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Tài liệu Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi môn sử ( phần 4 )

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TUYỂN TẬP ĐỀ THI TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI MÔN LỊCH SỬ B S I dLT&n^ HSG L/ch Si} 12 - Ths. Truong Ngpc Thai Ke hoach 5 n a m c6 n h i e m v u "phat trien t h e m m p t buoc, sap xe'p lai ca ca'u + Cai tao quan h§ san xua't C o n g cuQC cai tao xa h p i chu nghla d u p e day m a n h v d i toe d p n h a n h t r o n g cac v u n g m o i giai p h o n g 6 m i e n N a m . Giai cap t u san m a i ban b i xoa bo. D a i bp p h a n n o n g dan m i e n N a m d i vao con d u o n g l a m an tap the, t h a m gia nhCrng h i n h thuc to chuc san xua't p h u h p p , n h u to doan ke't san xua't, tap doan san xua't, h p p tac xa san xua't. Van hoa, gido due, y tc: , , N g a n h giao due m a u giao, giao due pho thong, giao due d a i hpc va t r u n g hoc chuyen n g h i f p phat trien m a n h , p h o n g trao b i n h d a n hpc v u da t h u h u t dupe nhieu n g u o i t h a m gia. M a n g l u o i cac benh v i ^ n , p h o n g k h a m ehCra b?nh, t r a m y te, nha hp sinh, eo so dieu d u o n g d u p e m a r p n g . Cac hoat d p n g van hoa, van nghe, the d y e the thao da tao t h a n h p h o n g trao quan c h i i n g t r o n g cac dja p h u o n g , x i n g h i ^ p , a day m a n h cai tai xa h p i chu nghia nen k i n h te quo'c d a n " n h a m ca ban o n ^ j n h t i n h h i n h k i n h te - xa h p i , dap u n g yeu cau cap bach thie't ye'u nha't cua ng n g u y e n nhan co ban cua kho bang, dan chu, van m i n h . T h y c hien chinh sach d o i ngoai hoa b i n h , hOu n g h i , k h ^ n , ye'u k e m la d o mac phai "sai lam n g h i e m t r o n g va keo dai ve chu t r u o n g , h g p tac, "Viet N a m m u o n la ban ciia tat ca cac nuoc". chirih sach Ion, sai l a m ve chi dao chien luge va to ehue t h y c h i ^ n " . 2. N h i ^ m vu va muc tieu cua timg ke hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam: 1986 - De khac phuc sai lam, khuye't d i e m dua dat nuoc v u g t quan k h u n g hoang va day m a n h each m a n g xa hoi chu nghia tien len. D a n g va N h a nuoc ta phai tien hanh d o i m o i . b. Hoan canh the gioi: 1991 - 1995, 1990 - 2000. Cac ke hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam 1986-1990 D u o i tac d o n g cua each m a n g khoa hoc - k l thuat l a m cho quan h ^ cua cac Can tap t r u n g sue n g u o i , sue cua t h y c hien bang d u g c tituc, thuc pham, hang tieu dimg va han;:; xuat khau Cugc k h u n g hoang toan d i ^ n , t r a m t r g n g cua L i e n X6 va cac nuoc xa hoi chu M u o n thuc h i ^ n n h u n g m u c tieu cua Ba c h u o n g t r i n h nghia khac cijng d o i hoi D a n g va Nha nuoc ta phai tien hanh d o i m o i . k i n h te, t h i n o n g nghiep, ke ca l a m nghiep va n g u N h u vay, d o i m o i la van de cap bach, c6 y nghia song con d o i v o i chii nghia nghiep phai d u g c dat d u n g v i t r i la mat tran hang dau xa hoi 6 nuoc ta d o n g t h a i la van de p h u h g p v o i xu t h e c h u n g cua thoi dai. va d u g c u u tien n h u eau ve v o n dau t u , ve nang lye, vat c. Noi dung duang loi doi moi vekinh leva chinh tri cua Dang D u o n g loi d o i m o i cua D a n g dugc de ra dau tien tai D a i hoi V I (12 - 1986), N h i f m vu, muc tieu n h i e m v u , m u c tieu cua Ba chiam;^ trinh kinh te'va hmng nuoc thay d o i theo xu t h e ' m a i . dugc dieu chinh, bo sung phat trien Dai hgi V I I (6 -1991), Dai hgi V I I I (6 - 1996), 1990, lye, lao dong, k ! thuat v.v... 1991 -1995 Day l i i i va kiem soat d u g c lam phat. O n d j n h phat trien nang cao hieu qua nen san xuat xa h g i . O n d j n h va D a i hoi IX ( 4 - 2 0 0 1 ) . t u n g buoc cai thien nang cao d o i song nhan dan. Bat dau * Doi moi kinh te: CO tich lijy ngi bg k i n h te. Phat trien k i n h te'hang hoa nhieu thanh phan theo d j n h h u o n g xa hgi chu De t h y c hien m u c tieu tren, phat h u y sue m a n h ciia cac nghia, n h a m phat huy sue manh cua cac thanh phan k i n h t e v a tao sue manh thanh phan k i n h te, day m a n h Ba c h u o n g t r i n h kinh te tong h g p eiia nen k i n h te nhieu thanh phan. v o i n h i r n g ngi d u n g cao han truoc va t u n g buoc xay Cai tao quan he san xuat, cac thanh phan k i n h te'lae hau k i m ham su phat trien. Cai tao d i d o i v o i s u d y n g va thiet lap quan he san xuat xa hgi ehu nghia. Cai tai phai d u g c coi la n h i e m v u t h u o n g xuyen, lien tuc t r o n g suot t h o i k i qua d y n g CO eau k i n h tetheo yeu eau eong nghiep hoa. 1996 - 2000 Day m a n h eong cugc d o i m o i m o t each toan dien va d o n g bg, tie'p tuc phat trien nen k i n h te hang hoa nhieu d g . Xoa bo co c h e q u a n l i k i n h te tap t r u n g , bao cap, h i n h thanh co che thj thanh phan. Phan dau dat va v u g t m u c tieu tang t r u o n g t r u o n g CO sy quan l i ciia N h a nuoc. k i n h te'nhanh, hieu qua cao va ben vi>ng d i d o i v o i giai T h y c hien chinh sach m o cua, m o rgng quan he k i n h t e d o i ngoai, m o rgng su phan eong lao d o n g va h g p tac k i n h te'quoe tc, tich eye khai thae nguon v o n , khai thae eong nghe k h a i thae t h i t r u o n g . 