Tài liệu Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi môn sử ( phần 3 )

TUYỂN TẬP ĐỀ THI TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI MÔN LỊCH SỬ Thang lai trong Dong - Kuan 1953 - 1954 da lam cho Nava khong the tap trung Tren ca so phan tich tinh hinh, Trung uong Dang da quyet dinh mo chien luc litgng a Dong bang Bac Bo ma phdi phan tan luc luang dot pho vai ta a nhung dich Di?n Bien Phii, bien Dien Bien Phii thanh diem "quyet chien chien luge diem xung yen. Den day kchoach Nava bu&cdau hipha sdn. giiia ta va dich". 3. Chien dich lich six Di?n Bien Phu 1954 a. Am muu cua Phdp - Ml trong viec chiem dong, xay dung tap dodn ai diem Dien Bien Phu Ngay 20 - n -1953, thuc dan Phap cho quan nhay dii xuong Dien Bien Phu, khi den Dien Bien Phu, cac tuong ta Phap - M I thay rang, Dien Bien Phii la mot dja ban rat quan trong nam giiia canh dong Muong Thanh, xung quanh c6 nui bao bQC. c. Chien dich Dien Bien Phu Id thang Iqi quan su Ian nhat cua ta trong ]chdng chien chang Phdp Trong eugc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap t u nam 1945 den nam 1954, quan dan ta da gianh dugc nhieu thing Igi tren cac mat tran kinh te, chinh tri, quan su va ngoai giao. Trong do mat tran quan su giii vai tro quye't dinh nhat. Tren mat tran quan su, quan dan ta tung buoc danh bai cac am muu ciia thvrc dan dan Phap de tien len mo chien dich Dien Bien Phii, danh bai hoan Voi vj tri dja l i cua Dien Bien Phu, ve lau dai chung muon bien noi day toan thuc dan Phap, buoc chiing phai ki ket Hiep dinh Gionevo cong nhan doc thanh mot can cu luc quan va khong quan c6 tac dung Igi hai trong am mun lap chii quyen, thong nhat va toan v?n lanh tho ciia nude ta cung nhu Lao va xam luge Dong Nam A. Campuchia. 5' De thuc hi#n y do do, Phap cho xay dung Di^n Bien Phii thanh tap doan cu Mo dau eugc khang chien, quan dan ta gianh thang Igi trong eugc chien dau diem manh gom 49 cum cu diem dugc chia thanh 3 phan khu: Phan khu phia Bac, a cac do thi t u vT tuyen 16 tro ra Bac. Qua eugc chien dau nay, quan dan ta da phan khu trung tarn Muong Thanh va phan khu Hong Ciim voi phia Nam. Voi each bo phong nhu vay, cac tuong ta cua Phap - M i deu chii quan cho rang Di^n Bien Phii la mot "phao dai khong the cong pha", mot "vecdoong" cua danh bai am muu "danh l i p " ciia djch, dam bao cho co quan dau nao khang chien ciia Dang va Chinh phii riit ve chien khu Viet B^e an toan, ehuan bj cho eugc khang chien lau dai. the ki XX, mpt "con nhim khong 16" eiia niii rung Tay Bac va t u do chung ngao Tiep do la thang Igi trong chien dich Viet Bac thu - dong nam 1947. Chien man tuyen bo rang: Neu bo doi ta danh len Di?n Bien Phii se khong tranh khoi thang Vi?t Bac thu dong nam 1947, quan dan ta da danh bai am muu "danh bj nghien nat. nhanh, thang nhanh" ciia Phap, huge chiing phai chuyen sang danh lau dai voi b. Chu truong ma chien dich Bi^n Bien Phu cua ta ta. Voi chien thang Viet Bac, ta da lam xoay chuyen cue dien tren chien truong Truac su pha san buoc dau trong ke hoach quan su Nava, dich quyet dinh Dong Duong, lam thay doi tuong quan luc lugng giOa ta va dich: Djch t u cho xay dung tap doan cu diem manh 6 Di^n Bien Phii, bien Dien Bien Phii thanh danh ta do sang the ta danh djch do. Hay noi each khac, ta t u cho phong ngy mpt "phao dai khong the cong pha", "mot vecdoong" ciia the' ki XX "mot con chuyen sang the tan cong djch. nhim khong 16" 6 rung niii Tay Bac. Va bien Dien Bien Phii thanh trung tam Den chien djch Bien gioi thu - dong nam 1950, ta chii dong mo chien djch diem cua ke hoach Nava. V i vay, muon ket thiic chien tranh phai tieu di^t tap danh dich tren duong so 4. Voi thang Igi ciia chien djch Bien gioi da dua eugc doan cu diem Dien Bien Phu. khang chien ch6'ng thuc dan Phap ciia quan dan ta chuyen sang mot buoc phat Vao ngay 6 - 12 - 1953, Trung uong Dang da hop va nhan dinh: Dien Bien Wen nhay vgt, mo ra mot buoc ngoat lich su trong qua trinh khang chien Phii la tap doan eii diem manh nhung the yeu ciia djch 6 D i f n Bien Phii de bi chong Phap ciia nhan dan ta. Thang Igi ciia chien djch Bien gioi thu - dong CO lap, chi tiep te'dugc bang duong khong, neu ta eat dut duong hang khong, nSm 1950, ta da gianh the chii dgng tren chien truong chinh Bac Bg, day djch dich se roi vao the " t u 16". Quan doi ta da truong thanh va c6 kinh nghi^m c6 the danh djch 6 tap doan cu diem. Hau phuong ciia ta da viing manh, c6 the kh5c phuc nhving kho khan dam bao chi vi^n cho chien truong. the'bj dgng d6i pho voi ta. Trong nhiing nam 1951 - 1953, ta lien tiep mo cac chien dich 6 trung du, u n g d a n g d u p e xem la "cay cpt moc bang ^^ng" t r o n g Ijch sir chong ngcai xam ciia dan tpc ta. L a n d a u tien hang n g h i n ^ quan, ke ca v i e n t u o n g chi h u y , b i n h l i n h ciia q u a n d p i m p t c u a n g quoc Cty TNHHMTypWH Khan0 Vlfit p h u o n g Tay b j q u a n d p i rriQt nuac, v o n d u p e coi la n h u p c tieu, la thupc dia bat D i ? n Bien P h i i c6 dau ah sau sSc ve n h i e u mat d o i v o i p h o n g trao giai l a m tu b i n h . D a y la m p t that bai nang ne nha't, m p t d o n chi t u d a n h sup hoan p h o n g d a n tpc n u a sau the k i XX, va n h u la m p t tat ye'u, D i f n Bien Phii tro toan y d o tiep tuc cupc chie'n tranh xam lupc cua t h y c dan Phap. That bai 6 thanh m p t bau vat, m p t n i e m t u hao Ion lao d o i v o i cac dan tpc d a n g chie'n dau D i ? n Bien Phu bupc Phap p h a i k i H i ^ p d i n h G i o n e v o thang 7 - 1954 ve lap \g,[ v i s u nghi^p giai p h o n g dan tpc k h o i chii nghla thuc dan. Bao Su that each mang hoa b i n h 6 D o n g D u o n g . thang Tu ciia A p g a n i x t a n ra ngay 7 - 5 - 1984, viet : "Chie'n thang D i ^ n Bien / . DifM Bien Phu lam "chan dong dia Phii k h o n g nhCrng la n i e m t u hao ciia nhan dan Viet N a m anh h u n g , m a eon la cau" T h a n g I p i t r o n g chien djch D i ? n Bien Phu da m o ra m p t k i n g u y e n m o i , ki d i san q u y bau cua p h o n g trao each mang the g i o i , nha't la p h o n g trao giai n g u y e n cac dan tpc thupc dia v i i n g len d a n h d o chii nghia de quoc, chii nghin p h o n g dan tpc, 30 n a m qua n h i r n g bai hpc va n h u n g k i n h n g h i e m q u y bau ciia t h y c dan de gianh lay q u y e n song, quyen l a m n g u o i cua m i n h . D i ? n Bien Phu Di?n Bien Phii van con m a n g t i n h thoi dai nong h o i " . da d i vao y thuc ve doc lap dan tpc d o i v o i cac dan tpc thupc dia, n u a thutx 4. H p i n g h i G i o n e v o 1954 ve D o n g D u o n g , dja. N h u A l e n Henghe (Camorun) da phat bieu "ThSng I p i cua Vi?t N a m o a. Hoan cdnh Ijch su D i ? n Bien Phu c6 t i n h chat quyet d i n h l a m thuc t i n h y t h i i c d a n tpc va l o n g you Buoe vao d o n g - x u a n 1953-1954, d o n g t h o i v o i cupc tien cong q u a n su, ta n u o c ciia nhan dan cac nuoc thupc dja cua Phap 6 chau P h i " . T h a n g I p i cua chie'n djch D i ^ n Bien Phii c6 tac d u n g d p n g vien, co v u cac day m a n h cupc dau tranh ngoai giao, m o ra kha nang giai quyet bSng con d u o n g hoa b i n h cupc chien tranh 6 D o n g D u o n g . d a n tpc b i ap buc, tao ra n i e m t i n v6 bien ve thang I p i t r o n g cupc dau tranh ,,,, T h a n g 1-1954, h p i nghj ngoai t r u o n g bon nuoc L i e n X6, M i , A n h , Phap hpc chong chu nghla thuc dan. Tap chi A - Phi - M i L a t i n h viet: " C h i e n thang Hch tgi Beclin da thoa t h u a n ve vi^c trieu tap m p t hpi n g h i quoc te 6 G i o n e v o de s u D i ? n Bien Phu la tia lira gay ra m p t loat v u no khac gop p h a n chain d u t chu giai quyet v a n de Trieu tien va lap lai hoa b i n h 6 D o n g D u o n g . nghla t h y c d a n Phap 6 chau P h i . . . Su c6 v u m a n g lai k h a p n o i cho cac d a n toe b} ap buc la k h o n g the l u o n g het d u p e va d o la m p t t r o n g n h i m g nhan to k h o n g the thieu d e m lai n i e m t i n t u o n g " . Chie'n thang D i ^ n Bien Phu d u p e coi n h u la moc m o dau qua t r i n h pha san cua chii nghla thuc dan tren p h a m v i toan the g i o i . Lacbi Bahali, Bi t h u thu nha't D a n g C p n g san A n g i e r i v i e t : " D i ^ n Bien P h i i . . . tieng c h u o n g bao g i o chet a i a chii nghla thuc dan Phap k h o n g n h u n g 6 V i | t N a m ma ca bp p h a n con lai ciia k h o i thupc d i a ciia n o " . D i ? n Bien P h i i da d e m lai cho p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc n u a sau the'ki XX n h i i n g bai hpc k i n h n g h i e m q u y gia t r o n g s u nghi^p d a u t r a n h giai phong k h o i ach t h o n g t r j ciia chii nghla de quoc. T h i i t u o n g Ben Benlla cho rang: " . . . T i n chien thSng D i e n Bien Phii den v o i c h i i n g t o i cho thay ro con d u o n g d a n den thang I p i , nen c h i i n g toi quyet d j n h tien hanh d a u t r a n h via trang G i i i a liic quan ta chuan bj m o d p t tien cong t h i i ba 6 D i e n Bien Phii t h i ngay 26-4-1954, h p i nghj G i o n e v o c h i n h t h i i c d u p e khai mac, ban ve v a n de Trieu Tien. D e n ngay 8-5-1954, m p t ngay sau k h i chien djch D i ? n Bien Phii ket tiiuc, H p i nghj G i o n e v o bat dau thao l u a n ve v a n de lap lai hoa b i n h 6 D o n g D u o n g . Phai doan c h i n h p h i i ta d o Pho t h i i t u o n g Pham V a n D o n g l a m T r u o n g doan c h i n h t h u c d u p e m o i hp. Can c u vao dieu kien cu the ciia cupc khang chien eung n h u so sanh luc l u p n g giua ta v o i Phap va x u the chung ciia the gioi la giai quyet cac van de tranh chap |)«uig t h u o n g l u p n g . Vi^t N a m da k i H i e p d j n h Gionevo ngay 21 - 7 -1954. I b. Ngi dung co ban vd y nghia Ifch sic cm Hi^p dinh Gioneva nam 1954 ve pong Ducmg - Noi dung Hiep dinh: 1954 chien thSng 6 D i ? n Bien P h i i t h i ngay 7 - 7 - 1954, U y ban Cac nuoc t h a m d u h p i n g h i cam ket ton trpng eae q u y e n d a n tpc co ban la each m a n g A n g i e r i h p p phat d p n g dau tranh v i i trang. Cupc d a u tranh t r u o n g pc lap, chii q u y e n va toan ven lanh tho eiia ba n u o c Viet N a m , Lao, k i gian k h o n h u n g v 6 c i i n g anh d u n g da d u a n h a n d a n A n g i e r i den t h i n g l(?i !ampuchia; cam ket k h o n g can thiep vao cong vi^c n p i bp eiia ba nuoc. N g a y 7-5- n h u ngay n a y " . D i ? n Bien Phii c h i i n g m i n h m p t each h u n g h o n cho chan l i ciia t h o i dai ngay Cac ben t h a m chie'n thuc h i ^ n n g u n g ban, lap lai hoa b i n h tren toan D o n g t)uong. nay rang m p t dan tpc d i i nho, k h i da doan ket d u n g len theo m p t d u o n g 16' Cac ben