Tài liệu Ifcee 2018 case histories and lessons learned

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. GSP 298 IFCEE 2018 Case Histories and Lessons Learned Papers from Sessions of the International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo 2018 Orlando, Florida • March 5–10, 2018 Edited by Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D. Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D. Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 298 IFCEE 2018 CASE HISTORIES AND LESSONS LEARNED SELECTED PAPERS FROM SESSIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION CONGRESS AND EQUIPMENT EXPO 2018 March 5–10, 2018 Orlando, Florida SPONSORED BY International Association of Foundation Drilling Deep Foundations Institute Pile Driving Contractors Association The Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITED BY Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D. Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D. Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. The information contained in these materials should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing such information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be requested by sending an e-mail to [email protected] or by locating a title in ASCE's Civil Engineering Database (http://cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http://ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link. Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481615 Copyright © 2018 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-8161-5 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America. IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 iii Preface Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. This is the fifth volume of six Geotechnical Special Publications (GSPs) and one Geotechnical Practice Publication (GPP) containing papers from the 2018 International Foundations Congress and Equipment Expo (IFCEE18) held in Orlando, Florida on March 5–10, 2018. The IFCEE conference series combines a technical conference and equipment show dedicated to the design and construction of foundation systems, using the latest geo-engineering and geo-construction technologies and practices. The IFCEE conference series is a one of a kind event that attracts attendees from around the world for the world’s largest equipment exposition dedicated solely to the deep foundations industry. This Congress combined the 2018 annual meetings of ASCE’s Geo-Institute, the International Association of Foundation Drilling (ADSC), the Pile Driving Contractors Association (PDCA) and the Deep Foundations Institute (DFI). This event was the third Congress in the IFCEE conference series, following the successful 2009 and 2015 meetings, in which these leading geotechnical and geotechnical-related organizations joined together for a single and singular annual congress. IFCEE18 provided an international forum to discuss technological advances, case histories, and present challenges related to geotechnical and foundation engineering. The Congress was attended by a wide range of geo-professionals including engineers, contractors, academicians, equipment manufacturers, geo-technologists, researchers, and service, material and tooling suppliers. This publication culminates two years of effort by the technical planning committee whose focus has been to continue the success of the previous meetings in the IFCEE conference series. Many individuals are responsible for the content of this volume, all of whom served in the efforts to maintain the standard set by previous proceedings. An international call for papers and a rigorous peer review process yielded 280 accepted technical papers, that were presented in 47 sessions, in addition to invited keynote presentations. Papers were reviewed in accordance with ASCE GSP standards. Accordingly, each paper was subjected to technical review by two or more independent peer reviewers. Publication requires concurrence by at least two peer reviewers. The Editors would like to express their appreciation for having been provided the opportunity to be a part of this Congress’ organization, their sincere thanks to the numerous session chairs and reviewers, and we hope that these proceedings will be of use to the geotechnical engineering community for many years to come. The Editors, Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, M.DFI, Lehigh University Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, M.DFI, University of California, Irvine Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, M.DFI, Oregon State University © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 iv Acknowledgments Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Thanks are due to the authors, primary reviewers, session chairs, and program committee, without whom this publication would not be possible. IFCEE 2018 Conference Program Committee Conference Chair W. Robert Thompson, III, P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Dan Brown and Associates, PC Technical Program Committee Tracy T. Brettmann, P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, A. H. Beck Foundation Company, Inc. Allen Cadden, P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, Schnabel Engineering Peggy Hagerty-Duffy, P.E., D.GE, Hagerty Engineering, Inc. Bernard H. Hertlein, FACI, M.ASCE, GEI Consulting, Inc. Terence P. Holman, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Turner Construction Company Michael D. Justason, P.Eng., M.ASCE, McMaster University/Bermingham Foundation Solutions Mary Ellen Large, P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Deep Foundations Institute Anna Sellountou, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Pile Dynamics, Inc. Proceedings Editors Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Lehigh University Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D., P.E., A.M.ASCE, University of California, Irvine Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Oregon State University IFCEE 2018 Sessions and Session Chairs Deep Foundations Deep Foundations & Seismic Issues William M. Camp, III, P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, S&ME, Inc. Design and Analysis of Deep Foundations Sanjeev Malhotra, P.E., G.E., D.GE, Consulting Engineer; Elizabeth M. Smith, P.E., G.E., D.GE, Terracon Consultants, Inc.; James W. Niehoff, P.E., M.ASCE, GEI Consultants, Inc. Field Testing: Axial/Lateral I Gerald Verbeek, M.ASCE, Verbeek Management Services; John P. Turner, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Dan Brown and Associates, PC; Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Louisiana State University © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 Pile Driving: Design and Construction Michael H. Wysockey, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Thatcher Engineering Corporation Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Practical Aspects of Foundation Installation and Investigation Sanjeev Malhotra, P.E., G.E., D.GE, Consulting Engineer Earth Retention and Support Excavation Support: Design and Construction Helen Robinson, P.E., GEI Consultants, Inc. Mechanically Stabilized Earth and Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Systems Ben A. Leshchinsky, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Oregon State University Seismic Aspects of Earth Retention Ali A. Eliadorani, Ph.D., P.E., P.L.S., M.ASCE, South Carolina State University Tunnels and Buried Structures Eric Wang, P.E., LEED AP, M.ASCE, HNTB Corporation; Thomas W. Pennington, P.E., M.ASCE, Jacobs Associates Ground Improvement & Seepage Control Bio-Based Soil Improvement Dimitrios Zekkos, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Michigan & geoengineer.org; Jason DeJong, Ph.D., University of California, Davis; Kenichi Soga, Ph.D., FREng, FICE, M.ASCE, University of California, Berkeley Geosynthetic/Fiber Reinforcement Ben A. Leshchinsky, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Oregon State University Ground Improvement: Treatment Case Studies Christian B. Woods, P.E., D.GE, G.E., M.ASCE, Densification, Inc. Liquefaction and Densification Menzer Pehlivan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, CH2M HILL Retaining and Cutoff Wall Design and Construction Kenneth L. Fishman, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, McMahon & Mann Consulting Engineers, P.C.; Nasser Massoudi, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Bechtel Corp. Stone Columns/Piers/Grouting I Kord J. Wissmann, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Geopier Foundation Company; Jie Han, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, The University of Kansas © ASCE v IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Other Topics: Deep Foundations