dia phuong hay dm met dan vi ca sa. 2. Cac thanh phan ca ban: Vaiban chit la phan tiem lac da duoc huy dang, tiem lac c6 the chuyen thank nguon lac thong qua cac co the chinh sach nhat dinh nen cac thanh phan cfra tiem lac va ngu6n lac KH&CN la hoan town nhu,nhau . Hog dang KH&CN vao cac thanh phan cua nguon Luc KH&CN, thuemg xuyen luon gan va gOm: - Nhan lac KH&CN; - He th6ng co sa vat chit ky thuat phuc vu hog dOng KH&CN; - Tai chinh KH&CN; - Thong tin KH&CN; - He th6ng cac to chirc KH&CN. Va nhang nam g'an day cac thanh to sau day cling thuerng duce de cap nhu nhang thanh phan cua nguon lire KH&CN: - Tai san tri tue; - H9p the qu6c to ve KH&CN,.. 1.2. Hai tiep can khi xem xet nguon lac 1.2.1. Tie', can rieng tang loci ngujn lac 1/ Mei dang nguon ltrc co vai tro, vi tri rieng trong viec tao thanh sue manh KH&CN, Ichong the thay the. Trong do: Nhan lye la nguon lye c6 tinh quyat Binh. M9i hog d9ng, sy xay dyng va van cl9ng cac clang nguon lye khac deu phai thong qua nguen nhan luc. Tai lyc c6 tinh chi phi tat ca cac clang nguon lye khac. Tip can rieng tirng log nguon lye: Nam dugc solugng, , 2/ Myc tieu timg log nguon lyc; nam duac sir van d9ng,, phat ,trien oda timg chat luemg loci nguon lyc trong tong giai cloan, nhiing diem manh, diem yeu;nhang kh6 khan, thuan lai trong viec phat trien, khai thac va duy tri timg loci nguiin lye. 3/ Myc dich: Giup cho viec xay dyng ke hoach chitin lugc phat trien tirng dang ngutin lye; khai thac, sir dung va quan 1ST not chung timg clang nguon lye dugc hieu qua. 1.2.2. Tie'p can tang the 1/ Vai to cach la nguon lyc KH&CN, la sirc manh de thyc hien cac nhiem vu KH&CN, cac yeu to nguon luc can duce xem xet nhu mot nhat the, nglifa la trong moi tuang tac gifra chimg trong viec thyc hien cac nhiem vu KH&CN de dat nhfing myc tieu de ra. 2/ Myc tieu: Lam re' sy thich hap cim nguon lye KH&CN nhu mot nhat the dam bao thyc hien cac nhiem vu KH&CN dm met to chirc (Nha nuac, 139, nganh, dia phuang hay co* sa). 3/ Myc dich: Dam bao de tong the cac nguon lye dap img yeu cau thyc hien cac nhiem vu KH&CN thong qua viec can doi cac thanh phan nguon lye theo yeu cau,thyc tien thtrehien cac nhiem KH&CN, mat khac de xay dyng ice hoach chien lugc phat trien nguon lyc mot each hfru hieu. 4/ Cac cach tiep can tong the chil yen: a) Phwang phdp tiep can theo chuyen nganh + LA phuang phap tiep can theo nganh chuyen m8n: Xem xet, danh gia nguon lyc KH&CN c8a tirng nganh rieng trong moi quan tam ye kha nang dap img yeu cau phat trien cua nganh; + U'u diem: Cho phep danh gia nguon lye cua timg n*Anh gan vai viec thyc hien cac nhiem vu do nganh dAt ra met each cu the, chi tiet. Tren co sO• do, moi nganh co the thay chti manh, cho yeu va c45 ke hoach xay dung va phat trien nguon lye aim minh. + Nhuvc diim: Tuy la ngu'on lvc cna nganh, nhung nhiem vu cua nganh thi WI rat da Dao tao, san xuat, nghien mOi linh vvc lai con lien quan den nhiem vu cua cac nganh, linh vuc khac. Do do, cong tac xay dung ke hoach va dat ra cac muc fieu con chua the hoar' chinh dugc. Noi cach kink, ding tac quail ly con nhieu ph& tap. b) Phwang phdp tiep can theo cia phuang hay yang Icinh tlzo La phuang phap quan ly, xem xet nguon lvc KH&CN theo dia phuang hay \Tung lanh filo nhu tinh, thanh ph8 hay \rang mien. Trong each tiep can nay, ding v6i viec xem xet, danh gia cac clang ngu'on lvc ca ban, ngay nay nguoi to con chU 3•1 den van de van hoa, ton gido, cac dac trung dan tec va cac dac trung khac cua cac dia phuang, viing mien cila nguon hp. + Uu diim: Cho thay chi') yeti, cht; math oh lung dia phuang, vung lath filo ve nguon lvc. Qua do c6 the xay dung ke hoach cho su that trien nguon lvc dia. \ding d6 met each sat nhat, phu hap nhat vgi yeu can phat trien KH&CN, phat trien KT-X11 cua vUng do. + Nhtrqc diim: Van con can chit y den ke hoach phat trien ngutm lvc chung cua Quoc gia; De tao ra to Wang civic bO hay dan deu, trong khi tren thvc to can c6 nhung trung tam KH&CN dau tau. c) Phtrang phdp dip c(in theo van cue + Khai niem tiep can theo van de co !lei ham rat rOng. Van de c6 the la van . de cua quOc gia, BO, nganh, dia phuang hay qu'Oc + NOi dung phuang phap la nam chac muc tieu, nei dung, yeu cau cita van de KH&CN de,phan tich ngti8n lvc trong inoi quan tam ve 'tang lvc thvc hien tot t nhat cac vande Tat ra. Qua do co cai nhin tong the de co the xay dung ke hoach va quan nguon lvc phvc vv tot nhat cho vi'ec thvc hien cac nhiem vv. + Ninrcec diem: Khong dinh lieu ngutm luc