184 quyet nhi>ng van de buc xuc ve xa h g i ; cai thien d o i song nhan dan, nang'cao tich l u y t u n g i b g den k i n h te. 185 3. Nhmig thanh tmi va yeu kem ve kinh te - xa hpi ciia nuoc ta trong t ^ g ke ho^ch Nha nuoc 5 nam: 1986 - 1990,1991 - 1995,1990 - 2000. Cac ke hoach Thanh t\ru Nha nuoc 5 nam 1986 - 1 9 9 0 Ve luang N h i p d p phat trien k i n h N u o c ta v a n c o n la m p t te d a y m a n h , nhieu m u c tieu c h u y e u cua ke hoach tren t h e ' g i o i : l u c l u p n g san 5 n a m hoan thanh Yeu kem trong nhirng nuoc xua't nho be, co so v a t chat vupt thyc N e n k i n h te con m a t can tit cho thieu an d o i I o n , l a m phat v a n 6 K i n h te d6'i ngoai phat mien, c h i i n g ta da m u c cao, lao d o n g thieu v u o n len d a p l i n g n h u cau pham, thuc, "^991 - 1 9 9 5 ngheo - k l thuat lac hau; t r i n h d p muc. hpc va cong ngh§ trien, t h j t r u o n g xua't nhap chuyen bien cham; nang vi^c l a m tang, h i ^ u qua khau dupe rpng, suat lao d p n g , chat l u p n g t r o n g nuoc, c6 d u tru va k i n h te tha'p, nhieu ca so nguon v o n dau t u ciia san p h a m , chat l u p n g cong xua't khau, g o p phan quan san xua't d i n h d o n keo d a i . n u o c ngoai tang nhanh. trien trong on dinh d o i song Che mo Khoa hoc va cong nghe d p tien l u o n g bat khoa t r i n h tha'p. T i n h trang t h a m n h u n g , nhan d a n va thay d o i can h o p l i , d o i song ciia n h u n g CO buoc phat trien m o i , lang p h i , b u o n lau, l a m an can xua't - nhap k h a u . n g u o i lao d p n g chii y e u van hoa xa h p i c6 n h i i n g p h i phap c u n g n h u hien bang l u o n g hoac t r g cap xa chuyen bien tich cue. t u p n g tieu cue t r o n g bp Hang hoa tren t h i truong, O n d j n h tinh hinh chinh nhat la hang tieu dung, d o i h p i v a cua m o t so b p phan dao, da dang va l u u thong t u o n g d o i thuan Igi. K i n h te d o i ngoai t r j - xa h p i d u p e g i u v u n g , n o n g dan b i g i a m sut. Su qu6'c p h o n g va an n i n h n g h i ^ p v a n hoa c6 phat trien m a n h , m o rong Hon cap, tinh trang tham nhung, truoc ve q u y m o , h i n h an hoi 16, m a t dan c h i i , bat thuc... da g o p phan quan cong xa h p i va nhieu hien Mo Da k i m che dugc m o t b u o c da lam phat. Buoc dau h i n h thanh nen k i n h te hang hoa nhieu thanh phan, v a n hanh theo CO che t h i t r u o n g c6 s u quan h' ciia N h a nuoc. Nhirng thanh tuu, uu diem, tie'n b o dat d u g c chung to d u o n g 161 d o i moi ciia D a n g la d u n g , b u o c d i ciia cong cupc d o i m o i ve co ban la p h u hgp. 186 Su p h a n hoa giau ngheo r o n g quan h$ d o i thj v a n o n g t h o n , giira cac ngoai, p h a the bao v a y , nhanh. D o i song ciia m p t hoat d p n g ciia cpng d o n g bp p h a n n h a n d a n , nhat la qu6'c te. ne v a p h o bieh. tang t h a m gia tich cue vao cac trong vao vi^c thuc h i ^ n cac t u p n g tieu cue khac nang muc tieu kinh te - xa hoi. ngan chan triet de. gii>a cac v u n g , g i i i a thanh d u p e Cling c6'. n h i i n g m a t tiep tuc x u o n g m a y N h a n u o c ehua d u p e lop cu dan tang n h u n g v u n g sau, v i m g xa, con nhieu k h o k h a n . 1996-2000 te v a n g i i i N e n k i n h te phat trien d u p e n h j p d p tang t r u o n g chua v i r n g chac; nang suat kha, CO cau k i n h te co s u lao d p n g hieu q u a va sue chuyen d j c h tich cue. canh tranh tha'p. - M p t so Nen kinh Can can d o i chii yeu vah de buc xiic ve van hoa - t r o n g nen k i n h te da d u p e xa h p i con cham d u p e giai dieu c h i n h thich h p p quye't. K i n h te d o i ngoai phat trien Khoa hpc va cong n g h ^ CO b u o c chuyen bien tich cue. Giao d u e va dao tao CO b u o c phat trien m o i ca 10 I 'Iff i chiic Bi t h u thii nha't H Chap hanh Trung uong Dang do Chii tich 1951 Dang. Ho Chi Minh dupe bau lam Chii tich Thong qua Bao cao chinh trj ciia Ban Ian thu II Dai hpi de ra nhi^m vu chie'n lupc ciia xay dyng kinh te trong thai ki qua dp. Dai hpi quyet dinh phuang hudng, nhi?m vy va mye tieu ciia ke hoach Nha nude 'J 5 nam (1976 - 1980), la xay dung xa hpi chu nghia, nham hai mye tieu ca ban: xay dung Thao luan va quyet djnh nhieu chinh sach CO ban ve cong tac xay dung va ciing co IQ4 mot bmc ca sa vat chat - ki thuat cua chu nghta xa hoi, bmc dau hinh thanh ca cd'u kinh temai I AC ket 10 n a m dat n u o c thuc hifn cd nieac ma bo phdn chu ye'u Id ca cd'u 7) Dai hoi T u ngay cong nghiep Ian den ngay 1 - 7 - d u o n g loi d o i m o i , de ra chii t r u o n g , nhiem 1996 vu trong n h i e m k i m o i . - nong nghicp vd cdi thien mot bif&c dffi so'n<^ vat chd't vd van hod cua nhdn dan thii' VIII 28-6 Tong twng Khang d j n h tiep tuc n i m vCrng hai n h i e m lao dgng. v u chien luge xay d y n g va bao v ^ to quoe Da d a n h gia t i n h h i n h dat nuoc, kiem 5) D a i h o i Tix ngay 15 den Ian t h u V I ngay 18 - 12 - cua N h a nuac t r o n g thap k i dau ca nuoc d i 1986 len chu nghla xa h p i , t u d o xac d j n h n h i e m xa hoi chii nghla. d i e m s u lanh dao ciia D a n g , vai tro quan l i v u , m u c tieu ciia each m a n g t r o n g thai k i De ra p h u o n g h u