t h a m chien thuc h i ^ n eupe d i chuyen, tap ket d p i quan 6 hai v i i n g : d u n g d5n cho dpe lap t u d o t h i d i i kha nang chie'n thang d p i quan x a m lupc H i ^ p d j n h cam vi^e d u a q u a n d p i , nhan v i e n quan su, via k h i nuoc ngoai ciia chii nghla de'quoc, chii nghla thuc dan h u n g han nha't. ao cac n u o c D o n g D u o n g k h o n g dupe t h a m gia bat k i k h o i Hem m i n h quan 3Sl duOn^ HSG L/ch Si> 12 - The. Trucme Ngpc Thai sv nao va k h o n g de cho n u a c khac d u n g l a n h t h o ciia m i n h vao vi#c gay chien t r a n h hoac phuc v u m u c d i c h xam luQ-c. doan each m a n g xa h p i chii nghia, tao co so de nhan d a n ta giai phong m i e n N a m , t h o n g nhat To quoc. T h a n g Ipi ciia cupc khang chien da giang d o n nang ne vao t h a m vong xam Vi?t N a m tie'n t o i t h o n g nhat bSng cupc tong t u y e n c u t u d o t r o n g ca niroc, lupc, am m u u no djch ciia chii nghia de'quoc sau Chien tranh the g i o i t h i i hai, se du(?c to chuc vao thang 7 -1956 d u o i sy k i e m soat va g i a m sat va k i e m soat gop p h a n l a m tan ra he thong thupc dia ciia ehiing, co v u m a n h me tinh than ciia m p t U y ban quoc te (trong d o A n D p l a m chii tjch, c u n g hai n u o c Ba Lan giai p h o n g d a n toe tren the g i o i , truoc het la cac n u a c chau A , chau Phi, MT va Canada). Trach n h i ^ m t h i hanh H i e p d j n h thupc ve n h i j n g n g u o i k i hi?p d i n h G i o n e v o va n h i r n g n g u o i ke tuc ho. Latinh. - Nguyen nhan thSng hi: N h o lanh dao sang suot ciia Dang, d u n g dau la C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , v o i d u o n g loi k h a n g chien d i i n g d i n , sang tao. Toan dan, toan quan doan ket, - Y n^/iffl Ixch su: H i ^ p d j n h G i o n e v o 1954 ve D o n g D u o n g la v a n ban p h a p l i quoc te ghi n h a n cac q u y e n d a n toe ca ban ciia nhan dan cac nuoc D o n g D u o n g va dupe cac c u a n g quoc c u n g cac nuoc t h a m d y H p i n g h i cam ket t o n t r p n g . N o d a n h da'u thang I p i cupc khang chien chong Phap, song chua t r p n ven v i m a i giai p h o n g d u p e m i e n Bac. Cupc da'u tranh each m a n g v a n p h a i tiep tuc n h a m giai p h o n g m i e n N a m , t h o n g nhat dat nuoc. d i i n g cam t r o n g chien da'u, t r o n g lao d p n g san xua't. N h o h | t h o n g c h i n h quyen dan chii nhan dan t r o n g ca nuoc, co mat tran dan tpc t h o n g nhat d u p e c i i n g co va m o rpng, co lue l u p n g v i i trang som d u p e xay d u n g va k h o n g n g i m g Ion manh, co hau p h u a n g rpng lan, v i r n g chae ve mpi mat. N h o tinh than doan ket ciia nhan dan ba nuoc D o n g D u o n g chong ke thu ehung. N h o CO s u d o n g t i n h , l i n g hp va g i i i p d o ciia T r u n g Quoc, L i e n X6 va eiia V o i H i ^ p d j n h Gionevo, Phap bupc phai chain d i i t chien t r a n h x a m lupc, cac nude dan chii nhan dan khac, ciia nhan dan Phap va loai n g u o i tie'n bp. n i t het q u a n d p i ve nuoc; de'quoc MT that bai t r o n g am m u u keo d a i , m o rpng, - Nguyen nhan qm/ei dinh nhat: quoc te'hoa chien t r a n h xam lupc D o n g D u o n g . T r o n g cac n g u y e n nhan neu tren t h i n g u y e n nhan ve su lanh dao ciia Dang, c. Biem khac nhau giiia Hiep Ainh So bo voi Hiep dinh Gionevo d i i n g dau la C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h la n g u y e n nhan quyet d j n h nhat. H i f p d j n h So bp (6 - 3 - 1946), C h i n h p h i i Phap cong n h ^ n n u o c ta la m o t T r o n g cupc k h a n g chien chong thuc dan Phap t r o lai x a m lupc nuoc ta. quoc gia t u do, nam t r o n g l i ^ n hiep Phap va t r o n g lien bang D o n g D u o n g . Con D a n g ta va C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h da de ra d u o n g 16! khang chien toan dan, t r o n g H i ? p d j n h G i o n e v o (21 - 7 - 1954 ), Phap va cac nuoc t h a m d u h p i nghi toan dien, lau dai va t u lue canh sinh. D u o n g l o i d o d u p e ap d u n g t r o n g suot cam ket t o n t r p n g dpc lap chii quyen, t h o n g nhat va toan v?n lanh tho ba nuoc tie'n t r i n h each m a n g t u n a m 1946 den nam 1954. N h o co d u o n g loi do. Dang ta Dong Duong. da doan ket d u p e m p t luc l u p n g each mang ciia d o n g dao quan ehiing de thuc T r o n g liic k i H i ? p d j n h So bp d o ta con yeu h o n d i c h nen ta p h a i chap nhan dieu khoan d o . D a y la sach lupc m e m deo de phan hoa ke t h u . C o n t r o n g k h i k i H i ? p d j n h G i o n e v o ta da gianh dupe thang Ipi quyet d j n h 6 D i ? n Bien Phii, quyet d j n h s u that bai ciia thuc dan Phap 6 D o n g D u o n g . So v o i H i ? p d j n h So bp, H i e p d j n h Gionevo la m o t buoc tie'n v u p t bac t r o n g da'u tranh ngoai giao ciia ta. 5. Y n g h i a l i c h s u va n g u y e n n h a n t h i n g I g i ciia cupc k h a n g c h i e n c h o n g Phap (1945 - 1 9 5 4 ) - Y ttghia: hi?n cupc k h a n g chien toan dan va da tie'n hanh khang chien tren cac mat tran k i n h te, c h i n h t r i , v a n hoa, quan su. C u n g n h o eo d u o n g loi d o ma D a n g ta lanh dao nhan dan ta chien da'u lau dai, ben b i , lan l u p t d a n h bai tirng am m u u ciia djch de tie'n len d a n h bai hoan toan cupc chien tranh xam lupc ciia thuc dan Phap co s u g i i i p siic ciia M i . Su lanh dao ciia D a n g , d i i n g dau la Chii tjch H o C h i M i n h v o i d u o n g 161 each m a n g d i i n g dan da g i i i p cho toan Dang, toan q u a n va toan dan ta doan ket m p t long, chien da'u v i muc tieu dpc lap dan tpc va chii nghia xa h p i . Toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta chien da'u v o i tinh than "Tha h i sinh tat ca c h i i nhat d j n h k h o n g chju mat nuoc, nhat d j n h khong chju l a m no ie". V o i t i n h ThSng I p i ciia cupc k h a n g chien chong Phap da cha'm d i i t cupc chien tranh than a'y, cupc chien da'u d i i lau dai, dua vao siic m i n h la c h i n h n h u n g ehiing ta x a m lupc, d o n g t h a i cha'm d i i t ach t h o n g trj ciia t h y c dan Phap t r o n g gan m p t da gianh d u p e thang I p i cuoi cung, bupc thuc dan Phap phai cong nhan dpc the k i tren dat n u o c ta; m i e n Bac nuoc ta d u p e giai p h o n g , c h u y e n sang giai Jap chii q u y e n , t h o n g nhat va toan v?n lanh tho ciia ba nuoc D o n g D u o n g . 3SidLf&n0HSO 1 irhSCr 12 - Ths. Trtrang Ngpc men cAu Hbi Cdu 9. T u sau khi riit khoi do thi den truoc chien dich Viet Bac thu - dong O N T(=IP Cau 1. Tinh hinh nude ta sau Cach mang thang Tarn c6 nhung thuan M va kho khan gi? Neu kho khan Ion nha't dua nuoc ta dung truoc tinh the nhu "ngan can treo sgi toe". Cdu 2. Vai tro cua quan chiing nhan dan dupe the h i f n nhu the nao trong vi?c giai quyet nhung kho khan ve do'i npi sau Cach mang thang Tarn. Cdu 3. Phan tich tinh diing dSn va sang tao ve duong loi doi ngoai cua Dang ta sau Cach m^ng thang Tarn nam 1945. Cdu 4. Dang va Chinh phii each mang da thuc hi|n chii truong, sach lug-c nhu the nao doi voi Phap trong hai thoi k i : truoc ngay 6 - 3 - 1946 va t u ngay nam 1947, ta da lam gi dechuan bi cho cuoc khang chien lau dai? |i,, Cdu 10. So sanh chien thang Viet Bac thu - dong 1947 va chien djch Bien gidi thu - dong 1950, theo cac tieu chi sau: Tieu chi so sanh 1) Chii dong Chien dich Vi^t Bic Chien dich bien gioi tan c6ng dich 2) Quan djch bi loai khoi vung chien 3) Qiai phong da't dai 6 - 3 -1946? Cdu 5. Y nghia thang Igi va bai hpc kinh nghi?m cua CUQC dau tranh bao v^ chinh quyen thoi ki t u thang 9 -1945 den thang 12 nam 1946? Cdu 6. CUQC khang chien toan quoc chong thuc dan Phap biing no ngay 19 - 12 - 1946 trong hoan canh nhu the nao? Phan tich npi dung co ban ciia duong 161 khang chien chong Phap ciia Dang ta. Cdu 7. Phan tich duong 161 khang chien chong thyc dan Phap ciia Dang ta. Duong 161 khang chien toan dan va toan di^n duoc the hien nhu the nao trong qua trinh khang chien. Cdu 8. Lap bang thong ke ve duong 161 khang chien chong Phap cua Dang ta theo yeu cau duoi day: Cac van ki?n 1) Nghj quyet Hpi nghj Ban Thuong vy Trung uong Dang ngay 18 va 19 - 12 - 1946) 2) Loi keu gQi toan quoc khang chien ciia Chii tjch Ho Chi Minh dem 19 - 1 2 -1946 3) Thu cua Ho Chi Minh ngay 21 - 1 2 -1946 4) Tac pham Khang chien nhat djnh thing Npi dung 4) Y nghla quan trong nhat ciia thang loi Cdu 11. Tai sao noi sau chien thing Bien gidi thu - dong nam 1950 cupc khang chien ciia ta budc sang giai doan phat trien. Cdu 12. T u sau chien thang Bien gidi thu - ddng nam 1950 den truoc dong xuan 1953 - 1954, hau phuong khang chien da phat trien nhu the nao tren cac m^t chinh tri, kinh te^ van hoa, giao due, y te? Cdu 13. Chung minh the chii dpng danh dich tren chien truong rhinh Bac Bp cua quan ta van dupe giir vung sau chien thang Bien gidi thu - dong nam 1950 den trudc dong - xuan 1953 - 1954. Cdu 14. Lap nien bieu nhung thang Ipi tieu bieu aia nhan ta tren cac mat tran quan su, chinh tri - ngoai giao, kinh te - tai chinh trong khang chien chong thye dan Phap tir sau thu - dong n3m 1950 den trudc ddng - xuan 1953 - 1954 theo bang thdng ke. Thai gian Tu cu61 nam Quan syt 1950 den giua nam 1951. Igi ciia Truong Chinh vao 3-1947 Tu giiia thang 11 - Npi dung va phuong cham 1951 den cuol thang cua cupc khang chien 2 -1952. Chinh tri - K i n h te - tai ngoai giao chinh T u ngay 14 - 10 - 1952 den ngay 10-12 -1952. T u ngay 8 - 4 - 1953 den ngay 18 - 5 - 1953. Tit CAuyen de 4: VIET NAM T U 1954 D^N NAM 1975 I. C A C H M A N G M I E N B A G T l / N A M 1954 D E N N A M 1975 1. T h a i k i 1 9 5 4 - 1 9 5 7 : H o a n t h a n h cai each r u p n g dat, k h o i phue k i n h te, h a n g i n vet t h u o n g c h i e n t r a n h * Hoan thanh cai each ruong dat Can c u vao hoan canh thuc te'mien Bac va nham dap u n g yeu cau ve q u y e n nam 1951 den n a m 1953. Igi k i n h te, c h i n h t r i ciia n o n g dan, cung co khoi lien m i n h cong nong, m o rgng mat tran dan tgc t h o n g nha't. D a n g va C h i n h p h u quyet d j n h "Day m a n h phat d g n g quan c h i i n g thuc hien cai each r u g n g dat". Cau 15. T i n h bay dien bie'n cupc tien cong chien \\xqic D o n g - Xuan 1953 1954 ciia q u a n dan ta. Cdu 16. Chien d j c h lich sir D i e n Bien Phii d u g c chuan bj va gianh thang Igi n h u the'nao? Y nghla cua chien thang Dien Bien P h i i . Cau 17. H a y c h u n g m i n h : D i f n Bien Phii la thang Igi quan sy Ion nha't cua ta trong khang chien chong Phap va la thang Igi quyet d i n h bugc thuc dan Phap phai cha'm d u t chien tranh xam luge D o n g D u o n g . Cau 18. N