cho tuang lai, thuOng chi c6 tinh tiled su. d) Plro'ng phdp dip can tong thi chung Theo cach tiep can nay, can xem xet ngutin luc tren pham vi ca nugc va ve m9i mat. Tiep can tong the thuOng dva tren cac ket qua dieu tra tong the ma khong phan biet dugc ngutin luc cua lung vUng, mien, dia phuang hay be, nganh. Teen ca so do, xay dung ke hoach Oat trien nguon hue KH&CN ding mang tinh tong the chung. , xem xet day du tren + IYu diem: Cung cap thong tin tong the, cho pham vi ca nuac de c6 cai nhin tong the va xay dung ke hoach chitin luac chung. Lien quan den chinh sach vi mo mang tinh dinh huong chung cho ca quoc gia. + Khong the chi tiet cho dia phuang hay b0, nganh. Kit In(in chung: Thuc to cho.thdy Jai cach tip can co vai,tro, vi tri rieng. Vi vay, can tien hanh nhieu each tiep can lthac nhau de co sixhieu biet va thOng tin vira chi tiet, vira tong the, vira chung vira cpc 13,Q. 2. CAC aliNG NGUON WV CO BAN VA CONG TAC QUAN LI? 2.1. Nhan hyc ICH&CN 2.1.1. Khai niem Tuy den nay Viet Nam chua co mot van ban chinh thirc nao Binh nghia ye nhan luc KH&CN, nhung can cir,vao Nghi quyet Trung =mg 2 Kh6a VIII va cac so lieu thong ke cfra T6ng cuc th6ng ke cho thay Viet Nam coi nhan lye KH&CN bao gom tir cong than lanh nghe den cac nha khoa h9c lam cong tac NCKH, PTCN va dao tao dai hoc. 2.1.2. flat diem ctia nhan lint (1) La y6u to guy& dinh su thanh cong. (2). Co dac thu ve lao dOng: Lao dOng tri 6c, sang tao, phan cong lao Ong cao va phdc tap; tinh ca than not tri nhung tinh tap the lg rat quan tr9ng; (3). COng tac quan 17 nhan luc KH&CN, dac biet la quan ly dOi ngii can bQ nghien ciru khoa h9c, phat trien cong nghe co nhieu Ichac biet, can ducic chir y. 2.1.3. Mat so clinh ',Leong phat trien trong cong tac qucin ly nguan nhcin Arc , (1). Thuc hien mot cach day du va khoa h9c not ham cu ban dm quan 15 nguon nhan luc; (2). Xay dung va quan ly nguOn nhan luc can vai phat trien nghe nghiep va phat trien to chirc; (3). Dao tao, bOi chlang, to bOi duang la not dung tr9ng yeu cua phat trien nguOn nhan luc KH&CN; (4). Phat trien va da clang Ma cac hinh thirc dao tao; chu tr9ng phat trien cac Icy nang mem cho nhan luc KH&CN; (5). Phat trien nguOn than luc gdri ved xay dung to chirc ve co cdu, cc( the hog dOng va ve van hoa dm to chirc. (6). Chu tr9ng quan ly nguOn than luc tai nang, quan 111 d'Oi ngfi can 1)0; (7). Xay dung dOi ngil can b0 quan ly c6 du trinh dO, !fang luc va phucmg phap quan 1j hien dai; , (8). Quan ly nhan su phai luon huang den raw fiat' dal mai toan dien: not dung doi mai, qua trinh doi mai va phucmg phap, ky thug doi mai; (9). Chu trong doi mai chinh sach, dam bao kin cu the dm su Oat trien; h9p giai down va diau (10). Thuc thi thAm dinh, danh gia trong kiam soat cac hog clang ke ca hog clang quan 15/. (11). Xay dung 9uan diem: Nnhan luc vim la luc lugng chir chat hien mgc tieu, vim la doi tugng phsc vs cua su phat trien cua don vi. a thuc (12). Xay dung phuong phap va co the quan ly phai phu hgp va kh6ng trai vai cac dac thit c6 tinh quy lust dm host clang lao clang tri 6c va host clang nghien cuu khoa hoc. 2.2. TM hrc KH&CN 2.2.1. Khai niem ve Tai luc KH&CN - La kha na'ng bao dam kinh phi danh cho hog clang nghien car va phat trien KH&CN cua Nha nuac, B6, nganh, dia phuong hay to chirc co so., cling nhu doanh nghiep. - Va ban chat, cian to cho KH&CN la dAu tu tai san xuat ma rang 'Ca hai. - Tai chinh KH&CN la yeu co tac citing chi phai tat ca cac dsng nguan luc KH&CN khac nen rat can phai dugc quan tam xay dung, phat trien va sir dung mat cach c6 hieu qua. 2.2.2. Nhang clac diem c6 tinh nguyen tac trong quan ly kinh phi KH&CN (1). Phan kinh phi dAu tu cho KH&CN phai tren co sa mai quan he mat thiet gift KH&CN vai phat trien kinh te. - Can cir vao nhu au phat,trian san xuat va lgi ich kinh dinh phuong huong va lira ch9n van de nghien ciru trien khai; t6 xa da xac - Can cir vao mac da phat trien kinh to va Vac da tang twang da sap xap le dAu tu cho KH&CN tir ngan sach nha nuac. - Chu y hieu qua lgi ich kinh ta; thsc hien hach than kinh te. - Sap xap hgp ly kinh phi danh cho KH&CN. (2). Doi vai cac loci hinh nghien ciru khac nhau, phai c6 cac bien phap quan ly kinh phi khac nhau de pith huy hieu qua ciia cac hog clang nay. (3). Phai da dsng hoa nguan van: + Von ngan sach nha ntrac va dia phuong, bao gam: Kinh phi sir nghiAp; Kinh phi ho trg phat trien KH&CN (cac quy); Kinh phi xay dung co ban; Quy KHTN; Quy phat trien KH&CN cua Dia phuong. + Writ; co; + TiAn