Tài liệu Panam unsaturated soils 2017 swell shrink and tropical soils

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. GSP 303 PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 Swell-Shrink and Tropical Soils Papers from Sessions of the Second Pan-American Conference on Unsaturated Soils Dallas, Texas November 12–15, 2017 Edited by Laureano R. Hoyos, Ph.D., P.E. John S. McCartney, Ph.D., P.E. Sandra L. Houston, Ph.D., D.GE William J. Likos, Ph.D. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 303 PANAM UNSATURATED SOILS 2017 SWELL-SHRINK AND TROPICAL SOILS SELECTED PAPERS FROM SESSIONS OF THE SECOND PAN-AMERICAN CONFERENCE ON UNSATURATED SOILS November 12–15, 2017 Dallas, Texas SPONSORED BY International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering The Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITED BY Laureano R. Hoyos, Ph.D., P.E. John S. McCartney, Ph.D., P.E. Sandra L. Houston, Ph.D., D.GE William J. Likos, Ph.D. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. 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Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481707 Copyright © 2018 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-8170-7 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America. PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 iii Preface Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. The Second Pan-American Conference on Unsaturated Soils (PanAm-UNSAT 2017) was held in Dallas, Texas, November 12-15, 2017, featuring the latest research advances and engineering‐practice innovations in the area of Unsaturated Geotechnics, with a focus on characterization, modeling, design, construction, field performance and sustainability. PanAm-UNSAT 2017 follows a now well-established series of regional and international conferences on Unsaturated Soils, bringing together researchers, practitioners, students and policy makers from around the world, particularly the Americas. The conference built upon the success of PanAm-UNSAT 2013 (First PanAmerican Conference on Unsaturated Soils, Cartagena, Colombia), as well as that of previous conferences on unsaturated soils hosted in the United States, including UNSAT 2006 (Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils, Carefree, Arizona) and EXPANSIVE’92 (Seventh International Conference on Expansive Soils, Dallas, Texas, 1992). Proceedings of PanAm-UNSAT 2017 have been documented in four Geotechnical Special Publications (GSP) of ASCE including Volume 1: Plenary Session Papers; Volume 2: Fundamentals; Volume 3: Applications; and Volume 4: Swell-Shrink and Tropical Soils. Current Volume 4 (Swell-Shrink and Tropical Soils) consists of five sections: Section I, Expansive Soils: Volume Change, includes 12 papers dealing with the measurement of the volume change of expansive soils during both shrinkage and swelling. This includes evaluations of different testing approaches, as well as the characterization of expansive soils under different conditions. Section II, Expansive Soils: Mitigation and Modeling, includes 14 papers dealing with different strategies to treat expansive soils, using new and established additives and methodologies. Further, several papers on the modeling of expansive soils are included that focus on climate interaction and volume change progression over time. Section III, Foundations on Expansive Soils, includes 5 papers dealing with foundations on unsaturated soils, including both shallow footings and deep foundations. The papers focus on field observations, design approaches, and finite element simulations to consider the impact of unsaturated conditions on the deformation and bearing capacity of the foundations. Section IV, Modeling of Cracked Soils, includes 6 papers dealing with the observation and theoretical modeling of cracking in unsaturated soils. Two papers © ASCE PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 focus on the role of fiber reinforcements in resisting cracking, and one focuses on cracking effects on soil-structure interaction. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Section V, Tropical Soil Behavior, includes 8 papers dealing with the shear strength, volume change, dynamic properties, and hydraulic properties of tropical soils. Papers include innovative testing approaches to consider the behavior of these unique soils. Papers focus on the chemistry and microstructure encountered in dealing with tropical soils. Each paper was subject to rigorous technical review during a three-phase submission process and received a minimum of two positive peer reviews before final acceptance by the corresponding session chair(s). © ASCE iv PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 Acknowledgments Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. The following individuals deserve special acknowledgment and recognition for their direct involvement