TUYỂN TẬP ĐỀ THI
TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI
MÔN LỊCH SỬ
B S I dLT&n^ HSG L/ch Si} 12 - Ths. Truong Ngpc Thai
Ke hoach 5 n a m c6 n h i e m v u "phat trien t h e m m p t buoc, sap xe'p lai ca ca'u
+ Cai tao quan h§ san xua't
C o n g cuQC cai tao xa h p i chu nghla d u p e day m a n h v d i toe d p n h a n h t r o n g
cac v u n g m o i giai p h o n g 6 m i e n N a m . Giai cap t u san m a i ban b i xoa bo. D a i
bp p h a n n o n g dan m i e n N a m d i vao con d u o n g l a m an tap the, t h a m gia
nhCrng h i n h thuc to chuc san xua't p h u h p p , n h u to doan ke't san xua't, tap doan
san xua't, h p p tac xa san xua't.
Van hoa, gido due, y tc:
, ,
N g a n h giao due m a u giao, giao due pho thong, giao due d a i hpc va t r u n g
hoc chuyen n g h i f p phat trien m a n h , p h o n g trao b i n h d a n hpc v u da t h u h u t
dupe nhieu n g u o i t h a m gia.
M a n g l u o i cac benh v i ^ n , p h o n g k h a m ehCra b?nh, t r a m y te, nha hp sinh, eo
so dieu d u o n g d u p e m a r p n g . Cac hoat d p n g van hoa, van nghe, the d y e the
thao da tao t h a n h p h o n g trao quan c h i i n g t r o n g cac dja p h u o n g , x i n g h i ^ p ,
a day m a n h cai tai xa h p i chu nghia nen k i n h te quo'c d a n " n h a m ca ban o n
^ j n h t i n h h i n h k i n h te - xa h p i , dap u n g yeu cau cap bach thie't ye'u nha't cua
ng n g u y e n nhan co ban cua kho
bang, dan chu, van m i n h . T h y c hien chinh sach d o i ngoai hoa b i n h , hOu n g h i ,
k h ^ n , ye'u k e m la d o mac phai "sai lam n g h i e m t r o n g va keo dai ve chu t r u o n g ,
h g p tac, "Viet N a m m u o n la ban ciia tat ca cac nuoc".
chirih sach Ion, sai l a m ve chi dao chien luge va to ehue t h y c h i ^ n " .
2. N h i ^ m vu va muc tieu cua timg ke hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam: 1986 -
De khac phuc sai lam, khuye't d i e m dua dat nuoc v u g t quan k h u n g hoang
va day m a n h each m a n g xa hoi chu nghia tien len. D a n g va N h a nuoc ta phai
tien hanh d o i m o i .
b. Hoan canh the gioi:
1991 - 1995, 1990 - 2000.
Cac ke hoach
Nha nuoc 5 nam
1986-1990
D u o i tac d o n g cua each m a n g khoa hoc - k l thuat l a m cho quan h ^ cua cac
Can tap t r u n g sue n g u o i , sue cua t h y c hien bang d u g c
tituc, thuc pham, hang tieu dimg va han;:; xuat khau
Cugc k h u n g hoang toan d i ^ n , t r a m t r g n g cua L i e n X6 va cac nuoc xa hoi chu
M u o n thuc h i ^ n n h u n g m u c tieu cua Ba c h u o n g t r i n h
nghia khac cijng d o i hoi D a n g va Nha nuoc ta phai tien hanh d o i m o i .
k i n h te, t h i n o n g nghiep, ke ca l a m nghiep va n g u
N h u vay, d o i m o i la van de cap bach, c6 y nghia song con d o i v o i chii nghia
nghiep phai d u g c dat d u n g v i t r i la mat tran hang dau
xa hoi 6 nuoc ta d o n g t h a i la van de p h u h g p v o i xu t h e c h u n g cua thoi dai.
va d u g c u u tien n h u eau ve v o n dau t u , ve nang lye, vat
c. Noi dung duang loi doi moi vekinh leva chinh tri cua Dang
D u o n g loi d o i m o i cua D a n g dugc de ra dau tien tai D a i hoi V I (12 - 1986),
N h i f m vu, muc tieu
n h i e m v u , m u c tieu cua Ba chiam;^ trinh kinh te'va hmng
nuoc thay d o i theo xu t h e ' m a i .
dugc dieu chinh, bo sung phat trien Dai hgi V I I (6 -1991), Dai hgi V I I I (6 - 1996),
1990,
lye, lao dong, k ! thuat v.v...
1991
-1995
Day l i i i va kiem soat d u g c lam phat. O n d j n h phat
trien nang cao hieu qua nen san xuat xa h g i . O n d j n h va
D a i hoi IX ( 4 - 2 0 0 1 ) .
t u n g buoc cai thien nang cao d o i song nhan dan. Bat dau
* Doi moi kinh te:
CO tich lijy ngi bg k i n h te.
Phat trien k i n h te'hang hoa nhieu thanh phan theo d j n h h u o n g xa hgi chu
De t h y c hien m u c tieu tren, phat h u y sue m a n h ciia cac
nghia, n h a m phat huy sue manh cua cac thanh phan k i n h t e v a tao sue manh
thanh phan k i n h te, day m a n h Ba c h u o n g t r i n h kinh te
tong h g p eiia nen k i n h te nhieu thanh phan.
v o i n h i r n g ngi d u n g cao han truoc va t u n g buoc xay
Cai tao quan he san xuat, cac thanh phan k i n h te'lae hau k i m ham su phat
trien. Cai tao d i d o i v o i s u d y n g va thiet lap quan he san xuat xa hgi ehu nghia.
Cai tai phai d u g c coi la n h i e m v u t h u o n g xuyen, lien tuc t r o n g suot t h o i k i qua
d y n g CO eau k i n h tetheo yeu eau eong nghiep hoa.
1996 - 2000
Day m a n h eong cugc d o i m o i m o t each toan dien va
d o n g bg, tie'p tuc phat trien nen k i n h te hang hoa nhieu
d g . Xoa bo co c h e q u a n l i k i n h te tap t r u n g , bao cap, h i n h thanh co che thj
thanh phan. Phan dau dat va v u g t m u c tieu tang t r u o n g
t r u o n g CO sy quan l i ciia N h a nuoc.
k i n h te'nhanh, hieu qua cao va ben vi>ng d i d o i v o i giai
T h y c hien chinh sach m o cua, m o rgng quan he k i n h t e d o i ngoai, m o rgng
su phan eong lao d o n g va h g p tac k i n h te'quoe tc, tich eye khai thae nguon
v o n , khai thae eong nghe k h a i thae t h i t r u o n g .
184
quyet nhi>ng van de buc xuc ve xa h g i ; cai thien d o i song
nhan dan, nang'cao tich l u y t u n g i b g den k i n h te.
185
3. Nhmig thanh tmi va yeu kem ve kinh te - xa hpi ciia nuoc ta trong t ^ g ke
ho^ch Nha nuoc 5 nam: 1986 - 1990,1991 - 1995,1990 - 2000.
Cac ke hoach
Thanh t\ru
Nha nuoc 5 nam
1986 - 1 9 9 0
Ve
luang
N h i p d p phat trien k i n h
N u o c ta v a n c o n la m p t
te d a y m a n h , nhieu m u c
tieu c h u y e u cua ke hoach
tren t h e ' g i o i : l u c l u p n g san
5 n a m hoan thanh
Yeu kem
trong nhirng nuoc
xua't nho be, co so v a t chat
vupt
thyc
N e n k i n h te con m a t can
tit cho thieu an
d o i I o n , l a m phat v a n 6
K i n h te d6'i ngoai phat
mien, c h i i n g ta da
m u c cao, lao d o n g thieu
v u o n len d a p l i n g n h u cau
pham,
thuc,
"^991 - 1 9 9 5
ngheo
- k l thuat lac hau; t r i n h d p
muc.
hpc va cong
ngh§
trien, t h j t r u o n g xua't nhap
chuyen bien cham;
nang
vi^c l a m tang, h i ^ u qua
khau
dupe
rpng,
suat lao d p n g , chat l u p n g
t r o n g nuoc, c6 d u tru va
k i n h te tha'p, nhieu ca so
nguon
v o n dau t u ciia
san p h a m , chat l u p n g cong
xua't khau, g o p phan quan
san xua't d i n h d o n keo d a i .
n u o c ngoai tang nhanh.
trien
trong on dinh
d o i song
Che
mo
Khoa hoc va cong nghe
d p tien l u o n g bat
khoa
t r i n h tha'p.
T i n h trang t h a m n h u n g ,
nhan d a n va thay d o i can h o p l i , d o i song ciia n h u n g
CO buoc phat trien m o i ,
lang p h i , b u o n lau, l a m an
can xua't - nhap k h a u .
n g u o i lao d p n g chii y e u
van hoa xa h p i c6 n h i i n g
p h i phap c u n g n h u hien
bang l u o n g hoac t r g cap xa
chuyen bien tich cue.
t u p n g tieu cue t r o n g bp
Hang hoa tren t h i truong,
O n d j n h tinh hinh chinh
nhat la hang tieu dung, d o i h p i v a cua m o t so b p phan
dao, da dang va l u u thong
t u o n g d o i thuan Igi.
K i n h te d o i ngoai
t r j - xa h p i d u p e g i u v u n g ,
n o n g dan b i g i a m sut.
Su
qu6'c p h o n g va an n i n h
n g h i ^ p v a n hoa c6
phat
trien m a n h , m o rong Hon
cap, tinh trang tham nhung,
truoc
ve q u y m o , h i n h
an hoi 16, m a t dan c h i i , bat
thuc... da g o p phan quan
cong xa h p i va nhieu hien
Mo
Da
k i m che dugc m o t
b u o c da lam phat.
Buoc dau h i n h thanh nen
k i n h te
hang hoa nhieu
thanh
phan,
v a n hanh
theo CO che t h i t r u o n g c6
s u quan h' ciia N h a nuoc.
Nhirng
thanh
tuu, uu
diem,
tie'n b o dat d u g c
chung
to d u o n g 161 d o i
moi
ciia D a n g
la d u n g ,
b u o c d i ciia cong cupc d o i
m o i ve co ban la p h u hgp.
186
Su p h a n hoa giau ngheo
r o n g quan
h$ d o i
thj v a n o n g t h o n , giira cac
ngoai, p h a the bao v a y ,
nhanh. D o i song ciia m p t
hoat d p n g ciia cpng d o n g
bp p h a n n h a n d a n , nhat la
qu6'c te.
ne v a p h o bieh.
tang
t h a m gia tich cue vao cac
trong vao vi^c thuc h i ^ n cac t u p n g tieu cue khac nang
muc tieu kinh te - xa hoi.
ngan chan triet de.
gii>a cac v u n g , g i i i a thanh
d u p e Cling c6'.
n h i i n g m a t tiep tuc x u o n g
m a y N h a n u o c ehua d u p e
lop cu
dan
tang
n h u n g v u n g sau, v i m g xa,
con nhieu k h o k h a n .