and Site Characterization Advances in Energy Piles Omid Ghasemi Fare, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of Louisville; John S. McCartney, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of California, San Diego Bridges: Foundation Design and Construction Sam Sternberg, III, P.E., M.ASCE, Thompson Engineering Characterizing the Behavior of Soils Cumaraswamy (Vipu) Vipulanandan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Houston; Yazen Khasawneh, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, NTH Consultants, Ltd. Liquefaction: Analysis and Design C. Yoga Chandran, Ph.D., G.E., P.E., M.ASCE, CH2M HILL QA/QC for Deep Foundations Anna Sellountou, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Pile Dynamics, Inc. Rock Mechanics Ingrid Tomac, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of California, San Diego; Ehsan Ghazanfari, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Vermont Site Characterization Xiong (Bill) Yu, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, Case Western University Other Topics in Geotechnical Engineering Constitutive Modeling Usama S. El Shamy, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Southern Methodist University; Seung Jae Lee, Ph.D., Aff.M.ASCE, Florida International University Pavements and Subgrades Boo Hyun Nam, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of Central Florida Shallow Foundations Xiong Zhang, Ph.D., P.E., A.M.ASCE, Missouri University of Science and Technology Slopes, Dams, Embankments Timothy D. Stark, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign; Binod Tiwari, Ph.E., P.E., M.ASCE, California State University, Fullerton; Beena Ajmera, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, California State University, Fullerton © ASCE vi IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 vii Unsaturated Soils Farshid Vahedifard, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Mississippi State University; Rifat Bulut, Ph.D., M.ASCE, Oklahoma State University Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Selected Other Topics in Geotechnical Engineering Matteo Montesi, P.E., M.ASCE, WSP USA; Curt R. Basnett, P.E., M.ASCE. CH2M HILL; Morgan Race, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Braun Intertec; Kam Weng Ng, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Wyoming; Lori A. Simpson, G.E., P.E., M.ASCE, Langan Treadwell Rollo Case Histories, Lessons Learned and General Practice ACIP Piles: Case Histories and Lessons Learned W. Morgan NeSmith, P.E., M.ASCE, Berkel & Company Contractors, Inc. Drilled Shafts: Case Histories and Lessons Learned William F. (Bubba) Knight, P.E., M.ASCE, Loadtest, A Division of Fugro USA Land, Inc. Driven Piles: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Michael H. Wysockey, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Thatcher Engineering Corporation Excavation Support: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Richard J. Valentine, P.E., M.ASCE, Valentine Engineering Consultants Ground Improvement: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Jose L. M. Clemente, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, Bechtel NS&E Micropiles: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Steve Davidow, P.E., S.E., P.Eng., Aff.M.ASCE, Quanta Subsurface Site Investigation: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Conrad W. Felice, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, C. W. Felice, LLC Slope Stabilization/Earth Retention: Case Histories and Lessons Learned Timothy D. Stark, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign IFCEE 2018 Primary Paper Reviewers John Abdalkhani Amir Ahmadipur Sherif Abdelaziz Aseel Ahmed Yasser Abdelhamid Beena Ajmera Kofi Acheampong Gauen Alexander Muthu Adigovindan Ryan Allin © ASCE Robert Alperstein Art Alzamora Denis Ambio Omar Amer Joram Amir IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Jinwoo An Donald Anderson Ed Anderson Ronald Andrus Luis Arboleda Allam Ardah David Arellano George Aristorenas Haydar Arslan Arul Arumoli Moi Arzamendi Reza Ashtiani Andrew Assadollahi Paul Axtell Alireza Ayoubian Alireza Saeedi Azizkandi Ahmed Baghdady Paola Bandini Aritra Banerjee Curt Basnett Prasenjit Basu Bate Bate Andrew Baxter Ira Beer Jomaa Ben-Hassine Jonathan Bennett Keith Bennett Jorge Bheim Dale C. Biggers Jerold Bishop Tanner Blackburn Antonio Bobet Glen