Tài liệu Iccrem 2017 project management and construction technology

scelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only ICCREM 2017 Project Management and Construction Technology Edited by Yaowu Wang Yongshi Pang Geoffrey Q. P. Shen Yimin Zhu, Ph.D. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. ICCREM 2017 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT 2017 November 10–12, 2017 Guangzhou, China SPONSORED BY Modernization of Management Committee of the China Construction Industry Association The Construction Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITORS Yaowu Wang Yongshi Pang Geoffrey Q. P. Shen Yimin Zhu, Ph.D. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 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ICCREM 2017 iii Preface Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. We would like to welcome you to the 2017 International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management (ICCREM 2017). Harbin Institute of Technology, Guangzhou University, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Louisiana State University, University of Alberta, Luleå University of Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Marquette University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. The Conference is a continuation of the ICCREM series which have been held annually since 2003. The theme for this conference is “Prefabricated Construction and Construction Industrialization”. It especially highlights the importance of construction industrialization and prefabricated technology for construction engineering and management. The conference proceedings include 174 peer-review papers covered eleven important subjects. And all papers went through a two-step peer review process. The proceedings of the congress are divided into four parts:     Prefabricated Buildings, Industrialized Construction and PPP Industry Regulation and Sustainable Development Real Estate and Urbanization Project Management and Construction Technology On behalf of the Construction Institute, the American Society of Civil Engineers and the 2017 ICCREM Organizing Committee, we welcome you and wish you leave with a wonderful experience and memory at ICCREM 2017. Professor Yaowu Wang Professor Yongshi Pang Harbin Institute of Technology Guangzhou University P. R. of China P. R. of China Acknowledgments Organized by Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Guangzhou University, P.R. China Hong Kong Polytechnic University, P.R. China Louisiana State University, USA University of Alberta, Canada Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Heriot-Watt University, UK Marquette University, USA Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany © ASCE ICCREM 2017 iv Executive Editors Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Xianfei Yin Xianwei Meng Zhuyue Li Chong Feng Wei Gao Yuru Gao Tingting Chen Jia Ding Xiangkun Qi Yue Cao Zixin Han Tongyao Feng Hongmeng Kang Conference website: http://www.iccrem.com/ Email: [email protected] Conference Committee Committee Chairs Prof. Yaowu Wang, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Prof. Geoffrey Q.P. Shen, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, P.R. China Conference Executive Chair Prof. Jiyang Fu, Guangzhou University, P.R. China Conference Co-Chairs Prof. Yongshi Pang, Guangzhou University, P.R. China Director Katerina Lachinova, Construction Institute of ASCE.(ASCE members), USA Prof. Yimin Zhu, Louisiana State University, USA Prof. Mohamed Al-Hussein, University of Alberta, Canada Prof. Thomas Olofsson, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Prof. Ming Sun, Heriot Watt University, UK Prof. Yong Bai, Marquette University, USA Prof. Kunibert Lennerts, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, German Organizing Committee and Secretariat General Secretariat Prof. Xiaolong Xue, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Deputy General Secretariat Prof. Xuetong Wang, Guangzhou University, P.R. China © ASCE ICCREM 2017 v Committee Members Asso. Prof. Chengshuang Sun, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Asso. Prof Qingpeng Man, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Mr. Zhenmin Yuan, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China Mr. Shiwei Chen, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China © ASCE ICCREM 2017 vi Contents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. An Economic Analysis of BIM-Based Data Collection Systems in Facility Management ................................................................................................................ 1 Gunnar Adams and Dierk Walther Design-Build, Innovation, and Competition: The Role of Smaller Contractors ................................................................................................................ 