1996-2000
te v a n g i i i
N e n k i n h te phat trien
d u p e n h j p d p tang t r u o n g
chua v i r n g chac; nang suat
kha, CO cau k i n h te co s u
lao d p n g hieu q u a va sue
chuyen d j c h tich cue.
canh tranh tha'p. - M p t so
Nen kinh
Can
can d o i chii yeu
vah de buc xiic ve van hoa -
t r o n g nen k i n h te da d u p e
xa h p i con cham d u p e giai
dieu c h i n h thich h p p
quye't.
K i n h te d o i ngoai phat
trien
Khoa hpc va cong n g h ^
CO b u o c chuyen bien tich
cue. Giao d u e va dao tao
CO b u o c phat trien m o i ca
10 I
'Iff i chiic Bi t h u thii nha't
H
Chap hanh Trung uong Dang do Chii tich
1951
Dang. Ho Chi Minh dupe bau lam Chii tich
Thong qua Bao cao chinh trj ciia Ban
Ian thu II
Dai hpi de ra nhi^m vu chie'n lupc ciia
xay dyng kinh te trong thai ki qua dp.
Dai hpi quyet dinh phuang hudng, nhi?m
vy va mye tieu ciia ke hoach Nha nude
'J
5 nam (1976 - 1980), la xay dung xa hpi chu
nghia, nham hai mye tieu ca ban: xay dung
Thao luan va quyet djnh nhieu chinh sach
CO ban ve cong tac xay dung va ciing co
IQ4
mot bmc ca sa vat chat - ki thuat cua chu nghta
xa hoi, bmc dau hinh thanh ca cd'u kinh temai
I AC
ket 10 n a m
dat n u o c thuc
hifn
cd nieac ma bo phdn chu ye'u Id ca cd'u
7) Dai hoi
T u ngay
cong
nghiep
Ian
den ngay 1 - 7 -
d u o n g loi d o i m o i , de ra chii t r u o n g , nhiem
1996
vu trong n h i e m k i m o i .
- nong
nghicp
vd cdi thien
mot
bif&c dffi so'n<^ vat chd't vd van hod cua nhdn dan
thii'
VIII
28-6
Tong
twng
Khang d j n h tiep tuc n i m vCrng hai n h i e m
lao dgng.
v u chien luge xay d y n g va bao v ^ to quoe
Da d a n h gia t i n h h i n h dat nuoc, kiem
5) D a i h o i
Tix ngay 15 den
Ian t h u V I
ngay 18 - 12 -
cua N h a nuac t r o n g thap k i dau ca nuoc d i
1986
len chu nghla xa h p i , t u d o xac d j n h n h i e m
xa hoi chii nghla.
d i e m s u lanh dao ciia D a n g , vai tro quan l i
v u , m u c tieu ciia each m a n g t r o n g thai k i
De ra p h u o n g h u o n g , n h i e m v u , m u c tieu
k e h o a c h k i n h te - xa hgi 5 n a m 1996 - 2000.
L
« . V a i tro l a n h dao ciia D a n g d o i v o i t h a n g I g i ciia each m a n g V i f t N a m
doi m o i .
T h a i k i l i c h sii
K h i n g d j n h tiep tuc d u o n g loi chung each
Vifa m o i ra d o i . D a n g da lanh dao nhan dan ta dau
m a n g xa hoi chu nghla va d u o n g loi xay
d u n g k i n h te xa hoi chu nghla d o cac dai
hoi I V va V cua D a n g de ra.
tranh chong thuc dan, p h o n g kien t r o n g p h o n g trao each
I'i) 1930-
1931
1
hoi t r o n g t h o i k i qua d o tiep tuc d u o c cu the
ji
dan Phap va p h o n g kien tay sai.
Phong trao da the hien d u g c vai tro lanh dao ciia D a n g
hoa tren ca so nang cao n h a n thuc ve dac
trong thuc tien dau tranh each m a n g . The hien d u g c sue
d i e m t h o i k i qua d o len chu nghla xa hoi 6
m a n h ciia lien m i n h eong - nong.
Viet N a m . T r u o c mat, t r o n g 5 n a m tir nam
den n a m
1990,
can
tap t r u n g
D a y la eugc dien tap Ian dau tien chuan bj cho Cach
sue
m a n g thang Tam n a m 1945.
n g u a i , sue cua thuc hien bang d u g c nhiem
v u , m u c tieu cua Ba chimng tnnh kinh
tevd
luang thuc, thuc pham, hang tieu dung vd hang
Mac dau bj thuc dan Phap dan ap, k h i i n g bo n h u n g
5) 1932-
1935
Tir ngay 24 den
Ian t h u V I I
ngay
1991
27 -
6 -
p h o n g trao.
Da tong ket, d a n h gia viee thuc h i ^ n
Den thang 3 - 1935, sau k h i p h o n g trao each m a n g d u g c
d u o n g l o i d o i m o i cua D a i hoi V I , de ra chu
phuc h o i . D a n g ta tien hanh D a i hgi Ian t h u nha't de eiing
t r u o n g , nhiem v u n h a m ke thua, phat huy
C O to chuc D a n g va vaeh ra p h u o n g h u o n g lanh dao,
nhCrng thanh t u u , u u d i e m da dat dugc;
chuan bj cho m o t p h o n g trao each m a n g m o i .
k h i c phuc nhCrng kho khan, ye'u k e m mac
T r u o e n h i i n g bien doi ciia t i n h h i n h the g i o i va t r o n g
phai t r o n g b u o c dau d o i m o i .
Q u y e t d j n h m o t so van de ve chien luge
lau d a i . D o la t h o n g qua " C u o n g ITnh xay
d u o i su lanh dao ciia Dang, cac chien sT cgng san va quan
c h i i n g nhan dan van kien t r i dau tranh de hoi phuc
xud't khd'u.
6) D a i h o i
m a n g 1930 - 1931 ma d i n h cao la X6 viet N g h ^ - T i n h .
Phong trao da giang m o t d o n quyet liet vao bgn thuc
De ra d u o n g loi xay d u n g chu nghla xa
1986
V a i tro l a n h dao ciia D a n g
nude. D a n g ta chii t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien
J) 1936-1939
luge, sach luge d i den thuc hien eugc v a n d g n g dan chii
voi muc tieu dau tranh doi t u do, dan chii, com ao, hoa binh.
d u n g dat nuoe trong t h o i k i qua d o d i len
Q u a eugc van d g n g dan chii 1936 - 1939, D a n g da tap
chu nghla xa h o i " va "Chien luge on d j n h va
h g p d u g c m o t lue l u g n g c h i n h t r j quan ehung d o n g dao
phat trien k i n h te - xa hoi den n a m 2000".
va sir d u n g d u g c nhieu hinh thire dau tranh p h o n g p h u .
De ra nhiem v u , m u c tieu k i n h te - xa h o i
ciia k e h o a c h 5 n a m (1991 -1995).
D a y la eugc d i e n tap Ian thir hai chuan bj cho Cach
m a n g thang Tam nam 1945.
4) 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5
K h i Chie'n tranh the g i o i t h i i hai b u n g no, t h y c dan
6) 1954
-1975
Sau k h i H i ^ p d i n h G i o n e v o n a m 1954 d u p e k i ke't, m i e n
BSc nuoc ta d u p e hoan toan giai p h o n g , n h u n g m i e n N a m
Sau d o N h a t nhay vao D o n g D u o n g cau ke't v o i Phap dan
con b i de quoc M i va tay sai t h o n g t r j . D a n g ta da lanh
ap, boc Ipt nhan dan ta. V a n m ? n h cac dan tpc D o n g
dao nhan dan ta tie'n hanh hai n h i ^ m v u chie'n lupc: Xay
D u o n g bj de doa n g h i ^ m t r p n g .
• a-
Phap tang c u a n g dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan D o n g D u o n g .
d y n g chu nghia xa h p i 6 m i e n Bac va d a u tranh giai
T r u o c t i n h h i n h do. D a n g ta t r i ^ u tap H p i n g h i T r u n g
u o n g thang 11 - 1939 va H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8
p h o n g dan tpc 6 m i e n N a m .
Tie nam 1954 den nam 1960:
','
' •
(5 - 1941). Cac h p i n g h i nay da de ra va hoan c h i n h chu
D o i v o i m i e n Bac: D a n g ta lanh dao n h a n d a n m i e n
t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien l u p c cho each mang,
Bac tien hanh cai each r u p n g da't, k h o i phue k i n h te^ han
dat v a n de giai p h o n g dan tpc len hang d a u , xay d u n g
gan vet t h u o n g chien tranh, tien hanh cai tao xa h p i chii
mat tran Vi?t M i n h , chuan b i luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j , luc
nghia.
l u p n g v u trang, can c u dja each m a n g , da d o n va chop
D o i v o i m i e n N a m : D a n g de ra N g h j quye't 15 (1 - 1959),
t h o i CO lanh dao n h a n ta v i i n g day c u o p c h i n h quyen,
N g h j quye't chu t r u o n g cho d o n g bao m i e n N a m co the
d u a Cach m a n g thang T a m den thang I p i cuol c i i n g .
d u n g l y c l u p n g v u trang ke't h p p v o i luc l u p n g chinh trj
T h a n g I p i eiia Cach m a n g thang T a m n a m 1945 da dap
de dau tranh chong M i - D i ? m . D u o i anh sang cua N g h i
tan hai tang xieng xich cua Phap - N h a t ; d u a nuoc ta t u
quye't 15, dortg bao mien N a m da l a m nen cupc D o n g
m p t nude thupc dja nua p h o n g kien t r o t h a n h m p t nuoc
k h o i cuoi n a m 1959 dau n a m 1960, dua each m a n g m i e n
dpc lap CO chu q u y e n ; d u a dan tpc ta t u than p h a n no le
N a m tien len m p t buoe phat trien nhay v p t .
t r o t h a n h n g u o i l a m chii dat nuoc.
5)1945 - 1 9 5 4
Sau Cach m a n g thang T a m , dat n u o c ta gap m u o n vang
Tif nam 1961 den nam
1965:
D o i v o i m i e n B3c: D a n g ta lanh dao n h a n dan xay
k h o khan. D a n g da de ra n h i r n g c h i n h sach d o l d p i d u n g
d y n g CO so vat chat - k i thuat cho chu nghia xa h p i , thuc
dan, n h i r n g chinh sach d o i ngoai m e m deo, n h o vay ta da
hi?n ke'hoach nha nuoc 5 n a m (1961 - 1 9 6 5 ) .
g i i i v u n g dupe chinh quyen va xay d u n g dupe nen m o n g cho
che'dp m o i , bao v? dupe thanh qua Cach mang thang Tam.
K h i thue dan Phap t r o lai xam lupc nuoc ta. D a n g ta da
de ra d u o n g loi khang chien: Toan d a n , toan dien, lau dai
va t u l y c canh sinh va lanh dao nhan dan ta k h a n g chien.