e u d i e m khac nhau co ban gii>a H i e p d j n h So bg (6 - 3 - 1946) v o i H i e p d j n h G i o n e v o (21 -7 -1954 ) de thay buoc tien ciia ta t r o n g da'u tranh ngoai giao? Cau 19. Phan tich boi canh Ijch su cac giai doan phat trien cua cugc khang chien chong Phap ciia nhan dan ta tir nam 1946 den nam 1954. Cdu 20. Cugc da'u tranh tren ITnh vuc ngoai giao d u g c the h i ^ n n h u the'nao t r o n g cugc khang chien chong Phap t u nam 1946 den n a m 1954? Cdu 21. N e u n h i r n g th^ng i g i ve quan su ciia quan dan ta t r o n g cugc khang chien chong Phap (1946 - 1954). Phan tich mot th^ng Igi quyet d j n h nha't. Cdu 22. V a n de r u g n g dat cho dan cay d u g c D a n g ta de ra va thuc h i ^ n n h u the'nao t r o n g cugc khang chien chong Phap (1946 - 1954)? Tac d u n g cua vi^c thuc hi^n van de r u g n g dat dan cay d o i v o i cugc khang chien. Thuc hi^n chu t r u o n g cua T r u n g uong, trong hai nam (1954 - 1956), mien Bac tien hanh cai each rugng dat 6 3314 xa thugc 22 tinh dong b5ng va trung d u . Q u a 5 d g t cai each r u g n g dat, da tjch thu t r u n g inua khoang 81 van hecta r u g n g dat, 10 v a n n g h i n trau bo, 1,8 trieu nong cu t u tay giai cap dja ehii d e m cho tren 2 trieu hg n o n g dan lao d g n g . Ke't qua: Giai cap dja ehii can ban bj xoa bo. N o n g dan da lam chu nong thon, nguyen vgng lau d o i ciia nong dan la "ngifffi cay co riion;^" da dugc thuc hien. Sai l a m : Da'u to ea nhOng n g u o i co cong v o i each m a n g , q u y n h a m m o t so' nong dan, can bg, d a n g vien thanh dja c h i i . * Khoi phuc kinh te, han gan vet thuong chien j• tranh Cong cugc k h o i phuc k i n h te d u g c toan dan tich cue h u o n g l i n g va trien khai t r o n g ta't ca cac nganh. T r o n g n o n g nghiep, nong dan hang hai khai khan r u g n g dat bo hoang, bao d a m cay cay he't r u g n g dat vang chu, tang t h e m dan trau bo, sam them cong cu. H e thong de dieu da d u g c tu bo. N h i e u cong t r i n h t h u y n o n g m o i d u g c xay d y n g , CO tac d y n g m o rgng dien tich t u o i va tieu nuoc. i , T r o n g cong nghiep, giai cap cong n h a n da nhanh chong k h o i phuc va m o hau he't cac co so cong nghiep. D e n c u o i n a m 1957, mien B^c co ta't ca 97 nha may, x i nghiep Ion nho N h a nuoc quan l i . Cac nganh thu cong nghiep m i e n Bac cung dugc k h o i phuc nhanh chong. Den n a m 1957, nganh t h i i cong nghiep da cung cap gan 59% so hang hoa cong nghiep t r o n g ca nuoc, giai quyet phan nao vi^c l a m cho n g u o i lao d g n g . T r o n g t h u o n g nghiep, he t h o n g m a u djch quoc d o a n h va h g p tac xa mua ban d u g c m o rgng, da cung cap ngay cang nhieu mat hang cho nhan dan; giao l u u hang hoa giira cac dia p h u o n g ngay cang phat trien; hoat d g n g ngoai t h u o n g dan dan tap t r u n g vao tay N h a nuoc. Den cuoi nam 1957, mien Bac dat quan he b u o n ban v o i 27 nuoc. Giao t h o n g van tai duoc chii trong, k h o i phuc gan 700km d u o n g sat, sua chua va l a m m o i hang n g h i n kilomet d u a n g 6 to, xay d u n g va m a r p n g them m p t so cang n h u H a i Phong, C a m Pha, Ben T h u y ; d u o n g hang k h o n g dan d y n g quoc teduQC k h a i thong. Van hoa giao due d u g c day m a n h . N e n giao due d u g c phat t r i e n theo h u o n g xa h o i c h i i nghla. He t h o n g giao due pho t h o n g theo c h u o n g t r i n h 10 n a m da d u g c k h a n g d i n h , giao due dai hoc dugc ehii y phat t r i e n . 3. T h o i k i 1961 - 1965: Xay dung buoc dau co so vat chat, k l thuat ciia chu nghia xa hpi • * D a i hpi dai bieu toan quoc Ian thu I I I ciia D a n g (thang 9 - 1960) - Hoan earth: Gi&a liic each m a n g 6 hai m i e n N a m - Bac co n h i r n g b u o c tien quan t r g n g . D a n g Lao d g n g Vi#t N a m to chiic D a i h g i dai bieu toan quoc Ian t h u I I I . D a i hgi h g p t u ngay 5 den 10 - 9 -1960 6 H a N o i . - Noi dung Dai hpi H e t h o n g y te eham soc sue koe cho nhan dan d u g c N h a nuoe q u a n t a m xay Dai hgi de ra n h i e m v u chien luge ciia each m a n g ca nuoe va n h i e m v y ciia d y n g . N e p song lanh m a n h , g i i i g i n v ^ sinh dugc van d g n g thue hien 6 khap each m a n g t u n g m i e n ; chi ro v j t r i , vai tro ciia each m a n g t u n g m i e n , m o i quan mgi noi. h? givea each m a n g hai m i e n . Cach m a n g xa hgi chii nghla 6 m i e n Bac co v a i tro T r o n g giai doan nay, c h i n h q u y e n va quan d g i d u g c eiing co, tang cuong quye't d j n h nhat d o i v a i s u phat trien ciia each m a n g ca nuoe. Cach m a n g dan kha nang phong t h u dat nuac, m o rgng quan he ngoai giao. M a t tran To quoc thanh tgc dan chii nhan dan 6 m i e n N a m co vai tro quye't d i n h true tiep d o i v o i s u lap thang 9 -1955 da tang cuong khoi dai doan ket dan tgc xay d u n g dat nuoe. nghiep giai p h o n g m i e n N a m . 2. T h a i k i 1958 - 1960: C a i tao quan h f san xuat, b u o c dau phat trien k i n h te van hoa T r o n g 3 n a m tiep theo (1958 - 1960), m i e n Bae lay cai tao xa h g i chii nghla Cach m a n g hai m i e n co quan h ^ mat thie't, gan bo va tac d g n g Ian nhau n h a m hoan t h a n h cugc each m a n g dan tgc dan chii nhan d a n t r o n g ca nuoe, thue h i ^ n hoa b i n h t h o n g nhat dat nuoe. l a m t r g n g t a m : cai tao d o i v a i eong nhiep, t h i i eong nghiep, t h u a n g nghiep D a i hgi t h o n g qua Bao cao c h i n h t r i , bao cao sua chira d o i D i e u 1^ D a n g nho, eong t h u o n g nghiep t u ban t u doanh, t r o n g d o k h a u c h i n h la h g p tac hoa va t h o n g qua ke'hoaeh N h a nuoe 5 n a m t h i i nhat (1961 -1965) n h a m xay d u n g n o n g nghiep. buoc dau CO so vat chat - k l thuat eiia chii nghla xa h g i , thue h i ^ n m g t buoc Thue hien chii t r u o n g tren, k h a p n o i soi noi p h o n g trao t h i d u a xay d u n g h g p tac xa. Cugc van d g n g h g p tac xa nong nghiep d u g c tien hanh theo n g u y e n tac t u n g u y e n , eung co Igi va quan l i dan chii; t u n g b u o c d u a n g u o i n o n g dan vao l a m an tap the d i tir to d o i eong len h g p tac xa bac thap, den bac cao, t u quy m o nho den q u y m o Ion. Do'i v o l t u san d a n toe, cai tao hang p h u a n g phap hoa b i n h , s u d u n g mat eong nghiep hoa xa h g i chii nghla. am * n D a i hgi bau Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g m o i eiia D a n g . H o C h i M i n h dugc bau l a m C h i i tjch Dang, Le D a n giu chiic Bi t h u t h i i nhat ciia D a n g . - Y nghla: D a i hgi dai bieu toan quoc Ian t h i i I I I eiia D a n g " n g u o n anh sang m o i , luc l u g n g m o i cho toan D a n g va toan dan ta xay d u n g thang Igi chii nghla xa hgi a m i e n Bac va da'u tranh thue hien hoa b i n h tho'ng nhat nuoe nha". tieh eye eiia t u san dan toe, d u a hg vao l a m an tap the d u o i h i n h thue eong t u * M i e n O i c thue h i ? n ke hoach Nha nuoe 5 nam (1961 -1965) hgp doanh. N h i ^ m v u co ban ciia ke'hoaeh 5 n a m la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va D o i v o i l u c l u g n g tieu t h u o n g , tieu chii, t h g t h i i eong, d u a vao eon d u o n g lam an tap the t r o n g cac h g p tac xa t h i i eong nghiep, h g p tac xa m u a ban. Ket qua cai tao la da xoa bo co ban che'dg n g u o i boc lot n g u o i , co tac d u n g thiie day san xuat phat trien, nhat la trong dieu kien ehie'n tranh, h g p tac xa da bao d a m d o i song vat chat, t i n h than cho nhtrng n g u o i ra d i chien da'u, phyc v u chien d a u . D o n g t h o i v a i n h i e m v u cai tao xa hgi chii nghTa, eong nghiep quoc doanh d u g c u u tien dau t u xay d u n g . D e n n a m 1960, m i e n Bac co 172 xf nghiep Ian d o t r u n g u o n g q u a n l i , tren 500 x i nghiep d o dja p h u o n g q u a n l i . n o n g nghiep, tiep tuc eong cugc cai tao xa hgi chu nghla, c i i n g co va tang c u o n g thanh p h a n k i n h te'quoc doanh, cai thien mot buoc d o i song vat chat va van hoa ciia nhan d a n lao d g n g , eiing c o q u o c p h o n g , tang c u o n g trat t u va an n i n h xa h g i . T r o n g k i n h te^ nganh eong nghiep d u g c u u tien dau t u xay d u n g . T r o n g n o n g nghiep, sau k h i dua dai bg phan n o n g dan vao cac h g p tac xa n o n g nghiep, t u n a m 1961, cac dja p h u a n g thue hien chii t r u o n g xay d u n g h g p tac xa san xuat n o n g nghiep bac cao. '' ' T h u o n g nghiep quoc doanh d u g c N h a nuoe u u tien phat trien nen da chiehi * iTnh t h i t r u o n g , gop p h a n phat trien k i n h te. C l i n g co quan h? san xuat m o i , on d j n h va cai t h i ^ n d o i song nhan dan. 134 135 thong giao thong ctuang bq>, duong sat, duong lien tinh, lien huy?n, duong song, duong hang khong dug-c cung co. Vi^c di lai trong nuoc va giao thong quoc tethuan Igi hon. thong giao due tu pho thong den dai hoc phat trien manh. thong y te, cham lo sue khoe dugc dau tu phat trien. Nhiing loai dich b^nh a mien Bac co ban dugc xoa bo. Quan doi nhan dan Viet Nam dugc xay dung tung buoc thanh quan dgi chinh quy va buoc dau dugc trang bj hien dai, du sue bao ve vung chic mien Bac va dap ung nhu cau ngay cang tang cua each mang mien Nam. Nhi>ng thanh tuu dat dugc trong viec thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam (1961 1965) va noi chung trong 10 nam (1954 - 1964) da thay doi bg mat xa hgi mien Bic. Tai Hoi n;^hi Chinh tri dqc biet thcin^ 3 - 3964, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh noi: "Trong 10 nam qua, mien BMc nuoc ta da tien hanh buoc dai chua tung thay trong Ijch su dan tgc. Dat nuoc, xa hgi va con nguoi deu doi moi". 