11 Johan Nyström, Jan Bröchner, and Svante Mandell Outdoor Atmosphere as Added Value of Retail Property Product ..................... 19 Alvin Lorenza and Ahmad Gamal Corrective Measures for Construction Project Cost Control............................... 31 Kofi Owusu Adjei, Clinton Ohis Aigbavboa, and Wellington Didibhuku Thwala Exploring the Case Study Usage in Construction Engineering and Management Research ............................................................................................. 38 Jan Krantz and Johan Larsson Assessing Risks Associated with BIM Adoption: An Empirical Study in China .......................................................................................................................... 47 Xianbo Zhao and Guangdong Wu Research on Social Responsibility Behavior Preference of Construction Enterprises Based on Stakeholder Theory ............................................................. 58 Xuetong Wang, Wenyong Lai, Chen Lu, and Weirui Xue Schedule Collaborative Optimization for the Engineering Project Based on Stackelberg ................................................................................................ 64 Weirui Xue, Wei Zhang, Xuetong Wang, and Lei Zhang Study on the Resent Research Progress and Future Directions of Smart Construction in China .............................................................................................. 72 Zhihe Yang, Yaowu Wang, Xiaodong Yang, Yuna Wang, and Zhangnu Xiang Mapping the Knowledge Structure in Megaproject Management Research Using Complex Network Analysis ........................................................................... 82 Hengqin Wu, Xiaolong Xue, Geoffrey Qiping Shen, and Yazhuo Luo A Simplified Method for the Model of Building Groups in CFD Simulation ..... 89 Yingxin Li, Hongling Guo, and Zhihui Zhang © ASCE ICCREM 2017 A BIM-Based Estimator for Carbon Emissions of a Building at Design Stage .............................................................................................................. 98 Xiaoxing Ou, Dezhi Li, and Qiming Li Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. 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Passive Public Participation Mechanism for Construction Project Decision Based on Mobile Internet ....................................................................... 107 Yuan Fang, Hongyang Li, and Xiaoqing Lu Data Quality Control Framework of an Intelligent Community from a Big Data Perspective ............................................................................................... 116 Yujing Chen, Dong Wang, and Xuetong Wang Research on the Knowledge Transfer Mechanism between Headquarters and Project Team in Construction Enterprises .......................... 126 Guoli Feng, Xu Ren, and Shengyue Hao The Occurrence Mechanisms of Initial Trust in Construction Projects from the Perspective of Project Owners ................................................ 135 Weiping Jiang and Hongyan Wan Review of Joint Venture Studies in Construction ................................................ 139 Zhiwei Yu, Chen Lu, and Daniel W. M. Chan The Application of Mobile IT in Cost Control of Construction Phase .............. 150 Jia Ding and Qingpeng Man Modeling Enablers for Successful Knowledge Sharing in Project-Based Organizations .......................................................................................................... 158 Jia Ju, Xu Ren, and Shengyue Hao Study on the Mechanism of “Internet+” in Construction Project Technology Innovation Activities .......................................................................... 167 Lei Yang and Bin Zhu The Effect of Risks on Supply Chain Schedule Estimation ................................ 176 Limin Xu and Chengjie Xu Automated Evaluation of the Evacuation Performance for Large Complex Buildings Based on BIM ............................................................. 190 Guoping Gao and Changsheng Guan Analysis of Competitive Environment for Foreign Construction Enterprises in China Construction Market ......................................................... 199 Xiaozhuang Yang, Yongjun Chen, Peijiang Hu, and Yan Teng © ASCE vii ICCREM 2017 The Influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Technological Innovation: The Moderating Effect of Environmental Uncertainty .................. 205 Guang Xu, Shengfang Feng, and Ningning Wang Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. 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A Study of the Differences in Regional Cultures Shown in the Arcade Architecture in Guangxi ........................................................................... 215 Li Li Research on the Innovation of Government Investment Projects Management Model under BIM Situation ........................................................... 224 Chong Jia and Zhihong Wang Comprehensive Information Management Model of Construction Projects Based on System Engineering Methodology ......................................... 