D61 v o i m i e n N a m : D a n g lanh dao n h a n dan m i e n
N a m danh bai chien lupc "Chien tranh dac b i ^ t " cua M I ,
dua each mang mien N a m tien len m p t buoc phat trien m o i .
Tif nam 1965 den nam
1968:
D o l v o i m i e n Bac: Dang ta lanh dao nhan dan d a n h bai
Sau gan 9 n a m khang chie'n t r u o n g k i , gian kho, nhan
cupc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nhat ciia M I , bao v?
dan ta da Ian l u p t d a n h bai m p i am m u u va t h u doan cua
v i i n g chac m i e n Bac, chi v i ^ n day d i i , k i p t h o i cho each
thuc d a n Phap va b p n can thiep M I , d u a cupc k h a n g chie'n
mang mien N a m .
den thanh cong.
D o l v o i m i e n N a m : D a n g lanh dao n h a n m i e n N a m
T h a n g I p i cua cupc khang chie'n eho'ng Phap da cha'm
dau tranh d a n h bai chie'n lupc " C h i e n tranh eye b p " cua
d u t cupc chie'n tranh xam lupc, d o n g t h o i cha'm d u t ach
M I . C u n g v o i thang Ipi ciia q u a n dan m i e n Bac, bupc M I
t h o n g t r j ciia thuc dan Phap t r o n g gan m p t the k i tren da't
p h a i chap nhan ngoi vao ban d a m p h a n o H p i nghj Pari.
n u o c ta; m i e n Bac nuoc ta d u p e giai p h o n g , chuyen sang
giai doan each m a n g xa h p i chii nghia, tao co so de nhan
dan ta giai p h o n g m i e n N a m , t h o n g nhat To quoc.
Tif nam 1969 den nam
1973:
D o l v o i m i e n Bac: D a n g ta lanh dao nhan d a n d a n h
bai cupc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai cua M I , tao nen
IQQ
m o t " D i # n Bien Phu tren k h o n g " . M i e n Bac tie'p tuc tro
den H o i n g h i Vecxai Ban yen sack cua nhan dan An Nam.
thanh hau p h u o n g Ian cho tien tuyen Ion 6 m i e n N a m .
yeu sach d o i C h i n h p h i i Phap va cac nuoc d o n g m i n h thira
D o l v o i mien N a m : D a n g lanh dao n h a n dan m i e n
N a m danh bai chien luge
" V i ^ t N a m hoa"
va
Ban
nhan cac quyen t u do, dan chii va q u y e n b i n h dSng ciia
"Dong
nhan dan A n N a m . Giira n a m 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc doc
D u o n g hoa" chien t r a n h ciia MT. C u n g v o i thang Igi ciia
ban So thdo Ian thu nha't luan cwang vevd'n dcddn toe thuoc dia.
quan dan m i e n Bac, buQC M I phai chap n h a n lei ke't H i e p
L u a n c u o n g ciia Lenin da g i u p N g u y e n A i Quoc k h ^ n g
d j n h Pari nam 1973.
d i n h m u o n ciru nuoc va giai p h o n g dan tpc la phai d i theo
TiV nam 1973 den nam 1975: D a n g lanh dao nhan dan ta
chop t h o i CO, T o n g tien cong va noi day m u a Xuan n a m
con d u o n g each m a n g v6 san.
1975 v o i ba chien djch: Tay N g u y e n , H u e - Da N a n g va
* Chudn bj ve tu tuang, chinh tri vd to chitc cho su thanh
chien d j c h H o C h i M i n h Ijch sir, giai p h o n g hoan toan
lap Dang:
m i e n N a m , thong nha't To quoc.
7) 1975
-1991
N g a y 25 - 12 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc tham d u D a i hoi
D a n g lanh dao nhan dan ta khac phuc hau qua chien
cua D a n g Xa hoi Phap va bo phieu tan t h a n h gia nhap Quoc
t r a n h , k h o i phuc va phat trien k i n h te.
T r u o c nhi>ng k h o khan to Ion cua dat nuoc. D a n g de ra
^ix
nam
1920
d u o n g loi d o i m o i da't nuoc. D u o n g 16'i nay dug'c the hien
den n a m
t r o n g N g h j quyet Dai hpi Ian t h u V I (12 - 1986). N h o vay,
1925
te C p n g san va thanh lap D a n g Cong san Phap. N a m 1921,
c i m g v o i m o t so' n g u o i yeu
nuoc ciia A n g i e r i ,
Maroc,
T u y n i d i . . . N g u y e n Ai Quoc lap ra Hoi lien hiep thuoc dia 6
dat n u o c da t u n g buoc v u g t qua con k h i i n g hoang va tie'p
Pari de tap h o p tat ca n h i r n g n g u o i dan thuoc dia song tren
tuc tien len.
da't Phap. C o q u a n ngon luan ciia H o i la bao Ngirai cung kho.
Tat cd cdc sif kien tren chi'mg to ran^, vai trb lanh dao
cua
IK
Dang Id nhan toquyel dinh moi thdng loi cua cdch mang Viet
Nam.
T h o i gian
cong nhan...
song
va dac biet la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phdp
(1925). T h a n g 6 - 1923, N g u y e n Ai
6, Nhirng cong hien to Ion cua Nguyen A i Quoc - Ho C h i m i n h doi voi lich
s u dan tpc ta tu nam 1911 den nam
N g u o i con vie't nhieu bai cho cac bao Nhan dao, Dai
Quoc b i mat r o i nuoc
Phap sang L i e n X6 d u Hoi nghi Quoc te'Nong dan (Thang 10 -
1945
1923). N g u o i 6 lai Lien X6, vira nghien c u u , hoc tap, vie't bai
Su ki^n
cho bao Su that ciia D a n g Cong san L i e n X6, tap chi Thu tin
* Tim duang cuu nuoc, den vai chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tint
Quoc tecua Quoc te'Cgng san. Tai D a i hoi Q u o c te'cpng san
ra con duomg cuu nuoc dung dan:
Ian t h u V (1924), N g u y e n Ai
N g a y 5 - 6 - 1 9 1 1 , r o i ben cang N h a R o n g bat dau
Quoc t r i n h bay lap t r u o n g
1920
M I , cuoi n a m 1913 tir M I t r o ve A n h . N a m 1917, Cach m a n g
a cac n u o c de quoc v o i p h o n g trao each m a n g 6 cac n u o c
t h a n g M u o i Nga b u n g no va thang l o i . N g u y e n A i Q u o c r o i
thuoc dia. N g a y 11 - 11 - 1924, N g u y e n Ai Quoc den Q u a n g
L u a n D o n ( A n h ) ve Pari (Phap). N g u o i t h a m gia boat d o n g
Chau ( T r u n g Quoc). Thang 6 - 1925, N g u y e n Ai Quoc thanh
lap H o i Vi?t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien de t r u y e n ba c h i i
m a n g thang M u o i N g a . N g a y 1 8 - 6 - 1 9 1 9 , thay mMt n h i r n g
den nam
n u o c thugc dja, ve m o i quan h f giira p h o n g trao cong nhan
t r o n g p h o n g trao cong nhan Phap va t i m hieu ve Cach
1911
q u a n d i e m ciia m i n h ve v j t r i chien luge ciia each m a n g cac
hanh t r i n h t i m d u o n g c u u nuoc. C u o i nam 1912 N g u o i d i
Tir nam
CUQC
nghia Mac - L e n i n ve Viet N a m .
n g u o i V i ^ t N a m yeu nuoc t^ii Phap, N g u y e n A i Quoc giri
200
1
201
A?/ duefng H5G L/ch Si? 12 - Jhs. Truong N0(>c Thai
Tny-nvrm
* Sang lap ra Dang Cgng san Viet Nam:
~~'
MI V LVVH Knan§ yiptr
T r o n g k h i chii t r p n g t o i cong n h a n va n o n g dan, N g u o i
N a m 1929, ba to chuc cpng san noi tie'p nhau ra d o i 6 V i ^ t
c i i n g T r u n g u o n g Dang con tranh t h u tap h p p r p n g rai cac
N a m : D o n g D u o n g Cpng san dang; A n N a m Cpng san dang
T u n a m 1929
tang l o p khac n h u sinh vien, hoc sinh, t r i thuc, t u san d a n
va D o n g D u o n g Cpng san lien doan. Su hoat d p n g rieng le
den nam
cua ba to chuc nay gay anh h u o n g k h o n g tot den tien t r i n h
tpc vao mat tran cuu nuoc. N a m 1943, D a n g d u a ra ban De
1930
each m a n g , can phai h p p nhat. N g u y e n A i Quoc thay mat
Quoc te'Cpng san to chuc va chii t r i H p i n g h j h p p nhat ba to
chuc cpng san de d i den t h o n g nhat thanh lap D a n g Cpng
san Viet N a m . H p i nghj con thao luan va t h o n g qua C h i n h
c u o n g van tat, Sach lupc vin tat, D i e u 1$ v a n tSt do N g u y e n
cuang Van hod Viet Nam, van d p n g thanh lap Hoi van hod cuu
quoc Viet Nam va dang Dan chu Viet Nam d u n g t r o n g M a t
tran V i ^ t M i n h .
- Luc luang vu trang: C i i n g v o i vi^e xay d u n g luc l u p n g
c h i n h t r j , cong tac xay d y n g luc l u p n g v u trang each m a n g
A i Quoc soan thao. Day la C u o n g ITnh c h i n h t n dau tien ciia
d u p e H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g u o n g D a n g dac biet coi t r p n g .
D a n g n h a m vach ra nhCmg net co ban nhat ve d u o n g loi
Sau cupc k h o i nghla BMc Son that bai, m p t bp phan luc
chien lupc va sach lupc cho each m a n g V i ^ t N a m .
l u p n g k h o i n g h l a v u t r a n g c h u y e n sang xay d u n g t h a n h
* Ciing
Trung
ucmg Dang
huong chi dao chien
hodn
chinh
chii trucmg
chuyen
n h i r n g d p i d u k i c h hoat d p n g 6 n h i r n g c u d i a Bac Son Vu Nhai.
luoc:
Thang 9 - 1939, Chien tranh t h e g i o i t h u hai b i i n g no. M o t
Buoc san^ n a m 1941, n h i r n g d p i d u k i c h Bac Son
Ion
t h o i gian sau, nuoc Phap bj Due chien d o n g (6 - 1940).
m a n h len va thong nhat lai thanh Trung doi citu quoc quan I
N g a y luc ay, N g u y e n A i Quoc nhan d i n h day la t h o i co c6
(14 - 2 - 1941). C i r u quoc quan phat d p n g chien tranh d u
Ipi cho each m a n g Vi?t N a m . N g a y 28 - 1 - 1941, N g u y e n A i
k i c h t r o n g 8 thang (tir thang 7 -1941 den thang 2 - 1942) de
d o i p h o v o i s u vay quet cua dich, sau d o phan tan thanh
Tir nam
1939
Quoc ve nuoc, tai Pae Bo - Cao Bang, N g u o i da to chuc va
den
nam
chii t r i H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g D a n g Ian t h u 8 ( t u 10 den 19 -
1945
5 - 1941) de hoan thanh chii t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g chi dao
chien lupe dupe de ra t r o n g H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g thang 11
n a m 1939. D o la: G i u o n g cao h o n nua n g p n eo giai p h o n g
dan tpc. Giai quyet van de dan toe t r o n g k h u o n k h o tirng
n u o c D o n g D u o n g , thanh lap M a t tran Viet M i n h . De ra ehii
n h i e u bp p h a n de chan c h i n h luc l u p n g , gay d u n g co so
c h i n h t r i t r o n g q u a n c h u n g tai cac t i n h T h a i
Nguyen,
T u y e n Q u a n g , L a n g Son. N g a y 15 - 9 - 1941, Trung doi citu
quoc U ra d o i .