vay tin dung KH&CN cua ngan hang; + Thuc hiAn ma cfra thu hut von nu& ngoai. , (4). Phai sir dung nguAn kinh phi mot cach c6 hiAu qua: Dam bao trong diem, lga ch9n tai uu va sap xep thong nhat gift cac linh vuc nghien ciru, cac loci hinh nghien eau. (5). Phai thgc hiAn quyAt toan kinh phi. 2.3. Vat Itre 2.3.1. Khai niem bi, co. so. ha Vat luc la khai niAm dung chi town 1)8 hA thiSng vat tu, tang, co so. vat chat ky thuat, ding cu, nguyen vat liAu ciia mat to chirc (Nha nuac, to 138, nganh, dia phuong hay to chirc co so) dung phuc vu cho viAc thirc hiAn cac nhiAm vu KH&CN. Vat luc ma dac trung la hA thong cac trang thiet bi, cong cu va nguyen vat WALT phgc vu hoat dOng nghien,cini khoa hoc, phat trien cong ngliA c6 nhieu dac d'ac tinh,khac voi cac trang thiet bi ciing chimg loci dung fang rAi trong san xuat va dai song. 2.3.2. Tinh cldc thin Tinh dac thu dugc thA hiAn a nhting diArn cha ch& sau day, ma nhang tinh , chAt d'Ac thii nay guy& dinh dAn tinh chAt va phuong thirc quan 1S vat tu, thiet bi KH&CN: (1). Tinh tong hop ky thu'g vai yeu cAu cao ve chi tien ky thuat va d8 chinh xac. (2). Co nhieu chimg loai, quy each phirc tap, phi tieu chuan, kho san xuat log 16n. (3). HiAu suAt sir dung thu8mg thAp, trong khi yeu eau ve bao duong, bao tri lai thuang xuyen, nhieu lch6 khan. (4). TuAi th9 ky thuat ngan, t6c d8 dAi mai nhanh; (5). You cAu cua thuc tin &Si vai loci thiat bi nay da da•ng va cling luon thay 2.3.3. Nhieng van d clot ra cho cong tac quan ly (1). Nhang not dung lien quan den quan VI vat tu, thiet bi KH&CN + Quan 1)" ke hoach vat tu, thiet bi KH&CN; , + Quail ly kho vat to thiet bi KH&CN; + Quan ly xay dung phong thi nghiem va quail 1y cac thiet bi thi nghiem; (2). Quan 15 may mOc, vat tu thiet bi KH&CN can dam bao hai goc , - Quan 1)'7 k5f thuat doi vo i chimg; - Dam 1)68 nuic Bich va hieu qua kinh te. (3). Dam bao tinh hieu qua trong xay dung, sir clang cac trang thiet bi, dac biet la cac trang thiet bi chuyen dimg, phirc tap ye ky thuat, dat tien nhung tan suat sir dung thap (cac phong thi nghiem trong diem). (4). Quart VI thuong xuyen he thong vat tu thiet bi ,ky thuat, dam bao san khoa h9c, phat trien cong nghe va luting sang dap img yeu cau nghien truck nhirng yeu cau trong Mang lai; (5). Thgc hien hop tac qu6c gia va qu6c to ve nghien ciru de giam nhe &nit nang ve trang thiet (6). Xay dung mang lueri quart Vf, to chirc dao tao, boi duang, - hart luyen than vien quart 15T va ky thuat phuc vu cho cong tac dam bao ye Vat hie cho hog dOng NCKH, PTCN. 2.4. TIN LIXC KH&CN 2.4.1. Thong tin KH&CN voi tie cach la nguan list KH&CN (1). Khai niem v' Thong tin KH&CN d La thong tin trong link vuc hog dOng KH&CN, lien quan den cac dinh huang hog dOng, ket qua dm cac hog Ong KH&CN, phuung phap flux hien cling nhu nhung tac dOng qua lai Oita cac link vgc khoa hoc, gitra khoa hoc vai hog dOng thuc tien cua xa h8i, giup cho quail ly, clieu hanh, hoach dinh chinh sach va thuc hien cac nhiern vu NCKH, PTKH va nghien cuu trier' khai. (2). COng tac thong tin va Quart bi Thong tin veil tie cach la ngua n Arc KH&CN a) COng tac thong tin: Thu thap, thong ke, chinh 1)'1, xir ly, phan tich, tang hop; truyen bd, ph8 bien va phac va thong tin cho nguoi &mg. b) Quan ly hoat Ong thong tin KH&CN: Xay Ong ke hoach; to chirc thkrc hien; to chirc xfr ly, luu gift va ph6 bien; Xay dung co so ha tang thong tin; xay Mpg chinh sach; kiem tra, danh gig. 2.4.2. Miring van cue can quan tam clai vai quart ly nguiin thong tin KH&CN (1). Xac dinh nhu cau th8ng tin: - Nhu eau thong tin khong nhitng cho phat trien KH&CN, phat trien kinh to xa hei trong giai doan hien tai ma con phai xac dinh nhu cau thong tin trong Wong lai, trong met giai doan dai; - Nhu cau thong tin can phai cu the hoa cang chi tiet cang tot, cho tirng linh vuc KH&CN, cho tong linh vkrc kinh to - xa hei, tirng linh vkrc hoat deng va tirng dia phuong, tirng to chirc. - Nhu eau thong tin ding can chil Y den thong tin cap chitin "age, chitin thuat (vi mo, vi mo); (2). Xac dinh va phat trien cac nguon thong tin va cac phuong thirc thu thap thong tin: Cac nguon tin chinh thong, cac nguon tin thuOng xuyen va cac nguon tin phi tro; MOi clang nguon tin phai co phuong phap,thu thap de có thong tin chinh xac, có sir chin 19c de có dirge nhang thong tin tot nhat. day va kip tiled. Dong (3). Xay dung ke hoach va to chirc thvc hien viec thu thap th6ng tin, xir 1Y, ltru frit va pito cap thong tin met each reng rai. (4). Xay dkrng