232 Lan Luo, Zan Liu, and Min Xie Design, Implementation, and Analysis of Emergency Evacuation Experiment Based on Classroom Simulation ....................................................... 240 Fengyong Zhai and Man Ye Research on the Application of the Building Materials 4PL Model Based on the Logistics Cloud-BIM ........................................................................ 250 Yingpan Li and Yu Deng The Assessment of Construction Project Safety Management Security System Based on the Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation ..................................... 262 Hao Liu and Yang Wang Study on the Construction of “Sponge City” in Shenyang: A Case Study of “Sponge Campus” Reconstruction in Shenyang Jianzhu University................................................................................................................. 272 Qiufei Wang, Bingjie Tang, and Dan Shi Study on the System of Tender Evaluation Index in BOO Project .................... 280 Wu Chen, Jun Fang, and Yiping Zhang Research on Factors Influencing Project Delivery System Selection for Construction Projects ............................................................................................. 292 Bingsheng Liu, Meiqing Fu, Geoffrey Shen, Shuangliang Tai, and Shiruo Zhang Research on the Matching Relationship between Organizational Innovation and Technological Innovation of HEM Firms .................................. 303 Chenggang Wang, Chunsheng Shi, Honglie Sun, and Kun Li Recommend Countermeasure on Surround-Bidding.......................................... 316 Shuo Wang, Ruixue Yu, and Kailun Feng © ASCE viii ICCREM 2017 Linking Institutional Pressures and Environmental Management Practices in Mega Construction Project: The Mediating Role of Project Managers’ Organizational Citizenship Behaviors for the Environment........... 327 Ge Wang, Qinghua He, Xianhai Meng, Tao Yu, and Xue Yan Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. 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Energy Conservation Evaluation of High-Rise Buildings Based on BIM: A Case Study ........................................................................................................... 337 Changsheng Guan, Guoping Gao, and Haihua Zhang Filter Model Research of Characteristic Value of Typical Construction Engineering Based on T Test and Decision Tree Method ................................... 345 Shasha Xie and Jun Fang Construction Technology of Slope Changing and Filling of Foundation Pit under Geological Condition of Blowing Soil .................................................. 355 Junduo Zhang, Yingping Deng, and Honghong Qu Study on the Application of BIM Energy Analysis Technology in Architectural Design ............................................................................................... 364 Chenyang Li and Lue Xie Data Types and Knowledge Generation in Construction Management Research: A Criticism to Soft Data-Based “Theory”-Building Research ......... 375 Jin Wu and Yali Du Study on Developing Rules of Compressive Strength of Concrete under the Conditions of Winter Construction ................................................................ 384 Zeping Sheng © ASCE ix ICCREM 2017 1 An Economic Analysis of BIM-Based Data Collection Systems in Facility Management Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Gunnar Adams1 and Dierk Walther2 1 Researcher Fellow, Institute of Technology and Management in Construction, Professorship for Facility Management, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Senior Engineer, Bilfinger HSG Facility Management GmbH (Prospective Apleona Facility Management GmbH), 63263 Neu-Isenburg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A good object documentation is a prerequisite for a sustainable economic facility management. In practice, however, there is a regular problem to record the data necessary for optimum support. The difficulty of data transfer of a building occurs not only at the interface at the beginning of the takeover of a property, but also begins at the planning stage and runs through the entire life cycle. Within the scope of this scientific study, the different technical possibilities of the data acquisition process of plants in buildings with regard to BIM-based implementation are critically examined and recommendations for the economic optimization of the subsequent data collection of a case study are summarized. INTRODUCTION Building Information Modeling (BIM) is already successfully used in the planning and construction phase. The great difficulty is still to transfer the data from the implementation phase into the operating phase. Annette von Hagel still describes the loss of information at this interface as "frightening" (Herrmann and Maria 2015). An even greater