N g a y 22 - 1 2 -1944, H o C h i M i n h chi thj thanh lap Doi Viet
t r u o n g k h o i nghia gianh c h i n h quyen, tir k h o i nghla t i m g
Nam
phan phat trien len Tong k h o i nghla k h i t h o i eo thuan I p i ,
d a n h thang lien tie'p 6 hai tran 6 Phay K h a t va N a N g a n
dat n h i e m v u chuan bj k h o i nghla v u trang la t r u n g tam.
(Cao Bang). Can eu Cao - BSc - Lang d u p e eung eo va m o
* Cung Trung ucmg Dang xay dung luc luang each
mang:
tuyen truyen giai phong quan. Sau k h i ra d o i , d p i da
r p n g . T h a n g 4 - 1945, N g u o i eiing T r u n g u o n g D a n g t r i ^ u
- Luc luang chinh tri: De eo luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j , N g u o i sang
tap H p i n g h i Q u a n s u each m a n g BSc K i . H p i n g h i quyet
lap M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h , m p t h i n h thuc m a t tran co to chire
d j n h t h o n g nhat eae lye l u p n g vu trang va nira v u trang;
khap ea nuoc do N g u o i d u n g d a u , la m p t t r u n g tarn doan
tich eye phat trien chien tranh d u kich. N g a y 15 - 5 - 1945,
ke't dau tranh chong Phap - N h a t gianh doe lap. M a t tran
t h y c h i ^ n quyet d i n h ciia H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g u o n g
Viet M i n h da thanh lap eac hpi cuu quoc de xay d y n g luc
D a n g , V i ^ t N a m C u u quoc quan va V i ^ t N a m tuyen t r u y e n
l u p n g ehi'nh trj cua quan c h i i n g rpng khap t r o n g ea nuoc.
giai p h o n g quan thong nhat thanh Viet Nam giai phong quan.
~
'
'
203
Cty TNHH MTV PVVH Khane Vi^t
* Ho Chi Minh cung Tning uomg Dang xay dung can cvc each
\. C o n g tac xay d u n g Mat tran ciia Dang ta trong each mang Viet Nam. Bai
mang:
I hpc ve xay dtmg Mat tran ciia D a n g ta.
Cong tac xay d u n g can c u dia each m a n g c u n g d u g c H o
* Cong tac xay dimg Mat tran:
Chi M i n h va T r u n g u o n g D a n g q u a n t a m . V i i n g BSc Son -
D o xae d j n h cong - nong la lue l u g n g ciia each m a n g .
chuc xay d u n g can c i i each mang: ban dau la can cii' dja Cao
1) 1 9 3 0 - 1 9 3 1
B^ng, den thang 6 - 1945 thanh lap k h u giai p h o n g Viet Bac,
* Ciing Trung uong Dang lanh dao
Tong kh&i nghia
D a n g ta chi thanh lap " H o i d o n g m i n h p h a n de D o n g
D u o n g " , n h u n g chua thuc h i ^ n dugc.
bau U y ban giai p h o n g d o N g u o i d u n g d a u .
Tain
Mat tran
Thai ki
V i i N h a i d u o c xay d u n g thanh can c u dja each m a n g . To
H a n che: chua thay dugc kha nang each m a n g cua cac giai
thang
cap va tang l o p khae t r o n g xa hoi Viet N a m .
1945:
Can c u vao t i n h h i n h t h e ' g i o i va t r o n g nuoc n h i r n g n a m
N g a y t u ngay 13 - 8 - 1945, k h i nhan d u o c n h i r n g t h o n g t i n
1936 - 1939, d o n g thoi can c u vao chu t r u o n g cua Quoc te
ve N h a t dau hang, H o C h i M i n h cung T r u n g u o n g D a n g va
C o n g san, thuc h i f n chinh sach cua M a t tran N h a n dan
T o n g bo Viet M i n h lap tuc thanh lap Uy ban khoi nghia loan
quae va ra "Qmn lenh sol"
2) 1 9 3 6 - 1 9 3 9
chinh thuc phap l^nh T o n g k h o i
Phap.
Tai H g i n g h i Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g Cong san
nghla t r o n g ea nuoc.
D o n g D u o n g (thang 7 - 1936), D a n g ta nhan d j n h : ke t h u
T u ngay 14 den ngay 15 - 8 - 1945, H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g
n g u y hiem, truoc mat ciia nhan dan D o n g D u o n g k h o n g
u o n g D a n g chi dao Hoi nghi loan quae cua Dang h o p 6 Tan
phai la thuc dan Phap noi c h u n g ma la bgn phan d o n g
Trao (Tuyen Quang), quyet d i n h phat d p n g T o n g
khoi
thugc dja va tay sai ciia c h i i n g . Xae d j n h n h i e m v u chieh
nghTa t r o n g ca nuoc, gianh c h i n h q u y e n t r u o c k h i quan
luge ciia each m a n g t u san dan q u y e n D o n g D u o n g la
D o n g m i n h vao D o n g D u o n g ; quyet d j n h n h u n g v a n de
chong de'quoc va p h o n g kien; n h i e m v u true tiep, t r u o c mat
quan t r o n g ve chinh sach d o i noi, d o i ngoai sau k h i gianh
la dau tranh chong che do phan d o n g thugc dja, chong phat
xit, chong n g u y co chien tranh, d o i t u do, dan sinh, dan chii,
ditgc c h i n h quyen.
c o m ao va hoa b i n h .
Tiep do, t u ngay 16 den ngay 17 - 8 - 1945, Dai hoi quoc
dan d u o c tri^u tap 6 Tan Trao. D a i h p i tan t h a n h T o n g k h o i
H g i nghj chii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t tran t h o n g nhat nhan
nghTa ciia D a n g thong qua 10 c h i n h sach cua Viet M i n h , c u
dan phan de'Dong Duong.
ra U}/ ban dan toe giai phong Viet Nam d o d o n g chi H o C h i
Tai H g i nghj Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g thang 3 - 1938,
M l n h l a m C h u tich. Dai hoi quyet d j n h lay la c6 d o sao v a n g
M a t tran t h o n g nhat nhan dan phan de D o n g D u o n g d o i
n a m each lam Quoe k i , bai hat tien quan ca l a m Quoc ca.
thanh Mat tran thong nhat dan chu Dong Duong, ggi tat la Mat
D u o i s u lanh dao eiia D a n g va H o C h i M i n h , Cach m a n g
tran dan chu Dong
thang T a m dien ra t r o n g 15 ngay ( t u ngay 14 den ngay 28 -
Duvng.
K h i Chien tranh the'gioi t h u hai b u n g no, thuc dan Phap
8 - 1945) va nhanh chong gianh d u o c thang I g i .
tang c u o n g dan ap, boc Igt nhan dan D o n g D u o n g , v a n
* Thdo vd doc Tuyen ngon Doe
m ^ n h eac dan tgc D o n g D u o n g bj de doa n g h i e m trgng. De
lap:
Sau k h i CUQC Tong k h o i nghTa thang T a m thang I g i , C h i i
g i a n h dgc lap, phai tap h g p rgng rai lue l u g n g dan toe, xay
tjch H o C h i M i n h thay mat D a n g va C h i n h p h u l a m t h d i
d u n g mat tran dan toe thong nhat. H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian
doe T u y e n ngon Doe lap do chinh N g u o i soan thao. T u y e n
3) 1939
-1945
t h u 6 (11 - 1939) da ehii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t tran thong
nhat dan tgc phan de'Dong D u o n g .
n g o n t u y e n bo khai sinh nuoc V i ^ t N a m D a n chii C o n g hoa,
M a t tran t h o n g nhat dan tgc phan d e ' D o n g D u o n g doan
d a n h dau thang Igi hoan toan euge Caenh m a n g thang T a m .
1'
^
ket r o n g rai cae tang lop, eac giai cap, eac dan tgc, ke ca ea
nhan yeu nuac 6 Dong Duong, chia mui nhpn vao ke thu
chii yeu truoc m i t la chvi nghia de quoc - phat xi't Phap Nhat, gianh dpc lap dan toe cho cac nuoc Dong Duong.
Den Hpi nghi Trung uong Ian thu 8 (5 - 1941) duoi sy chii
tri ciia Nguyen A i Quoc chu truong giai quyet van de dan
toe, tap hgp luc lugng, xay dung mat tran thong nhat dan
tgc cho tung nude 6 Dong Duong. O Vi?t Nam, Dang ta
thanh lapVi^t Nam dgc lap dong minh (ggi tat la Mat tran
Viet Minh).
Mat tran Viet Minh lien hi?p het thay cac gioi dong bao
yeu nuoc, khong phan bi^t giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai,
khong phan bi^t ton giao va xu huong chinh tri, dang ciing
nhau muu cugc dan tgc giai phong va sinh ton.
Mat tran V i f t Minh ra doi vao ngay 19 - 5 - 1941 va ton
tai den thang 2 - 1951. Mat tran Vi^t M i n h c6 vai tro to Ion
trong vi^c chuan bj va lanh dao Cach mang thang Tam nam
1945 th^ng Igi.
4)1945 -1954
Sau Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, Dang ta thay Mat
tran Vi^t Minh van chua thu hiit tang lop tren va van nghe
SI... theo sang kien ciia Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh, thang 5 1946, Dang ta thanh lap Mat tran Lien Vi#t de thu hiit hp.
W * Bat hoc vexay dung Mat tran:
I
N3m vCrng tinh chat dan tgc ciia mat tran, chong tu tudng hiru khuynh va
ta khuynh trong van de xay dyng Mat tran.
Phai dung virng tren lap trudng eiia giai cap cong nhan de xay dung Mat tran.
phuong cham ciia Mat tran la doan ket - dau tranh. Doan ket de dau tranh
y(^i ke thu ed hi^u qua. Dau tranh la de dam bao khoi doan ket trong Mat tran
(Jugc virng chae han. NhiSng mau thuan trong ngi bg Mat tran la mau thuan
trong ngi bg nhan dan, chi cd the duge giai quyet theo phuong phap dau tranh
^ thuong lugng - nhan nhugng.
Khong ngung cving c6' va tang cudng su lanh dao ciia Dang doi vdi cong tae
Ivlat tran, trong dd, mau chdt la eiing co'khoi lien minh cong nong that viing chae.