ke hoach va to chirc thkrc hien thong ke KH&CN. (5). Cham lo xay dkrng co so ha fang, dao tao nguon nhan lvc, tim kiem kinh phi cho cong tac thong tin va sir dung cac clang nguon lire met each c6 hieu qua nhat. (6). Ma reng hop tac quec to ve thong tin nham cap nhat ngay cang day du thong tin vii chat luong ngay cang cao. 2.4.3. Nhiing dinh huVng phit trien cong tic thong tin KH&CN ,(1). Gan ding tac thong viec phkic phat trien KH&CN, phkic vu phat trien kinh to xa hei. Lay nhu cau cira sr nghiep phat trien KT-XH lam inkic tieu va ding lkrc pilaf trien. (2); Phat trien hai hoa gicra cac muc tieu phuc vu phat trien KH&CN, phat trien kinh to vai viec pito bien, nang cao dan tri, phat trien van hoa — xa hei; (3). Phat trien cac dich v9 thong tin KH&CN. Dich vu thong tin phai tra thanh trung tam cila hoat Ong thong tin KH&CN. (4). Ktt hap hai Itha gift vitc phat trien mang thong tin, cac cong Cu truy nhap vgi vitc phat trien va lam phong phu not dung thong tin KH&CN; xay dung cac co sa du lieu, ngan hang dir litu de dang truy cap doi vgi quang dai quan chimg; (5). Dam bao six tuning hgp va kha nang hOi nhap voi he th6ng thong tin qutc te; (6). Xay dung va kh8ng ngirng hoan thin co sa phap l5/ trong linh vtrc hoat dOng thong tin not chung va thong tin KH&CN not rieng. 2.5. TO CHITC KH&CN 2.5.1. Khcii niem v" to chirc +T6 chirc la mot thuc tht xa h6i, bao gtm mot s6 don vi thanh phan va gigi lanh dao, dugc lien ket vgi nhau ve chic nang, nhitm vu theo nhang,ca the va nguyen tac nhat Binh, cong cuthuc hitn rime tieu chung cong dong. +.T1:1)/ theo chirc nang, nhitm vu, rntic Lieu cua minh,rn tochirc cg mot co eu 6i cau to chirc dac trung. + Ca cam cua to chic la mot khung Icht, din hinh la clang thir,bac, trong do t6 chirc sap dat duamg loi quan, str lien ket trao doi minh va sap (tat cac quyen va nghia vu cho cac don vi thanh phan caa.to chirc 2.5.2. To chic KH&CN va phan loci (1). Khai niem: La cac loci to chile dugc thanh lap dt thuc thi nhitm vu quan 1)", va thuc hitn nhitm vu KH&CN. (2). Phan loci: Chia thanh cac to chirc co h9c (cimg, theo cac chirc nang quan ly /thtrc hitn nhitm vu KH&CN) va cac to chirc him co (mem). a) Ht th6ng cac to chirc KH&CN co h9c mang tinh chit dm mot to chirc hanh chinh bao, a + He thong to chic quan If/ KH&CN, dugc lap ra thuc hitn cac chirc nang quan 15/ cac hog dOng KH&CN o cac cap Ichac nhau, bao gom Co quan Tian ly cao nhat livc thuc Chinh phu la BO KH&CN; cac so, vu KH&CN, cac to chute quan l)" cap co so (cac ph6ng, ban quail ly KH&CN). , + Car to chuc NCKH & PTCN (ggi chung la cac co quan nghien cim phat trien). Dg la he thong to chirc cot loi time hitn nghien cim phat trien va bao gom da nganh nghe va nhieu trinh dO; mot luc lugng &Ong dao can bo + Cac to chzk Bich vu KH&CN: CO trach nhitm thuc hitn dua cac thanh tutu KH&CN to nguon san sinh ra chimg tai not cg nhu cau sir citing — cac hog dOng SXKD va cac hog Ong xd hOi khac; thvc hiQn chirc nang 116 trg cac hoat Ong NCKH&PTCN. + He th6ng to chirc ca hoc cling c6 nhung thay d6i ve co cAu, co the phir hap veri cac chirc nang, nhiem vu timg tiled kY. Nghien ciru ve sir thay Oi he th6ng to chile Ca hoc thuang la nhiQm vv thuemg xuyen cua cac ca quan quan ly to chirc cua Nha nuerc, 13Q, nganh hay dia phuang. b) Cac he th6ng him ca, bao g6m cac to chirc Dix an, to chtc ma trAn va t6 elite do. Day la N th6ng to chirc dugc sinh ra trong thvc thi cac hoat d'Ong KH&CN va thy theo timg nhiem vv va nang lire va kha nang to chirc de lira chon clang cu the. Cac to chirc hfru co cling dugc nghien ciru thay d6i theo yeu cAu va mvc tieu trong thtc hien cac nhiQm vu KH&CN, c6 the la mot to chuc ton tai lau dai, thi du cac to eh& lien ket hay ton tai theo hrng nhiQm vv nhu cac to chirc (Iv an. Trong mei loai hinh cling lai c6 nhieu clang to chirc. Trong giai clop hien nay, khi ma KH&CN phat trien mang me, CNTT va truyen thong dat dugc nhang thanh, hru to lan va xu the toan cau h6a, lien. ket vvc thi cac to chirc mem, d'ac bit la to chirc ao dugc dAc bit chir trong m9i phat trien. 