Bobnick Giovanni Bonita Michael Boone David Borger Stan Boyle Tom Brandon Kyle Brennan Tracy Brettmann Jean-Louis Briaud Frederick (Rick) A. Brinker © ASCE viii E. Buka Paul Bullock Rifat Bulut Kristi Bumpas Giuseppe Buscarnera Allen Cadden Billy Camp Franz Campero Greg Canivan Junnan Cao Salvatore Caronna John Case Ray Castelli Jan Cermak Bora Cetin Yoga Chandran Geoff Chao Lizhou Chen W. Z. Chen Les Chernauskas Bhaskar Chittoori Byoung Hooi Cho Sanghyun Chun Jose Clemente Russell Cooper Michael Coryell Dave Crouthamel Bobby Daita Steven Dapp Domenic D'Argenzio Steve Davidow John Deeken Jason DeJong Karishma Desai Jerry DiMaggio Randall Divito Yi Dong Elliott Drumright Elizabeth Dwyre Paul Eggers Paul Eickenberg Usama Samir El Shamy Ghada Ellithy Fathey Elsaid Mostafa Elseifi Carlos Englert Alan Esser Jeff Evans Matt Evans Ragui Wilson Fahmy Arvin Farid Ray Fassett Peter Faust Sixto Fernandez Alexander Filotti Geroge Filz Jared Fischer Kenneth Fishman Michael Flynn Emmanuel Fosteris Ray Franz Murray Fredlund David Frost Mo Gabr Mahi Galagoda Phillip Gallet Quan Gao John Garber Cyrus Garner Donald Gerken Hande Gerkus Omid Ghasemi-Fare Akrouch Ghassen Mohammad Ghavami Ehsan Ghazanfari James Gingery Matt Glisson Matt Goff Aaron Goldberg Larry Goldfarb Jesus Gomez Michael G. Gomez Clay Goodman David Graham Donald Gray Donald Green Jared Green IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Jean Habimana Seth Hamblin Chanjuan Han Jie Han Jim Hansen Nafiul Haque Nicholas Harman Dean Harris Megan Hart Ahmadreza Hedayat James Hite Chu Ho I-Hsuan Ho Jon Ho Oliver Hoops David Horhota Zahid Hossain Xiewen Hu Jie Huang Aaron Hudson Nick Hudyma Jonathan Huff Troy Hull Dana Humphrey Mohamad Hussein James Hussin Nejan Huvaj Elvis Ishimwe Magued Iskander Tyler Jahn Matthew Janes John Jenkins Yan Jiang Lawrence F. Johnsen Kenneth Johnson John Juenger Hyuk-Sang Jung Onur Kacar Arash Kamali-Asl Peter Kandaris Xin Kang Ismail Karatas Edward Kavazanjian Qamar Kazmi © ASCE ix Andrew Keene Ryan Keiper Yazen Khasawneh Ali Khosravi Yoshiaki Kikuchi Meeok Kim Sihyun Kim Sonny Kim Yonje Kim Scott Kirts Junyoung Ko Prabir Kolay Josh Koltz Susheel Kolwalker Van Komurka Dimitrious Konstantakos Tim Kovacs Sachin Kumar Debra Laefer Mary Ellen Large John Lawrence Imsoo Lee Seung Jae Lee Anne Lemnitzer Ben Leshchinsky Christopher Lewis Michael Lewis Paul Lewis Chang Li Jiliang Li Lin Li Marina Li Min Liew Garland Likins Keng-Wit Lim Chuang Lin Xiaobin Lin Bret Lingwall Jenny Liu Shimin Liu Sebastian LoboGuerrero Libby Loeffler Erik Loehr Theresa Loux John Lupo Scott Mackiewicz Ashley Macmillan Anwar Maharmeh Ali Maher Sanjeev Malhotra Kalehiwot Nega Manahiloh Brian Martinez Ben Mason John McCartney Alexander Mcgillivray JT McGinnis Michael McVay Nick Meloy Brian Metcalfe Peter Middendorp Marta Miletic Kevin Miller Bert Miner Filippo Mira-Catto Deb Mishra Roxbeh Moghaddam Soroush Mokhtari Matteo Montesi Brina Montoya Joon-Shik Moon Taehyun Moon Mike Muchard Gray Mullins Finnegan Mwape Boo Hyun Nam Soonkie Nam Mohammad Nasim David Neilson Kam Weng Ng Trung Dung Nguyen James Niehoff Mary Nodine Iraj Noorany Nicolas Oettle Kwabena Ofori-Awuah IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Ed O'Malley George Onorato Phillip Ooi Hasan Ozer Sam Paikowsky Anant Panwalkar Ujwalkumar Patil James Pegues Tom Pennington James Pergues Dunja Peric Howard Perko Juan Pestana James Phipps Gregg Piazza George Piscsalko Marc Plotkin Tyler Poggiogalle Daniel Pradel Russell Preuss Tom Printz Anand Puppala Sastry Putcha Tong Qiu Morgan Race Parishad Rahbari Dhooli Raj Promod Rao Deepak Rayamajhi Mohammad Razavi Alex Reeb Kurt Rhoads Frederick Rhyner Tom Richards Charles Roarty Donald Robertson Brent Robinson Helen Robinson Juan Rodriguez Mark Rohrbach Kyle Rollins Dario Rosidi Jason Ross John Rowley © ASCE x Daniel Ruffing Cassandra Rutherford Tom Sabourin Nick Salisbury Marika Santagata Fernando Sarabia Sagar Satyal Steve Saye Zach Scarboro David Scarpato Vern Schaefer Charles Warren Schwartz Brian Sears Henry Seawell Jeff Segar Al Sehn Gary Seider Anna Sellountou Hoyoung Seo Jeongbok Seo Sunil Sharma Anna Shidlovskaya Phil Shull Erin Sibley Tim Siegel Gregory Silver Matt Silveston Johanna Simon Bob Simpson Lori Simpson Jenn Sketchley Matthew Sleep Don Smith Miriam Smith Ryan Snook Kenichi Soga Ahmad Souri Eric Steward Melissa Stewart Charles (Andy) Stone Bryan Strohman Armin Stuedlein Muhannad