Cd chii truong, chinh sach doan ket diing dan, dong thdi phai cd hinh thue
to chuc, tap hgp phong phii, linh boat, thi moi hinh thanh duge Mat tran dan
tgc thong nhat. Hinh thue Mat tran qua cac thdi ki phai thay doi cho phu hgp
vdi yeu cau, nhi^m vu each mang ciia tirng thdi ki. Phai xay dung nhieu Mat
tran khac nhau.
8. S\ nghi^p dau tranh ngo?i giao trong tien trinh each mang nuoc ta tu nam
1945 den nam 1973
Thdi k i
Dau tranh ngoai giao
* Truoc ngay 6 - 3 - 1946: Dau tranh vai quan Trung
Cac to chuc quan chiing cua Mat tran cung ra dai.
Hoa
Dan quoc va hgn phan each mang d mien Bac
Nam 1951, do yeu cau ciia cupc khang chie'n va su phat
Thue hien sdch luge hoa hoan vai quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc:
trien ciia each mang. Dang ta da thong nhat hai mat tran
Vi?t Minh va Lien Vi^t thanh mat tran Lien Vi?t, khoi doan
Nhugng cho cac dang Vi?t Quoc, Vi^t Cach tay sai ciia
ket toan dan cang duge tang cuong.
Trung Hoa Dan quoc 70 ghe trong quoc hgi khong bau
Sau khi phong trao Dong khoi 1959 - 1960 6 mien Nam
1)1945 -1946
cu, 4 ghe'Bg trudng trong Chinh phii lien h i f p chinh thiic.
gianh duge thang Igi, do yeu eau ciia each mang mien Nam
Nhan nhugng cho Trung Hoa Dan quoc mot so quyen Igi
sau Dong khoi nen Mat tran Dan tgc giai phong mien Nam
ve kinh te, nhu cung cap mgt phan luong thue, thue pham,
Vi^t Nam ra doi vao ngay 20 - 12 - 1960. Mat tran Dan tgc
phuong ti^n giao thong van tai, cho phep dung tien Trung
giai phong mien Nam Vi^t Nam ra doi da tro thanh nggn c6
5) 1954-1975
Quoc tren thj trudng.
doan ket 14 tri^u dong bao mien Nam dung len dau tranh
de cuu nude ciiu nha.
6) 1976
nay
den
Sau khi da't nude duge dgc lap, hoa binh va thong nhat.
Dang ta hgp nhat cac mat tran trong ca nude thanh lap Mat
tran To quoc Vi?t Nam de doan ket toan dan, xay dung chii
nghla xa hgi trong ca nude.
Doi vai to chuc phan each mang, tay sai cua Trung Hoa Dan
quoc (Viet Quoc, Viet each). Chinh quyen each mang dua vao
quan chiing, kien quyet vaeh tran am muu va hanh dgng
chia re, pha hoai eiia chiing. Nhij-ng ke pha hoai cd dii bang
chung thi bj trung trj theo phap luat. Chinh phii con ban
hanh mgt so sac lenh nh5m tran ap bgn phan each mang.
207
eSi du&ng H9G Ljch Sir 12 - Ths. Tnrcme Ngpc Thai
Nhimg bicn phdp sack lucre nhdn nhieang tren day da hqn chc
aic boat dong chohg phd cita Trung Hoa Dan quoc vd tay sai, Idni
that bqi dm mim Idt dochinh quycn each mqng ci'ia quart chting.
* Til-ngay 6-3
dayqudn
den 14-9-
1946: Hod hodn vcd Phdp
nhatn
Trung Hoa Dan quoc ra khoi nuac ta
Sau k h i chie'm d o n g cac do thj 6 N a m Bo va N a m T r u n g
Bo, thuc dan Phap de ra ke hoach tien quan ra BMc nham
t h o n ti'nh ca n u o c ta.
'
De tranh d u n g do vox luc l u g n g k h a n g chien cua ta, thuc
dan Phap dieu d i n h v o i C h i n h p h i i T r u n g Hoa D a n quoc, ki
hiep Hoa - Phap (28 - 2 - 1946), theo d o T r u n g Hoa dan
quoc d u o c Phap tra lai cac to g i o i va n h u g n g dja ciia Phap
tren dat T r u n g Quoc va d u g c van chuyen hang hoa qua
cang H a i I^hong va Hoa N a m k h o n g phai d o n g thue. De doi
l ^ i , Phap d u g c d u a quan ra Bac thay quan T r u n g H o a Dan
quoc lam nhiem v u giai giap quan N h a t Ban.
H i ? p u6c Hoa - Phap da dat nhan dan ta truoc su lua
chgn m g t trong hai con d u o n g : hoac cam sung chien dau
chong thuc dan Phap, k h o n g cho c h i i n g do bg len m i e n B^c;
hoac hoa hoan, nhan n h u g n g Phap de tranh t i n h trang phai
d o i p h o v o i m g t liic v o i nhieu ke t h i i .
C h i e u 6 - 3 - 1946, tai H a N g i , C h i i t j c h H o C h i M i n h
t h a y m a t C h i n h p h u Vi?t N a m D a n c h i i cgng hoa k i v o i
G. Xanhtoni - dai dien Chinh phu Phap - ban Hiep dinh So bo.
- Noi dung cua Hiep dinh:
C h i n h p h u Phap cong nhan n u o c Viet N a m D a n chu
C o n g hoa la m g t quoc gia t u do, c6 c h i n h p h i i rieng, nghj
vien rieng, quan d g i rieng, tai chinh rieng, va la thanh vien
L i e n bang D o n g D u o n g , nam t r o n g k h o i L i e n h i ^ p Phap.
C h i n h p h u V i ^ t N a m Dan chii C g n g hoa thoa thuan
cho 15000 quan Phap vao m i e n Bac thay quan T r u n g Hoa
ngoai giao ciia V i ^ t N a m , che d p t u o n g lai cua
Dong
D u o n g , q u y e n l o i k i n h te'va van hoa ciia n g u o i Phap 6 Vi?t
Nam.
Ki Hiep dinh Sa bo 6 - 3 - 1946, tqm thai hod hodn vai Phdp,
ta trdnh duac cuoc chien dau bat lai vi phai chong lai nhieu ke
thii Cling mot luc, day dugc 20 van quan Trung
Hoa Dan quoc
Cling ban tay sai ra khoi nuac ta, gidnh them thai gian hod btnh
Cling CO chinh quyen each mqng, chuan bi luc lugng cho moi
mat
cho cuoc khdng chien lau ddi chong thiec dan Phdp.
D o ta dau tranh kien quye't, cugc d a m p h a n c h i n h thuc
giira hai C h i n h p h i i Viet N a m va Phap da d u g c to chuc tai
Ph6ng-ten-no-bl6 tie ngay 6-7
- 1946. Cugc d a m phan that
bai. T r o n g liic do tai D o n g D u o n g , q u a n Phap tang c u o n g
boat d o n g k h i e u khich. Q u a n he V i ^ t - Phap ngay cang cang
thang, CO n g u y co no ra chien tranh.
T r u o c t i n h h i n h do, C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , da k i v o i dai
d i ^ n ciia C h i n h p h i i Phap ban Tqm uac ngay 14 - 9 - 1946,
n h a n n h u g n g Phap m g t so q u y e n Igi k i n h te - v a n hoa 6
V i ^ t N a m . Ban Tarn uoc da tao d i e u k i ^ n cho ta c6 t h e m
t h o i g i a n xay d u n g , c i i n g co luc l u g n g , chuan b i b u o c vao
cugc k h a n g chien toan quoc chong Phap lau d a i .
* Hgi nghi Gioneva nam 1954 ve doc lap, chu quyen, thong
nhat vd todn
Idnh thocua ba nuac Dong
Duong:
Buoc vao d o n g - xuan 1953 -1954, d o n g t h o i v o i cugc tien
cong quan su, ta day m a n h cugc dau tranh ngoai giao, m o
ra kha n5ng giai quye't bang con d u o n g hoa b i n h cugc chien
tranh d Dong Duong.
Thang 1 -1954, H g i n g h i ngoai t r u o n g b o n n u o c L i e n X6,
M I , A n h , Phap h g p tai Beclin da thoa t h u a n ve vi#c t r i f u tap
m g t hgi n g h i quoc t e d G i o n e v o de giai quye't van de Trieu
Tien va lap lai hoa b i n h d D o n g D u o n g .
D a n quoc lam n h i e m v y giai phap quan N h a t , so quan nay
N g a y 8 - 5 -1954, H g i n g h j G i o n e v o bat dau thao luan
se d o n g 6 n h i i n g dia d i e m quy d j n h va r i i t d a n t r o n g t h o i
ve van de lap lai hoa b i n h 6 D o n g D u o n g . Phai doan c h i n h
han 5 nam.
p h i i ta do Pho T h i i t u o n g P h a m V a n D o n g l a m T r u o n g
H a i ben n g i r n g m g i cugc x u n g dot a m i e n N a m va g i u
n g u y e n quan d g i ciia m i n h tai v i t r i cQ, tao k h o n g k h i thuan
Igi cho d i den cugc d a m phan chinh thuc ban cac v a n de
doan c h i n h thuc d u g c m o i h g p . D e n ngay 21 - 7 - 1954,
van ban ciia H g i n g h i dugc k i ke't.
cac
- Noi dung Hiep dinh Gianeva quy dinh:
Cac nuoc tham d u Hpi nghj cam ket ton trpng cac quyen
dan toe co ban la doc lap, chu quyen va toan ven lanh tho
ciia ba nuoc Vi?t Nam, Lao, Campuchia; cam ket khong can
thiep vao cong vi^c noi bp cua ba nuoc.
Cac ben tham chien thuc hi?n ngirng ban, lap lai hoa
binh tren toan Dong Duong.
Cac ben tham chien thuc hien cupc d i chuyen, tap ket
dpi quan 6 hai vung:
Hi^p djnh cam vi^c dua quan dpi, nhan vien quan sv,
vu khi nuoc ngoai vao cac nuoc Dong Duong khong dupe
tham gia bat ki khoi liem minh quan su nao va khong de
cho nuoc khac dung lanh tho cua minh vao vi^c gay chien
tranh hoac phuc vu muc dich xam lupc.
Viet Nam tien toi thong nhat b^ng cupc tong tuyen cu tu
do trong ca nuoc, se dupe to chuc vao thang 7 - 1956 duoi
su kiem soat va giam sat va kiem soat ciia mot Uy ban quoc
te (trong do A n Dp lam chu tich, cung hai nuoc Ba Lan va
Canada).
Trach nhi?m thi hanh Hi?p djnh thupc ve nhung nguoi
ki hi^p djnh Gionevo va nhiing nguoi ke tuc hp.
Hiep dinh Gianeva 1954 ve Dong Duong la van ban phdp li
quoc teghi nhan cdc quyen dan toe ca ban cm nhdn dan cdc nuac
Dong Duong va duac cdc cuang quoc cung cdc nua tham du Hoi
nghi cam ket ton trong.