2.5.3. MOt so vein cue can quan tam trong quan ly to chtk KH&CN (1) Xay dung va phat trien ve to chile phai gan vai nhiem vv phat trien KH&CN, phvc vv plat trien kinh to - xa hOi. (2) Cling vai he th6ng to chirc mang tinh ,quan hanh chinh trong linh vvc hoat Ong KH&CN, ngay nay the giai km den nghien cuu va phat trien cac loai to chirc hinh thirc mem nham nang cao hieu qua viec thvc hiQn nhiQm vv KH&CN; (3) CAn quan tam phat trien cac clang to chirc lien k6t not bO trong to chirc, voi cac to chirc ben ngoai va cac to chile quoc te. (4) Chinh sach, ca the hog Ong la linh h6n cua to chtc. MOt to eh& co hoat Ong hiQu qua hay kh6ng con phi thuQc nhieu vao ca the hoat Ong dugc thiet lAp cho no. (5) Ca the chinh sach can dam bao tinh muc tieu va tinh dinh huong cho t6 chirc va ca nhan phat huy cao nhat Wang hrc, tri tue va tai Wang cua minh; thvc hien tinh dan chu, binh dang trong hoat Ong KH&CN. 3. Cac tieu chi co' ban khi xem xet cac ngutin Iwc KH&CN 3.1 Cac tieu chi danh gia tac Ong tong hqp cac nguon luc KH&CN 3.1.1. Nang list thuc hien nghien cuu khoa hoc Nghien cuu khoa hoc bao g6m nghien eau ca ban va nghien cuu Ong dung: 1. Nghien ciru cc ban: la nhim giup phat hien ban chit va quy lust cna cac suyat, hien tugng trong to nhien, xa hei, con ngued. Nang luc nghien ciru co ban the hien tren 3 khia canh: Nang lgc phat hien, dg bao va giai dap kip thai nhang van de ly luan va thgc tien do cu6c song dat ra; - Nang lgc sang tao tri thirc m6i, long g6p vao tri thirc cua nhan loci - Nang lgc lam nen tang cho viec hieu Wet tiep thu, hip thu, van dung sang tao cac thanh tgu, cac tier/ b6 KH&CN cna the giai vao tinh hinh cu the dm dat ntrac. Xac dinh tieu chi danh gia: Do nghien ciru co ban chi/ yell lam ma mang kien thirc ma chua chi/ y hay de cap den hieu quA kinh to cua cac clang nghien ciru nay nen tieu chi danh gia ket qua nghien cuu cling c6 nhting dac ddiemr rieng. a Tieu chi xem xet Ice./ qua dm cac de tai nghien cuu co ban la ket fink de tai, tac gia hay nhom tac gia da tim ra dugc nhung tri thirc gi mai; so lugng va trinh do khoa h9c cua cac tri thirc mai do. Nhang tri thirc nay thuang dirge the hien qua so lugng va chat lugng cac bai bao dugc clang tai lien quan den De tai nghien cuu khoa hoctren cac tap chi trong hay ngoai ntrac. Cac tap chi cang c6 uy tin cao teen the giai cang the hien gia tri khoa hoc cua bai bao. Tuy nhien, cach danh gia nay con chua day di/ vi viec danh gia ding con mang tinh dinh tinh va mat khac con phg thuc vao chat lugng va uy tin dm tang tap chi ma bai bao do dugc dang. 2. Nghien ciru trijn khai: Nang luc nghien cuu trier/. khai IA mot thanh to quan trong the hien nang lgc KH&CN cua m6i vac gia hay mot chi/ the nghien cuu nao do. Nang Igc nghien cuu ling dung bao gorn: - Nghien cuu d'etao ra cong nghe m6i, san phim mai phuc vu kinh to xa , Vic nghien ciru tao ra cong nghe mai, san pham mai quyet dinh den chat lugng hang Ma, den trinh do cong nghe cua mai quoc gia. - Nang lgc nghien cuu ring dung con bao ham ca cai tier/ cong nghe cu thanh cong nghe thich hop cho tirng yang, tirng Firth vuc trong mot th&i gian va khOng gian nhat dinh. Dieu nay dac biet coy nghia doi v6i cac nu& mai buac vao nhting nam dau cua thai ky cong nghiep hoa. Tiep nhan, tiep thu kien thirc ve cong nghe mai a tren ca sa do tien tai cai tien, sang tao cai mai thong qua nhap cong nghe thich hop cho dieu kien cua tong link vtrc, tirng khu vgc. Tuy vay, viec nhap cong nghe nhu the nao? Cho Fith vtrc gi? Con phythuec vao nhieu yeu to nhu: Myc tieu phat trien, nhu cAu cua dat ntrac, kinh phi de nhap khau cong nghe, kha 'fang lam chu va van hanh cong nghe hien dai, luon dei hoi cac nha lath dao, cac nha ding nghe phai suy nghi tn.roc khi dat mua. Thich hop ca ve tinh hien dai, ca ve kinh phi, ca ye phong tyc va truyen thOng dan tec la met bai toan kho doi vai cac dan vi khi nhAp cong nghe. Xac dinh tieu chi danh gia: Tieu chi nang ltrc nghien ciru trien khai the hien moi nam tao ra dugc bao nhieu cong nghe mai, san pham mai, dap irn4 dugc bao nhieu phan tram (%) nhu cau ding nghe va san pham dm nen kinh te. MOt trong nhang tieu chi di rang the hien nang lgc nghien ciru trien khai la so luting cac sang the dec quyen, cac giai phap hfiu,ich,...ma met to chirc dugc. Met chi tieu khac có lien quan den Nghien ciru trien khai la float deng nghien ciru nay da tac deng nhu the nao den mat kinh to dm to chirc: Lgi ich kinh t6 ma cac hog deng nay mang lai. Ngugc lai, cac tieu chi ve mat trai,cua cong nghe ding can dugc tinh den. DO sy tac deng xau den mei truemg, den cac tieu chi ye kinh te, chinh tri - xa hei den miry nao. 3.1.2.Nang ltec clau tuThat trien KH&CN Y nghia cua vqc dank gia: Nang ltrc au- tu phat trien KH&CN cua mei queoc gia, moi dia phuong, moi to chirc la met tieu chi het sire quan trong. NO the hien a: - Nang ltrc tai chinh cua to chirc la manh hay yeti, ma tai chink lai