Suleiman Steve Sun Xiaohui Sun Oscar Suncar Sonia Swift Amirata Taghavi Takefumi Takuma Majid Talebi Gilbert Tallard Burak Tanyu David Tara Junliang Tau Ed Theinat Robert Thompson James Tinjum Binod Tiwari Ingrid Tomac Justin Toney Lucas Turko Benjamin Turner John Turner Richard (Dick) Vaeth Richard Valentine Adriaan Van Seters Ben Vance Dan VandenBerge Philip Vardon Cumaraswamy Vipulanandan Michael Walker Scott Walker Bill Walton Dingbao Wang Eric Wang Fei Wang Lei Wang Shugang Wang Lei Wei Darrell Wilder Daniel Woeste Jeong Yun Won Moussa Wone Timothy Wood Lee Wooten Yonggui Xie IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Xiaoming Yang Jun Yao Fred Yi Taesun You Heejung Youn Xiong Yu Zia Zafir Atefeh Zamani Natasha Zamani Claudia Zapata Justin Zarella Dimitrios Zekkos Ming Zhang Xiong Zhang Katerina Ziotopoulou Jorge Zornberg © ASCE xi IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 xii Contents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Case Histories, Lessons Learned, and General Practice Economy and Design of Augered Cast-In-Place Piles at the Fargo WTP ............. 1 Jonathan Huff, L. Sebastian Bryson, and Jorge Romana Giraldo Augered Cast-In-Place Piles Embedded in Cobbles and Boulders in Honolulu .................................................................................................................... 13 Andrew J. Hignite and Robin M. Lim Settlement Induced during CFA Pile Installation in Egyptian Nile Valley Region: Case Study ................................................................................................... 25 Mohamed G. Arab, Ahmed Elgamal, Maher Omar, and Waleed Zeiada Obstructed and Damaged Piles–Some Case Histories of Pile Repairs ................ 39 Ali Azizian, Brian E. Hall, Arma Dhaliwal, and Robyn Barnett Drilled Shaft Foundation Design for Extreme Event: Sarah Mildred Long Bridge Replacement Project .......................................................................... 55 A. M. Ramakrishna and R. R. Mankbadi Pile Group Effects and Soil Dilatancy at the Fort Lauderdale International Airport................................................................................................ 64 David A. Rancman, Thai Nguyen, Daniel C. Hart, and Yves-Stanley Delmas Failure of Pile Foundations Driven into Bedrock through Hydrocollapsible Soils .............................................................................................. 79 John Montgomery Schultz and Siamak Jafroudi Rigid Inclusion Supported Embankments for New Jersey Turnpike Interchange 14A: A Case Study .............................................................................. 94 Daniel V. Cacciola, Shafiq I. Siddiqui, Sarah Ramp, and Faisal Ahmed Compaction Grouting Beneath Brownstone Buildings Founded on Soft Ground ............................................................................................................. 109 Chu E. Ho and Aaron Evans Half Mile Long Ore Shed: Ground Improvement in “Low Headroom” ........... 125 Allen Cadden, Michael Arnold, Bob Faulhaber, and Johanna Simon © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 Jet Grouting for Seepage Control at Lac Des Iles (LDI) Water Management Facility .................................................................................. 139 Naresh Gurpersaud, Daniel Lees, and Frank Hu Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Deep Power Compaction Vibro-Compaction Testing Program at Treasure Island ....................................................................................................... 150 Stefanos Papadopulos and Uri Eliahu Role of Blended Cements and Slag Cement to Improve Sustainability of Geotechnical Projects ................................................................ 163 Charles M. Wilk and Gordon R. McLellan Design and Installation of Micropile Foundations for a Suspension Bridge ....................................................................................................................... 173 Justin R. Lewis High Capacity Macropiles™ for a New 70 Story Tower in Manhattan ............ 184 John R. Grillo New Bronx-Whitestone Bridge Approach Foundations Design and Construction ........................................................................................ 196 Mangtao (Monty) Du, Daniela Zellers, Joe Wang, Frank Pepe, and Christopher Saladino Development of a Point-Based Index for Sinkhole Vulnerability Evaluation in Central Florida’s Karst Terrain.................................................... 