No ddnh dau thang hi cugc khdng chien chong Phdp, song chua
tron ven vt mai gidi phong duac mien Bac. Cugc dau tranh each
mqng van phdi tiep tuc nhSm gidi phong mien Nam, thong nhat
dd't nuac.
Vai Hiep dinh Gianeva, Phdp bugc phdi cham diet chien tranh
xdm luge, rut hel quan dgi venudc; de quoc Mi that hai trong dm
muu keo ddi, ma rgng, quoc te hod chien tranh xdm luge Dong
Duong.
* Hgi nghi Pari veViet
Nam:
Ngay 31 - 3 - 1968, sau don bat ngo ctia cupc Tong tien
cong va noi day Tet Mau Than cua quan ta, Gionxon tuyen
bo ngung nem bom ban pha mien Bac t u vT tuyen 20 tro ra
210
va bat dau noi den thuang lugng vdi V i f t Nam.
) 1954 - 1973
Ngay 13 - 5 - 1968, cupc thuang lupng chinh thuc hai ben,
giua dai di?n Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa va
dai dif n Chinh phii Hoa Ki 6 Pari hpp phien dau tien.
Hpi nghi bon ben ve Vi?t Nam chinh thuc hpp phien dau
tien ngay 2 5 - 1 -1969 tai Pari.
Quan diem ciia ta: doi MT nit het quan cua minh va quan
dong minh khoi mien Nam va doi hp ton trpng cac quyen
dan tpc CO ban ciia nhan dan Viet Nam va quyen t u quyet
ciia nhan dan mien Nam Vi^t Nam.
Phia M l CO quan diem ngupc lai, nhat la van de riit quan,
doi quan dpi mien Bac cung riit khoi mien Nam, va t u choi
ki d u thao Hi?p dinh do phia V i f t Nam dua ra (10 - 1972)
de mo cupc tap kich khong quan b5ng may bay B52 va Ha
Noi, Hai Phong trong 12 ngay dem cuoi nam 1972 vai y do
bupc phia Viet Nam ki d u thao Hiep dinh do M i dua ra.
Nhung M l da that bai, Viet Nam da dap tan cupc tap kich
khong quan bang may bay B52 ciia M , lam nen tran "Trdn
Dim Bien Phii tren khong", sau do bupc Mi tro lai k i d y thao
Hiep djnh Pari do ta dua ra truoc do.
H i f p dinh Pari ve cham dut chien tranh, lap la: hoa binh a
Viet Nam dupe ki tat ngay 23 - 1 - 1973 giua dai di?n hai
chinh phu Vi?t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa va Hoa K i , va k i
chinh thuc ngay 27 - 1 - 1973 giiia bon Bp truong dai di^n
cho cac chinh phu tham d u hpi nghj tai Pari. Hi|p dinh Pari
bat dau CO hi^n luc tir ngay ki chinh thiie.
- Noi dung Hiep djnh gom nhitng dieu khodn co ban:
Hoa K i va cac nuoc cam ket ton trpng dpc lap, chu quyen,
thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho ciia Vi?t Nam.
Cupc ngung ban 6 mien Nam Vi?t Nam dupe thuc hi^n
vao 24 gia ngay 27 - 1 -1973. Hoa Ki cam ket cham dut mpi
hoat dpng quan su chong mien Bac Vi^t Nam.
Hoa Ki riit het quan dpi cua minh va quan dong minh
trong thoi han 60 ngay ke tu khi ki hi?p djnh, huy bo cac
can cu quan sy M i , cam ket khong tiep hie dinh liu quan su
hoac can thi^p vao cong vi|c npi bp ciia mien Nam Vi^t
Nam.
-ujy r/vrm TvnvT'TTTTKnangyTVT
N h a n dan m i e n N a m Viet N a m t u quyet d j n h t u o n g lai
c h i n h t r j t h o n g qua tong tuyen cir t u do, k h o n g c6 s u can
thiep cua nuoc ngoai.
* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhung nam 1948 - 1950:
Ve chinh tri: D a u n a m 1 9 4 9 , C h i n h p h u quyet d j n h to chuc bau c u Hoi dong
nhan dan va Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh cac cap. T h a n g 6 - 1 9 4 9 , M a t tran V i ^ t
H a i m i e n N a m - Bac Viet N a m se t h u o n g l u p n g ve vi^c
t h o n g nhat da't nuoc k h o n g c6 sy can thi^p cua nuoc ngoai.
M i n h va H g i L i e n Vi?t quyet d i n h tien toi t h o n g nhat hai to chuc.
Vekinh
te: C h i n h p h u ra cac sac l?nh g i a m to 2 5 % , g i a m tuc, hoan n g , xoa
H a i ben tien hanh trao tra tu b i n h va d a n t h u o n g bj bSt.
no, chia lai r u g n g da't cong, tam cap r u g n g dat v a n g chii, r u g n g da't cap t u tay
Cac ben cong nhan thyc te m i e n N a m V i ^ t N a m c6 hai
de'quoc, bgn p h a n d g n g .
c h i n h q u y e n , hai quan d o i , hai v u n g k i e m soat va ba luc
C o n g n g h i e p va t h u cong nghi^p phat trien theo q u y m o n h o va p h a n tan,
l u g n g chinh t r i (luc l u g n g each mang, luc l u g n g hoa b i n h
chu t r g n g cong nghiep dja p h u o n g va cong nghiep quoc p h o n g , dap u n g n h u
t r u n g lap va luc l u g n g chinh q u y e n Sai Gon).
cau can thie'l ye'u cua d o i song va chien d a u .
H o a K i cam ket gop phan vao vi^c han gan vet t h u o n g
Tren mat tran van hod, gido due: N a m 1 9 4 8 , tai H g i nghj v a n hoa toan quo'c,
chien t r a n h 6 Viet N a m va D o n g D u o n g tien t o i thiet lap
Tong Bi t h u T r u o n g C h i n h dgc bao cao chu nghia Mdc va van de van hod Viet
q u a n he m o i , b i n h dang va cung c6 Igi giira hai nuoc.
Nam,
Uiep dinh Pari ve Viet Nam la thang lai cua su ke\
gim
neu ro nen v a n hoa m o i each m a n g Viet N a m d u g c xay d u n g theo
p h u o n g cham: D a n tgc - Khoa hgc - D a i c h i i n g .
dau tranh quan su dau tranh chinh tri va dau tranh ngoai giao, la
Phong trao " B i n h dan hgc v u " va giao due p h o t h o n g cac cap d u g c d u y t r i
ket qua cua cuoc dau tranh kien cuang, bat khud't cua quan dan ta
va phat t r i e n . T h a n g 7 - 1 9 5 0 , C h i n h p h u de ra chii t r u o n g cai each giao due
a hai mien da't nuoc, mo ra buac ngoqt mai cua cuoc khang chien
pho t h o n g .
cho'ng Ml cuu nu&c cua dan toe.
* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhung nam 1951
Voi Hiep dinh Pari, Mi phdi cong nhan cac quyen dan tgc co
ban cm nhan dan ta, phai rut he't quan venudc.
Do Id thang loi
lich sie quan trong, tqo ra thai ca thuqn lai denhdn
dan ta tick
len gidi phong todn mien Nam.
-1953:
Ve chinh tri: T u ngay 3 den ngay 7 - 3 - 1 9 5 1 , D a i hgi toan quoc t h o n g nhat
M a t tran Viet M i n h va H g i L i e n V i ^ t thanh m o t mat t r a n d u y nhat, lay ten la
Mat tran Lien hiep quoc dan Viet Nam ( M a t tran L i e n Vi$t).
Ngay 1 1 - 3 - 1951,
thanh lap Lien minh nhan dan Viet - Mien - Lao n h a m tang c u o n g h o n nCra t i n h
doan ket giCra n h a n dan ba nuoc t r o n g cuoc dau t r a n h chong ke t h u c h u n g la
9. Cong tac xay dimg hau phuong trong khang chien chong Phap va chong MI
a) Khang chien chong Phdp (1945
-1954)
* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhitng nam 1946
-1947
Ve chinh tri, C h i n h p h i i quyet d i n h chia ca nuoc thanh 1 4 k h u h a n h chinh.
Cac l i y ban h a n h chinh chuyen thanh Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh de thuc
hien n h i e m v u k h a n g chien va kien quoc. M a t tran d a n tgc t h o n g nhat dugc
m o rgng, thanh lap H g i Lien H i e p quoc dan Viet N a m (Lien Viet).
Ve kinh te, C h i n h p h i i de ra cac c h i n h sach n h a m d u y t r i va phat trien san
xuat, truoc he't la san xuat l u o n g thuc.
Vevdn
hod, p h o n g trao b i n h dan hoc v u tiep tuc d u g c d u y t r i va phat trien.
T r u o n g pho t h o n g cac cap d u g c xay d u n g . Viec cham soc sue khoe cho nhan
dan d u g c chu t r o n g .
thuc dan Phap va can thiep M I .
Phong trao t h i dua yeu n u o c ngay cang an sau, Ian r g n g t r o n g cac nganh,
cac g i o i l a m nay n o n h i e u d o n v i , ca nhan u u t u . N g a y 1 - 5 - 1 9 5 2 , D a i hgi anh
h u n g va chien sT t h i d u a toan quoc Ian t h i i nhat da tong ket, bieu d u o n g thanh
tich cua p h o n g trao t h i dua ai quoc va bau chgn 7 anh h u n g . D o la: CM Chinh
Lan, La Van Cau, Nguyen Quoc Tri, Nguyen Thi Chien, Ngd Gia Khdm, Tran
Dai
Nghia, Hodng Hanh.
Vekinh te: N a m 1 9 5 2 , C h i n h p h u de ra cuoc v a n d g n g san xuat va t h u c hanh
tiet k i ^ m . Cugc v a n d g n g da l o i cuon m g i nganh, m g i g i o i t h a m gia. San xuat
t h u cong n g h i e p va cong nghiep ve co ban dap i m g n h u cau ve cong cu san
xuat n h i r n g m a t hang thiet yeu cua d o i song.
D i d o i v o i day manh san xuat, Chinh p h i i de ra n h i m g chinh sach nham chan
chinh che do thue'khoa, xay d u n g nen tai chinh, ngan hang, t h u o n g nghiep.
"
De b o i d u o n g sue dan, nha't la nong dan, dau n a m 1953 D a n g va C h i n h p h u
* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhitng nam 1961 -1965:
Trong thai gian nay, mien BSc thue hi^n ke'hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam (1961 -1965).
quyet d j n h phat d p n g quan c h i i n g t r i f t de giam to va cai each r u p n g da't.