4. Thai ki 1965 - 1968: Mien BIC vira san xuat vira chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai Ian thu nhat cua M i co CO SO kinh te^ cong trinh van hoa, giao due, y te ma nhan dan ta da tao nen trong hon 10 nam truoc. * M i e n BSc vvra san xuat, vira chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai Mien Bac chuyen mgi hoat dgng sang thoi chien, thuc hien quan sii hoa toan dan. Mien Bic vua san sang chong lai hanh dgng danh pha ciia MT vua lao dgng san xuat. i Trong chien dau, mien Bac da ban roi va pha huy 3 243 may bay MT; ban chay va chim 143 tau chien MT. Ngay 1 - 11 - 1968, MT tuyen bo ngung h l n chien tranh pha hoai mien Bac. Trong san xuat, mien Bic lap dugc nhi>ng thanh tich quan trgng: Trong nong nghifp, dien tich canh tac mo rgng, nang sua't lao dgng khong ngung tang len. Trong cong nghi^p, nang luc san xuat 6 mot so nganh dugc giO vOng. cac CO so cong nghiep Ion kjp thoi so tan. Cong nghiep dja phuong va cong nghiep quoc phong deu phat trien. * Mien Bac thuc h i ^ n nghia vu hau phuong Ion La hau phuong Ion cua khang chien chong mT cuu nuoc, mien Bic luon * M l tien hanh chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac huong ve mien Nam. Vi mien Nam rugt thjt, mien Bic phah dau "Moi n^u&i Cuoi nam 1964 dau nam 1965, dong thoi voi day manh chien tranh xam lam vice bang hai". Vi tien tuyen keu ggi, hau phuong san sang danh dap lai luge mien Nam. MT mo rgng chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai "Thoc khong thieu mot can, quan khong thieu mot ngitvi" mien BSc. Ngay 5 - 8 - 1964 sau khi dung len "sic kicn Vinh BSc Bo", MT cho may Tuyen duong van chuyen chien luge Bic - Nam mang ten Ho Chi Minh tren bay nem bom bSn pha mot so noi 6 mien Bac, nhu cua song Gianh (Quang bp (dgc day nui Truong Son) va tren bien (dgc theo bo bien) b i t dau khai thong h> Binh), Vinh - Ben Thuy (Nghf An), Lach Truong (Thanh Hoa), thj xa Hon Gai thang 5 -1959, dai hang nghin cay so, da noi lien hau phuong voi tien tuyen. (Quang Ninh). Ngay 7-2 Qua hai tuyen duong van chuyen chien luge do, trong 4 nam (1965 - 1968) - 1965, lay co "tra dua" viec quan giai phong mien Nam tien cong mien Bac da dua hon 300.000 can bg, bg dgi vao mien Nam tham gia chien doanh trai quan M i 6 Playku, MT cho may bay nem bom b i n pha thj xa Dong dau, phuc vu chien dau, xay dung kinh te^ van hoa tai cac vung giai phong, va Hoi, dao Con Co (Quang Binh)..., chinh thi>c gay ra cugc chien tranh bSng cijng da gui vao Nam hang chuc van tan vu khi, dan dugc, quan trang, quan khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac (Ian thu nhat). Tien hanh chien tranh pha hoai, M I am muu pha tiem luc kinh te, quoc dyng, xang dau, luong thuc, thuc pham, thuoc men va nhieu vat dung khac. Tinh chung site nguoi, sue cua t u mien Bac chuyen vao Nam trong 4 nam da phong, pha cong cugc xay dung chu nghai xa hgi 6 mien Bac; ngan chan nguon tSng gap 10 Ian so voi thoi ki truoc. chi vi^n tu ben ngoai vao mien BSc va tu mien Bac vao mien Nam; uy hiep tinh 5. Thoi k i 1969 - 1973: Mien Bic khoi phuc va phat trien k i n h te - xa hpi, than, lam lung lay y chi chong M I cua nhan dan ta 6 hai mien dat nuoc. May bay, tau chien MT nem bom, b i n pha lien tuc, k h i p mgi noi, mgi liic, trong mgi thoi tiet, voi cuong do ngay cang tang. Trung binh moi ngay co 300 Ian chie'c may bay di gay tgi ac voi 1600 tan bom dan trut xuong cac lang mac, chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai ciia M i * Mien Bic khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi Tren khap mien Bac day len phong trao thi dua hgc tap, cong tac, lao dgng in xuat, n h i m truoc het khoi phyc va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi. pho xa,. Bom dgn cau chiing ta da cuop di biet bao sinh mang va gay thuong Trong nong nghiep, ta co mgt so chu truong khuyen khich san xua't. Chan tich cho bao nhieu nguoi khac. Bom dan cua chiing da tan pha biet bao cua cai. f i i o i dugc dua len thanh nganh chinh. Cac hop tac xa tich cue ap dung tieh bg «^oa hgc kT thuat, nhieu bifn phap tham canh tang vu. Nho do, nhieu hgp tac xa dat duQc m u c tieu 5 tan, m o t so h o p tac xa dat tir 6 den 7 tan. San luQng l u o n g thuc n a m 1970 tang Hon 60 van tan so v o i nam 1968. T r o n g Cong nghiep, nhieu ca so cong nghiep t r u n g u o n g va dja p h u o n g tar, * So sanh hai cupc chien tranh pha hoai cua MT 6 mien BSc T i e u c h i so sanh C h i e n t r a n h pha hoai Ian C h i e n t r a n h p h a h o a i Ian t h u nhat t h u hai pha dugc k h o i p h y c nhanh chong. N h i e u cong t r i n h dang l a m dang d o duoc 1. UTJ tien dau t u xay d u n g tiep, d u a vac heat d o n g . danh pha -1968. 2. Q u y m o danh D a n h pha m g t so' n o i 6 pha m i e n B^c, He thong giao thong van tdi, nha't la cac tuyen giao t h o n g chien lup-c, h\a hoai nang ne d u g c k h a n t r u a n g k h o i phuc. Van hod, giao due, y te, cung nhanh chong d u g c k h o i phuc va phat trien. D6i Thai gian Tu 5 - 8 - 1964 den 1-11 1973. may bay n e m b o m ban pha m g t so' n o i thugc k h u I V cu. - Ben chi dao, quan l i k i n h te - xa hoi buoc dau dugc khac phuc. Den ngay 9 - 5 - 1972, t u y e n Thuy Lach * M i e n Bac vvra chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai vira san xuat (Ngh^ An), Truong Hoa), k h o n g q u a n va hai quan pha hoai m i e n Bac (Ian t h u hai); den ngay 9 - 5 - 1972, xa Hon toa cang Hai Phong cung cac cua song, l u o n g lach, v i i n g bien mien Bac. danh pha thj xa Co (Quang Binh)... m i e n Bac. N g a y 14 - 12 - Nichxon hoach phe ma 1972, chuan cugc tap ke kich k h o n g quan bang m a y bay N h o d u g c chuan bj t r u o c va v a i t u the l u o n l u o n san sang chien d a u , mien B52 Bac da c6 the chu d o n g , k j p t h o i chong tra djch ngay t u tran d a u . vao Ha N g i va Hai Phong. N g a y 14 - 12 - 1972, gan 2 thang sau k h i tuyen b o ' n g u n g nem b o m ban pha 3. A m m u u Pha tiem luc k i n h te^ N i c h - x o n phe chuan ke'hoach m o cugc tap kich k h o n g quan bang may bay B52 quoc vac H a N g i va H a i Phong bat dau t u chieu toi 18 den het ngay 29 - 1 2 -1972. cugc xay d u n g chii nghai Q u a n dan ta 6 m i e n B3c da danh tra djch n h i i n g d o n d i c h dang t u tran dau phong, pha cong xa h g i 6 m i e n Bac. va da danh bai hoan toan cugc tap kich k h o n g quan cua M I , lam nen tran Dicii Nhu cugc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nha't. C u u nguy cho chien luge " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien tranh". N g a n chan n g u o n chi G i a n h thang Igi quye't d j n h vao ve quan su, bugc ta phai m i e n Bac va t u m i e n Bac chap nhan d a m phan 6 h g i vao m i e n N a m . n g h i Pari theo n h i r n g dieu vifn 1. hoai Ian t h u hai ( t u 6 - 4 - 1972 den 15 - 1 - 1973), m i e n Bac ban r o i 735 may bay M l (trong do c6 61 may bay B52, 10 may bay F i l l ) , ban c h i m 125 tau chien loai t u ben ngoai U y hie'p t i n h than, lam k h o i v o n g chien dau hang t r a m p h i cong M i . khoan c6 Igi cho M I . l u n g lay y chi chong M I Dien Bien Phu tren khong la tran thang quye't d j n h cua ta, da bugc M i phai cua t u y e n b o ' n g i r n g han cac hoat d o n g chong pha m i e n Bac (15 - 1 - 1973) va H i # p djnh Pari ve cham d u t chien tranh, lap lai hoa b i n h o V i ^ t N a m (27 - 1 -1973). phong Gai D o n g H a i , dao Con t u y e n bo p h o n g toa cang H a i Phong ciing cac cua song, l u o n g lach, v i i n g bien bay F i l l ) , bat song 43 p h i cong M I . T i n h chung, t r o n g ca cugc chien tranh pha bo - 1965, I V cu. N g a y 16 - 4 - 1972, N i c h - x o n tuyen bo'chinh thuc gay ra cugc chien tranh thi (Thanh (Quang N i n h ) . N g a y 7 - 2 N g a y 6 - 4 - 1972, MT cho may bay nem b o m ban pha m g t so' n o i thugc khu Bien Phu tren khong. Ta da ban r o i 81 may bay (trong do 34 may bay B52, 5 may N g a y 6 - 4 - 1972, M I cho n h u cua song Gianh (Quang Binh), V i n h song nhan dan o n d j n h . M o t so kho khan do sai lam k h u y e t d i e m cua ta trong m i e n Bac t u v i t u y e n 20 t r o ra, de ho t r g cho m u u do c h i n h trj - ngoai giao m o i , T u 6 - 4 - 1972 den 15 - 1 - nhan dan ta a hai m i e n dat nuac. * M i e n Bac thyc h i ^ n nghia vu hau phuong Ion 4. Ket qua chien T r o n g d i e u k i ^ n t u o n g doi hoa b i n h , ca trong chien t r a n h pha hoai, mien dau T r o n g 4 nam ( t u 5 - 8 - Da ban r o i 81 may bay den 1 - 11 - 1968), (trong d o 34 may bay B52, 5 m i e n Bac ban r o i va pha may bay F i l l ) , bat song 43 t h o i hau qua cua n h i i n g tran danh pha ac l i ^ t , v u g t qua n h u n g cugc bao vay h u y 3243 may bay, p h i cong M I . T i n h chung, p h o n g toa gat gao ciia djch, bao d a m tiep nhan tot hang vien t r g t u ben ngoai k h o i v o n g chien dau hang t r o n g ca cugc chien va chi v i ^ n theo yeu cau cua tien t u y e n mien N a m , c6 ca chien t r u a n g Lao va n g h i n p h i cong M i , ban pha hoai Ian t h u hai ( t u 6-4- Bac da tap t r u n g I a n kha nang ve luc l u g n g va p h u o n g t i ^ n de khac phuc kjp cua quan dan m i e n Bac 1964 loai tranh Campuchia. I-JO Lty INRHM7VUVVH Khang Vm chay, ban chim 143 tau chie'n. 1972 den 15 -1 -1973), mien II. C A C H M A N G M I E N N A M T l / N A M 1954 D E N N A M 1975 Bac ban roi 735 may bay 1. Thoi k i tu- nam 1954 den nam 1960: Mien Nam dau tranh chong che dp M I - Ngay 1 - n - 1968, MI MT (trong do c6 61 may bay pi^m, giu gin va phat trien luc lupng each mang, tie'n toi phong trao "Dong k h o i " tuyen bo ngung han chie'n B52, 10 may bay F i l l ) , ban a. Daii tranh chong che do Mi - Diem, giii gin vd phat trien luc luqtng each tranh pha hoai mien Bac. ch\ 125 tau chie'n loai khoi inang (1954 vong chie'n dau hang tram -1960). Ngay tu thang 7 - 1954, nhan ro de quoc MT la tro luc chinh ngan can viec phi cong Ml. l^p lai hoa binh 6 Dong Duong va dang tro thanh ke thu chinh, true tie'p ciia Buoc MT phai tuyen bo nhan dan Dong Duong. Trung uong Dang de ra cho each mang mien Nam ngung han cac hoat dong nhiem vu chuyen cupc dau tranh vu trang chong Phap truoc do sang dau tranh chong pha mien Bac va ki chinh tri cho'ng MT - Diem, doi chung thi hanh Hiep djnh Gionevo 1654 ve Hiep djnh Pari ve cham dut Dong Duong, giO gin va phat trien each mang. chie'n tranh, lap lai hoa binh Mo dau la "phong trao hoa binh" 6 Viet Nam. 6. T h o i k i tu nam 1973 den nam 1975: Mien Bac khoi phuc va phat trien »" ' cua tri thuc va cua tang lop nhan dan Sai Gon - C h o L o n thang 8-1954. fJwi, |||; Thang 11 - 1954, MT - Diem tie'n hanh khiing bo, dan ap, lung bat cac nha k i n h te, ra sue chi v i f n cho mien Nam lanh dao phong trao. Nhung phong trao dau tranh vi muc tieu hoa binh cua Hiep djnh Pari nam 1973 ve Viet Nam, quan MI buoc phai rut khoi nuoc ta, cac tang lop nhan dan tie'p tuc dang cao, Ian rpng, loi cuon hang trieu nguoi lam thay doi so sanh lire lupng d mien Nam c6 Igi cho each mang. Mien Bac tro tham gia, gom tat ca cac tang lop nhan dan, cac dang phai, cac dan tpc it lai hoa binh, tie'n hanh khac phuc hau qua chie'n tranh, khoi phuc va phat trien nguoi... hinh thanh nen mat tran chong MT - Diem. * Muc tieu phong trao: kinh te - xa hpi, ra siic chi vien cho tien tuyen mien Nam. '" Dau tranh vua doi MT - Diem thi hanh Hiep dinh Gionevo, doi hiep thuong Sau hai nam (1973 - 1974), ve co ban mien B^c khoi phuc xong cac co so tong tuyen cir do thong nhat dat nuoc. kinh te^ cac he thong thuy nong, mang luoi giao thong, cac