o n g , n h i e m v u , m u c tieu k e h o a c h k i n h te - xa hgi 5 n a m 1996 - 2000. L « . V a i tro l a n h dao ciia D a n g d o i v o i t h a n g I g i ciia each m a n g V i f t N a m doi m o i . T h a i k i l i c h sii K h i n g d j n h tiep tuc d u o n g loi chung each Vifa m o i ra d o i . D a n g da lanh dao nhan dan ta dau m a n g xa hoi chu nghla va d u o n g loi xay d u n g k i n h te xa hoi chu nghla d o cac dai hoi I V va V cua D a n g de ra. tranh chong thuc dan, p h o n g kien t r o n g p h o n g trao each I'i) 1930- 1931 1 hoi t r o n g t h o i k i qua d o tiep tuc d u o c cu the ji dan Phap va p h o n g kien tay sai. Phong trao da the hien d u g c vai tro lanh dao ciia D a n g hoa tren ca so nang cao n h a n thuc ve dac trong thuc tien dau tranh each m a n g . The hien d u g c sue d i e m t h o i k i qua d o len chu nghla xa hoi 6 m a n h ciia lien m i n h eong - nong. Viet N a m . T r u o c mat, t r o n g 5 n a m tir nam den n a m 1990, can tap t r u n g D a y la eugc dien tap Ian dau tien chuan bj cho Cach sue m a n g thang Tam n a m 1945. n g u a i , sue cua thuc hien bang d u g c nhiem v u , m u c tieu cua Ba chimng tnnh kinh tevd luang thuc, thuc pham, hang tieu dung vd hang Mac dau bj thuc dan Phap dan ap, k h i i n g bo n h u n g 5) 1932- 1935 Tir ngay 24 den Ian t h u V I I ngay 1991 27 - 6 - p h o n g trao. Da tong ket, d a n h gia viee thuc h i ^ n Den thang 3 - 1935, sau k h i p h o n g trao each m a n g d u g c d u o n g l o i d o i m o i cua D a i hoi V I , de ra chu phuc h o i . D a n g ta tien hanh D a i hgi Ian t h u nha't de eiing t r u o n g , nhiem v u n h a m ke thua, phat huy C O to chuc D a n g va vaeh ra p h u o n g h u o n g lanh dao, nhCrng thanh t u u , u u d i e m da dat dugc; chuan bj cho m o t p h o n g trao each m a n g m o i . k h i c phuc nhCrng kho khan, ye'u k e m mac T r u o e n h i i n g bien doi ciia t i n h h i n h the g i o i va t r o n g phai t r o n g b u o c dau d o i m o i . Q u y e t d j n h m o t so van de ve chien luge lau d a i . D o la t h o n g qua " C u o n g ITnh xay d u o i su lanh dao ciia Dang, cac chien sT cgng san va quan c h i i n g nhan dan van kien t r i dau tranh de hoi phuc xud't khd'u. 6) D a i h o i m a n g 1930 - 1931 ma d i n h cao la X6 viet N g h ^ - T i n h . Phong trao da giang m o t d o n quyet liet vao bgn thuc De ra d u o n g loi xay d u n g chu nghla xa 1986 V a i tro l a n h dao ciia D a n g nude. D a n g ta chii t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien J) 1936-1939 luge, sach luge d i den thuc hien eugc v a n d g n g dan chii voi muc tieu dau tranh doi t u do, dan chii, com ao, hoa binh. d u n g dat nuoe trong t h o i k i qua d o d i len Q u a eugc van d g n g dan chii 1936 - 1939, D a n g da tap chu nghla xa h o i " va "Chien luge on d j n h va h g p d u g c m o t lue l u g n g c h i n h t r j quan ehung d o n g dao phat trien k i n h te - xa hoi den n a m 2000". va sir d u n g d u g c nhieu hinh thire dau tranh p h o n g p h u . De ra nhiem v u , m u c tieu k i n h te - xa h o i ciia k e h o a c h 5 n a m (1991 -1995). D a y la eugc d i e n tap Ian thir hai chuan bj cho Cach m a n g thang Tam nam 1945. 4) 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5 K h i Chie'n tranh the g i o i t h i i hai b u n g no, t h y c dan 6) 1954 -1975 Sau k h i H i ^ p d i n h G i o n e v o n a m 1954 d u p e k i ke't, m i e n BSc nuoc ta d u p e hoan toan giai p h o n g , n h u n g m i e n N a m Sau d o N h a t nhay vao D o n g D u o n g cau ke't v o i Phap dan con b i de quoc M i va tay sai t h o n g t r j . D a n g ta da lanh ap, boc Ipt nhan dan ta. V a n m ? n h cac dan tpc D o n g dao nhan dan ta tie'n hanh hai n h i ^ m v u chie'n lupc: Xay D u o n g bj de doa n g h i ^ m t r p n g . • a- Phap tang c u a n g dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan D o n g D u o n g . d y n g chu nghia xa h p i 6 m i e n Bac va d a u tranh giai T r u o c t i n h h i n h do. D a n g ta t r i ^ u tap H p i n g h i T r u n g u o n g thang 11 - 1939 va H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian t h u 8 p h o n g dan tpc 6 m i e n N a m . Tie nam 1954 den nam 1960: ',' ' • (5 - 1941). Cac h p i n g h i nay da de ra va hoan c h i n h chu D o i v o i m i e n Bac: D a n g ta lanh dao n h a n d a n m i e n t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien l u p c cho each mang, Bac tien hanh cai each r u p n g da't, k h o i phue k i n h te^ han dat v a n de giai p h o n g dan tpc len hang d a u , xay d u n g gan vet t h u o n g chien tranh, tien hanh cai tao xa h p i chii mat tran Vi?t M i n h , chuan b i luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j , luc nghia. l u p n g v u trang, can c u dja each m a n g , da d o n va chop D o i v o i m i e n N a m : D a n g de ra N g h j quye't 15 (1 - 1959), t h o i CO lanh dao n h a n ta v i i n g day c u o p c h i n h quyen, N g h j quye't chu t r u o n g cho d o n g bao m i e n N a m co the d u a Cach m a n g thang T a m den thang I p i cuol c i i n g . d u n g l y c l u p n g v u trang ke't h p p v o i luc l u p n g chinh trj T h a n g I p i eiia Cach m a n g thang T a m n a m 1945 