challenge is the subsequent implementation of a BIM within the operating phase. In the case of long-standing objects, there have been increasing rebuilding and modification measures in the past, which are often not fully recorded and documented by the previous or prior facility management service provider. As a result, a complete new measuring of the inventory becomes inevitable within the operating phase. In addition to the high costs of the new version, the time pressure involved in the data collection process entails additional risks for the acquired information content. Therefore, the implementation of Barcode and Radio Frequency Identification RFID as well as a technical overview of the data acquisition systems for the creation of a 3D model will be briefly explained. The aim is not only to implement the BIM method, but also to ensure data updating using technical methods. Because the BIM must be maintained continuously and consistently with up-to-date data in order not to lose its effectiveness. © ASCE ICCREM 2017 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. When implementing new techniques and methods, the service provider has to lose out. Within the short contract periods of 3-5 years, his investment has to be amortized, which is the greatest challenge. The connection of existing processes to BIM as well as the acceptance of the employees to open up new processes is additional challenges. For BIM in the planning and construction phase, there are many works made about the cost reduction. For the transfer or creation of a BIM within the operating phase, there is little information on the economic viability. This is of crucial interest because a BIM contains the basic data that also CAFM system needs (Motammedi et al. 2014). For this reason, an investigation is carried out specifically for this case, which focuses on the profitability of a BIM during the operating phase. An office building (KG - 6.OG) with an entire Gross Floor Area GFA 10,083.99 m2 serves as a reference object. For this purpose, the analytical procedure for determining the basic costs (for example, software, training) and 3D modeling costs as well as the benefits are explained in detail at the reference object. Finally, the results are analyzed with regard to the amortization time and the modified internal rate of return. This is also done for the data acquisition technicians Barcode and RFID, whereby the BIM implementation is followed in detail. STRUCTURE OF THE ANALYSIS The focus is on cost-effectiveness. It describes the valuation at market prices and is the ratio of monetary valuation of goods and the production factor, which is why economic analysis is carried out in accordance with GEFMA 460 (Kuhlmann 2016). The basis for GEFMA 460 (Kuhlmann 2016) is the demand for an economic analysis for CAFM systems, which can be implemented on a monetarily measurable basis, as well the apply at methods for supplementing and expanding CAFM-Systems. Accordingly, BIM is understood as a supplement to the CAFM system because the CAFM system has already been adapted for the FM processes and is strongly rooted in the business processes. In particular, a BIM can't replace the CAFM-System, but it can increase the profitability of a CAFM system (Herrmann and Maria 2015). For the Barcode and RFID technicians the structure of the profitability analysis according to GEFMA 460 (Kuhlmann 2016) can also be used. BASE COSTS OF BIM, BARCODE AND RFID For the barcode and RFID technology are also used to calculate the basic costs, which consist of costs for labels / tags, readers, software, training, licensing and implementation. This results in a basic cost for barcode of 21,636.60 € and for RFID 44,382.10 €. The reference object is supervised by an object manager and two technicians. The object manager already has the necessary hardware, so that the technician still needs a hardware package. For the training the object manager and a technician are registered, who pass their learned to the second technician. The relevant costs are determined by research (see Table 1) (Issa and Giel 2013; Qian 2012). For the final assessment of profitability, a distinction is made between one-off and ongoing costs. The decisive cost factor is the subsequent 3D modeling and the storing of the necessary information (semantics), which is described in more detail below. © ASCE 2 ICCREM 2017 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Table 1.Base Costs of BIM. One-time charges Quantity Hardware 1 Software 2 Training costs model 2 I Training costs model 2 II Integration costs 1 ∑BIM Basic configuration Current costs License fee 2 ∑BIM Basic configuration total 3 [€] 3.16170 1.35501 1.32000 [∑] (€) 3.16170 2.71002 2.64000 0.88000 1.76000 8.13008 8.13008 18.40180 0.71800 1.43600 19.83780 Semantics and 3D-Modeling. For BIM modeling, the cost of data collection is first determined. The table of "State