and efforts in making this regional conference a success: PanAm-UNSAT 2017 Program Committee Conference Chair: Laureano R. Hoyos, Ph.D., P.E., University of Texas at Arlington Conference Co-Chair: John S. McCartney, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of California, San Diego Technical Program Chair: Sandra L. Houston, Ph.D., D.GE, M.ASCE, Arizona State University Technical Program Co-Chair: William J. Likos, Ph.D., M.ASCE, University of Wisconsin, Madison Local Chair: Marcelo J. Sanchez, Ph.D., Aff.M.ASCE, Texas A&M University Local Co-Chair: Gerald A. Miller, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Oklahoma Logistics Coordinator: Majid Ghayoomi, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of New Hampshire Sponsorships/Exhibits Chair & Liaison from the G-I Technical Coordination Council (TCC): Anand J. Puppala, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, University of Texas at Arlington The Geo-Institute (G-I) of the ASCE Brad Keelor, Director Helen Cook, Board and Meetings Specialist Lucy King, Senior Manager, Conferences Cristina Charron, Manager, Conferences Drew Caracciolo, Manager, Sponsorships and Exhibits Rachel Hobbs, Administrator, Conferences The conference Program Committee would also like to acknowledge the officers of the TC106 Committee on Unsaturated Soils (ISSMGE), and all members of the Technical Advisory and International Technical Committees, who provided guidance and support during the early planning phases of the conference. TC106 Committee on Unsaturated Soils (ISSMGE) David Toll, Chair, University of Durham, UK Bernardo Caicedo, Vice Chair, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Adrian Russell, Secretary, University of New South Wales, Australia Technical Advisory Committee Sai Vanapalli, University of Ottawa, Canada Greg Siemens, Royal Military College, Canada Kanthasamy (Muralee) Muraleetharan, University of Oklahoma, USA © ASCE v PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Xiong Zhang, University of Cincinnati, USA Ning Lu, Colorado School of Mines, USA Claudia Zapata, Arizona State University, USA Jorge Zornberg, University of Texas at Austin, USA Jorge Abraham Diaz-Rodriguez, UNAM, Mexico Bernardo Caicedo, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Julio E. Colmenares, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia Orencio Villar, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil Tacio de Campos, PUC-Rio, Brazil Fernando Marinho, University of São Paulo, Brazil Manoel Porfírio Cordão Neto, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil Diego Manzanal, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina Alejo Sfriso, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina International Technical Committee David Toll, University of Durham, UK Adrian Russell, University of New South Wales, Australia Eduardo Alonso, UPC, Barcelona, Spain Antonio Gens, UPC, Barcelona, Spain Lyesse Laloui, EFP Lausanne, Switzerland J. Carlos Santamarina, KAUST, Saudi Arabia Charles Ng, HKUST, Hong Kong PanAm-UNSAT 2017 Session Chairs The conference Program Committee would also like to acknowledge the conference Session Chairs, who guided authors and reviewers through the draft and final phases of paper submission and review. In most cases, these chairs also served as on-site moderators during the conference itself. 01/ Dynamic Behavior of Unsaturated Soils, part I Majid Ghayoomi, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of New Hampshire 02/ Dynamic Behavior of Unsaturated Soils, part II Nadarajah Ravichandran, Ph.D., M.ASCE, Clemson University Laureano R. Hoyos, Ph.D., P.E., M.G-I, University of Texas at Arlington 03/ Expansive Soils and Volume Change, Part I Rifat Bulut, Ph.D., M.ASCE, Oklahoma State University 04/ Expansive Soils and Volume Change, Part II Jairo E. Yepes, Ph.D., Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá, Colombia Ujwalkumar D. Patil, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Guam Liangbo Hu, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of Toledo © ASCE vi PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 05/ Expansive Soils and Volume Change, Part III Iraj Noorany, Ph.D., P.E., G.E., F.ASCE, Noorany Geotechnical Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 06/ Pore Fluid Retention Behavior, Part I William J. Likos, Ph.D., M.ASCE, University of Wisconsin, Madison Idil Deniz Akin, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Washington State University 07/ Pore Fluid Retention Behavior, Part II Corrie Walton-Macaulay, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Bucknell University 08/ Hydraulic Behavior, Part I Leonardo D. Rivera, METER Group 09/ Hydraulic Behavior, Part II Leonardo D. Rivera, METER Group 10/ Shear Strength Behavior Ali Khosravi, Ph.D., Aff.M.ASCE, Sharif University of Technology 11/ Innovations in Testing, Part I Morteza