212 Ryan M. Shamet, Boo Hyun Nam, and David Horhota Establishing a Threshold Sustainability Index for a Geotechnical Construction ............................................................................................................ 222 Jasaswee T. Das, Rinu A. Samuel, Anu M. George, Sayantan Chakraborty, Tejo V. Bheemasetti, and Anand J. Puppala Site Characterization with 3-D Full Seismic Waveform Tomography .............. 233 Khiem T. Tran and Trung Dung Nguyen Field and Laboratory Characterization of the Operational Response of Wind Turbine Generator Foundation Soil ..................................... 243 Christopher Enos, Mehmet Yilmaz, Zhenzhong Wu, James M. Tinjum, and Dante Fratta CPT Based Settlement Prediction over California Soft Rock, Stiff Alluvium, and Soft Alluvial Sites .................................................................. 254 S. Ali Bastani and Gregory P. Silver © ASCE xiii IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 Measurement of Moisture and Temperature Profiles in Different Layers of Soil .......................................................................................... 266 F. Fazel Mojtahedi, Khosravi Ali, Ali Nazari, Saeed Rezvani, Azin Khatami, and Narges Ahmadi Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Developing Smart Grouted Sand Columns for Real Time Monitoring of Earth Dams ..................................................................................... 279 C. Vipulanandan, I. Kula, D. Magill, and F. Aguilar Effect of Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation on the Stability of Mine Tailings ....................................................................................... 291 Atefeh Zamani, Qianwen Liu, and Brina M. Montoya The CET Method for Levee-Floodwall Erosion Evaluation ............................... 301 Sina Nassiri, Abdolreza Osouli, and Brent Vaughn © ASCE xiv IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 1 Economy and Design of Augered Cast-In-Place Piles at the Fargo WTP Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Jonathan Huff1; L. Sebastian Bryson2; and Jorge Romana Giraldo3 1 Project Manager, Richard Goettle, Inc., 12071 Hamilton Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45231. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Kentucky, 161 Raymond Bldg., Lexington, KY 40506. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Fargo water treatment plant improvement project is a $104 million plant addition located in Fargo, ND. The original foundation design for the addition consisted of 346 each 42-in. diameter drilled piers; similar to the existing plant foundations. A value engineering (VE) alternate foundation system was proposed that consisted of a 1-for-1 replacement of the drilled piers with auger cast-in place (ACIP) piles of equivalent capacity. The VE alternate proposal saved approximately $4 million and 15 weeks in the construction schedule. The ACIP pile VE alternate was ultimately selected for the project. A pile load testing program was undertaken to verify design assumptions and optimize the design of the piles by determining the frictional resistance being developed along the length of the test pile within each subsurface layer. The load testing program consisted of four reaction piles, and one sacrificial compression load test pile that was tested to a maximum test load of 704 kips. The pile load test was successful in verifying design assumptions, and verifying that the proposed ACIP pile was an appropriate deep foundation element for the project. INTRODUCTION Problem Description The “base bid” drilled pier foundation was identified as a cause for unnecessary cost and construction time for the project. The $4M in savings and the 15 week schedule reduction that the ACIP pile VE offered were reason enough for the project team to proceed with the ACIP pile approach. The WTP is located in the southeast corner of the state, in Cass County. The location of the WTP relative to the State is shown in Figure 1. © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 2 (a) (b) Figure 1. Project location: (a) Cass County, ND; (b) City of Fargo. Value Engineering The “base bid” foundation system for the Fargo Water Treatment Plant (WTP) consisted of 346 drilled shafts of 42 in