Construction Management Lower Saxony" (Lower 2002) serves as the basis. The costs [€/m2] for geometry and building technology are subdivided according to data acquisition, takeover from planning documents and complete new full measuring. The reference object is also subdivided into GFA Building technology (709,93 m2) and GFA Building geometry (9.374,06 m2) and applied to the table. This results of the recording for the referencing object costs are shown in Table 2. For the reference object, real costs are available for a complete new full measuring of the building technology for the Technical Facility Management (TFM). The costs include the recording and storage in the CAFM system and amounts to 5.520,00 €. Compared to Table 2 (3,230.18 €), the actual costs are 41,50% higher. On the basis of missing information on the development of the table of State Construction Management Lower Saxony (Lower 2002), the real costs are used for the further calculations. In addition, the office building is used as a research facility and thus has an increased technical equipment, which justifies the increased costs. Table 2.Data Collection Costs of the Reference Object. Takeover from as-built Data documentation Min (€) Max (€) Building alphanumeric 7.03055 11.71758 geometry graphic 1.87481 4.21833 ∑(€) 8.90536 15.93590 Building alphanumeric 0.92291 1.02940 technology graphic 0.07099 0.14199 ∑(€) 0.99390 1.17138 Total costs 9.89926 17.10729 © ASCE Complete new data measuring Min (€) Max (€) 18.74812 35.15273 13.12368 23.43515 31.87180 58.58788 1.95231 1.95231 1.17138 1.27787 3.12369 3.23018 34.99550 61.81806 ICCREM 2017 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. For the cost estimation of the 3D modeling of the reference object, will gone back to realized projects of the Swiss company dapgrouph GmbH (The costs for industrial plant and commercial properties are based on company data from Switzerland. It is worth mentioning the differences in wage- and salary costs in Switzerland compared to Germany. For simplicity, the costs are converted into euros. Price: 1 CHF ≡ 0,92 € on 21.06.2016) and to the internal elaboration for 3D modeling of an office building. The 3D models of dapgrouph GmbH are an industrial building and a commercial property, which were created using 3D laser scanners. For the internal elaboration, reference is used to as-built documentation. Thereby elements such as the outer facade are neglected and a level of development (LOD) of 200 for the geometry and for the technical equipment a LOD 350 is used. For the comparison with Table 2, the estimate [€/m2] is sufficient, but a distinction is made between external (on-site recording) and internal service (modeling in the office) in the case of laserscan-based recording. The available data of dapgrouph GmbH only include the time required for the recording. In addition, in the case of the laser-scan-based as-built documentation is not the area, but rather the surface occupancy decisive. The more plants, pipes, etc. on one area, the higher is the modeling effort. This circumstance makes a further estimation in [€/h] mandatory. For this purpose, the HPM-Measurement GmbH is used, which, from experience, divides the modeling process into the ratio of internal to external service. At simple buildings, are required for 1-day field service 2-3 days in-house service and for complex buildings up to 10 days in-house service. For the conversion of the practice data, a ratio of 1/10 is assumed for the industrial plant, and a ratio of 1/5 for the industrial estate due to the mixture of office and production. Table 3 shows the data used and the computation steps carried out, up to the units [€/m2] and [€/h]. If the laser-scan-based modeling is compared with one another, it becomes clear that in this case the cost estimation in [€/m2] is sufficient. The complete 3D modeling of the industrial plant is a factor of ~ 2.5 more expensive both in the unit [€/m2] and in [€/h]. If the laser-scan-based modeling is compared with one another, it becomes clear that in this case the cost estimation in [€/m2] is sufficient. The complete 3D modeling of the industrial plant is a factor of ~ 2.5 more expensive as the commercial property both in the unit [€/m2] and in [€/h]. This means that the further calculation with the unit [€/m2] is sufficient and no further assumption for the time required for the model production of the reference object can be dispensed with. The ratio specification in comparison with the office building is omitted. The data collection and modeling is too different and can lead to erroneous results. Due to the large discrepancies, the costs for economic analysis are further subdivided into costs resulting from internal modeling and costs incurred by an external service provider. In order to calculate the modeling of the reference building, the factors for the commercial property and the office building. Since