cong trinh van hoa, ^ Chong cai gpi la "tnmg can dan i/" cua Diem, cho'ng MT - Diem khung bo', giao due, y \&, kinh te'co buoc phat trien. dan ap, chong chie'n djch "to cong," diet cong" ciia chiing, doi cac quyen tu do, Den cuoi nam 1974, san xua't cong nghiep, nong nghiep tren mot so mat tran dan sinh, dan chii. quan trong da dat vupt muc nam 1964 va nam 1971 la hai nam dat muc cao * H'lnh thi'fc: Dau tranh giii gin chinh trj, hoa binh chuyen sang dau tranh vu nhat trong 20 nam xay dung chu nghia xa hoi 6 mien Bac. trang tu ve, roi dung bao luc each mang. Thirc hien nghia vu hau phuong, trong hai nam 1973 - 1974, mien Bac dua ii!; vao chie'n truong mien Nam, Campuchia, Lao gan 20 van bo dpi, hang van b. Phong trao "Dong kh&i" (1959 - 1960) thanh nien xung phong, can bo chuyen mon, nhan kl thuat dot xua't trong hai * Nguyen nhan bung no thang dau nam 1975. Mien Bac gap rut dua vao mien N a m 57.000 bo dpi (trong Trong nhirng nam 1957 - 1959, each mang mien N a m gap muon van kho khan. Ngo Dinh Diem ban hanh dao luat dat cong san ngoai vong phap luat. tong so 108.000 bp dpi ciia ke'hoach dpng vien 1975). Ve vat chat - k! thuat, mien B3c da co nhirng no luc phi thuang, dap ung Luat 10/59 (thang 5 - 1959) cho phep tay sai Diem th^ng tay gie't hai bat cu day du va kip thoi nhu cau to Ion va cap bach cua cupc tong tie'n cong chien nguoi yeu nuoc nao hoac bat cii ai co bieu hien chong lai chiing, lam cho hang lupc 6 mien Nam. Van can bp, dang vien bj gie't hai, hang chuc van dong bao yeu nuoc bj tu day. * y n^hia: Kjp thoi phuc vu cho cupc Tong tie'n cong va noi day giai phong ^Cupc dau tranh ciia nhan dan ta o mien Nam doi hoi co mpt bi^n phap quyet iiet de dua each mang vupt qua kho khan thir thach. hoan toan mien N a m trong nam 1975. Chuan bj mpi dieu ki^n thuan Ipi cho vi^c tie'p quan viing giai phong sau khi chien tranh ke't thiic. Tie'p tuc the hi#n vai tro ciia hau phuang Ion doi voi tien tuyen Ion. I • -' ' '''''' Thang 1 - 1959, Hpi nghj Ian thir 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung uong quyet djnh !ang ta t r i f u tap H p i n g h j Ian t h u 15 Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g quye't d j n h that n ^ n g ne. 12 - The. TnKmg N0< v rh,r, m a n g m i e n N a m la "dua vao luc l u a n g c h i n h t r i cua quan c h i i n g la chii ye'u ket h o p v o i luc l u o n g v u trang de danh do ach thong trj ciia d e q u o c va phong kien, thiet lap c h i n h quyen each m a n g cua nhan d a n " . D u o i anh sang N g h j quyet 15 cua Dang, p h o n g trao dau t r a n h cua d o n g bao m i e n N a m no ra n h u nuoc v o bo. M o dau la cac cupc k h o i nghla t u n g phan n h u : cuoc noi day 6 VTnh Thanh (Binh D i n h ) , Bac Ai ( N i n h Thuan) thang 2 - 1959. 6 Tra Bong (Quang N g a i ) thang 8 - 1959, roi Ian ra khap m i e n N a m t h a n h cao t r a o each m a n g , tieu bieu v o i cuoc " D o n g k h o i " 6 Ben Tre ngay 17 _ 1 _ I960. H o a n h j p v o i cuoc " D o n g k h o i " o Ben Tre, nhan d a n cac t i n h Tay N i n h , M i Tho, Tan A n , Tra V i n h , Bac Lieu, Rach Gia, Ca M a u , Chau Doc, Lonj; X u y e n , Soc Trang, Can Tho, Kien Phong, Kien T u o n g . . . d o n g loat noi day. * Am mini va thi'i doan cua Mi MT de ra" k e h o a c h Xtalay - Tay-lo" v o i npi d u n g chu ye'u la b i n h d j n h m i e n N a m t r o n g v o n g 18 thang. T h u c h i ^ n k e h o a c h , MT tang c u o n g v i ^ n t r p cho quan s u D i e m , tang nhanh lire l u p n g quan d p i Sai G o n , tie'n hanh d o n dan lap " A p chien lupc", su d u n g pho bien cac chien thuat m o i "true thang van", "thiet xa van". Vien t r p quan sy ciia MT tang gap d o i . Bp chi h u y quan su MT ( M A C V ) d u p e thanh lap tai Sai Gon ngay 8 - 2 - 1 9 6 2 . " A p chien lupc" dupe xem n h u " X u o n g song ciia "chien t r a n h dac b i ^ t " va nang len thanh "quoc sach". C h u n g coi viec lap: A p chien l u p c " n h u m o t cupc chien tranh tong luc n h a m day luc l u p n g each mang ra khoi cac ap, tach dan ra khoi each mang, tien toi nam dan, thuc hien chuong trinh "binh d j n h " mien N a m . " D o n g k h o i " con Ian ra khap cac tinh t u Ca M a u cac t i n h ven bien m i e n T r u n g b. Mien Nam chien dau chong chien luac "Chien tranh dac hiet" cua va Tay N g u y e n . D a p l i n g yeu cau ciia each mang t u k h o i nghla t u n g phan phat trien len Phong trao " D o n g k h o i " t h ^ n g Igi danh dau buoc ngoat cua each mang m i e n N a m , chuyen each m a n g tir the g i u gin luc l u g n g sang the tie'n cong. C h a m d u t t h o i k i on d j n h tam thoi c h e d o thuc dan m o i cua MT a m i e n N a m , m o ra t h o i k i k h u n g hoang cua c h e d o Sai Gon. N h u vay, n h o c6 N g h j quyet 15 ciia D a n g soi d u o n g p h o n g trao dau tranh Mi chien tranh each m a n g , chong "Chien tranh d^c biet" ciia MT va chinh q u y e n ,'Sai Gon. M a t tran dan tpc giai p h o n g m i e n N a m ra d o i (20 - 12 - 1960), T r u n g u o n g Cyc mien N a m V i ^ t N a m thanh lap (1 - 1 - 1961), cac l y e l u p n g v u trang each mang thong nha't thanh Quan giai phong mien Nam (5 - 2 - 1961). cua d o n g bao m i e n N a m dien ra soi noi, m a n h me, quyet liet va da gianh dupe D u o i n g p n co doan ket c i i u n u o c ciia M a t tran dan tpc giai p h o n g do D a n g thSng Ipi v o cung to Ion. D o chinh la l i do de giai thich cau noi ciia d o n g chi i a n h dao, quan giai p h o n g m i e n N a m ciing v o i nhan dan day m a n h dau tranh N g u y e n C h i Thanh: " Q u a p h o n g trao D o n g k h o i o m i e n N a m (1959 - 1960) y chong M l va c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon, ket h p p dau tranh c h i n h t r i v o i dau tranh Dang, long dan gap n h a u " . Y D a n g 6 day la N g h i quyet 15 va long dan la sue v u trang, noi day v o i tien cong tren ca ba v u n g chien lupc ( r u n g n i i i , nong thon, m a n h quat k h o i cua d o n g bao mien N a m . 2. T h a i k i tu nam 1961 den nam 1965: Mien Nam chien dau chong " C h i e n tranh dac bi?t" cua MT a. C h i e n luQfc " C h i e n tranh dac bi?t" ciia de quoc M I a mien N a m * Khdi nicm vc "Chien tranh dac bict": Chien lupc "Chien tranh dac b i f t " la m o t h i n h t h i i c chien tranh xam lupc thuc dan m o i , d u p e tien hanh bMng quan d p i tay sai, d u o i s u chi buy ciia he thong "co v a n " M I , d u a vao v u k h i , trang bi ki thuat, p h u o n g tien chien tranh cua M I , nham chong lai cac l y c l u p n g each m a n g va nhan dan ta. * Hoan cdnh: Sau p h o n g trao " D o n g k h o i " (1959 - 1960), nhan d a n ta 6 mien dong bang, do thj), tien cong dich bang ca ba m i i i chinh t r j , quan sy, b i n h van. T r o n g nhu-ng nam 1961 - 1962, quan giai p h o n g da day l u i nhieu cupc chien cong, d o n g t h o i v o i tien cong tieu diet nhieu d o n bot le ciia djch. N a m 1962 quan dan ta da tien hanh nhieu cupc can quet Ion ciia d j c h vao chien k h u D , (cSn c i i U M i n h , Tay N i n h va Tay Bac Sai Gon. Cupc dau t r a n h chong va pha " A p chien lupc" d i l n ra gay go, quyet li?t giOa ta va d i c h , co hang chuc tri?u l u p t n g u o i tham gia pha " A p chien lupc" d i 6i v o i xay d y n g lang chien tranh. V o i quyet tam " m o t ta'c da't k h o n g d i , m p t l i hong r o i " , nhan dan m i e n N a m kien quyet b a m da't, giir lang, pha d e ' k i m k?p ciia d i c h . M I va c h i n h q u y e n Sai G o n d u tap t r u n g siic vao d o n d a n lap " A p chien N a m tiep tuc noi day, ket h o p dau tranh chinh t r j v o i dai tranh vu trang chong lupc" n h u n g cGng chi t h y c hien d u p e m p t phan k e h o a c h . D e n cuoi n a m M l va c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon. T r o n g k h i do tren the g i o i , p h o n g trao giai phong each m a n g k i e m soat tren nira tong so v o i gan 70% n o n g dan. dan tpc dang len m a n h me, true tiep de doa he thong thupc dja ciia chu nghuT dequoc. 1962, Chien thSng A p Bac danh dau b u o c t r u o n g thanh ciia l y c l u o n g v u trang each m a n g m i e n N a m , da d a n h bai cac bi?n phap chien thuat: true thang van", 145 "thiei xa van" cua d\ch, danh sap long tin ciia quan dpi Sai Gon vao trang bj vu khi hien dai ciia M i . Chien thang nay cung chiing minh quan dan nnien Nam hoan toan c6 kha nang danh bai "Chien tranh dac bi§t" cua M I va chinh quyen Sai Gon, sau tr^n A p Bac, phong trao "thi dua Ap Bac giet giac lap cong" day len k h i p mien Nam. Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj aia cac tang lop nhan dan trong cac do thj, ca 6 nhung thanh pho Ion nhu Sai Gon, Hue, Da Nang, c6 nhung buoc phat trien manh me, noi h^t la dau tranh cua "dpi quan toe dai" cua cac ba m? va cac chi; cua cac tin do Ph^t giao chong lai sy dan ap, ki thj ton giao ciia chinh quyen Diem. Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj 6 do thj ciing voi phong trao pha "Ap chien lupc" 6 nong thon va nhung don tien cong lien tiep ciia cac lire lupng vu trang each mang da day nhanh qua trinh suy sup ciia chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Di^m. Sau khi len lam l o n g thong, Giionxon quyet djnh day manh hon nCra "Chien tranh dac bi?t". Ke hoach Gionxon - Mac Namara thay the ke hoach Xtalay - Taylo dupe vach ra nham tang cuong vi^n trp quan su, on djnh chinh quyen Sai Gon, binh djnh mien Nam c6 trpng diem trong 2 nam (1964 -1965). Phong trao dau tranh chinh trj phat trien trong cac do thi, nhat la 6 cac do thj Ion Sai Gon, Hue, Da N i n g , cang lam roi loan hau phuong ciia dich. Phong trao dang cao, eang thu hiit nhieu nguoi tham gia. Sau chien thang Ap Bac, quan giai phong nhanh chong truong thanh va tien len danh nhirng tran c6 quy mo Ion. Cuoi nam 1964, quan va dan Dong Nam Bp mo chien djch tien cong Dong - Xuan 1964 -1965 voi tran mo man danh vao ap Binh Gia. Thira t h i n g sau chien thang Binh Gia, quan giai phong va nhan dan mien Nam day manh tien cong Xuan - He 1965 va gianh nhieu thang Ipi trong cac chien djch A n Lao (Binh Djnh), Ba Gia (Quang Ngai), Dong Xoai (Bien Hoa). Tung don vj Ion ciia djch bi tieu di?t gpn, hoac thi^t hai nang. Quan dpi Sai Gon, lyc lupng nong cot ciia "Chien tranh dac bi^t", khong con dii siic duong dau voi cupc tien cong Ion ciia quan giai phong va dung trudc nguy co tan ra. 3. Thai ki Kr nim 1965 den nam 1968: Mien Nam chien dau chong "Chien tranh c\ic b p " cua M I a. Chien luge "Chien tranh cue bq" ciia dequoc Mt a mien Nam Sau that bai chien lupc "Chien tranh dMc bi^t", M I day manh chien tranh xam lupc mien