da dap de dau tranh chong M i - D i ? m . D u o i anh sang cua N g h i tan hai tang xieng xich cua Phap - N h a t ; d u a nuoc ta t u quye't 15, dortg bao mien N a m da l a m nen cupc D o n g m p t nude thupc dja nua p h o n g kien t r o t h a n h m p t nuoc k h o i cuoi n a m 1959 dau n a m 1960, dua each m a n g m i e n dpc lap CO chu q u y e n ; d u a dan tpc ta t u than p h a n no le N a m tien len m p t buoe phat trien nhay v p t . t r o t h a n h n g u o i l a m chii dat nuoc. 5)1945 - 1 9 5 4 Sau Cach m a n g thang T a m , dat n u o c ta gap m u o n vang Tif nam 1961 den nam 1965: D o i v o i m i e n B3c: D a n g ta lanh dao n h a n dan xay k h o khan. D a n g da de ra n h i r n g c h i n h sach d o l d p i d u n g d y n g CO so vat chat - k i thuat cho chu nghia xa h p i , thuc dan, n h i r n g chinh sach d o i ngoai m e m deo, n h o vay ta da hi?n ke'hoach nha nuoc 5 n a m (1961 - 1 9 6 5 ) . g i i i v u n g dupe chinh quyen va xay d u n g dupe nen m o n g cho che'dp m o i , bao v? dupe thanh qua Cach mang thang Tam. K h i thue dan Phap t r o lai xam lupc nuoc ta. D a n g ta da de ra d u o n g loi khang chien: Toan d a n , toan dien, lau dai va t u l y c canh sinh va lanh dao nhan dan ta k h a n g chien. D61 v o i m i e n N a m : D a n g lanh dao n h a n dan m i e n N a m danh bai chien lupc "Chien tranh dac b i ^ t " cua M I , dua each mang mien N a m tien len m p t buoc phat trien m o i . Tif nam 1965 den nam 1968: D o l v o i m i e n Bac: Dang ta lanh dao nhan dan d a n h bai Sau gan 9 n a m khang chie'n t r u o n g k i , gian kho, nhan cupc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nhat ciia M I , bao v? dan ta da Ian l u p t d a n h bai m p i am m u u va t h u doan cua v i i n g chac m i e n Bac, chi v i ^ n day d i i , k i p t h o i cho each thuc d a n Phap va b p n can thiep M I , d u a cupc k h a n g chie'n mang mien N a m . den thanh cong. D o l v o i m i e n N a m : D a n g lanh dao n h a n m i e n N a m T h a n g I p i cua cupc khang chie'n eho'ng Phap da cha'm dau tranh d a n h bai chie'n lupc " C h i e n tranh eye b p " cua d u t cupc chie'n tranh xam lupc, d o n g t h o i cha'm d u t ach M I . C u n g v o i thang Ipi ciia q u a n dan m i e n Bac, bupc M I t h o n g t r j ciia thuc dan Phap t r o n g gan m p t the k i tren da't p h a i chap nhan ngoi vao ban d a m p h a n o H p i nghj Pari. n u o c ta; m i e n Bac nuoc ta d u p e giai p h o n g , chuyen sang giai doan each m a n g xa h p i chii nghia, tao co so de nhan dan ta giai p h o n g m i e n N a m , t h o n g nhat To quoc. Tif nam 1969 den nam 1973: D o l v o i m i e n Bac: D a n g ta lanh dao nhan d a n d a n h bai cupc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai cua M I , tao nen IQQ m o t " D i # n Bien Phu tren k h o n g " . M i e n Bac tie'p tuc tro den H o i n g h i Vecxai Ban yen sack cua nhan dan An Nam. thanh hau p h u o n g Ian cho tien tuyen Ion 6 m i e n N a m . yeu sach d o i C h i n h p h i i Phap va cac nuoc d o n g m i n h thira D o l v o i mien N a m : D a n g lanh dao n h a n dan m i e n N a m danh bai chien luge " V i ^ t N a m hoa" va Ban nhan cac quyen t u do, dan chii va q u y e n b i n h dSng ciia "Dong nhan dan A n N a m . Giira n a m 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc doc D u o n g hoa" chien t r a n h ciia MT. C u n g v o i thang Igi ciia ban So thdo Ian thu nha't luan cwang vevd'n dcddn toe thuoc dia. quan dan m i e n Bac, buQC M I phai chap n h a n lei ke't H i e p L u a n c u o n g ciia Lenin da g i u p N g u y e n A i Quoc k h ^ n g d j n h Pari nam 1973. d i n h m u o n ciru nuoc va giai p h o n g dan tpc la phai d i theo TiV nam 1973 den nam 1975: D a n g lanh dao nhan dan ta chop t h o i CO, T o n g tien cong va noi day m u a Xuan n a m con d u o n g each m a n g v6 san. 1975 v o i ba chien djch: Tay N g u y e n , H u e - Da N a n g va * Chudn bj ve tu tuang, chinh tri vd to chitc cho su thanh chien d j c h H o C h i M i n h Ijch sir, giai p h o n g hoan toan lap Dang: m i e n N a m , thong nha't To quoc. 7) 1975 -1991 N g a y 25 - 12 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc tham d u D a i hoi D a n g lanh dao nhan dan ta khac phuc hau qua chien cua D a n g Xa hoi Phap va bo phieu tan t h a n h gia nhap Quoc t r a n h , k h o i phuc va phat trien k i n h te. T r u o c nhi>ng k h o khan to Ion cua dat nuoc. D a n g de ra ^ix nam 1920 d u o n g loi d o i m o i da't nuoc. D u o n g 16'i nay dug'c the hien den n a m t r o n g N g h j quyet Dai hpi Ian t h u V I (12 - 1986). N h o vay, 1925 te C p n g san va thanh lap D a n g Cong san Phap. N a m 1921, c i m g v o i m o t so' n g u o i yeu nuoc ciia A n g i e r i , Maroc, T u y n i d i . . . N g u y e n Ai Quoc lap ra Hoi lien hiep thuoc dia 6 dat n u o c da t u n g buoc v u g t qua con k h i i n g hoang va tie'p Pari de tap h o p tat ca n h i r n g n g u o i dan thuoc dia song tren tuc tien len. da't Phap. C o q u a n ngon luan ciia H o i la bao Ngirai cung kho. Tat cd cdc sif kien tren chi'mg to ran^, vai trb lanh dao cua IK Dang Id nhan toquyel dinh moi thdng loi cua cdch mang Viet Nam. T h o i gian cong nhan... song va dac biet