T u thang 4 - 1953 den thang 7 - 1954, ta thuc h i ^ n 5 d g t g i a m to va m g t dgt
N h i e m v u eo ban eiia ke'hoach 5 nam la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va n o n g
eai each r u p n g da't a 53 xa thuoe v i i n g t u do Thai N g u y e n , Thanh Hoa. Deh
nghiep, tie'p tuc cong eupe eai tao xa h p i ehii nghla, cung eo va tang c u a n g
euol n a m 1953, t u L i e n K h u I V t r o ra, each m a n g da t a m cap eho n o n g dan
thanh phan k i n h te quo'e d o a n h , eai thien m p t buoe d o i song vat chat va van
184.000ha r u o n g da't
hoa cua nhan dan lao d p n g , c u n g eo quoc p h o n g , tang c u a n g trat t u va an n i n h
Ve van hod, gido due, y te: Ta tie'p tuc euoe eai each giao due ( t u n a m
1950)
thue h i ^ n theo ba p h u a n g cham: phuc vu khdng ehie'n, phue vu dan sink, phuc vu
sdn xud't, gan nha t r u o n g v o l d o i song xa hoi. Van n g h | si hang hai t h a m nhap
m o i m a t eua d o i song, ehien dau va san xua't, h u o n g u n g l a i day eiia H o Chi
M i n h "Khdng ehien hod van hod va van hod khdng ehie'n".
Cong tae van d o n g ve sinh p h o n g b?nh, thue h i ^ n d o i song m o i , bai t r u me
t i n d j doan ngay eang eo t i n h chat quan c h i i n g r o n g Ion. C o n g tae cham lo sue
khoe eho nhan dan d u p e coi t r p n g . B^nh v i f n , benh xa, p h o n g y te, t r a m euu
t h u o n g d u p e xay d u n g khap n o i .
* Tdc dung cua hqu phuctng trong nhung nam 1951 -1953:
C u n g cap day d i i , k i p t h a i sue n g u o i va sue eua de d a m bao eho eupe khang
ehie'n gianh thang Ipi euo'i eiing. H a u p h u a n g la nhan to' t h u o n g xuyen quyet
d i n h den thang I p i eua ehien t r u o n g true tie'p gop phan vao thang I p i tren mat
tran quan s u t r o n g nhi>ng nam 1951 - 1953; Chien eupe D o n g - X u a n 1953 1954 va ehien djeh Ijeh sir D i ^ n Bien P h i i .
D a p u n g n h u eau bue thie't eiia eupe khang chien, day m a n h s u n g h i ^ p quoc
p h o n g , tao tien de (chinh quyen, eo so k i n h te, van hoa xa hpi) de tie'n len ehii
nghla xa h p i sau nay.
b) Khdng chien chong Mi (1954 -1975)
* Xay dung hau phuang mien Bac trong nhicng nam 1954 -1960:
Sau k h i hoa b i n h lap lai, m i e n BSe tien hanh cai each r u p n g da't, k h o i phuc
k i n h te'va han gan vet t h u o n g ehie'n tranh.
xa h p i .
Ve k i n h te: N g a n h cong nghiep dupe u u tien dau t u xay d u n g . N o n g
nghiep, t u n a m 1961, cae dia p h u a n g thue hien ehii t r u o n g xay d u n g h p p tae
xa san xua't n o n g nghiep bac cao.
T h u o n g nghiep quo'e d o a n h dupe N h a n u a e u u tien phat t r i e n nen da chie'm
l i n h t h i t r u o n g , g o p phan phat trien k i n h te. C l i n g eo'quan h$ san xua't m o i , on
d i n h va eai t h i ^ n d o i song n h a n dan.
T r o n g giao t h o n g : H ^ tho'ng giao t h o n g d u o n g bp, d u o n g sat, d u o n g lien
t i n h , lien h u y ^ n , d u a n g song, d u o n g hang k h o n g d u p e c i i n g c6'. Viee d i lai
t r o n g n u a e va giao t h o n g quo'e te'thuan Ipi h o n .
Ve giao due, y te: H e tho'ng giao due t u p h o thong den dai hpe phat trien
m a n h . H ^ t h o n g y te, cham lo sue khoe d u p e dau t u phat trien. N h u n g loai
djch b ^ n h 6 m i e n Bae eo ban d u p e xoa bo.
* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhitng nam 1965 -1968:
T r o n g t h o i gian nay, m i e n Bac v u a c6 hoa b i n h , v u a phai d o i d a u v o i eupe
chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nha't eiia MT.
Mae dau vay, m i e n Bac v a n l a m nghla v u hau p h u o n g I a n ciia k h a n g ehie'n
chong MT euu nuoc, m i e n Bae l u o n h u d n g ve m i e n N a m . V i m i e n N a m rupt
thit, m i e n Bac p h a n d a u " M o i nguoi Idm viec bdng hai". V i tien tuye'n keu gpi,
hau p h u o n g s i n sang danh d a p lai "Thoc khdng thieu mot can, quan khdng thieu
mot nguoi".
T r o n g n h i r n g nam 1958 - 1960, m i e n Bac thue h i ^ n eong eupe eai tao xa hpi
Tuye'n d u o n g van ehuyen chien lupc Bac - N a m m a n g ten H P C h i M i n h tren
chu nghla tren cae ITnh vue cpng nhi^p, thii eong nghiep, t h u o n g n g h i f p nho, cong
bp (dpe day n i i i T r u o n g Son) va tren bien (doc theo b o bien) bat dau khai thong t u
t h u o n g nghiep t u ban t u doanh, trong do khau chinh la h o p tae hoa nong nghiep.
thang 5 -1959, dai hang nghin cay s6^ da noi lien hau p h u o n g v o i tien tuyeh.
Ke't qua cai tao la da xoa bo eo ban che'dp n g u o i boe Ipt n g u o i , c6 tae d y n g
Qua hai tuye'n d u o n g van ehuyen chien lupc do, t r o n g 4 n a m (1965 - 1968)
thue day san xua't phat trien, nha't la t r o n g dieu k i ^ n ehien tranh, h p p tae xa da
m i e n BMc da d u a h o n 300.000 can bp, bp d p i vap m i e n N a m t h a m gia ehien
bao d a m d o i song vat chat, t i n h than eho n h i r n g n g u o i ra d i chien d a u , phyc
d a u , phuc v u ehie'n da'u, xay d u n g k i n h te, v a n hoa tai cae v i m g giai p h o n g , va
v u ehie'n d a u .
cGng da g u i vao N a m hang ehyc van tan via k h i , dan dupe, quan trang, quan
D o n g t h o i v o i n h i ^ m v u cai tao xa h p i chu nghla, eong n g h i f p quo'e doanh
d u n g , xang d a u , l u o n g thue, thuc p h a m , thuoe men va n h i e u vat d y n g khae.
dupe u u tien dau t u xay d u n g . Den nam 1960, m i e n Bae eo 172 x i nghiep Ion
T i n h c h u n g sue n g u o i , sue eiia t u m i e n Bae d i u y e n vao N a m t r o n g 4 n a m da
do T r u n g u o n g q u a n l i , tren 500 x i nghiep do dia p h u o n g quan l i .
tang gap 10 Ian so v o i t h o i k i truoe.
214
* Xdy dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhihtg nam 1969 - 1973:
Tren k h 5 p m i e n Bac day len p h o n g trao t h i dua hgc tap, cong tac, lao d p n g
san xua't, n h 3 m t r u o c he't k h o i phuc va phat trien k i n h te - xa h p i .
^harLJ:
I
Trong nong nghiep, chan nuoi duoc dua len thanh nganh chinh. Cac hgp tac xa
tich eye ap d u n g tien bo khoa hoc k l thuat, nhieu bien phap tham canh tang v u .
I
hoai nang ne d u p e khan t r u o n g k h o i phuc.
Van hod, giao due, y te, cCing nhanh chong d u p e k h o i phuc va phat trien. D o i
QIOI H E N D A I
N H U N G V A N D E ZQ B A N C U A L I C H S U T H E G I O I H I E N D A I
(tu ndm 1917 den ndm 1945)
VA CONG
CUQC
XAY D l / N G C H U N G H I A XA HQI 6 LIEN X 6
pha d u p e k h o i phuc nhanh chong. N h i e u cong t r i n h d a n g l a m dang d o dupe
He thong giao thong van tai, nha't la cac t u y e n giao t h o n g ehien lupe, bj pha
SO THE
I, C A C H M A N G T H A N G MLfCJI N G A N A M 1917
T r o n g cong nghiep, nhieu ca so cong nghiep t r u n g u a n g va dja p h u o n g tan
u u tien dau t u xay d u n g tiep, d u a vao hoat d p n g .
LICH
1. T i n h hinh nuoc Nga truoc each mang
,
D a u the k i XX, N g a van la m o t nuoc quan ehu chuyen che, d u n g dau la N g a
hoang N i c o l a i I I . Su ton tai ciia che dp quan chu va nhi>ng tan tich phong kien
k i m h a m nang ne s y phat trien ciia chii nghla t u ban 6 N g a . N a m 1914, Nga
hoang da day nhan dan N g a vao eupc chien tranh de'quoc, gay nen n h i i n g hau
song n h a n d a n on d j n h .
T r o n g k h i m i e n Bac tap t r u n g xay d u n g hau p h u o n g t h i M l tien hanh eupc
qua n g h i e m t r p n g cho dat nuoc. Phong trao phan d o i chien t r a n h , d o i lat d o
chien t r a n h pha hoai Ian t h u hai, m i e n Bac phai v u a san xua't v u a chong ehien
che d p N g a hoang Ian r p n g khap trong nuoc. C h i n h phu N g a hoang ngay cang
tranh pha hoai cua M l .
to ra bat lye, k h o n g eon kha nang tiep tuc t h o n g t r i d u p e nvta. N u o c Nga da
T r o n g d i e u k i e n t u o n g d o i hoa b i n h , ca t r o n g chien t r a n h pha hoai, mien
Bac da tap t r u n g I a n kha nang ve lue l u p n g va p h u o n g tien de khae phuc k i p
t h o i hau qua ciia nhij-ng tran d a n h pha ae liet, v u p t qua nhi>ng eupc bao vay
p h o n g toa gat gao cua djch, bao d a m tiep nhan tot hang v i e n t r p t u ben ngoai
va ehi v i ^ n theo yeu cau cua tien t u y e n m i e n N a m , c6 ca chien t r u o n g Lao va
Campuchia.
* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhihtg nam 1973
tien sat tai m o t eupc each m a n g .
2. Cach mang thang H a i nam.1917
Cach m a n g dan chii t u san thang hai bat dau t u thang 2 - 1 9 1 7 . M o dau la
eupc bieu t i n h ngay 23 - 2 ciia 9 van nvt cong nhan o t h u d o Petorograt. N g a y
27 - 2, phong trao nhanh chong Ian rpng toan thanh pho va chuyen t u tong bai
cong c h i n h t r j sang k h o i nghla v i i trang. Quan k h o i nghia chie'm d u p e cae cong
-1975:
H i ^ p d j n h Pari n a m 1973 ve Viet N a m , q u a n M I bupe p h a i r i i t k h o i nuoe ta,
so, bat cac t u o n g ta eiia N g a hoang. Che d p quan chii chuyen che'sup d o .
l a m thay d o i so sanh lue l u p n g 6 m i e n N a m eo I p i eho each m a n g . M i e n Bac tro
T i n thang Ipi ciia eupc k h o i nghla o thii do da bay nhanh k h 5 p t r o n g nuoc.
lai hoa b i n h , tien h a n h khae phuc hau qua ehien tranh, k h o i phuc va phat trien
Chi t r o n g v o n g 8 ngay, tren p h a m v i ca nuoc, quan c h i i n g n h a n dan da v i i n g
k i n h te - xa h p i , ra sue ehi v i ^ n eho tien t u y e n m i e n N a m .
day lat d o che d p cij. N u o c Nga t r o thanh nuoc cong hoa.