Khorshidi, Ph.D., Aff.M.ASCE, Geosyntec Consultants Xin Kang, Ph.D., ACI, ASTM, A.M.ASCE, Hunan University 12/ Innovations in Testing, Part II Morteza Khorshidi, Ph.D., Aff.M.ASCE, Geosyntec Consultants Xin Kang, Ph.D., ACI, ASTM, A.M.ASCE, Hunan University 13/ Innovations in Testing, Part III Morteza Khorshidi, Ph.D., Aff.M.ASCE, Geosyntec Consultants Xin Kang, Ph.D., ACI, ASTM, A.M.ASCE, Hunan University 14/ Field Applications of Unsaturated Soils Gerald A. Miller, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Oklahoma 15/ Stability of Unsaturated Slopes, Part I Navid H. Jafari, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Louisiana State University 16/ Stability of Unsaturated Slopes, Part II Soonkie Nam, Ph.D., EIT, A.M.ASCE, Georgia Southern University 17/ Numerical Modeling: Flow and Deformation, Part I Zhen Liu, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Michigan Technological University © ASCE vii PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 viii 18/ Numerical Modeling: Flow and Deformation, Part II Xiaoyu Song, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of Florida Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 19/ Numerical Modeling: Coupled Processes Giuseppe Buscarnera, Ph.D., Aff.M.ASCE, Northwestern University 20/ Foundations on Expansive Soils Xiong Zhang, Ph.D., P.E. A.M.ASCE, Missouri University of Science and Technology 21/ Expansive Soils: Mitigation Bhaskar C.S. Chittoori, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Boise State University 22/ Expansive Soils: Modeling Xinbao Yu, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Texas-Arlington 23/ Pipeline and Transportation Structures in Unsaturated Soils Claudia E. Zapata, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Arizona State University Mohammad Sadik Khan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Jackson State University 24/ Modeling of Cracked Soils and Effects of Cracking Marcelo J. Sanchez, Ph.D., Aff.M.ASCE, Texas A&M University 25/ Constitutive Modeling: Micro to Macro Kalehiwot N. Manahiloh, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Delaware 26/ Climate Effects and Permafrost Farshid Vahedifard, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Mississippi State University 27/ Energy Geotechnics, Bio-Geo, and Sustainability John S. McCartney, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of California, San Diego PanAm-UNSAT 2017 Draft Paper Reviewers Finally, the Program Committee would also like to acknowledge those who contributed to the conference by serving as the primary reviewers of draft papers. Their efforts in providing careful, thorough reviews of each submission form the backbone of quality assurance, providing organizers the confidence that conference content would represent the best of current thinking in the field, and allowing these Proceedings to be published as a multi-volume Geotechnical Special Publication (GSP). Murad Abu Farsakh Raju Acharya Marshall Addison © ASCE Asif Ahmed Beena Ajmera Amir Akbari Garakani Idil Akin Miguel Alfaro Saumya Amarasiri PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Omar Amer Ron Andrus Mohamed Arab Andrew Assadollahi Guillermo Avila Kleio Avrithi Muwafaq Awad Ramdane Bahar Aritra Banerjee Tugce Baser Munwar Basha Bate Bate Melissa Beauregard Craig Benson Riad Beshoy Tejovikash Bheemasetti Katia Bicalho Mahnoosh Biglari Hemanta Bista Amin Borghei Tommy Bounds Rifat Bulut Giuseppe Buscarnera Jack Cadigan Donald Cameron Gaylon Campbell Junnan Cao Amy Cerato Uma Chaduvula Lizhou Chen Can Chen Bhaskar Chittoori Mehmet Cil Rodney Collins Jose Andres Cruz Sheng Dai Arghya Das Abhijit Deka Ludmilla Derk Yi Dong Ghada Ellithy David Elwood Matt Evans © ASCE ix Arvin Farid Ashok Gaire Fernando Garcia Lucas Garino Kevin Gaspard Antonio Gens Hande Gerkus Omid Ghasemi-Fare Saswati Ghatak Majid Ghayoomi Amin Gheibi Michael Gomez James Graham Xiangfeng Guo Marte Gutierrez Jumanah Hajjat MD Haque Arash Hassanikhah Kianoosh Hatami Carol Hawk Nathan Hayman Arash Hosseini Sandra Houston Laureano Hoyos Nejan Huvaj Tatsuya Ishikawa Navid Jafari Pegah Jarast Jay Jayatilaka Mohammad Sadik Kahn Edward Kavazanjian Mohammadreza Keshavarz Sadik Khan Morteza Khorshidi Arman Khoshghalb Mohammad Khosravi Ali Khosravi Naji Khoury Charbel Khoury Golam Kibria Wansoo Kim Sihyun Kim S. Sonny Kim Alan Kropp M. R. (Kantha) Lakshmikantha Eng Choon Leong Lin Li Jie Li William Likos Chuang Lin Zhen (Leo) Liu Jose Lizarraga Naresh M Michael Maedo Nariman Mahabadi Emad Maleksaeedi Kalehiwot Manahiloh Ferdinando Marinelli Alejandro Martinez David Mathon John McCartney Marta Miletic Gerald Miller Morteza Mirshekari Debakanta Mishra Shannon Mitchell Rigoberto Moncado Lopez M. Azizul Moqsud Ali Moradi Derek Morris Kimia Mortezaei Hamed Mousavi Masoud Mousavi Sayed Masoud Mousavi Balasingham Muhunthan Kanthasamy Muraleetharan Boo Hyun Nam Soonkie