no further data on the information content of the models are given, the costs of the real data acquisition are added to the costs of 3D modeling. This ensures the completeness of the BIM model for the operating phase (see Table 4). © ASCE 4 ICCREM 2017 5 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Table 3.Calculation of the Units [€/m²] and [€/h]. Industrial Commercial facility property Area [m2] 2.460 13.643 Amount TLS [STK] 2 4 Field service [d] 1 5 Field service 1 TLS [d] 2 20 Indoor work [d/STK] 10 5 Modeling of time [h] 160 800 Total costs of Measurement [€] 6.68200 11.03200 Measurement costs of 1 TLS [€/h] 0.41763 0.06895 3D-Modeling costs [€] 14.98900 35.80400 3D-Modeling costs of 1 TLS [€] 0.09368 0.04476 Total costs of modeling [€] 21.67100 46.83600 Total time [h] 0.17600 0.96000 2 Total costs [€/m ] 0.00881 0.00343 Total costs [€/h] 0.12313 0.04876 0.00257 [€/m2] Industrial facility with regard to commercial property [€/h] Industrial facility with 0.00252 regard to commercial property Adoption: 1 day ≡ 8 working hours Office building 25.000 75 4.20000 4.20000 0.07500 0.00017 0.05600 - Table 4.BIM Total Costs. Costs per m2 (€/m2) 3D-Modeling 10.083,99 m2 (€) Start-Up-Costs (€) BIM-Base costs (€) ∑ (€) In-house 0.00017 1.71427 5.52000 19.83780 27.07207 Outside 0.00343 34.58809 5.52000 19.83780 59.94589 Verification of the assumptions. Compared with Table 2, the costs for internal modeling (€ 7,234.27) are more favorable than the minimum costs for the transfer from the as-built documentation (€ 9,899.26). The lower costs are due to the neglect of individual components (e.g. outer facade). The external model creation (40.108,09 €) is in the area of the minimum and maximum costs for the completely new data acquisition (34.995,50 € - 61.818,06 €). Choi and Kang (2015) provide further proof of the correctness of the assumptions for external modeling. They use for an optimized data exchange, BIM as a data base, and examine a BIM Perspective Definition (BPD) data exchange structure. There is no information about the type (planning documents, TLS) or depth (LOD) of the model creation, as well as the object size, only the breakdown of the investment costs shows the individual components and their costs. Although investment costs are different in the cost sum and the additional components (e.g. server costs), BIM model creation is the key cost factor of 65% of the total © ASCE ICCREM 2017 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. investment. In addition, the BIM model is made available to various subscribers (e.g., owners, facility managers, fitters), which is why it can be assumed to be a complete as built documentation rather than a reduced internal modeling. This allows the comparison of the external BIM modeling costs determined here with Choi and Kang (2015). The review of the external modeling costs for the reference object corresponding to 67% of the total investment and differ only by 2% to Choi and Kang (2015). Thus, the cost estimation of the external modeling can be used for the profitability analysis. OBJECT-SPECIFIC EFFICIENCIES The efficiencies are the decisive factors, they can differ strongly from object to object. In addition to the qualitative benefits such as improved documentation quality and increased transparency, the focus is on the monetary effiencies. To this end, current incidents at the reference object are investigated and their benefits are monetarized. The total of ten benefits are summarized: BIM. (1) Start-Up-Phase. (2) Localization. (3) Fire dampers. (4) Plant information. (5) Digital documentary diary. (6) Emergency reduction. (7) Employee availability. (8) Employee entering/exiting. RFID. (9) Reduction of administrative. (10) Reduction of administrative. (11) Costs for fire dampers. (12) Costs for all other benefits. For the Barcode application, only qualitative benefits can be determined here. In the case of the RFID application, a reduction in administrative expenses of 30% is assumed. This value was achieved by Fraport AG during the RFID implementation at Frankfurt Airport (Hahnhart 2008). The procedure for BIM is explained at the selected case (2) Localization. The other efficiencies are listed in Table 5 for the calculation. For this purpose, the country-specific hourly rates as well as surcharges for night, sun and holiday work are used. Localization: The search for plants and components is not necessary because the elements are located in the BIM. Current incident: Carrying out maintenance of pipe separators by a technician. Two pipe separators are not found after an hour. Assumption: An hour search time can be avoided with every maintenance and inspection (fire protection flap excluded). This effect cannot be assumed over all three years. Because the technicians will know better about the locations of the plants after each maintenance and inspection. The value can only be set to 100% at the change of personnel (but is not taken into account during the years because the worst case is investigated). Therefore 100% in the first year, 60% in the second year and 30% in the third year. This results in a cost reduction of € 12,328.00 € in the first year. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS According to GEFMA 460 (Kuhlmann 2016), the benefits in the first three years are reduced because the new techniques and applications have to be learned © ASCE 6 ICCREM 2017 7 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. and implemented by the personnel. Since a CAFM introduction affects the entire company structure and a BIM introduction is decisive for the operational area, the utilization effects are set to 80% in the first year and 100% as of the second year. In addition, the economic analysis of the BIM method is divided into four variants. These are listed depending on the modeling and cost carriers (service providers or owners): Variant 1: BIM outside. The service provider allows the BIM model to be created by an external provider due to non-existent resources and assumes the costs. Variant 2: BIM in-house. This model serves merely the process optimization of the service provider, which is why simplified modeling is assumed here. The primary objective is the positioning of the plants. Variant 3: BIM owner. The owner lets the model create for himself and provides the BIM model to the service provider. Variant 4: data from BIM. The owner owns a BIM model and hands the alphanumeric data to the service provider. Mandatory and for calculating the investment costs of 1,00 € are scheduled. The matrix (see Figure 1) shows the composition of the costs and benefits as well as the results of the calculations carried out. For the sake of completeness, Table 5 shows the detailed computation steps for Variant 1. All other variants were calculated according to the matrix and the calculation steps in Table 5. Investment costs Benefits Results Amortization time MIRR Variant 1 BIM outside 59.945,90 € [1 – 8] 2,08 Years 19,51% Variant 2 BIM In-house 27.072,08 € [1 – 8] 0,68 Years 55,77% Variant 3 BIM owner 19.837,81 € [1 – 8] 0,50 Years 72,78% Variant 4 Data from BIM 1,00 € [1,4 – 7] 0,00 Years 3748,73% Barcode 21.636,60 € [–] - -100% RFID 44.382,10 € [9, 10] - -12,04% Figure 1.The composition of the costs and benefits as well as the results of the calculations. © ASCE ICCREM 2017 8 Table 5.Calculation Variant 1. Year of Investment 0 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Reduced efficiency [1] Start-Up-Phase (€) [2] Reduction of plant searching (€) [3] Reduction of fire damper maintenance (€) [4] Plant information (€) [5] Digital documentation diary (€) [6] Reduction of emergency service (€) [7] Increased Employee availability (€) [8] Employee entering /exiting (€) Total benefit (€) Benefits per year (€) costs per year (€) Net benefit (€) Cash Flow (€) Cumulative Cash Flow (€) Discount factor (€) Discounted cash flow (€) Cumulative discounted cash flow (€) Accumulation factor (€) Accumulation benefit (€) MIRRBIM-V1 (€) Amortization time (Year) © ASCE 1 2 3 80% 100% 5.52000 - 100% - - 9.86240 7.39680 3.69840 - 1.12853 0.70533 0.70533 - 4.83840 6.04800 6.04800 - 0.40320 0.50400 0.50400 - 5.56416 6.95520 6.95520 - 2.31840 2.89800 2.89800 - - - - 15.45600 0.00000 Total 45.09109 45.09109 24.50733 24.50733 20.80893 20.80893 90.91613 -59.94590 -59.94590 -59.94590 -59.94590 -1.43600 43.65509 43.65559 -16.29080 0.00100 -59.94590 0.00091 39.68645 0.00083 19.06722 0.00075 14.55517 -59.94590 -20.25945 -1.19223 13.36294 0.00121 0.00110 0.00100 k=10% 54.56022 26.95807 20.80893 102.3272 2 19.51% 0.00208 -1.43600 -1,43600 -64.25390 23.07133 19.37293 23.07133 19.37293 26.15346 6.78053 26.15346 10% 13.36294 ICCREM 2017 CRITICAL CONSIDERATION OF RESULTS. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. For the introduction of the BIM method at the reference object, the results (subject to the property specific effects) are positive for all variants. The relevant case is variant 1: BIM external, in which the service provider externally assigns the BIM modeling and bears the complete costs himself. Amortization is achieved at the beginning of the third year. The greatest benefit is the entry or exit of the employee in the first year. If this incident does not occur, the costs do not pay for the period of 3 years. Comparing the payback period of 2.09 years with Choi and Kang (2015), the cost is amortized 0.53 years later. The difference is due to the improved provision of relevant data by BPD. Variant 2 BIM-Intern is the most interesting for the service provider. Using the BIM modeling with the data relevant to the service provider, the internal processes are optimized with a low modeling effort. If applicable, the model can also be sold to the following service provider. Variant 3 not only illustrates the advantage for