IA clang nguOn ltrc có tinh chat chi phoi tat ca cac clang nguon lgc khac. Mot chirc luOn phai phan dau có dugc met nang lye tai chinh math, nhieu ye so luting va luOn On dinh va phat trien. Nang lye Tau tu phat trien KH&CN dm met to chirc Ichong chi phy thuec vao kha nang tai chinh don vi do ma con dugc the hien ra qua cac kha nang sau: - Kha nang xac dinh nhu cAu dau tu va nang lgc dau tu cua to chfrc; - Kha nanf xac dinh cac dinh huong phat trien va cac tru tien dau tu met cach chinh xac de mang lai hieu qua dau tu. - Kha Wang huy dOng cac nguOn lyc khac de thirc hien cac du an du tu. - Kha nang de xuat cac giai phap thirc hien có hieu qua. - Kha nang to chirc thgc hien. TO hgp tAt ca cac kha nang ten teo thanh kha nang deu ttr phat trien KH&CN mei t6 chgc. dinh tieu chi danh gia: Tieu chi de danh gia nang lgc deu tu phat trien KH&CN met to chirc r6 rang dugc dant! gia theo nang lgc tai chinh va 5 kha nang khac dä liet ke tren day. 3.1.3. Nang lyv dinh huz'Yng va phai hop hogt clOng KH&CN nghia cfia viec &nit gia: Trong b6i canh hgp tac va phan cong lao &Ong qugc te mph me nhu ngay nay, dee_ biet ,trong hoet dOng KH&CN, viec dinh huong cho hoet &ling KH&CN cho mai quoc gia, m8i khu vgc, mei to chirc doi hoi ngay cang rOng va ngay cang dang deng. Viec dinh huang dung !lilting nhiem vti can thgc hien theo kha nang va nhu cau mai quoc gia gilap cho hoet deng KH&CN det dugc ket qua de dang va thiet thgc. Ben cenh do, sg ph6i hgp da nganh, da,quoc gia de giai quyet nhting van de 16n, nhiing van de lien quan nhieu nganh, nhieu linh vgc, klion the thieu. Chi c6 sg ph6 h9p rOng 16n va,toan dien mgi giai quyet dugc nhang van de mang tinh khu vgc va mang tinh qugc te. Stx phoi hgp nay can teo ra hgp, lgc trong viec giai quyet nhang bai toan h6c ma neu met,nguai, mOt t'ep the, them chi met quoc gia cling kitting giai quyet dugc. Str phoi hgp tot se teo ra mOt cach toi tru hgp ltrc dm tat ca m9i no ltrc, cO gang c6 quan thgc hien mix tieu phat trien va cac ket qua cp the (let dugc trong cac mgc lieu ph& trien (let ra. Trong nghien car khoa h9c thi nghien cgu co ban phai mang tinh dinh khoa h9c. Nghien cfru dng huang, giai quyet nhang van de can c6 sg 17 giai dung phai c6 san pham va ding nghe cg the, du dap ung nhu cau xa. hOi. Hai " hinh thdc nghien ciru nay phai c6 str ket hgp chat che vim la nen tang nhung lei la dOng Itrc ho trg nhau ding phat trien, de c6 the nhanh chOng doi mai, nang cap dat ntrac, phuc vu dac ltrc, c6 hieu qua str nghiep CNH, trinh KH&CN lieu phat HDH, hei nhep nen kinh te quoc te va lchu,vgc. Mix di) del duge trien la thugc do nang ltrc dinh hugng va phoi hgp cac hoyt dOng KH&CN. Hoet dOng dinh huang va ph6i hgp chi! yeu phu thuOc vac trinh di, can 130 lath deo va tham muu. VI vey, nang lgc dinh huang va phoi hgp la ket qua oh qua trinh dao teo va ren luyen ngu6n nhan ltrc, nhaatslaf nhan rue bac cao. nang lt,ec 2dinh hwang va dinh tieu chi danh gia: Tieu chi clanh , phOi hop ccic hogt clOng tap trung vao kha nang chirc cac, n6 ltec, cac hanh cleing tren thyv.te: SO lup.ng va chat lurtng cac van ban khang clinh cac clinh hogch chien hew, quy hogch va ke huOng ph& trien, btroc di nhu• chien hogch phat trien; luvng va,chat heceng ket qua cac hogt clOng chro.c thav hien co six phOi hop, lien ket czia nhieu bO phan, ben trong va ben ngoai to char, vai clan vi quoc te; Tinh can clai va he'zi hda, phi' hop vai nhu cau va clieu kien cua to chav cua sy• phat trien,... 3.1.4. Nang luc hg fro. clai mai cong nghe cua cac doanh nghiep Y nghia cua viec clanh gia: Trong Ora trien cong nghe cua mot quoc gia thi viec doi mai cong nghe cua cac doanh nghiep c6 vi tri trung tam, bai vi doanh nghiep la to bao dm nen kinh to quoc dan va cong nghe tap nen sire song dm to bao do. Doi mai cong nghe cua doanh nghiep khong chi tang cuang six song cho doanh nghiep ma con tang cuang sire manh, six canh tranh dia nen kinh to quoc dan. Chinh vi vay teen the gied, d'ac biet doi vai cac nuac phat trien, h9 rat quan , tam den doi mai cong nghe cua mai doanh nghiep. Cling chinh vi 1)' do do ma nen KH&CN qu8c gia phai dinh huong vao ho trq va doi mai, cong nghe cho cac KH&CN phai c6 kha nang tiep sire, 09 da cho sir doanh nghiep. Nhiem dOi mai nay. Viec tiep sire thuang dugc the hien 6 kha nang hoat d'Ong nghien ciru khoa hoc va trier' khai ding nghe a trong nu& ho trq tich cue va hien qua viec ling dyng,,thich nghi, tiep thu phat huy sang tao cac cong nghe trong san xuat va dal