diameter, socketed a minimum of 9 ft in the glacial till. This came to an average drilled pier length of 95 feet to resist the 640 kip design load. A sacrificial Osterberg Cell (O-cell) test was to be included to verify end bearing capacities of the native soils. The value of this work was approximately $9 million, and the projected installation duration was 30 weeks. An initial Value Engineering (VE) alternate system was proposed that consisted of a one-for-one replacement of each drilled shaft with a Continuously Flight Auger (CFA) pile of equivalent capacity (640 kips). The value of the VE proposal was $3.7 million, with a projected installation duration of 16 weeks. The project was awarded based on the VE deep foundation system. After initial discussions and engineering planning sessions, a further savings adjustment was observed by utilizing a 2-for-1 replacement of Augered Cast-In-Place piles of roughly half the design capacity (320 kips). The span between piles was roughly cut in half. The 2-for-1 replacement system was ultimately selected, with the final deep foundation contract value awarded at a value of $3.2 million. Site Conditions A plan view of the boring locations and the test location is shown in Figure 2. Undocumented fill was encountered at the surface of all of the borings except BV-1 (topsoil) and BV-7 (bituminous surfacing). The fill extended to depths of 5 to 16.5 ft. The fill was generally fat clay (CH) or lean clay (CL) with varying amounts of sand. In Boring BV-2 a layer of poorly graded sand (SP) fill © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 3 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. was encountered at 9 ft. In places, the fill soils also contained organics or construction debris. The fill soils were moist to wet and were gray to brown to black in color. Figure 2. Boring locations. Immediately below the fill in Borings BV-3 and BV-6 a layer of buried topsoil was encountered between depths of 6.5 and 11.5 ft. Topsoil was also encountered from the surface in Boring BV1 and extended to a depth of about 3.5 ft. In all the borings the topsoil, fill or buried topsoil was underlain with native glacial lake deposits. The glacial lake deposits extended to the termination depths of all of the borings except Borings BV-2 and BV-4. In Boring BV-2 the glacial lake soils extended to 93 ft and in Boring BV-4 they extended to 97 ft. The glacial lake soils consisted of fat clay (CH). Penetration resistance values in the glacial lake deposits ranged from 2 to 10 blows per foot (bpf), indicating they were locally soft to rather stiff and typically became softer with depth. The glacial lake deposits were underlain with glacial till deposits in Borings BV-2 and BV-4 that extended to the depths explored. The glacial till deposits consisted of sandy lean clay (CL) with trace gravels. Penetration resistance values in the glacial tills ranged from 8 bpf, in the top couple inches of the strata, to more than 100 blows required to penetrate 0.5 in. These values indicate the tills were typically hard. Groundwater was observed in three of the borings (BV-1, BV-6 and BV-7) at depths of 12.5 to 15.5 ft deep, corresponding to elevations of about 884 to 893 ft, as the borings were advanced or when rechecked at 24 hours after completion. Given the cohesive nature of the geologic materials encountered, it is not surprising that groundwater was not observed in all that borings, as insufficient time was available for groundwater to seep into the boreholes and rise to its hydrostatic level. © ASCE IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 4 Eight penetration test borings were advanced at the site at locations shown in Figure 1. The borings were extended to depths of about 50 to 110 ft. Thin-walled tube samples were taken at depths of 4 to 92 ft in various borings as they were advanced. Observation wells were installed at Borings BV-3 and BV-8 with screen depths of 40 to 50 ft deep after drilling and sampling had been completed. Bulk samples were taken of the geologic materials encountered 10 to 15 ft deep in Boring BV-1, at 15 to 20 ft deep in Boring BV-4, at 0 to 5 ft deep in Boring BV-5 and at 10 to 15 ft deep in Boring BV-7. For long-term groundwater monitoring, monitoring wells were installed in the boreholes BV-3 and BV-8, with the screened interval from 40 to 50 ft deep. When checked on 6 December 2013 groundwater was measured at depths of 26 ft and 14.5 ft, respectively. These piezometer depths correspond to elevations of 874.5 ft to 894.5 ft. When checked again on July 18, 2013 groundwater was measured at depths of 13 and 18 feet, respectively, corresponding to elevation 887.5 ft and 891 ft. LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM Moisture content (MC) tests (per ASTM D2216) were performed on selected penetration test and thin-walled tube samples to aid in classifications and estimations of the engineering properties. Figure 3 shows the general variation of the material properties at the site with depth. 