Nam James Nevels Thai Nguyen Wen-Jie Niu PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Iraj Noorany Hyunjun Oh Olurotimi Victor Ojekunle Austin Olaiz Orlando Oliveira Fatih Oncul Mandeep Pandey Youngjin Park Ujwalkumar Patil Meghdad Payan Aravind Pedarla James Phipps Hariprasad Ponnapu Allison Quiroga Harianto Rahardjo Mehrzad Rahimi Nadarajah Ravichandran Ronald Reed Leonardo Rivera Nick Rocco Breno Rocha Ivo Rosa Montenegro Hakan Sahin Sonia Samir Marcelo Sanchez Sireesh Saride Rajesh Sathiyamoorthy © ASCE x Gokhan Saygili Sreedeep Sekharan Charles Shackelford Babak Shahbodaghkhan Mohammadreza Shakeri Longtan Shao Sunil Sharma Ajay Shastri Zhenhao Shi Jimmy Si John Siekmeier Greg Siemens Pawan Sigdel Behzad Soltanbeigi Chung Song Xiaoyu Song Timothy Stark Melissa Stewart Richard Sullivan HeMei Sun Amirata Taghavi Nagasreenivasu Talluri Rupert Tart, Jr. Oliver-Denzil Taylor Faraz Tehrani Colby Thrash Martin Tjioe Kala Venkata Uday Florian Unold Farshid Vahedifard Julio Valdes Sai Vanapalli B.V.S. Viswanadham Divya Viswanath Kenneth Walsh Hanlin Wang Kaiqi Wang Shaun Weldon Joshua White Xialong Xia Sudheer Yamsani Xiaoming Yang Yaolin Yi Xinbao Yu Atefeh Zamani Siavash Zamiran Bo Zhang Yida Zhang YouHu Zhang Chao Zhang Xiong Zhang Honghua Zhao Bohan Zhou Yang Zhou PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 xi Contents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Expansive Soils: Volume Change Automated Station for Monitoring Seasonal Ground Movements in Expansive Clay ............................................................................................................ 1 Ivo Rosa Montenegro, Andrew J. Whittle, and John T. Germaine Bench-Scale Study of Desiccation Crack Development in Clayey Soil ................ 11 Arash Hassanikhah and Gerald A. Miller Cyclic Swell-Shrink Behavior of a Low Plastic Expansive Soil ............................ 20 Shu-feng Chen and Ling-wei Kong Effect of Fabric on the Swelling Characteristics of Highly Plastic Clays ............ 28 Christian P. Armstrong and Jorge G. Zornberg Effect of Suction on the Poisson’s Ratio of Claystones ......................................... 38 J. M. Espitia, B. Caicedo, and L. Vallejo Estimation and Comparison of Suction Compression Index for Oklahoma Subgrade Soils ........................................................................................ 47 Siddharth Thite, Hakan Sahin, and Rifat Bulut Evaluation of Swelling Behaviour and Soil Water Characteristic Curve of Bagasse Fibre and Lime Stabilised Expansive Soil ............................... 58 Liet Chi Dang, Hadi Khabbaz, and Behzad Fatahi Measurement of Soil Shrinkage Curve Using Photogrammetry .......................... 71 Kripa Upreti and Eng-Choon Leong New Conditioned Soil Index Test and Characteristic Ground Movement Calculation Model ..................................................................................................... 81 Dominic Lopes and Aruna Karunarathne Soil Tests for Prediction of One-Dimensional Heave and Settlement of Compacted Fills ........................................................................................................ 90 Iraj Noorany Swelling–Shrinkage Properties of Expansive Moreland Clay ............................ 100 Md Adnan Khan, Jay X. Wang, and William B. Patterson © ASCE PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 Understanding the Shrink/Swell (Iss) Test for Quantifying Ground Movements in Reactive/Expansive Clays Due to Soil Moisture Variations ................................................................................................................ 110 Bruce Hargreaves Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Expansive Soils: Mitigation and Modeling Alternative Explanation of “Lime-Induced Heave” ............................................ 118 Ronald F. Reed An Elastoplastic Framework for Expansive Soils Based on Effective Stresses ..................................................................................................... 131 Eduardo Rojas, Christian E. Hernández, and María L. Pérez-Rea An Update of the Hs Values for Queensland, Australia to Comply with Australian Standard AS 2870-2011 .............................................................. 141 Linda Osman-Schlegel and Bruce Hargreaves Characterization of a Northeast Brazilian Swelling Soil in the Natural Condition and Treated with Lime .......................................................... 148 Joanderson J. O. Morais, Sergio C. de Paiva, Rafael B. Silva, and Silvio R. M. Ferreira Data Based Real Time Moisture Modeling in Unsaturated Expansive Subgrade .................................................................................................................. 158 Asif Ahmed, MD. Sahadat Hossain, Mohammad Sadik Khan, and Aya Shishani Effects of Compaction and Initial Degree of Saturation on Contaminant Transport through Barrier ............................................................ 