the service provider but also represents the transition from the building phase to the operating phase. Compared to the amortization time from variant 1, it is clear how large and cost-intensive the data loss is at this point. If the existing model or existing data is not made available to the operator or is not present at all. Variant 4 Data from BIM, illustrate the relevance of current data and the need for constant care. Even without the 3D modeling, but only through tables and current data, a cost reduction can be achieved. In this case, no monetary value can be determined for the barcode. However, this does not suggest a fundamental rejection. In practice, Barcodes are often used. In this case, a complete new investment is being investigated. Large companies already have a well-developed IT infrastructure, which means that the Barcode is a cost-effective expansion of the system and is used to clearly identify plants. The result of the pure RFID introduction confirms the prevailing opinion in the practice that the RFID technology is not economical for the short period of time. Considering at this point the qualitative advantage, the barcode of RFID is preferred. From the point of view of the owner, an RFID introduction can be an advantage. By means of a separate RFID reader, the owner can inspect the performed maintenance and inspections in a spot-on-spot manner. A further advantage is the long amortization period that he owns. In addition, it must be mentioned that the 30% requirement of Fraport AG can’t be met on all projects. The value depends on the correct implementation of the implementation and the connection to the CAFM system. In the case of poor performance, the value of 30% can be well below the value and in the worst case, more effort than benefit can be generated. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK The study clearly shows that a retroactive BIM implementation is amortized within the 3-year contract term. The analytical approach of the economic analysis clearly shows how costs and benefits are calculated and how they are checked for their correctness. The determining factor for the costs is the BIM modeling which here corresponds to 67% of the total costs. Decisive for profitability are the benefits which can differ significantly from one object to another and therefore have to be examined in © ASCE 9 ICCREM 2017 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/03/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. detail for each object. The view of the user also has a decisive role (variant 1 - variant 4). If the FM service provider creates the model, he will only adapt it to his processes in order to keep costs as low as possible. If the owner creates the model, a detailed and complete BIM is of interest. The various parties as well as subcontractors can be provided and thereby serve also as a central database, in the change directly can be filed. This results in new contract agreements and business models which aim to continually provide BIM with up-to-date data. It is only when the BIM has up-to-date data that it can be used successfully, thereby increasing the profitability and efficiency of the CAFM. In this context, the Barcode and RFID technology was investigated, with the result, that no amortization was achieved within the three years. However, the connection to a BIM can ensure the availability of up-to-date data and thus achieve an enormous qualitative benefit. REFERENCES Choi, H.S. and Kang, T.W. (2015). “BIM perspective definition metadata for interworking facility management data.” Advanced Engineering Informatics, 29(4), 958-970. Hahnhart, D. (2008). Mobile computing and RFID in facility management: applications, benefits and service-oriented architecture proposals, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin. (in German). Herrmann, T.W. and Maria, E. (2015). Building Information Modeling I Management: Methods and Strategies for the Planning Process, Practical Examples. Institute for International Architecture Documentation, Munich, German, 1-50. (in German). Issa, R.R.A. and Giel, B.K. (2013). “Return on investment analysis of using building information modeling in construction.” Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 27(5), 511-521. Kuhlmann, E. (2016). GEFMA 460-cost-effectiveness of CAFM-systems, German Facility Management Association, Bonn. (in German). Lower, S.C. (2002). Manual integrated planning and FM-compliant documentation of buildings and systems, State Construction Management Lower Saxony, Hanover. (in German). Motammedi, A., Hammand, A. and Asen, Y. (2014). “Knowledge-assited BIM-based visual analytics for failure root cause detection in facilities management.” Automation in Construction, 43(43), 73-83. Qian, A.Y. (2012). Benefits and ROI of BIM for Multi-Disciplinary Projekt Management. National University of Singapore, Singapore, 24-26. © ASCE 10