Nam, chuyen sang chien lupc "Chien tranh cue bo" va mo rpng chien tranh pha hoai" mien Bac. "Chien tranh cue bp" la loai hinh chien tranh xam lupc thyc dan moi, dupe tien hanh bang luc lupng quan dpi M i , quan dong minh ciia M i va quan dpi Sai Gon nham chong lai each mang va nhan dan mien Nam. De thyc hi^n "Chien tranh eye bp", vua moi vao mien Nam, M i da cho quan ina ra ngay cupc hanh quan " t i m di^t" vao cSn cii ciia Quan giai phong 6 Van Ttrong (Quang Ngai). Tiep do. M i mo lien hai cupc phan cong chien lupc miia y i o (dong - xuan) 1965 - 1966 va 1966 - 1967 bang hang loat cupc hanh quan "tim diet" va "binh dinh" vao vung: "dat thanh Vi^t Cpng". b. Chien dau chong chien lucre "Chien tranh cue bg" cua Ml Voi y chi khong gi lay chuyen "Quyei chien quyel thdng giac Mi xam lucre" dupe sy phoi hpp chien dau va chi vi?n ciia mien B^e, quan dan ta mien Nam da anh dung chien dau va lien tiep gianh thang Ipi. 6 Van Tuong (Quang Ngai) vao ngay 18 - 8 -1965, sau mpt ngay chien dau, mpt trung doan ehii luc ciia ta cung voi quan du kich va nhan dan dja phuong da day lui dupe cupc hanh quan ciia d}ch, loai khoi vong chien dau 900 djch, ban chay 22 xe tang va xe bpe thep, ha 13 may bay. Van Tuong dupe coi la "Ap Bac" do'i voi quan M i va quan dong minh, mo dau cao trao "71m Mi ma danh liing nguy ma diet" tren kh3p mien Nam. Nhieu "Vanh dai diet Mi" xuat hi?n nhu 6 Hoa Vang, Chu Lai (Quang Nam), Cu Chi (Sai Gon)... Mpt phong trao thi dua tro thanh "Dung st diet Mi" vk "Dcm vi anh hiing diet Mt" soi noi khap noi. ,» rs ii r Sau tran Van Tuong kha nang chien t h i n g M I trong "Chien tranh cue bp" ciia quan dan ta eon tiep tuc dupe ehung minh trong hai mua kho. Buoc vao kho thu nhat (Dong - Xuan 1965 -1966) voi 720 000 quan, djch mo dpt phan cong voi 450 cupc hanh quan, trong do c6 5 cupc hanh quan "tim di?t" Ion, n h i m vao hai huong chien lupc chinh 6 Dong Nam Bp va Lien Khu V, voi myc tieu danh bai chii lye Quan giai phong. Quan dan ta trong the tran chien tranh nhan dan, voi nhieu phuong thue tac chien, da chan danh djch tren mpi huong, chii dpng tien cong dich tren mpi noi. Quan ta da loai khoi vong chien dau 104 000 dich, ban roi 1 430 n^ay bay. Buoc vao mua kho thu hai (Dong - Xuan 1966 - 1967), voi lyc lupng dupe *Sng len hon 980 000 quan, chiing mo dpt phan cong voi 895 cupc hanh quan, *rong do c6 3 cupc hanh quan Ion "tim diet" va "binh dinh", ion nhat la cupc hanh quan Gianxon Xiti danh vao can cu Duong Minh Chau (B3c Tay Ninh), ^ a m tieu di^t quan chii lyc va co quan dau nao ciia ta. 147 C u n g v o i n h u n g cuoc chii d o n g tien cong d i c h tren chien t r u a n g T r j - chung da nhanh chong to chuc lai luc l u g n g phan cong quan ta gap k h o n g it Thien, D u o n g so 9... quan ta m o m a n g hang loat tran phan cong danh bai cac kho khan va ton that. Q u a n each mang vao chie'm giCr thanh pho t r o n g d g t 1 bl cuoc hanh quan " t i m diet" va " b i n h d j n h " cua djch. Loai k h o i v o n g chien da'u day ra ngoai. * y nghia: Mac d i i co n h i r n g ton that va h ^ n che'do, cupc T o n g tien cong va 151 000 ten d i c h , bin r o i 1 231 may bay. noi day co y nghIa he't sue to Idn: 6 hau k h i p cac v i i n g nong thon, quan c h i i n g dug-c sir ho trg- cua l y c l u g n g L a m l u n g lay y chi xam lugec cua quan M I , bugc M I phai t u y e n bo " p h i M I v u trang da d u n g len da'u tranh chong ach k i m kep ciia d j c h , pha t u n g mang hoa" chien tranh xam luge (tue thua nhan that bai cua "Chien tranh cue bg"). "Ap chien luge". T r o n g hau khap cac thanh t h j , giai cap cong nhan, cac tang i6p nhan dan lao d o n g khac, hoc sinh, sinh vien, Phat t u , b i n h sT Sai Gon... da'u M I phai t u y e n bdeha'm d u t k h o n g dieu kien chien tranh pha hoai m i e n Bae, tranh d o i M i riit ve nude, d o i t u do dan chu. V i i n g giai p h o n g d u g c m o rong, chju den ban d a m phan 6 Pa ri de ban ve cha'm d u t chien tranh. u y t i n cua M a t tran dan toe giai p h o n g m i e n N a m d u g c nang cao tren t r u o n g Cuoc T o n g tien cong va noi day da m o ra buoc ngoat cua eugc k h a n g chien quoe te. chong M I c i i u nuoe cua quan dan ta. Den euoi nam 1967, M a t tran giai p h o n g c6 eo quan t h u o n g true 6 hau he't d. Nhimg diem giong vd khdc nhau giiia chien luoc "Chien tranh dac hi^t" cac nude xa h p i ehii nghia va 6 m p t so nuae t h e ' g i o i t h u ba. C u a n g l l n h cua vd Chien luoc "Chien tranh cue bg" cua Mi d Vi?t Nam M a t tran d u g c 41 nuoe, 12 to chue quoe te, 5 to chuc k h u v u c len tic'ng u n g ho. * Giong nhau: c. Cuoc Tong tien cong vd noi day Tei Mau Than nam 1968 Deu la chien tranh xam luge t h y e dan m d i ciia M I , n h a m bien m i e n N a m * Hoan cnnh: Buoc vao mua xuan 1968, xuat phat t u nhan d i n h so sanh luc thanh thupe dja kieu m a i cua M I . Deu thuc hien am m u u chong lai each mang va l u g n g thay d o i c6 Igi cho ta sau hai mua kho. N a m 1968 ta Igi d u n g m a u thuan nhan dan mien N a m . Deu su d u n g v u k h i va p h u o n g t i ^ n chien tranh cua M I . a M l t r o n g n a m bau c u tong thong (1968), ta chii t r u o n g m o m g t eugc Tong * Khac nhau: tien cong va noi day tren toan m i e n N a m , t r o n g tam la do t h j . Ve quy m o chien tranh: " C h i e n tranh dac biet" dien ra a m i e n N a m , con * Muc dich: N h a m tieu d i f t m g t bp phan luc l u g n g quan MT, quan dong "Chien tranh cue b p " m o rpng ca hai mien N a m - Bac. m i n h , danh d o n m a n h vao chinh q u y e n va d g i Sai G o n gianh c h i n h q u y e n ve Ve t i n h chat ac liet: "Chien tranh cue b p " ac liet h o n , the hien 6 muc tieu, tay nhan dan, bugc M I phai d a m phan, rut quan ve nude. lye l u p n g tham chien, vQ k h i , hoa l y c va p h u o n g tien chien tranh. * Dien bie'n: Cuoc tong tien cong va noi day d u g c m o dau bang eugc tap kieh " C h i e n tranh dae biet" dupe tien hanh bt^ng quan d g i tay sai d u d i sy chi chien luge cua quan chii luc vao hau k h ^ p cac do thj t r o n g d e m 30 rang sang h u y eua co van M I , d y a vao v u k h i , trang bj k l thuat, p h u o n g tien chien tranh ngay 31 - 1 - 1968 (dem giao thua Te't M a u Than). Cuoc tong tien cong va noi cua M I n h a m thuc h i ^ n m u u do co ban la " D i i n g n g u d i Viet d a n h n g u d i V i ^ t " , day dien ra ba d g t : 3 0 - 1 - 2 5 - 2 ; thang 5 va 6; thang 8 va 9 -1968. "Thay m a u da cho xae ehe't". Tien hanh " Chien tranh dae b i ^ t " , M I - n g u y m d Tai Sai Gon, quan giai p h o n g tien cong vao cae v j t r i dau nao eua d j c h , n h u rpng nhieu cupc hanh quan can quet, mue tieu la chong pha each m a n g va b i n h Toa dai s u M I , D i n h "Doe lap". Bp Tong tham m u u q u a n Sai G o n , Bp T u lenh biet k h u T h i i do, T o n g nha canh sat, Dai phat thanh, san bay Tan Son Nha't. * Kt't qua: T u t r o n g eupe T o n g tien cong va noi day, eo them nhieu luc l u p n g m a i ehong M I , chong c h i n h quyen Sai G o n xuat hien, mat tran doan ket dan d j n h m i e n N a m . C h i i n g coi " A p chien l u p c " la quoe saeh n h ^ m tach each m a n g ra khdi dan de t h y c h i ^ n eai gpi la "Tat nude bat ca". " C h i e n tranh cue b p " v d i muc tieu la v u a tieu diet quan chu lye v u a b i n h tpe, chong M I c u u nuac d u g c m o rgng. To chuc Lien minh cac luc lugng dan tgc, d j n h m i e n N a m , pha hoai m i e n B3e. L y e l u g n g tham chien d o n g , g o m ca M I , dan chu hoa binh a Sai Gon, H u e ' v a toan mien N a m , dai dien cho tang l o p t r i c h u hau, n g u y , t r o n g do quan M I giir vai tro quan t r o n g va k h o n g n g i r n g tang thuc, t u san dan tgc tien bp 6 thanh thj d u g c thanh lap. len ve so l u g n g va trang b i . C h u n g su d u n g v i j k h i hien dai, hoa lye m a n h ca Cupc T o n g tien cong va noi day Te't M a u Than da danh d o n bat n g d , lam cho djch choang vang. N h u n g do luc l u g n g djch con d o n g (hon ni>a t r i ^ u linh M I va d o n g m i n h , gan 1 trieu quan d g i Sai Gon) co so 6 thanh t h j m a n h , nen !? tren bg, tren k h o n g , tren bien, toe do nhanh va m d lien tue nhieu chien djch n h ^ m " t i m d i e t " va " b i n h d i n h " vao "Da't thanh Viet edng". 1 4, T h a i k i tu nam 1969 den nam 1973: Mien Nam chien dau chong " V i ? t Nam luoc tranh" cua dequo'c "Viet Nam hod chien tranh" vd "Dong Duong hod chien cau "Ngan de thuc tc" (thay cho chien luge "Phan u n g l i n h hogt" ciia Kennodi) CUQC nhan dan ta cung v d i n h a n d a n hai nude quan s u va chi'nh t r i . T r o n g hai ngay 24 va ngay 25 - 4 -1970, H g i n g h i cap cao ba nude V i ^ t N a m Mi. D a u n a m 1969, N i c h x a n vua len n a m chinh quyen da de ra chien luoc toan va tiep tuc - 1971, Campuchia va Lao g i a n h n h i i n g thang Igi cd y nghia chien luge tren m | t tran hoa chien tranh" ciia M l a. Chien T r o n g hai n a m 1970 chien tranh xam luge thi^c dan m o i ; thuc h i ^ n chien luge "Vict Nam hod chien tranh" a m i e n N a m va m o r p n g chien t r a n h ra toan D o n g D u o n g v o i chien luge " D o n g D u o n g hoa chien tranh". Chien luge " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien tranh" duge tien hanh bang lue l u g n g quan d g i Sai Gon la ehu ye'u, c6 su p h o i h g p ve hoa li^c va k h o n g q u a n M I , va van do M l chi b u y bang h ^ t h o n g eo' van. - Lao -Campuchia h g p n h a m bieu thj quyet t a m cvia n h a n d a n ba nude D o n g D u o n g doan ket chien dau chong MT. T u ngay 30 - 4 den ngay 30 - 6 -1970, quan d g i V i ^ t N a m cd s u p h o i h g p ciia quan dan C a m p u c h i a da dap tan cugc hanh quan xam luge Campuchia va quan d g i Sai G o n , loai k h o i v o n g chien dau 17.000 d j c h , giai p h d n g nhieu v u n g rgng I d n dat dai v d i 4,5 trieu dan. T u ngay 1 2 - 2 den ngay 2 3 - 3 - 1 9 7 1 , quan d g i V i ^ t N a m cd s u phd'i h g p ciia quan dan Lao da tap tan cugc hanh quan m a n g ten " L a m Son -719" ehiem g i u d u d n g 9 - N a m Lao eiia 4,5 van quan M i va quan d g i Sai Gon, loai k h o i v o n g De thuc hien chien luge " V i e t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " M i da: Rut dan q u a n MT va quan d o n g m i n h k h o i chien tranh de g i a m x u o n g mau. Tang c u o n g luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai C o n n h a m thye hi?n am m u u " D u n g n g u a i V i f t d a n h n g u o i V i e t " . M I d i i n g luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai G o n de thuc chien da'u 22.0000 d j c h , d u o i het quan