168 Mandeep Raj Pandey and G. L. Sivakumar Babu Evaluating the Ability of Swell Prediction Models to Predict the Swell Behavior of Excessively High Plastic Soils ................................................. 177 Bhaskar Chittoori, Mir Md. Tamim, Amit Gajurel, and Deb Mishra Laboratory Evaluation of a Liquid Ionic Stabilizer for an Expansive Soil in North Texas ................................................................................................. 190 Esmat Tavakoli, Shi He, Xinbao Yu, and Laureano R. Hoyos Numerical Simulation of Moisture Fluctuations in Unsaturated Expansive Clay, Heave/Settlement Predictions, and Validation with Field Measurements................................................................................................ 198 Berjees Anisa Ikra and Jay X. Wang © ASCE xii PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 xiii Remediation Solutions for Buildings Affected by Shrinkage or Swelling of Unsaturated Clays ............................................................................... 209 Billy L. Fisher and Roy Doumet Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Repairing a Damaged House by Watering Foundations: The MACH Project................................................................................................. 225 David Mathon Stabilization of High Sulfate Soils with Nontraditional Additives ..................... 236 Gokhan Saygili, Yetkin Yildirim, and Hakan Sahin The Active Zone: Unsaturated Soil Volume Change Due to Normal Cycles and Anomalies at Depth ............................................................... 246 John T. Bryant, Hayden Fischer, M. Kabir Hossain, and Jeong Yeon Cheon The Mixed Success of Australian Standard 2870 in the Past 30 Years ............. 257 Dominic Lopes Foundations on Expansive Soils A Coupled Geotechnical-Hydrological Model for Computing Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Shallow Foundation ................................................. 268 Vahidreza Mahmoudabadi and Nadarajah Ravichandran Design of Retaining Wall and Single Pile in Expansive Soils Using Unsaturated Soil Mechanics as a Tool .................................................................. 278 Yunlong Liu and Sai Vanapalli Drag Load on Piles in Partially Saturated Collapsible Soils .............................. 290 Adel Hanna and Ibrahim Mashhour Effects of Hydraulic Hysteresis and Drainage Conditions on Bearing Capacity of Unsaturated Soil Shallow Foundations ............................................ 303 Yi Tang, Hossein A. Taiebat, and Adrian R. Russell Numerical Study of Undrained 1D Compression for Unsaturated Soil ............ 313 Kaitlin M. Hall, Patrick J. Fox, and Ning Lu Modeling of Cracked Soils Cracking Characteristics of Cemented Fiber Reinforced Fine-Grained Soils .......................................................................................................................... 323 M. Naresh and K. V. Uday Hydro-Mechanical Analysis of Crack Initiation in Expansive Soils .................. 332 Hussein Al-Dakheeli, Rifat Bulut, Christopher R. Clarke, and James B. Nevels Jr. © ASCE PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 xiv Modelling the 3D Crack Network Observed in Desiccated Soils ....................... 342 Michael A. Maedo, Marcelo Sanchez, Osvaldo Manzoli, and Leonardo Guimarães Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Numerical Modelling of Desiccation Cracking of Clayey Soil by Using Cohesive Fracture Model ............................................................................ 352 Thi Dong Vo, Amade Pouya, Sahar Hemmati, and Anh Minh Tang Some Studies on Desiccation Cracking of Fiber-Reinforced Expansive Clay Subjected to Drying and Wetting Cycles ..................................................... 361 Uma Chaduvula, Indupriya Manogaran, B. V. S. Viswanadham, and Jayantha Kodikara Unsaturated and Saturated Soil-Structure Interface Effect on Cracking Behavior of Soil ...................................................................................... 371 Jumanah Hajjat, Marcelo Sánchez, and Guillermo Avila Tropical Soil Behavior Comparative Analysis of Water Retention Curves of Residual Soils of Gneiss, Granite, and Diabase, Compacted under Optimum Moisture Conditions ................................................................................................................ 379 Luana L. Pecapedra, Orlando M. de Oliveira, Rafael A. dos R. Higashi, and Fernando A. M. Marinho Dynamic Properties of Residual Soil over a Wide Range of Strain ................... 388 Kripa Upreti and Eng-Choon Leong The Influence of Some Chemical Properties of Soaking Liquids on the Collapse of Tropical Soils ....................................................................................... 