Sau hai n a m (1973 -1974),ve eo ban m i e n Bac k h o i phuc x o n g eae eo so k i n h
Cach m a n g dan chii t u san thang H a i thang I p i . T u y nhien, m o t tinh h i n h
te, cac h0 t h o n g t h u y nong, m a n g l u o i giao thong, cae cong t r i n h van hoa, giao
chinh t r j phuc tap chua t u n g eo da dien ra 6 nuoc N g a . D o la t i n h trang hai
dye, y te, k i n h te'co buoc phat trien.
D e n cuoi n a m 1974, san xua't cong nghiep, n o n g nghiep tren m o t so'mat tran
q u a n t r o n g da dat v u p t m u c n a m 1964 va n a m 1971 la hai n a m dat m u c cao
nha't t r o n g 20 n a m xay d u n g ehii nghla xa hpi a m i e n Bac. T h u c h i ^ n nghia v u
hau p h u o n g , t r o n g hai n a m 1973 - 1974, mien BSc d u a vao chien t r u o n g m i e n
N a m , Campuchia, Lao gan 20 v a n bp d p i , hang van t h a n h nien x u n g phong,
can bp chuyen m o n , nhan k l thuat d p t xua't t r o n g hai thang dau n a m
1975.
M i e n Bac gap r i i t d u a vao m i e n N a m 57.000 bp d p i ( t r o n g t o n g so 108.000 bp
d p i cua ke'hoaeh d p n g v i e n 1975).
chinh q u y e n song song ton tai. H a i chinh quyen nay dai dien cho I p i ich ciia
cac giai cap khae n h a u nen k h o n g the cung ton tai. T r u o c t i n h h i n h do, L e n i n
Va Dang Bonsevich da ehuan bj ke'hoaeh tiep tuc lam each m a n g , lat d o C h i n h
phii t u san lam t h o i .
3. Cach mang thang Mucri Nga nam 1917
a) Qua trinh chuyen tu Cach mang thang Hai sang Cach mang thang Mucri
Sau Cach m a n g thang H a i , nuoc N g a xua't hien tinh trang 2 ehinh quyen
Song song ton tai: C h i n h phii lam thai ciia giai cap t u san va X6 vie't dai bieu
Ve vat chat - k l thuat, m i e n BSc da eo n h i r n g no l y c p h i t h u o n g , dap u n g
Cong nhan va b i n h l i n h . Sau k h i nMm d u p e chinh quyen, C h i n h phii lam thai da
day d i i va k i p t h o i n h u cau to Ian va cap bach ciia eupc t o n g tien cong chien
khong giai quye't n h u n g van de da hua truoc d o n h u v a n de r u p n g dat ciia
lupe 6 m i e n N a m .
on
N g a y 3 thang 7, h a n 500.000 nhan d a n Petorograt x u o n g d u o n g bieu t i n h
n o n g dan, vi#c l a m cho cong nhan, tinh trang thie'u l u o n g t h y c va nhat la quy^j
theo d u o i chien tranh d e q u o c den ciing.
(Joi c h u y e n giao c h i n h quyen ve tay X6 viet n h u n g C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i da t u
T r o n g hoan canh d o , lanh t u cua dang Lenin tix T h u y ST t r a ve Phan Lan
cho'i va ra l ^ n h cho b i n h l i n h ban vao doan bieu t i n h . Sau d o , C h i n h p h i i l a m
ngay 3 thang 4 n a m 1917 da nhan diroc s y l i n g hp rat I a n ciia nhan da,^
thoi tien hanh d a n ap va bat cac dang vien Bosevich. Cac nha i n pha h i i y va
Petorograt. N g a y 4 thang 4 n a m 1917, Lenin dpc m o t bai phat bieu quan t r o n ^
bao b i cam xua't ban. C h u n g ra lenh t r u y na Lenin de d u a ra toa, cac d o n v j
CO nhan de "NhCrng n h i e m v u ciia giai cap v 6 san t r o n g cupc each m a n g hi{>,^
each m a n g bj t u o c k h i g i d i hoac bj day ra m a t tran. T i r do, t r o n g thang 7, t i n h
nay". Ban bao cao nay da d i vao Ijch s u v o i ten g p i "Luan c u o n g thang T u " chj
trang hai c h i n h q u y e n song song ton tai ke't thue v o i thang I p i thupe ve giai cap
ra con d u o n g chuyen t u each m a n g d a n chii t u san sang each m a n g xa hoi elm
tusan.
nghla. L e n i n chi ro rang can cham d u t t i n h trang 2 c h i n h q u y e n song song td,^
T r u o c tinh h i n h d o , tir ngay 26 thang 7 den 3 thang 8, D a n g Bosevich da
tai bang each chuyen giao c h i n h quyen ve tay eac x6 viet: "Dieu dpc dao tronp
hpp D a i h p i V I de d a n h gia tinh h i n h va vach ra sach luoc da'u tranh. D a i h p i
t h a i sv n u a e N g a c h i n h la buoc qua d p t u giai doan t h u nhat ciia each mang la
chi ro phai chuan bj chuyen sang k h o i nghTa v u trang de gianh c h i n h quyen.
giai doan da d e m lai c h i n h q u y e n cho giai cap t u san tien len giai doan t h u hai
Dai h p i c u n g ehii t r u a n g t a m t h a i n i t bo khau hieu "Tat ca c h i n h q u y e n ve tay
ciia each m a n g la giai doan phai d e m l a i c h i n h q u y e n cho giai cap v 6 san va
X6 viet" con L e n i n r i i t ve hoat d p n g b i mat. Ve phia C h i n h p h u l a m thoi, C h i n h
cho n h u n g tang l o p ngheo t r o n g n o n g dan". Ve p h u a n g p h a p da'u tranh, Lenin
p h i i lien hiep d u a Kerenski, l a n h t y dang Mensevich len l a m t h i i t u o n g a m
viet: " V u k h i 6 t r o n g tay nhan dan, k h o n g c6 s u c u o n g b u c nao t u ben ngoai
m u u thie't lap che'dp dpc tai quan sy.
d o i v o i nhan dan, d o la thue chat cua s u vat. D i e u d o cho phep va bao dam ' •
T r o n g hoan canh d o , L e n i n phat d p n g quan c h i i n g danh tan cupc n o i loan
phat trien va hoa b i n h cua each mang". T u y nhien, Lenin cijng chi ro phai san
dong t h o i vach m a t c h i n h p h i i Kerenski d o do, sau k h i cupc n o i loan b i d a p t i t ,
sang chuyen sang k h o i nghla v u trang m o t k h i hoan canh thay d o i .
uy t i n ciia D a n g Bosevich tie'p tuc dang cao. N h a n d a n d a n d a n thay the cac dai
bieu D a n g Mensevich va Xa h p i each m a n g bSng cac d a i bieu Bosevich t r o n g
De bay to s u l i n g hp dang Bonsevich, ngay Quoc te Lao dpng 18 thang 4 (1- 5)
n a m 1917, cong nhan N g a bieu t i n h d o i hoa b i n h , d a n chu. T r o n g k h i do bo
cac x6 viet. N g a y 31 thang 8, X6 viet Petorograt va sau d o ngay 5 thang 9, X 6
t r u a n g ngoai giao ciia C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i giri cong h a m cho cac nuoc p!
viet M a t x e o v a da t h o n g qua eac nghj quye't cua D a n g Bonsevich va chuan b i
H i ^ p uoc cam ke't theo d u o i chien tranh d e n cung gay s u p h a n n p t r o n g d .
khoi nghla v u t r a n g g i a n h lai c h i n h quyen.
chiing. D u o i s u l a n h dao ciia dang Bosevich, ngay 20 va 21 thang 4, hang ch;
N g a y 7-10, L e n i n tir Phan L a n ve Petorograt, t r y e tie'p chi dao each mang.
van nhan d a n N g a x u o n g d u o n g bieu t i n h hoa binh, g i o cao k h a u h i ^ u "Tat
Cupc k h o i nghla bat d a u d e m 24 - 10 (6 -11). Cac d p i Can v? da n h a n h
chinh q u y e n ve tay X6 viet", "Hoa b i n h , r u p n g da't, banh m i " . N h i r n g cupc b i t -
chong chie'm d u a c n h i r n g v j t r i then chot a t h u do. D e m 25 -10 (7 - 11), quan
tinh nay lam cho Chinh p h i i t u san lam thoi k h u n g hoang. N g a y 2 thang 5 (15 - 5)
k h o i nghla c h i e m c u n g d i ^ n M i i a D o n g . C h i n h p h i i t u san l a m t h a i sup do.
truae ap l y e ciia quan chiing, bp t r u o n g ngoai giao va b p t r u a n g chien tranh
Tie'p theo thang I p i 6 Petorograt, c h i n h quyen X 6 viet d u p e thanh lap 6
phai tir chiifc. N g a y 5 thang 5, C h i n h p h i i lam t h o i tien hanh cai to va thanh K
Matxeova. D a u n a m 1918, each m a n g xa h p i chii nghla g i a n h d u p e thang l a i
c h i n h p h u lien hiep tang them so g h e c h o cac dang thoa t h i ^ p .
tren da't n u a e N g a rpng Idn.
b) V nghia Ijch sti' cua Cdch mang thang Muai Nga
N g a y 18 thang 6 (1 - 7), dang Mensevich va Xa hpi each m a n g da a m m u u to
chire m o t cupc bieu tinh quan chiing de bieu d u a n g l y e l u p n g n h u n g dang
I
Bosevich da t h a m gia cupc bieu tinh nay va bien no thanh cupc bieu tinh iing
,da't n y o c va so phan ciia hang trieu con n g u o i 6 Nga. M o t k i n g u y e n m o i da
hp d u o n g 16'i d a n g Bonsevich v o i cac khau h i ^ u : "Da dao chien tranh", "Tat ca
Mo ra cho Ijch sir nude Nga: Giai cap cong nhan, nhan d a n lao d p n g va eac d a n
chinh q u y e n ve tay cac x6 viet". N g o a i m a t tran, cupc tan cong ciia quan Ng'^
tpc d u p e giai p h d n g k h o i m p i ach ap hue, hoc Ipt, d i r n g len l a m chii da't nude
theo l ^ n h ciia C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i vao lien quan Due, A o - H u n g that bai nang
Cach m a n g thang M y o i N g a thSng Ipi da l a m thay d o i hoan toan v a n m ? n h
| y a van m ^ n h ciia m i n h .
ne v o i 60.000 b i n h l i n h N g a bj bat va gie't. T i n that bai gay s y cam p h a n va bat
b i n h rat Ion t r o n g nhan d a n Nga.
218
iih...
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