la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phdp (1925). T h a n g 6 - 1923, N g u y e n Ai 6, Nhirng cong hien to Ion cua Nguyen A i Quoc - Ho C h i m i n h doi voi lich s u dan tpc ta tu nam 1911 den nam N g u o i con vie't nhieu bai cho cac bao Nhan dao, Dai Quoc b i mat r o i nuoc Phap sang L i e n X6 d u Hoi nghi Quoc te'Nong dan (Thang 10 - 1945 1923). N g u o i 6 lai Lien X6, vira nghien c u u , hoc tap, vie't bai Su ki^n cho bao Su that ciia D a n g Cong san L i e n X6, tap chi Thu tin * Tim duang cuu nuoc, den vai chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tint Quoc tecua Quoc te'Cgng san. Tai D a i hoi Q u o c te'cpng san ra con duomg cuu nuoc dung dan: Ian t h u V (1924), N g u y e n Ai N g a y 5 - 6 - 1 9 1 1 , r o i ben cang N h a R o n g bat dau Quoc t r i n h bay lap t r u o n g 1920 M I , cuoi n a m 1913 tir M I t r o ve A n h . N a m 1917, Cach m a n g a cac n u o c de quoc v o i p h o n g trao each m a n g 6 cac n u o c t h a n g M u o i Nga b u n g no va thang l o i . N g u y e n A i Q u o c r o i thuoc dia. N g a y 11 - 11 - 1924, N g u y e n Ai Quoc den Q u a n g L u a n D o n ( A n h ) ve Pari (Phap). N g u o i t h a m gia boat d o n g Chau ( T r u n g Quoc). Thang 6 - 1925, N g u y e n Ai Quoc thanh lap H o i Vi?t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien de t r u y e n ba c h i i m a n g thang M u o i N g a . N g a y 1 8 - 6 - 1 9 1 9 , thay mMt n h i r n g den nam n u o c thugc dja, ve m o i quan h f giira p h o n g trao cong nhan t r o n g p h o n g trao cong nhan Phap va t i m hieu ve Cach 1911 q u a n d i e m ciia m i n h ve v j t r i chien luge ciia each m a n g cac hanh t r i n h t i m d u o n g c u u nuoc. C u o i nam 1912 N g u o i d i Tir nam CUQC nghia Mac - L e n i n ve Viet N a m . n g u o i V i ^ t N a m yeu nuoc t^ii Phap, N g u y e n A i Quoc giri 200 1 201 A?/ duefng H5G L/ch Si? 12 - Jhs. Truong N0(>c Thai Tny-nvrm * Sang lap ra Dang Cgng san Viet Nam: ~~' MI V LVVH Knan§ yiptr T r o n g k h i chii t r p n g t o i cong n h a n va n o n g dan, N g u o i N a m 1929, ba to chuc cpng san noi tie'p nhau ra d o i 6 V i ^ t c i i n g T r u n g u o n g Dang con tranh t h u tap h p p r p n g rai cac N a m : D o n g D u o n g Cpng san dang; A n N a m Cpng san dang T u n a m 1929 tang l o p khac n h u sinh vien, hoc sinh, t r i thuc, t u san d a n va D o n g D u o n g Cpng san lien doan. Su hoat d p n g rieng le den nam cua ba to chuc nay gay anh h u o n g k h o n g tot den tien t r i n h tpc vao mat tran cuu nuoc. N a m 1943, D a n g d u a ra ban De 1930 each m a n g , can phai h p p nhat. N g u y e n A i Quoc thay mat Quoc te'Cpng san to chuc va chii t r i H p i n g h j h p p nhat ba to chuc cpng san de d i den t h o n g nhat thanh lap D a n g Cpng san Viet N a m . H p i nghj con thao luan va t h o n g qua C h i n h c u o n g van tat, Sach lupc vin tat, D i e u 1$ v a n tSt do N g u y e n cuang Van hod Viet Nam, van d p n g thanh lap Hoi van hod cuu quoc Viet Nam va dang Dan chu Viet Nam d u n g t r o n g M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h . - Luc luang vu trang: C i i n g v o i vi^e xay d u n g luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j , cong tac xay d y n g luc l u p n g v u trang each m a n g A i Quoc soan thao. Day la C u o n g ITnh c h i n h t n dau tien ciia d u p e H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g u o n g D a n g dac biet coi t r p n g . D a n g n h a m vach ra nhCmg net co ban nhat ve d u o n g loi Sau cupc k h o i nghla BMc Son that bai, m p t bp phan luc chien lupc va sach lupc cho each m a n g V i ^ t N a m . l u p n g k h o i n g h l a v u t r a n g c h u y e n sang xay d u n g t h a n h * Ciing Trung ucmg Dang huong chi dao chien hodn chinh chii trucmg chuyen n h i r n g d p i d u k i c h hoat d p n g 6 n h i r n g c u d i a Bac Son Vu Nhai. luoc: Thang 9 - 1939, Chien tranh t h e g i o i t h u hai b i i n g no. M o t Buoc san^ n a m 1941, n h i r n g d p i d u k i c h Bac Son Ion t h o i gian sau, nuoc Phap bj Due chien d o n g (6 - 1940). m a n h len va thong nhat lai thanh Trung doi citu quoc quan I N g a y luc ay, N g u y e n A i Quoc nhan d i n h day la t h o i co c6 (14 - 2 - 1941). C i r u quoc quan phat d p n g chien tranh d u Ipi cho each m a n g Vi?t N a m . N g a y 28 - 1 - 1941, N g u y e n A i k i c h t r o n g 8 thang (tir thang 7 -1941 den thang 2 - 1942) de d o i p h o v o i s u vay quet cua dich, sau d o phan tan thanh Tir nam 1939 Quoc ve nuoc, tai Pae Bo - Cao Bang, N g u o i da to chuc va den nam chii t r i H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g D a n g Ian t h u 8 ( t u 10 den 19 - 1945 5 - 1941) de hoan thanh chii t r u o n g chuyen h u o n g chi dao chien lupe dupe de ra t r o n g H p i nghj T r u n g u o n g thang 11 n a m 1939. D o la: G i u o n g cao h o n nua n g p n eo giai p h o n g dan tpc. Giai quyet van de dan toe t r o n g k h u o n k h o tirng n u o c D o n g D u o n g , thanh lap M a t tran Viet M i n h . De ra ehii n h i e u bp p h a n de chan c h i n h luc l u p n g , gay d u n g co so c h i n h t r i t r o n g q u a n c h u n g tai cac t i n h T h a i Nguyen, T u y e n Q u a