0 Natural Moisture Content (%) 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 Shear Strength (psf) 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 0 0 20 20 20 40 40 40 60 80 100 120 Depth (ft bgs) 0 Depth (ft bgs) Depth (ft bgs) Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. IN SITU TESTING PROGRAM 60 80 Moisture content (w) Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Blow Counts (bpf) 2 4 6 8 10 60 80 100 Unconfined 100 Pocket Penetrometer 120 120 Figure 3. Material properties Boring BV-2. The moisture contents in the native fat clays ranged from 46 to 78 percent. A single test performed on the native glacial tills at depth had a moisture content result of 14 percent. Unit weight tests were performed on selected penetration test and thin-walled tube samples. The results of the tests indicate the native fat clays have wet densities (WD) ranging from 97 to 110 pcf; and dry densities (DD) ranging from 55 to 79 pcf. Atterberg limits tests (per ASTM D4318) indicated the natural clay soils tested had liquid limits (LL) ranging from 41 to 118 percent, plastic limits (PL) ranging from 17 to 31 percent, and plasticity indices (PI) ranging from 17 to © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. IFCEE 2018 GSP 298 5 90 percent, indicating the soils tested are generally fat clays and have a high potential for shrinking/swelling with changes in their moisture content. Unconfined compressive strength (qu) tests (per ASTM D2166) were performed on selected thin-walled tube samples. The results of the tests indicated the soils had unconfined compressive strengths ranging from 790 to 1670 psf, indicating undrained shear strengths ranging from 395 to 835 psf. Pocket penetrometer tests (qp) were performed on selected penetration test samples to provide an additional estimation of the unconfined compressive strength. Penetrometer tests performed on the native fat clay soils ranged from 0.25 to 4.5 tsf (average of just over 1 tsf), indicating estimated undrained shear strengths ranging from 250 to 4500 psf (average of 1000 psf). Table 1 gives the generalized layers and the corresponding material properties used in subsequent analyses of the load test data. The generalized data were developed from Borings BV-2 and BV-5 (see Fig 2). Table 1. Estimated Soil properties from BV-2 and BV-5. Layer Depth Interval* (ft) I II III IV V VI 0-15 15-27 27-37 37-57 57-77 77-80 VII 80-99 Soil Type Fat Clay (CH) Fat Clay (CH) Fat Clay (CH) Fat Clay (CH) Fat Clay (CH) Fat Clay (CH) Lean Clay (CL) Natural Moisture Content (%) Dry Unit Weight (pcf) LL/PI (%) Average Shear Strength. qu/qp (psf) Average su (psf) 46.4 78 72 69 64 47 73 55 60 60 58 74 73/51 109/79 108/77 99/73 89/65 59/42 790/3500 910/1000 1670/500 1210/500 860/2000 1330/ 395 455 835 605 430 665 14 68 /6520 3260 * Below elevation 893 ft. LL = liquid limit; PI = plasticity index; qu = unconfined compression strength; qp = pocket penetrometer strength; su = undrained shear strength. ACIP PILE INSTALLATION PROCEDURES The ACIP piles were drilled with a crane and swinging leads. An APE 75 drill was mounted in the leads, powered by an APE 475 power unit. The hydraulic powered auger drive produced a minimum of 30,000 ft/lbs of rotational torque. It rotated an 18 in nominal diameter continuous flight hollow stem auger. The auger and leads were equipped with a traveling center guide and a bottom guide and the cranes were equipped with a torque converter to ensure a smooth auger withdrawal. The average penetration rates during drilling was 10 ft/min. Auger rotation speeds were 25 rpm at the low speed setting and 50 rpm at the high speed setting. A majority of the pile profile was drilled in the high speed setting. Positive rotation was maintained as the auger was withdrawn and grout was placed. © ASCE