398 Ana Carina Z. B. Collares and Orencio M. Vilar Influence of Confining Stress on the Small Strain Stiffness of a Residual Soil under K0 Conditions ....................................................................... 408 C. E. Torres and J. E. Colmenares Microstructural Study of Hydromechanical Behavior of Slurry Sample ......... 420 C. R. Borges, B. Caicedo, M. P. Cordão-Neto, and L. P. Morais Relationship between Electrical Resistivity and Matric Suction of Compacted Granite Residual Soil ......................................................................... 430 Ling-wei Kong, Hossain Md. Sayem, Xian-wei Zhang, and Song Yin Strength and Stiffness Parameters of an Unsaturated Tropical Soil ................. 440 Jeferson B. Fernandes, Breno P. Rocha, Roger A. Rodrigues, and Heraldo L. Giacheti Study of the Coefficient of At-Rest Earth Pressure for Unsaturated Residual Soils with Different Weathering Degrees.............................................. 451 Thaiana A. Silva, Regina T. Delcourt, and Tácio M. P. de Campos © ASCE PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 Automated Station for Monitoring Seasonal Ground Movements in Expansive Clay Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Ivo Rosa Montenegro, S.M.ASCE1; Andrew J. Whittle, Sc.D., M.ASCE2; and John T. Germaine, Sc.D., M.ASCE3 1 Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Room 1-353, Cambridge, MA 02139. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Room 1-346, Cambridge, MA 02139. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts Univ., 113 Anderson Hall, Medford, MA 02155. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper summarizes the design, installation, and data collection from an autonomous field station located close to a new toll highway south of Austin, TX, that is underlain by more than 10 m of expansive clay. Given the remoteness of the site, the system was designed to be fully automated, requiring very low maintenance. The field station combines a novel string pot system for measuring vertical deformations at five depths in a central borehole, together with volumetric water content, and temperature data from multi-parameter reflectometer probes installed at similar depths in a series of surrounding boreholes. In addition, there is a conventional surface weather station, which records air pressure, temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and solar radiation. The system has been active for more than 1 year, and the data collected over this period shows its robustness. INTRODUCTION Many parts of the continental US are underlain by expansive clays that undergo significant changes in volume (swelling and shrinkage) due to seasonal changes in moisture content. Perennial problems associated with the performance of foundations and pavements in these areas highlight the need for long-term monitoring data to understand and validate predictive models, ultimately leading to more reliable methods of design (Manosuthkij et al., 2007). These problems are well illustrated by the performance of State Highway SH130 (Austin to Seguin, TX), which was constructed as a design-build-operate-transfer toll road that was completed in 2012. Sections of the roadway have required extensive maintenance due to cracking associated with underlying ground movements. The driving mechanisms of ground displacements are believed to be related to changes in subsurface moisture contents. This research has established a remote field station for long-term monitoring the subsurface conditions (ground deformations and water contents) in relation to local atmospheric conditions (precipitation, temperature humidity, etc.). There are only a few instrumented test sites that measure water content and ground deformations within expansive soils (e.g., Fityus et al., 2004; Karunarathne et al., 2014; Fernandes et al., 2015; Denis et al., 2016), and there remains much uncertainty in the relationships between the key variables. © ASCE 1 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 Fityus et al. (2004) installed sensors for monitoring of soil water content, suction and ground movements to a maximum depth of 3m. The measurements were taken at locations spread through the site so that different boundary conditions could be considered. Displacements were measured using settlement rods, water content with neutron probes and time domain reflectometers (TDRs), suction with filter paper devices, thermocouples for soil temperature, and an automatic weather station for atmospheric variables. Another expansive clay site was instrumented by Karunarathne et al. (2014) with neutron probes for soil water content measurement and magnetic extensometers for vertical displacements. Information from these sites yielded only local approximations of the active zones and the relatively low frequency of the available data for ground movements does not make clear the