song. Neu thieu di su ho trq nay thi viec doi mai cong nghe cua cac doanh nghiep se khong chi la mot Sp' mua-sir dung cong nghe don thuan, thu dOng va kern hieu qua. , Nang luc nay lien quan den cac co quan quan nha nu6c ye KH&CN va cac t8 chirc KH&CN Xac chinh tieu chi danh gia: Tien chi danh gia nang luc ho trq doi mai cong nghe cho doanh nghiep can cir vao: Kha nang khai pha, ma &rang cho cac doanh nghiep tiep can va tiep thu cling nhu siz (king sang tao cac cong nghe mai c6 hieu qua trong viec dive hien cac flux tieu phat trien doanh nghiep. Se lucmg va chat Wang cac chinh sach thuOc nghiep d8i mai cong nghe; vuc he trq doanh Kha nang ho trq doanh nghiep tim hieu nang luc, nhu cau cong nghe, danh gia/ tham dimh ding nghe phpc vu san xuat kinh doanh(Dao tao, tham dinh/dinh gia/danh gia cong nghe). Nhin chung, cac finh vuc va cac tieu chi danh gia teen day ddeuf lien quan den nguon hie cilia mot to chirc. Thy theo rinh vuc va tieu chi nao ma lien quan den thanh phan nao cua nguen lire cua co quan / to chirc. 3.2 Cac tieu chi danh gia ye tirng clang ngtuin Inv KH&CN Xem xet va danh gia tirng dang nguon lire mOt mat giiip cho viec nam chac so lugng, chat lugng va dien bien dm nguon lire qua do ma xay dung ke hoach phat trien va sir dimg nguOn lirc do mOt each hieu qua. Mat khac, viec narn,chac tirng Bang nguon lire dm mOt to chirc, smOt don vi, thay dirge cho manh, cho yeu cila tirng clang ngu8n lire so vai yeu cau cilia to chirc, don vi ding la co se( ldioa h9c de danh gia, xay dung ke hoach chitin lime chung ye ngu8n lire phi' hgp vai yeu eau trong timg giai doan. Vai tro cia mai clang nguon lire trong viec hinh thanh cac nang lgc dm t6 chirc ve thirc hien nhiem vii nghien ciru, ra quyet dinh phat trien, dinh huang va phOi hgp cac hog Ong hay hO trg Mi mai cong nghe doanh nghiep la khac nhau, c6 the la clang vai tro then chat (I) hay chi la tham gia (P) va dirge the hien trong bang 1 duoi day. Bing 1: Mire TO anh huang dm cac nguOn lge KH&CN den cac lieu chi Thanh to ve cac nguon luc ' Cac dieu Nang lirc Thgc hien nghien ci'ru khoa hoc Nang lire ra Quyet dinh phat trien KH&CN R&D Nang lire Nang lire ho Dinh huang Ho trg d8i va phoi hop mai cong cac hoat &ling nghe ciia KH&CN doanh nghiep kien anh huong Nhan lirc P+I P+I P+I P+I Tai lirc P+I P+I P P+ I Vat lire P+ I P P P Tin lire P+ I P+ I P P To chirc P P P P P (participation): mire dO tham gia I (important): mire dO then chat Qua day cho thdy, tat ca cac clang nguon lye co ban deu tham gia taco nen cac nang lire tren day dm mOt to, chirc, trong do nhan lire, tai lira not len la mOt thanh to nguon lire quan trong nhat. Nhan lire có tinh quyet dinh den m9i nang hrc va tai lgc c6 tinh chi phoi den m9i nguon lire khac. Vi vay, hai dang nguon lire nay bao giO ding dugc xem xet va chu y tao dung ngay tir dau, hay to thuang not IA phai di tnrot mOt buoc. Tat nhien, Ichong the Ichong nhae lai rang, m9i clang nguon lire deu co vai tro ciia no trong sir nghiep phat trien KH&CN va vi the khi xem xet ngu8n lire nhu met deng lye phat trien thi phai xem no nhu met nh'At the trong m6i tuang tac thuang xuyen va bien chi:mg. 3.2.1. Cac tieu chi clanh gia -i4 nhan hfc KH&CN Trong 136i canh the giai gang chuyen manh tit nen kinh to cong nghiep sang , nen kinh to tri thirc thi nhan to con nguai cang quan trong d'ac biet trong hog &Ong KH&CN. Tri fink san sinh ra tir con nguai va viec sir dung tri thirc co hieu qua hay khong? Va hieu qua den mire dO nao ding chinh do con nguai quyet dinh, vai sr trg giup dm cac dieu kien vat ch'At — ky thug khac. Trong the giai hei nhap khi ma KH&CN da tr.& thanh lye luting san xuAt true tiep, la dOng tkrc thiic day nen kinh to thi (lei hOi con nguai lao Ong not chung va lao deng trong met so linh vkrc dac biet phai c6 tri thirc chuyen sau va han the,nita tri thirc ding phai luon &Jac trau d8i, cap nhat mai dap img dugc sir phat trien nang deng dm xa KA. Mc dinh tieu chi danh gia nhan Ityc Xac dinh tieu chi danh gia nhan lkic oua met to chirc phai &mg tren hai giac di): - Ca nhan tong con nguai tham gia vao to chirc; - Dei ngii / to chirc gOm nhang con nguai khac nhau. Dling thai ciing phai xuAt phat tir nhirng quan diem dung d'An ve quan than lye: VI - Con nguai la yeu to a thkrc hien nhiem vu, dam bao cho myc tieu dirge thirc hien, va - Con nguai con la 'nye tieu phkic vu, la d6i tugng phai dugc huang nhiing thanh qua do minh lam ra met each thich dang. TO do c6 the dua ra cac lieu chi sau: a) Tieu chi d6i veri ca nhan: + Tir giac di) la yeti to thirc hien nhiem vu: - Trinh de hoc van dirge dao tao; - Kinh nghiem va ky nang nghe nghiep; - Kha nang thich urng vai nhting thay dOi ve cong nghe, nghiep vu. - Kha nang giai quyet nhOng van de, mau thuAn dat ra trong thkrc lien; - Kha nang to chile, van &Ong va tap hgp lire luting; - Nang lye ra quyet dinh,... - Sire khoe. + Tir gide d8 la ngugi phai dugc hirang thanh qua: - Tien luong va cac lgi ich khac - Su cham soc ve vat chAt, tinh thAn, doi song van hoa cua to chirc; - Su cham soc ve chuyen mon, nghip vg, gido dgc. - Sr cham soc ve y b) Cac ti8u chi doi vgi to chirc - SO lugng va chAt lugng can b8, nhan vien so vgi yeu cAu; - Ty le ve hoc van dugc dao tao so voi yeu cAu; - Su can d6i -c7; nganh nghe, nghiep vg so vai yeti cAu; - Su hop ly trong phan b6 cg the tai to chirc/don vi. - Sg can d6i ve tu6i tac; - Sir dpng dung chuyen mon, thing so truong, &mg thOi gian doi vgi nhan lire, Moi to chirc, moi don vi co nhung yeu cAu khac nhau ve nhan lire, thAm chi moi link vgc nghe nghiep, ngoai cac fiat chi chung con co cac lieu chi rieng, dac trung cho linh vgc nghe nghiep do nua. Danh gia ca nhan cling nhu d6i ngu phai can cir vao yeu cAu cu the thAm chi trong tirng giai doan nhat dinh mai sat thirc va c6 hieu qua. 3.2.2. Cac lieu chi danh gia ve tat lyv (tai chinh cho KH&CN) Tai chinh cho hoat dOng KH&CN la mot yeu to rat quan trong, co tinh chAt chi ph8i m9i clang ngu8n lire khac. Neu coi KH&CN nhu mot co the song thi tai chinh la mau de nu8i difang co the do. Xac dinh cac chi tieu danh gia Khi xem xet danh gia ve tai chinh KH&CN cua 11* to chirc cling can xem xet mot each Wan dien theo cac khia canh sau day: + Cac, ngu6n tai chinh ma to chin c6 the c6: Thong thug/1g ngu6n co the tir Nha nuefc cap, von to co cila cac don vi mot each hgp phap, kha nang sinh von ket ma c6, von do kha trong qua trinh hoat dOng,thgc tien, von do hgp tac, nang vay ngan hang hay von tai trg. a MOt to chirc, trong mOi giai doan, can thiet phai xac dinh cac nguon van co the c6 (s6 lugng nsu6n, s8 lugng von va dO tin cay, on dinh ye nguon von do; thi han c6 the cung cap, phuang thirc cung cap,..); + Gia tri tuyet dai ve tai chinh ma mOt to chirc danh cho KH&CN. + TS, le phAn tram dm cac thanh phin v6n,d6i voi cac thanh phan nguan von: % tir,ngan sach nha nuac; % von tu c6; % von do lien ket,...cac chi so nay tuy theo cap dO cua to chi= (Nha nu6c, BQ, Nganh, dia phuang hay to chirc ca so.) ma xem xet c9 the va c6 nhang bien the nhat dinh. + Doi voi cac ca quan cong quyen (Nha nuac, b(3, nganh, dia phuang) thi TS, le von du tu cho khoa hoc tir phia nha nuac va tir cac to chirc tu nhan (doanh nghiep) la mOt chi tieu co nhieu y ngia. Neu tS, le do qua nghieng ye Nha nuac thi do la mOt bieu hien khong lanh math. Neu tS, le do nghieng ve cac doanh nghiep thi do la tin hieu mimg vi doanh nghiep da nhan thirc dugc tam quan trong cua viec dau to cho KH&CN. Tren the giai, thuong tST le chi tieu cho R&D tir khu vuc tu nhan so vai tang chi tieu R&D dm quoc gia chiem 1/2 — 2/3. 0 cac nu6c kern phat trien tSr le nay rat nh6. + Ty le du tu cho NCCB va NCTK: Ty le nay thuang thay dai theo s9 phat tri6n dm nen kinh te. Khi nen kinh te con yeu, GDP thap, Dau tu cho NCCB chi chiem lchoang 10% tong cho chi KH&CN. NW:mg khi nen kinh t6 da phat trien, can thiet phai nang caao nen tang tri thirc de lam chu KH&CN thi tS, le dau tu cho NCCB co the len den 20 — 25 % tang van du tuCho hog dung KH&CN. + Mire dau tu hay tST 1e dau tu ma mOt to chirc / doanh nghiep danh cho hog dOng KH&CN tren tong doanh thu cua doanh nghiep. 3.2.3. Cow tieu chi dcinh gia Ve vat Arc (co so hg tang cho KH&CN) Ca sa ha tang cho KH&CN dugc danh gia nhu la thuac do trinh dO phat filen KH&CN cua quoc gia, dia phuang hay to chirc. Trong hog dung KH&CN neu da c6 nguai, da c6 tien nhung Ichong c6 cac phuang tien lam viec thi ding kh6 c6 ket qua nhu mongmuon.. Ca so vat chat ky thuat do la phong thi nghiem du may mac thiet bi dat tieu chuan quoc te. Chi tieu nay phan anh dieu kien ye ca so ha tang ky thuat cho viec thuc hien nghien cuu ca ban va nghien cuu ung d9ng. ThOng thuang a nhung cluck gia, vimg lanh th6, dia phuang hay to chirc c6 nguon luc KH&CN math thuong c6 nhieu ca s6 c6 cac phong thi nghiem dat tieu chufin quoc te. Tom lai, tieu chi ve vat lyv dugc danh gia tren co' sa so luting phOng thi nghiem, khci ruing cung cap vat tu;s6 luring may may m6c thiet bi dgt tieu chucln