M I va quan d g i Sai G o n k h o i d u o n g 9 N a m Lao, giu h a n h lang chien luge each m a n g D o n g D u o n g . Thang Igi tren mat tran quan su da ho t r g va thuc day p h o n g trao da'u tranh chinh t r i , chong " b i n h d j n h " . hi?n " D o n g D u o n g hoa chien t r a n h " . M I con d i m g t h i i doan ngoai giao xao quyet n h u thoa t h u a n v o i T r u n g 6 k h a p n o i eae thanh thj, p h o n g trao ciia eac tang Idp n h a n dan no ra lien Quoc, hoa hoan v o i Lien X6 n h a m ban che s u g i i i p d o ciia eac n u a c d o d o i v o l tyc. Dac bi?t d Sai Gon, Hue^ Da N a n g , p h o n g trao hoe sinh, sinh vien no ra cugc khang chien ciia nhan dan ta. ram r g da t h u h i i t d o n g dao g i d i tre t h a m gia. Phong trao t u d i tre, hgc sinh, b. Chien dau chong chien luge "Viet Nam hod chien tranh" vd "Bong Duong hod chien tranh " ciia Mt. sinh v i e n cd vai tro q u a n t r o n g , t h u d n g la "Phong trao chdm ngdi no"' cho p h o n g trao c h u n g ciia tang I d p nhan dan thanh t h i . Chien dau chong chien luge " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " la chong lai cugc Tai eac v u n g ndng t h o n , d o n g bang, r u n g n i i i , ven t h j , k h a p n o i cd p h o n g chien tranh xam luge toan di?n dugc tang c u o n g va m o r g n g ra toan D o n g trao ciia q u a n c h i i n g nd'i day ehd'ng " b i n h d j n h " , pha "a'p chien luge" ciia djch. D u o n g , v u a chien dau chong chien djch tren chien t r u o n g , vira dau tranh v o i Den dau nam 1971, each mang gianh quyen lam chii them 3600 ap v d i 3 trieu dan. djch tren ban d a m phan. c. Cugc tien cong chien luge nam 1972 Thang Igi chinh t r i m o dau giai doan chong " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " la Bude vao n a m 1972, quan ta m d cugc tien cong chien luge t u ngay 30 - 3 s u ra d o i ciia C h i n h p h i i each m a n g lam t h o i Cong hoa m i e n N a m ngay 6 - 6 - danh vao Q u a n g T r j , lay Q u a n g T r j l a m h u d n g tien cong chii ye'u, r d i phat 1969. D o la c h i n h p h i i cua nhan dan m i e n N a m . V u a ra d o i , c h i n h p h i i each trien rgng ra k h i p chien t r u d n g m i e n N a m , keo dai t r o n g n a m 1972. m a n g l a m t h a i da d u g c 23 nuoc cong nhan, trong d o c6 21 nuae dat quan he ngoai giao. Q u a n ta tien cong d i c h v d i c u o n g d o m a n h , q u y m o I d n , tren hau k h a p eac dja ban chien luge q u a n t r g n g . C h i t r o n g thdi gian ngan (den eudi thang 6 - GiCra liie cugc chien chong M I c u u nude ciia nhan dan ta 6 ea hai m i e n dang 1972), q u a n ta choc t h i i n g ba p h d n g tuyen m a n h nhat eiia d i c h , la Q u a n g T r i , tren da thang Igi, thi Chii tjch H o Chi M i n h qua d o i ngay 2 - 9 - 1969. D o la mot Tay N g u y e n , D o n g N a m Bg, loai k h o i v o n g chien da'u h o n 20 v ? n d j c h , giai ton that Ion, khong gi eo the b i i dap d o i v o i dan toe ta, d o i v o i each mang nuac ta. p h d n g nhieu v i i n g dat d a i rgng I d n va d o n g dan. T h u c hien d i chiic ciia C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , nhan d a n 6 hai m i e n day m a n h k h a n g chien chong M I c u u nuac. Sau d o n m d dau bat n g d ciia quan ta, quan d g i Sai G o n cd s u y e m t r g eiia M l da p h a n cong lai, gay cho ta nhieu thiet hai; con M I t r d lai chien tranh pha pha hoai m i e n Bac. 150 . .. Cupc tien con^ chien luoc nam 1972 da ^^idn;^ don nqng nevao chien luge "Viet Vua (tiec thim nhqn that bqi cua "Vict Nam hod chien tranh"). d. Tinh dodn kit chien dau cua quan dan Viet Nam, Ve q u y m o Lao va gay tranh Nam hod chien tranh", buoc Ml phdi tui/en bo "Mi hod" tra lai chien tranh xdm luge cue "chien bp" m i e n N a m , vira gay chien Lao, Campuchia. Voi tranh pha tranh xam luge la D u g c tien hanh bSng v u a tieu di?t quan luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai G o n la ehu ye'u, c6 hod chien tranh" cua Mi Chien dau chong chien \ugc " V i ^ t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " la chong lai cuoc chien tranh x a m luge toan dien d u g c tang c u o n g va m o rgng ra toan D o n g Khac ehu D u o n g , v u a chien dau chong chien djch tren chien t r u o n g , v u a dau tranh v o l nhau muc djnh luc tieu vua binh mien Luc T r o n g hai n a m 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta cung v o i nhan dan hai nuoc lugng su Nam, phoi h g p ve hoa luc va Bac. k h o n g quan MT, va van tham pha hoai mien djch tren ban d a m phan. T r o n g hai ngay 24 va ngay 25 - 4 - 1970, H o i nghj cap cao ba nuoc V i ^ t N a m tranh 6 hpai a m i e n Bac trong chien dau chong chien luge "Vi(t Nam hod chien tranh" va "Dong Duong quan sy va c h i n h t r j . V u a gay chien Vi$t N a m , vu-a m o rpng chien Campuchia Campuchia va Lao gianh n h u n g thang Igi c6 y nghia chien luge tren mat tran 6 d o MT chi h u y bang h f chien dong, g o m ca tho'ng CO van. Ve am m u u , MT, ehu hau, nguy, - Riit dan quan MT va t h u doan trong do quan MT quan giir chien - Lao -Campuchia h o p nham bieu thj quyet tam ciia nhan dan ba nuoc D o n g vai trpng tro dong tranh minh khoi de giam r p n g Ian dat dai v o i 4,5 trieu dan. trang Gon n h ^ m thuc hi^n am m u u " D u n g nguoi Vi^t v u k h i hi^n dai, hoa quan d p i Sai Gon, loai k h o i v o n g chien dau 17.000 djch, giai p h o n g nhieu v u n g luc l u g n g quan d g i Sai bj. C h u n g sir d u n g quan dan Campuchia da dap tan cupc hanh quan x a m luge Campuchia va x u o n g m a u . Tang c u o n g so' l u g n g va T u ngay 30 - 4 den ngay 30 - 6 - 1970, quan d p i Viet N a m c6 su p h o l h g p ciia khong n g u n g tang len ve D u o n g doan ke't chien dau chong M l . va quan danh nguoi Viet". lye m a n h ca tren bp, T u ngay 12 - 2 den ngay 23 - 3 - 1971, quan d p i Viet N a m c6 s u p h o i h g p cua tren d u o n g 9 - N a m Lao cua 4,5 van quan M I va quan d p i Sai Gon, loai k h o i vong tren d g i Sai G o n de thuc hien bien, toe d p nhanh quan dan Lao da tap tan cupc hanh quan m a n g ten " L a m Son -719" chiem g i i i khong, - D u n g luc l u g n g quan " D o n g D u o n g hoa chien va m o lien tue nhieu chien dau 22.0000 djch, d u o i het quan M i va quan d p i Sai G o n k h o i d u o n g 9 t r a n h " . Thoa t h u a n v o i chien N a m Lao, g i u hanh lang chien luge each m a n g D o n g D u o n g . T r u n g Quoc, " t i m diet" va "binh v o i Lien X6 n h a m han 5. Nhung diem giong va khac nhau giua hai chien luge " C h i e n tranh eye bp" d j n h " vao "Dat thanh che s u g i u p d o ciia cac (1965 -1968) va " V i ? t Nam hoa chien tranh" (1969 -1973) cua M I 6 mien Nam. Vi^t cpng". nuoc T i e u chi so sanh N h u n g diem giong va khac nhau C h i e n tranh cue bp djch nham do khang V i ? t N a m hoa hoa hoan do'i v o i euge chien ciia nhan dan ta. chien tranh Bj bai, phai That bai, phai chap nhan chap nhan ngoi vao ki m o i cua MT nham chong lai each m a n g va nhan dan V i ^ t N a m . ban d a m phan v o i eong nhan doc lap, ehii - Deu su d u n g co van MT, v u k h i va p h u o n g tien chien tranh cua MT. ta 6 H p i nghj Pari quyen, de giai quyet van de toan Vif t Nam. Viet N a m . G i o n g nhau: - D e u la chien luge chien tranh xam luge theo kieu thuc dan - Deu d u n g luc l u g n g quan d p i nguy, nguy quyen de l a m tay sai dac luc eho chiing. IS-? Ke't qua that ke't H i e p d j n h thong v?n nha't lanh tho Pari, va cua 6. T h a i k i tvr nam 1969 den nam 1973: Mien Nam dau tranh chong chinh sach " b i n h dinh, laun chiem", tao the va Ivc tien toi giai phong hoan toan mien Nam L a m cho t i n h than chien d a u cua quan d p i Sai G o n them hoang m a n g , mat t i n h than chien d a u . V o l H i ^ p d i n h Pari n a m 1973, ta "ddnh cho Mi cut". N g a y 29 - 3 - 1973, toan C h u n g to kha nang m o i cua quan dan ta co the gianh thang Igi Ion t r o n g l i n h M l cuoi c i i n g da r u t k h o i nuoc ta. N h u n g M I van giO lai h o n 2 van co van thoi gian ngan v o i toe d g nhanh. Chien thang Phuoc L o n g la co so de Bg C h i n h quan su, lap ra Bp chi h u y quan su, tiep tuc v i e n t r o quan su, k i n h t e c h o chinh tri quyet d i n h giai p h o n g m i e n N a m trong n a m 1975. Sau chien thang nay eiia ta, chinh quyen Sai G o n p h a n u n g m a n h va d u a q u y e n Sai Gon. D u g c CO v a n M i chi h u y va n h ^ n v i ^ n trq cua MT, c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon ngang nhien pha hoai H i e p d j n h Pari, chung h u y d o n g gan n h u toan bo l u t l u g n g tien hanh chien djch "tran ngap lanh tho", lien tiep m o n h i r n g cuoc hanh quan "Binh dinh - Ian chiem" v i i n g giai p h o n g . Day thuc chat la hanh d p n g tiep tyc chien l u o c "Viet N a m hoa chien tranh" cua N i c h x o n . Ve phia ta, vi^c k i H i e p d j n h Pari ve cham d u t chien tranh 6 Viet N a m , viec quan d p i x a m lupc M i r i i t k h o i nuac ta, da tao nen su thay d o i can ban t r o n g so sanh luc l u g n g gii>a each m a n g va phan each m a n g c6 I g i cho CUQC d a u tranh cua nhan dan 6 m i e n N a m . T r o n g cuoc dau tranh chong djch "hinh dinh - Ian chiem", chong am m u u "tran ngap lanh tho" cua c h i i n g vao n h i i n g thang dau n a m sau k i h i ^ p d j n h , quan dan ta da dat d u o c m o t so ket qua nha't d j n h . N h u n g d o k h o n g d a n h gia het am m u u pha hoai H i e p d j n h ciia dich, d o qua nhan m a n h den hoa binh, hoa h g p dan tpc... nen tren m o t so dja ban quan trong, ta bj m a t dat, mat dan. Thang 7 - 1973, Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g h o p H o i nghj Ian t h u 21 H p i nghj neu ro n h i e m v u co ban cua each m a n g m i e n N a m t r o n g gia doan h i ^ n tai la tiep tuc cuoc each m a n g dan toe dan ehii nhan d a n . H o i n g h i nhan m a n h t r o n g bat eu t i n h h i n h nao c i i n g phai tiep tuc con d u o n g each mang bao lire, phai nim vCrng chien luge tien cong, kien quyet dau tranh tren ca ba mat tran quan su, c h i n h t r i , ngoai giao. quan chiem lai, n h u n g da that bai. C o n M i chi phan u n g yeu 6t, chu ye'u d i i n g ap luc t u xa de doa. Phoi h g p v o i d a u tranh quan su, nhan dan ta 6 m i e n N a m day m a n h dau tranh c h i n h t r i , ngoai giao nhSm to cao hanh d g n g eiia M i va chinh q u y e n Sai Gon v i p h a m H i ^ p d j n h , pha hoai hoa b i n h , hoa h g p dan toe, neu cao tinh chat chinh nghla cupe chien dau eiia nhan dan ta; d o i lat d o c h i n h q u y e n N g u y e n Van Thi$u, t h u c hien cae q u y e n t u do, dan