influence of different mechanisms. Fernandes et al. (2015) and Denis et al. (2016) showed results from a six year-long study carried with a monitoring station located close to Bordeaux, France. This site is located in the geological formation of Brach clays, which are mainly composed by kaolinite and illite (muscovite). The system used for monitoring ground movements was composed by three borehole extensometers, two of which were automated and measuring displacements at four different depths. Time domain reflectometers, frequency domain reflectometers, and capacitive probes were used for monitoring changes in moisture content. Thermometers at different depths and a meteorological station were also used to measure the variables of interest. The maximum range of vertical movements was 6.5mm, and the measured data allowed a preliminary analysis of the correlation between ground movements and water content fluctuations. It is vital to continuously measure the variations of moisture content and displacements within the soil profile as well as the changes in atmospheric conditions. Only then will it be possible to correlate the different processes and correctly quantify the influence of each one in the observed changes, taking into account local material properties (obtained through independent laboratory characterization). Measuring vertical displacements within the soil prole is common practice in geotechnical engineering and is achieved using solutions such as rod extensometers, spider magnets or magnetic rings. The first alternative can achieve high accuracy for displacement measurements but is limited by the number of points that can be measured within a single borehole and is dependent on the correct specification of the grout properties, since the volume of excavated soils is entirely replaced by this mixture. Installation of anchors can also introduce extra disturbance in the soil layer. Extensometers typically have rather limited ranges (up to 10mm, according to manufacturers) that potentially limit their effectiveness for the current application. The second and third alternatives better capture the soil behavior by reducing the amount of grout between the borehole walls and the sensing system. The main issues with spider magnets or magnetic rings are that these systems cannot be automated and the accuracy of the readings is relatively low (3mm, according to the manufacturer). Given the limitations of the existing measurement systems, we have implemented a novel design for monitoring vertical displacements within a deep layer of expansive clay. Electronics have made possible the design of a fully automated monitoring station, which can be used to record the changes in the main variables related to the studied problem. Atmospheric conditions are commonly monitored in practice and conventional sensors can be used for that purpose. Measurement of changes in water content or suction are very challenging to be directly done in situ and thus indirect methods are a more convenient approach. © ASCE 2 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 The most widely used method for direct measurement of negative pressures associated to the pore water is the tensiometer. Despite the fact that many advances have been made recently to improve this instrument, it can only measure suctions up to 100kPa and the equalization time is still relatively long (Tarantino et al., 2009). Indirect measurement methods include sensors based on electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, dielectric permittivity and other instruments such as psychrometers or the filter paper. Several studies have been carried to evaluate the performance of these solutions (e.g. Evett et al., 2008) and the choice depends mainly on project requirements, such as desired frequency, need for automation and expected suction range to be measured. One method commonly used in practice is the measurement of the soil dielectric permittivity, which can be achieved by the use of techniques such as Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR), Amplitude Domain Reflectometry (ADR) and Capacitance. These measurements can then be related to the soil water content using calibration curves (Topp et al., 1980). The TDR probes consist on a step pulse generator, an oscilloscope and a rod probe. Earlier versions of the system relied on coaxial cables to transmit the pulse signals from the surface to the ground and vice versa. This created significant measurement problems (Evett et al., 2000; Robinson et al., 2005). Today, the commercial TDR (or WCR) probes include a generator and oscilloscope at the head of the device that is connected to the rod probes, eliminating this issue. Several authors have reported successful use of TDR measurements for obtaining soil water content (Topp et al., 1982; Topp and Davis, 1985; Roth et al., 1990). SITE DESCRIPTION Monitoring the