n g , L a n g Son. N g a y 15 - 9 - 1941, Trung doi citu quoc U ra d o i . N g a y 22 - 1 2 -1944, H o C h i M i n h chi thj thanh lap Doi Viet t r u o n g k h o i nghia gianh c h i n h quyen, tir k h o i nghla t i m g Nam phan phat trien len Tong k h o i nghla k h i t h o i eo thuan I p i , d a n h thang lien tie'p 6 hai tran 6 Phay K h a t va N a N g a n dat n h i e m v u chuan bj k h o i nghla v u trang la t r u n g tam. (Cao Bang). Can eu Cao - BSc - Lang d u p e eung eo va m o * Cung Trung ucmg Dang xay dung luc luang each mang: tuyen truyen giai phong quan. Sau k h i ra d o i , d p i da r p n g . T h a n g 4 - 1945, N g u o i eiing T r u n g u o n g D a n g t r i ^ u - Luc luang chinh tri: De eo luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j , N g u o i sang tap H p i n g h i Q u a n s u each m a n g BSc K i . H p i n g h i quyet lap M a t tran V i ^ t M i n h , m p t h i n h thuc m a t tran co to chire d j n h t h o n g nhat eae lye l u p n g vu trang va nira v u trang; khap ea nuoc do N g u o i d u n g d a u , la m p t t r u n g tarn doan tich eye phat trien chien tranh d u kich. N g a y 15 - 5 - 1945, ke't dau tranh chong Phap - N h a t gianh doe lap. M a t tran t h y c h i ^ n quyet d i n h ciia H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g u o n g Viet M i n h da thanh lap eac hpi cuu quoc de xay d y n g luc D a n g , V i ^ t N a m C u u quoc quan va V i ^ t N a m tuyen t r u y e n l u p n g ehi'nh trj cua quan c h i i n g rpng khap t r o n g ea nuoc. giai p h o n g quan thong nhat thanh Viet Nam giai phong quan. ~ ' ' 203 Cty TNHH MTV PVVH Khane Vi^t * Ho Chi Minh cung Tning uomg Dang xay dung can cvc each \. C o n g tac xay d u n g Mat tran ciia Dang ta trong each mang Viet Nam. Bai mang: I hpc ve xay dtmg Mat tran ciia D a n g ta. Cong tac xay d u n g can c u dia each m a n g c u n g d u g c H o * Cong tac xay dimg Mat tran: Chi M i n h va T r u n g u o n g D a n g q u a n t a m . V i i n g BSc Son - D o xae d j n h cong - nong la lue l u g n g ciia each m a n g . chuc xay d u n g can c i i each mang: ban dau la can cii' dja Cao 1) 1 9 3 0 - 1 9 3 1 B^ng, den thang 6 - 1945 thanh lap k h u giai p h o n g Viet Bac, * Ciing Trung uong Dang lanh dao Tong kh&i nghia D a n g ta chi thanh lap " H o i d o n g m i n h p h a n de D o n g D u o n g " , n h u n g chua thuc h i ^ n dugc. bau U y ban giai p h o n g d o N g u o i d u n g d a u . Tain Mat tran Thai ki V i i N h a i d u o c xay d u n g thanh can c u dja each m a n g . To H a n che: chua thay dugc kha nang each m a n g cua cac giai thang cap va tang l o p khae t r o n g xa hoi Viet N a m . 1945: Can c u vao t i n h h i n h t h e ' g i o i va t r o n g nuoc n h i r n g n a m N g a y t u ngay 13 - 8 - 1945, k h i nhan d u o c n h i r n g t h o n g t i n 1936 - 1939, d o n g thoi can c u vao chu t r u o n g cua Quoc te ve N h a t dau hang, H o C h i M i n h cung T r u n g u o n g D a n g va C o n g san, thuc h i f n chinh sach cua M a t tran N h a n dan T o n g bo Viet M i n h lap tuc thanh lap Uy ban khoi nghia loan quae va ra "Qmn lenh sol" 2) 1 9 3 6 - 1 9 3 9 chinh thuc phap l^nh T o n g k h o i Phap. Tai H g i n g h i Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g D a n g Cong san nghla t r o n g ea nuoc. D o n g D u o n g (thang 7 - 1936), D a n g ta nhan d j n h : ke t h u T u ngay 14 den ngay 15 - 8 - 1945, H o C h i M i n h va T r u n g n g u y hiem, truoc mat ciia nhan dan D o n g D u o n g k h o n g u o n g D a n g chi dao Hoi nghi loan quae cua Dang h o p 6 Tan phai la thuc dan Phap noi c h u n g ma la bgn phan d o n g Trao (Tuyen Quang), quyet d i n h phat d p n g T o n g khoi thugc dja va tay sai ciia c h i i n g . Xae d j n h n h i e m v u chieh nghTa t r o n g ca nuoc, gianh c h i n h q u y e n t r u o c k h i quan luge ciia each m a n g t u san dan q u y e n D o n g D u o n g la D o n g m i n h vao D o n g D u o n g ; quyet d j n h n h u n g v a n de chong de'quoc va p h o n g kien; n h i e m v u true tiep, t r u o c mat quan t r o n g ve chinh sach d o i noi, d o i ngoai sau k h i gianh la dau tranh chong che do phan d o n g thugc dja, chong phat xit, chong n g u y co chien tranh, d o i t u do, dan sinh, dan chii, ditgc c h i n h quyen. c o m ao va hoa b i n h . Tiep do, t u ngay 16 den ngay 17 - 8 - 1945, Dai hoi quoc dan d u o c tri^u tap 6 Tan Trao. D a i h p i tan t h a n h T o n g k h o i H g i nghj chii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t tran t h o n g nhat nhan nghTa ciia D a n g thong qua 10 c h i n h sach cua Viet M i n h , c u dan phan de'Dong Duong. ra U}/ ban dan toe giai phong Viet Nam d o d o n g chi H o C h i Tai H g i nghj Ban Chap hanh T r u n g u o n g thang 3 - 1938, M l n h l a m C h u tich. Dai hoi quyet d j n h lay la c6 d o sao v a n g M a t tran t h o n g nhat nhan dan phan de D o n g D u o n g d o i n a m each lam Quoe k i , bai hat tien quan ca l a m Quoc ca. thanh Mat tran thong nhat dan chu Dong Duong, ggi tat la Mat D u o i s u lanh dao eiia D a n g va H o C h i M i n h , Cach m a n g tran dan chu Dong thang T a m dien ra t r o n g 15 ngay ( t u ngay 14 den ngay 28 - Duvng. K h i Chien tranh the'gioi t