chii... 7. H i ? p dinh Pari ve vi|c cham dut chien tranh lap lai hoa b i n h d V i | t N a m a. Dau tranh doi Mixudng thang chien tranh va thuong lumg a Hoi nghi Pari D a u 1967, sau thang Igi t r o n g hai m u a kho 1965 -1966 va 1966 -1967, ta ehu t r u o n g m o t h e m m a t tran tien cong ngoai giao, nhSm to cao tgi ac eiia bgn xam luge M l , vach tran l u a n d i e u hoa b i n h b j p b p m cua ehiing, neu t i n h chat c h i n h nghla, lap t r u o n g d i i n g din ciia ta, tranh t h i i r p n g rai s u d o n g t i n h l i n g hp eiia d u luan quoc te. M u e tieu dau tranh ngoai giao trude mat eiia ta la d o i M i cham d u t k h o n g dieu ki?n chien tranh pha hoai m i e n Bae, coi d o la d i e u ki?n tien quyet de d i den t h u o n g l u p n g 6 ban hpi n g h j . N g a y 31 - 3 - 1968, sau d o n bat ngo ciia cupe Tong tien cong va noi day Tet M a u Than eiia quan ta, G i o n x o n tuyen bo n g i r n g nem b o m ban pha m i e n Bae tir VI t u y e n 20 t r o ra va bat dau noi den t h u o n g l u p n g v o i V i ^ t N a m . Thue h i ^ n N g h j quyet H o i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 21 eua D a n g , t u cuoi N g a y 13 - 5 - 1968, cuoc t h u o n g l u p n g c h i n h thue hai ben, giua dai d i f n n a m 1973 quan dan ta 6 m i e n N a m v u a kien quyet d a n h tra quyet d a n h djch, C h i n h p h i i Viet N a m D a n chii Cong hoa va dai d i ^ n C h i n h p h i i H o a K i a Pari bao v ^ v i i n g giai p h o n g , vua chii d o n g m o n h i r n g euge tien cong d j c h , m o rgng hpp phien d a u tien. v u n g giai p h o n g . N g a y 1 - 11 - 1968, G i o n x o n tuyen b o ' n g u n g nem b o m ban pha tren toan C u o i n a m 1974, d a u n a m 1975, ta m o d o t boat d o n g quan s u D o n g - Xuan m i e n Bac. T u day, dau tranh g i u a ta va M i chii yeu xoay q u a n h van de h i n h vao h u o n g N a m Bg, t r g n g tarn la d o n g bang song C u u L o n g va D o n g N a m Bg. thuc, thanh phan h p i n g h i va da d i den thong nha't ve h i n h thuc H p i nghj Bon Q u a n ta da gianh thang Igi vang d p i trong chien djch D u o n g 14 - Phuoc L o n g . ben giCra Viet N a m D a n chii Cpng hoa. M a t tran dan toe giai p h o n g m i e n N a m * Y nghia cua chien thang Phieac Long: Viet N a m (sau d o la C h i n h p h i i each m a n g lam t h o i C p n g hoa m i e n N a m Vi?t V o i chien thang Phuoc L o n g c h u n g to quan chu luc Sai G o n da den luc N a m ) Hoa K i va Viet N a m Cpng hoa (Chinh quyen Sai Gon). k h o n g con d u kha nang chiem g i i i n h i i n g v i m g dat quan t r g n g tren dien rgng. H p i nghj b o n ben ve Viet N a m chinh thue hpp phien dau tien ngay 25 - 1 1969 tai Pari. 154 Cty TNHH MTV DWH KhaPi^lW b. Hiep dinh Pari 1973 ve chant dut chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh d Viet Nam * Y nghia: Q u a n d i e m cua ta: d o i M7 rut het quan ciia m i n h va quan d o n g m i n h ia bon Bp t r u o n g dai di?n eho cac chinh p h i i t h a m d u hoi nghi tai Pari. H i e p d i n h Pari bat daiu c6 hien luc tu m o i ciia cupc k h a n g chien ehong M i c u u nuoc eiia dan toe. V o i H i e p d j n h Pari, MT phai cong nhan cac quyen dan toe co ban ciia nhan dan ta, phai r i i t het quan ve nuoc. D o la t h ^ n g Ipi Ijch su quan t r p n g , tao ra thoi CO thuan Ipi de nhan dan ta tie'n len giai p h o n g toan m i e n N a m . c. Nhung diem giong vd khdc nhau giica Hiep dinh Gianevo veDong Duong nam 1954 vd Hiep dinh Pari ve Viet Nam nam 1973 Nhung Tieu chi diem giong so sanh va khac H i f p dinh G i o n e v a nhau Hoan Giong Ca H i e p d j n h G i o n e v o va H i e p d j n h Pari deu dien canh nhau ra trong liic ta lien tie'p gianh d u p e n h i i n g t h i n g Ipi ve q u a n sy, tao nen the ap dao, buoc ke thii phai ngay k i chinh thue. chap nhan d a m phan. * Noi dung Hiep dinh goni nhimg dicu khodn ca ban: Khac nhau 27 - 1 - 1973. H o a K i cam ke't eha'm d u t m p i hoat d p n g q u a n s u ehong m i e n Bac ke't t r o n g liic M i m o i chi bj that bai t r o n g chien bai hoan toan 6 Cupc n g u n g ban 6 m i e n N a m V i ^ t N a m d u p e thue hi?n vao 24 g i o ngay H i e p d j n h Pari d u p e k i t h y c dan Phap bj that toan v?n lanh tho cua Viet N a m . Gionevo d u p e k i ke't trong liic H o a K i va cac nuoc cam ke't ton t r p n g doe lap, chii q u y e n , t h o n g nha't va Hiep djnh lupc chien cong hoai Ian t h u hai 6 m i e n Bac. Ta k i H i e p d i n h de CO N h a n dan mien N a m Viet N a m t u quye't d j n h t u o n g lai c h i n h t r j t h o n g qua N a m va chien tranh pha nhan cac quyen dan toe tue d i n h liu quan su hoac can thiep vao cong viee noi bp ciia mien N a m Viet N a m . chien buoc M l r i i t q u a n M l va dan ban Phap ciia ba nuoc Dong Duong. tong tuyen c u t u do, k h o n g co su can t h i ^ p ciia nuoc ngoai. nhan dan V i ^ t N a m t y quye't d j n h t u o n g lai chinh t r j k h o n g co sy can thiep cua nuoc ngoai. eiia m i n h . H a i ben tie'n hanh trao tra tu b i n h va dan t h u o n g bj bat. H o a K i cam ke't gop phan vao vi^c han gan vet t h u o n g chien tranh 6 Viet mien quan d o n g m i n h eiia MT ve nuoc, de eho H a i m i e n N a m - BSc Viet N a m se t h u o n g l u p n g ve v i f c t h o n g nha't da't nuoc lye l u p n g hoa b i n h t r u n g lap va lye l u p n g chinh quyen Sai Gon). 6 hoa thyc ngay ke t u k h i k i hiep d j n h , huy bo cac can c u quan s u M i , cam ke't k h o n g tie'p tranh" Nam ki H i e p d j n h de buoc H o a K i r u t het quan d p i ciia m i n h va quan d o n g m i n h t r o n g t h o i han 60 quan d p i , hai v i m g k i e m soat va ba luc l u p n g chinh trj (luc l u p n g each mang, "Viet djeh D i e n Bien Phii. Ta Viet N a m . Cac ben cong nhan thue te mien N a m Viet N a m co hai c h i n h quyen, hai H i ^ p d i n h Pari Npi Giong - D e u buoc ke t h u pha cong nhan cac q u y e n dan dung nhau toe CO ban ciia nuoc ta. - Ca hai Hi?p dinh deu dat vari de n g u n g b i n de giai quye't cac van de khac bang con d u o n g hoa binh. N a m va D o n g D u o n g tie'n toi thie't lap quan he m o i , b i n h d a n g va cung co Ipi - Deu dat van de thong nha't da't nuoc thong qua viee gii>a hai nuoc. thuong l u o n g khong co su can thiep ciia nuoc ngoai. Khac n h a u , G i i i p h o n g h o a n toan m i e n N a m , g i a n h toan v?n l a n h t h o - Cac ben t h a m d y h p i - H o a K i va cac n u o c n g h i cam ket t o n t r p n g cam ket t o n t r p n g cac a. Chu truang, kehoach cac q u y e n d a n tpc co ban * Thai ca chien luge xuat hien: quyen dan tpc ca ban cua ba nuoc D o n g ciia Vi?t N a m . Duong. - H a i ben tien h a n h trao - Cac ben t h a m chien tra til binh va d a n thuc hi?n cupc tap ket t h u o n g bi b3i. chuyen - Cac ben cong quan, chuyen nhan giai phong mien Nam Sau H i ^ p d i n h Pari n a m 1973, trudc n h i i n g a m m u u v a h a n h d p n g m o i ciia jvC va c h i n h q u y e n Sai Gon, each m a n g m i e n N a m van tie'p t y c con d u o n g each iri?ng bao luc, g i i i v i i n g va phat trien the tien cong d j c h . C u o i n a m 1974 d a u n a m 1975, quan ta m o nhieu cupc t a n cong d i c h , tao the'ap dao djch, dac bi§t la chien djch D u o n g 14 - Phuac L o n g v a o ngay 6 - 1 1975. V o i chien thang Phuoc L o n g l a m cho quan d p i Sai G o n ngay cang bat l y e giao k h u v y c . thuc te m i e n N a m V i ^ t trong chien dau va kha nang can thiep bang quan s u ciia M I rat han che. D o la - Quan dpi nhan dan Vi?t N a m CO hai chinh quyen, dieu k i ^ n de q u a n ta tien len gianh thang I p i cuoi c i i n g t r o n g s u n g h i ^ p chong N a m va quan vien chinh hai q u a n d p i , h a i v u n g M l c i i u nuoc. Phap tap ket 6 hai mien kiem N a m - BSc. Sau do, quan lupng chinh trj. soat K h i t h o i CO xuat h i ^ n . Bp C h i n h t r j T r u n g u o n g D a n g q u y e t d i n h giai p h o n g mien N a m t r o n g hai n a m 1975 va 1976. Phap n i t ve nuoc. Y nghia » Chii truang, kehoach giai phong mien Nam: v a ba l y e Giong - L a phap l i quoc te'cong n h a n cac q u y e n d a n tpc co nhau ban ciia nhan dan Vi?t N a m . - D e u la ket qua cua qua t r i n h d a u t r a n h va gianh thang Ipi tren mat tran quan sir ciia q u a n dan ta. "' T u y n h i e n . Bp C h i n h t r i nhan m^inh "ca nam 1975 la thai ca" v a c h i ro "neu thai ca den vao dau hoac cuoi nam 1975 thi lap tiec giai phong mien Nam trong nam 1975" Bp c h i n h t r j c u n g n h a n m a n h s y can thie't tranh t h i i t h a i co d a n h thang nhanh de d o t h i ^ t hai ve n g u o i v a ciia cho nhan dan, giu g i n t o t co so k i n h te, cong t r i n h v a n hoa... g i a m bot s u tan pha ciia chien tranh. - D e u la thMng Ipi to I o n n h u n g chua t r p n v?n, v i v a n con tie'p tuc dau tranh chong ke t h u . Khac n h a u b. CuQC Tong tien cong vd noi day Xudn 1975 Cupc t o n g t i e n cong v a n o i d a y X u a n 1975 d a d i l n ra t r o n g g a n 2 t h a n g - D a n h d a u budc thang - D a y la thSng I p i lich s i i (tu 4 - 3 den 2 - 5) q u a 3 chien d i c h I o n : Tay N g u y e n , H u e - D a N a n g va chien Ipi ciia cupc khang chien q u a n t r p n g , tao ra t h o i djch H o C h i M i n h . chong Phap, m i e n B3c CO t h u a n I p i de nhan * Chien dich Tay Nguyen (tif 3-4 den 24 - 3) hoan toan giai p h o n g . dan Tay N g u y e n la dia b a n chie'n lupc het sue q u a n t r p n g , ca ta v a d i c h deu co ta tien len giai p h o n g toan m i e n N a m . - Bupc Phap phai chain - M i r i i t q u a n M i va dut quan d o n g m i n h ciia M i chien tranh x a m lupc, n i t het quan d p i ve ve nuoc nuoc. chap nhung nhan chua v i ^ c cham d u t chien t r a n h 6 V i | t N a m , M i v a n tie'p t y c v i ? n t r p cho n g y y tie'p tyc chien tranh. nim giir. N h u n g d o nhan d i n h sai h u d n g tien cong ciia quan d a n ta, djch cho't g i u o d a y m p t l y c l u p n g m o n g , bo p h o n g co nhieu co so. Can c i i vao do. Bp C p\inh t r j T r u n g u o n g D a n g ta quyet d j n h chpn Tay N g u y e n l a m h u o n g tien g chii yeu t r o n g n a m 1975. r h y c h i ^ n ke hoach, ta tap t r u n g chii l y c m ^ n h v a i v u k h i k i thuat h i ^ n d g i , chien d j c h q u y m o I o n 6 Tay N g u y e n . Tran then chot m o m a n 6 Buon M e Thupt ngay 10 - 3 -1975 da gianh thang I g i , (truac do, ngay 4 - 3, quan ta danh f h i b i n h 6 P l a y k u va K o n T u m n h a m t h u h i i t quan djch v a o h u o n g do). N g a y - 3 -1975, d j c h p h a n cong chiem lai Buon M e T h u p t n h u n g k h o n g thanh. 159