behavior of expansive clays in the field comprised of a spatial analysis process that considered the thickness of the fat (high plasticity) clay layer, the swell potential of the clay, and the presence of cracks on the existing pavement surface. This was done using geotechnical data available from the studies carried prior to the highway construction. The area of interest is located in the south corner of Travis county, which is underlain by a formation from the upper Cretaceous period. More specifically, the formations are from the Navarro and Taylor groups. Clays from the Navarro group are typically brown to grey calcareous soils, with thin layers of sand and silt. This group is also known for being a highly plastic formation, with high shrink-swell potential given their mineral composition. © ASCE 3 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 4 Figure 1. Site Location The location chosen for the installation of the monitoring station is relatively close to Mustang Ridge, approximately 25km south of Austin, TX (Figure 1). In this area, several cracks were observed at the pavement surface, which is very likely caused by the presence of expansive clays in the subgrade (which corresponds to about 10m of expansive clay). The result of a free swell test on a sample from a borehole relatively close to the area indicated a maximum swell of 2.86% with a corresponding swell pressure of 47kPa. The site stratigraphy was identified when drilling the central borehole. Residual soils were encountered at the top 1.8m, consisting of a dark brown fat clay with organic material and gravel. This layer is underlain by a tan and gray fat clay layer of the Navarro group, which extends to a depth of 12.2m. In this layer, little gravel, little sand, calcareous nodules and calcite seams were observed. These two layers sit on top of a much stiffer shale formation. Material collected from the field was tested in the lab and indicated that the thick layer of expansive clay (from 1.8 to 12.2m deep) has a plasticity index of 53. STATION DESCRIPTION A fully autonomous and automated field station was designed and built in order to monitor the main variables of interest that are related to seasonal variations of ground movements. This system consists of two parts, one for measuring changes in subsurface water content and ground displacements, and another for measuring changes in atmospheric variables (air temperature and pressure, relative humidity, solar radiation and rainfall). Research grade sensors were used to build the weather station and the autonomy of the system is guaranteed by a solar panel, which constantly recharges the battery that powers the data logger. A phone modem is used to transmit the results to a server at MIT. Ground temperatures and water contents are being obtained with a set of water content reflectometer probes, which were installed at different depths in five smaller boreholes. Figure 2 shows the layout of the installed system, and Figure 3 shows the monitoring station right after its installation, in September 2015. © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. PanAm Unsaturated Soils 2017 GSP 303 5 Figure 2. Site Layout Plan Ground movements are measured by a novel Vertical Displacement Monitoring System (VDMS), which was designed specifically for this project, as none of the methods available at that time were suitable for dealing with so many displacement points in the same borehole nor with the expected magnitude for the displacements (approximately 10 cm based on the results of swelling tests). One of the advantages of the new concept is that it can be easily modified to accommodate more measurement points. Figure 4a illustrates VDMS which comprises a corrugated tube that was grouted within a 20cm diameter borehole extending over the full depth of the expansive clay. It is essential that the elastic modulus of this material is higher or equal the modulus of elasticity of the corrugated tube in the axial direction and less than the modulus of the surrounding soil. This ensures that the grout mixture does not affect the behavior of the soil. A series of reference points are established by stainless steel rings attached to the PVC connections of the corrugated tube (Fig. 4a). A steel wire connects each ring directly to the surface measurement system (Fig. 3b). A spring keeps the steel wire constantly under tension and this is connected to a string potentiometer, which translates changes in electrical resistance to changes in the vertical position of the connection plate. This is equivalent to the vertical movement of the steel ring, which allows the understanding of the time evolution of the system at different depths. The measurements have an accuracy of 0.8 mm and a range of approximately 30 cm. The surface monitoring components are fabricated from stainless steel to minimize creep and resist weathering. © ASCE