h u hai b u n g no, thuc dan Phap 8 - 1945) va nhanh chong gianh d u o c thang I g i . tang c u o n g dan ap, boc Igt nhan dan D o n g D u o n g , v a n * Thdo vd doc Tuyen ngon Doe m ^ n h eac dan tgc D o n g D u o n g bj de doa n g h i e m trgng. De lap: Sau k h i CUQC Tong k h o i nghTa thang T a m thang I g i , C h i i g i a n h dgc lap, phai tap h g p rgng rai lue l u g n g dan toe, xay tjch H o C h i M i n h thay mat D a n g va C h i n h p h u l a m t h d i d u n g mat tran dan toe thong nhat. H g i nghj T r u n g u o n g Ian doe T u y e n ngon Doe lap do chinh N g u o i soan thao. T u y e n 3) 1939 -1945 t h u 6 (11 - 1939) da ehii t r u o n g thanh lap M a t tran thong nhat dan tgc phan de'Dong D u o n g . n g o n t u y e n bo khai sinh nuoc V i ^ t N a m D a n chii C o n g hoa, M a t tran t h o n g nhat dan tgc phan d e ' D o n g D u o n g doan d a n h dau thang Igi hoan toan euge Caenh m a n g thang T a m . 1' ^ ket r o n g rai cae tang lop, eac giai cap, eac dan tgc, ke ca ea nhan yeu nuac 6 Dong Duong, chia mui nhpn vao ke thu chii yeu truoc m i t la chvi nghia de quoc - phat xi't Phap Nhat, gianh dpc lap dan toe cho cac nuoc Dong Duong. Den Hpi nghi Trung uong Ian thu 8 (5 - 1941) duoi sy chii tri ciia Nguyen A i Quoc chu truong giai quyet van de dan toe, tap hgp luc lugng, xay dung mat tran thong nhat dan tgc cho tung nude 6 Dong Duong. O Vi?t Nam, Dang ta thanh lapVi^t Nam dgc lap dong minh (ggi tat la Mat tran Viet Minh). Mat tran Viet Minh lien hi?p het thay cac gioi dong bao yeu nuoc, khong phan bi^t giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai, khong phan bi^t ton giao va xu huong chinh tri, dang ciing nhau muu cugc dan tgc giai phong va sinh ton. Mat tran V i f t Minh ra doi vao ngay 19 - 5 - 1941 va ton tai den thang 2 - 1951. Mat tran Vi^t M i n h c6 vai tro to Ion trong vi^c chuan bj va lanh dao Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 th^ng Igi. 4)1945 -1954 Sau Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, Dang ta thay Mat tran Vi^t Minh van chua thu hiit tang lop tren va van nghe SI... theo sang kien ciia Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh, thang 5 1946, Dang ta thanh lap Mat tran Lien Vi#t de thu hiit hp. W * Bat hoc vexay dung Mat tran: I N3m vCrng tinh chat dan tgc ciia mat tran, chong tu tudng hiru khuynh va ta khuynh trong van de xay dyng Mat tran. Phai dung virng tren lap trudng eiia giai cap cong nhan de xay dung Mat tran. phuong cham ciia Mat tran la doan ket - dau tranh. Doan ket de dau tranh y(^i ke thu ed hi^u qua. Dau tranh la de dam bao khoi doan ket trong Mat tran (Jugc virng chae han. NhiSng mau thuan trong ngi bg Mat tran la mau thuan trong ngi bg nhan dan, chi cd the duge giai quyet theo phuong phap dau tranh ^ thuong lugng - nhan nhugng. Khong ngung cving c6' va tang cudng su lanh dao ciia Dang doi vdi cong tae Ivlat tran, trong dd, mau chdt la eiing co'khoi lien minh cong nong that viing chae. Cd chii truong, chinh sach doan ket diing dan, dong thdi phai cd hinh thue to chuc, tap hgp phong phii, linh boat, thi moi hinh thanh duge Mat tran dan tgc thong nhat. Hinh thue Mat tran qua cac thdi ki phai thay doi cho phu hgp vdi yeu cau, nhi^m vu each mang ciia tirng thdi ki. Phai xay dung nhieu Mat tran khac nhau. 8. S\ nghi^p dau tranh ngo?i giao trong tien trinh each mang nuoc ta tu nam 1945 den nam 1973 Thdi k i Dau tranh ngoai giao * Truoc ngay 6 - 3 - 1946: Dau tranh vai quan Trung Cac to chuc quan chiing cua Mat tran cung ra dai. Hoa Dan quoc va hgn phan each mang d mien Bac Nam 1951, do yeu cau ciia cupc khang chie'n va su phat Thue hien sdch luge hoa hoan vai quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc: trien ciia each mang. Dang ta da thong nhat hai mat tran Vi?t Minh va Lien Vi^t thanh mat tran Lien Vi?t, khoi doan Nhugng cho cac dang Vi?t Quoc, Vi^t Cach tay sai ciia ket toan dan cang duge tang cuong. Trung Hoa Dan quoc 70 ghe trong quoc hgi khong bau Sau khi phong trao Dong khoi 1959 - 1960 6 mien Nam 1)1945 -1946 cu, 4 ghe'Bg trudng trong Chinh phii lien h i f p chinh thiic. gianh duge thang Igi, do yeu eau ciia each mang mien Nam Nhan nhugng cho Trung Hoa Dan quoc mot so quyen Igi sau Dong khoi nen Mat tran Dan tgc giai phong mien Nam ve kinh te, nhu cung cap mgt phan luong thue, thue pham, Vi^t Nam ra doi vao ngay 20 - 12 - 1960. Mat tran Dan tgc phuong ti^n giao thong van tai, cho phep dung tien Trung giai phong mien Nam Vi^t Nam ra doi da tro thanh nggn c6 5) 1954-1975 Quoc tren thj trudng. doan ket 14 tri^u dong bao mien Nam dung len dau tranh de cuu nude ciiu nha. 6) 1976 nay den Sau khi da't nude duge dgc lap, hoa binh va thong nhat. Dang ta hgp nhat cac mat tran trong ca nude thanh lap Mat tran To quoc Vi?t Nam de doan ket toan dan, xay dung chii nghla xa hgi trong ca nude. Doi vai to chuc phan each mang, tay sai cua Trung Hoa Dan quoc (Viet Quoc, Viet each). Chinh quyen each mang dua vao quan chiing, kien quyet vaeh tran am muu va hanh dgng chia re, pha hoai eiia chiing. Nhij-ng ke pha hoai cd dii bang chung thi bj trung trj theo phap luat. Chinh phii con ban hanh mgt so sac lenh nh5m tran ap bgn phan each mang. 207 eSi du&ng H9G Ljch Sir 12 - Ths. Tnrcme Ngpc Thai Nhimg bicn phdp sack lucre nhdn nhieang tren day da hqn chc aic boat dong chohg phd cita Trung Hoa Dan quoc vd tay sai, Idni that bqi dm mim Idt dochinh quycn each mqng ci'ia quart chting. * Til-ngay 6-3 dayqudn den 14-9- 1946: Hod hodn vcd Phdp nhatn Trung Hoa Dan quoc ra khoi nuac ta Sau k h i chie'm d o n g cac do thj 6 N a m Bo va N a m T r u n g Bo, thuc dan Phap de ra ke hoach tien quan ra BMc nham t h o n ti'nh ca n u o c ta. ' De tranh d u n g do vox luc l u g n g k h a n g chien cua ta, thuc dan Phap dieu d i n h v o i C h i n h p h i i T r u n g Hoa D a n quoc, ki hiep Hoa - Phap (28 - 2 - 1946), theo d o T r u n g Hoa dan quoc d u o c Phap tra lai cac to g i o i va n h u g n g dja ciia Phap tren dat T r u n g Quoc va d u g c van chuyen hang hoa qua cang H a i I^hong va Hoa N a m k h o n g phai d o n g thue. De doi l ^ i , Phap d u g c d u a quan ra Bac thay quan T r u n g H o a Dan quoc lam nhiem v u giai giap quan N h a t Ban. H i ? p u6c Hoa - Phap da dat nhan dan ta truoc su lua chgn m g t trong hai con d u o n g : hoac cam sung chien dau chong thuc dan Phap, k h o n g cho c h i i n g do bg len m i e n B^c; hoac hoa hoan, nhan n h u g n g Phap de tranh t i n h trang phai d o i p h o v o i m g t liic v o i nhieu ke t h i i . C h i e u 6 - 3 - 1946, tai H a N g i , C h i i t j c h H o C h i M i n h t h a y m a t C h i n h p h u Vi?t N a m D a n c h i i cgng hoa k i v o i G. Xanhtoni - dai dien Chinh phu Phap - ban Hiep dinh So bo. - Noi dung cua Hiep dinh: C h i n h p h u Phap cong nhan n u o c Viet N a m D a n chu C o n g hoa la m g t quoc gia t u do, c6 c h i n h p h i i rieng, nghj vien rieng, quan d g i rieng, tai chinh rieng, va la thanh vien L i e n bang D o n g D u o n g , nam t r o n g k h o i L i e n h i ^ p Phap. C h i n h p h u V i ^ t N a m Dan chii C g n g hoa thoa thuan cho 15000 quan Phap vao m i e n Bac thay quan T r u n g Hoa ngoai giao ciia V i ^ t N a m , che d p t u o n g lai cua Dong D u o n g , q u y e n l o i k i n h te'va van hoa ciia n g u o i Phap 6 Vi?t Nam. Ki Hiep dinh Sa bo 6 - 3 - 1946, tqm thai hod hodn vai Phdp, ta trdnh duac cuoc chien dau bat lai vi phai chong lai nhieu ke thii Cling mot luc, day dugc 20 van quan Trung Hoa Dan quoc Cling ban tay sai ra khoi nuac ta, gidnh them thai gian hod btnh Cling CO chinh quyen each mqng, chuan bi luc lugng cho moi mat cho cuoc khdng chien lau ddi chong thiec dan Phdp. D o ta dau tranh kien quye't, cugc d a m p h a n c h i n h thuc giira hai C h i n h p h i i Viet N a m va Phap da d u g c to chuc tai Ph6ng-ten-no-bl6 tie ngay 6-7 - 1946. Cugc d a m phan that bai. T r o n g liic do tai D o n g D u o n g , q u a n Phap tang c u o n g boat d o n g k h i e u khich. Q u a n he V i ^ t - Phap ngay cang cang thang, CO n g u y co no ra chien tranh. T r u o c t i n h h i n h do, C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , da k i v o i dai d i ^ n ciia C h i n h p h i i Phap ban Tqm uac ngay 14 - 9 - 1946, n h a n n h u g n g Phap m g t so q u y e n Igi k i n h te - v a n hoa 6 V i ^ t N a m . Ban Tarn uoc da tao d i e u k i ^ n cho ta c6 t h e m t h o i g i a n xay d u n g , c i i n g co luc l u g n g , chuan b i b u o c vao cugc k h a n g chien toan quoc chong Phap lau d a i . * Hgi nghi Gioneva nam 1954 ve doc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat vd todn Idnh thocua ba nuac Dong Duong: Buoc vao d o n g - xuan 1953 -1954, d o n g t h o i v o i cugc tien cong quan su, ta day m a n h cugc dau tranh ngoai giao, m o ra kha n5ng giai quye't bang con d u o n g hoa b i n h cugc chien tranh d Dong Duong. Thang 1 -1954, H g i n g h i ngoai t r u o n g b o n n u o c L i e n X6, M I , A n h , Phap h g p tai Beclin da thoa t h u a n ve vi#c t r i f u tap m g t hgi n g h i quoc t e d G i o n e v o de giai quye't van de Trieu Tien va lap lai hoa b i n h d D o n g D u o n g . D a n quoc lam n h i e m v y giai phap quan N h a t , so quan nay N g a y 8 - 5 -1954, H g i n g h j G i o n e v o bat dau thao luan se d o n g 6 n h i i n g dia d i e m quy d j n h va r i i t d a n t r o n g t h o i ve van de lap lai hoa b i n h 6 D o n g D u o n g . Phai doan c h i n h han 5 nam. p h i i ta do Pho T h i i t u o n g P h a m V a n D o n g l a m T r u o n g H a i ben n g i r n g m g i cugc x u n g dot a m i e n N a m va g i u n g u y e n quan d g i ciia m i n h tai v i t r i cQ, tao k h o n g k h i thuan Igi cho d i den cugc d a m phan chinh thuc ban cac v a n de doan c h i n h thuc d u g c m o i h g p . D e n ngay 21 - 7 - 1954, van ban ciia H g i n g h i dugc k i ke't. cac - Noi dung Hiep dinh Gianeva quy dinh: Cac nuoc tham d u Hpi nghj cam ket ton trpng cac quyen dan toe co ban la doc lap, chu quyen va toan ven lanh tho ciia ba nuoc Vi?t Nam, Lao, Campuchia; cam ket khong can thiep vao cong vi^c noi bp cua ba nuoc. Cac ben tham chien thuc hi?n ngirng ban, lap lai hoa binh tren toan Dong Duong. Cac ben tham chien thuc hien cupc d i chuyen, tap ket dpi quan 6 hai vung: Hi^p djnh cam vi^c dua quan dpi, nhan vien quan sv, vu khi nuoc ngoai vao cac nuoc Dong Duong khong dupe tham gia bat ki khoi liem minh quan su nao va khong de cho nuoc khac dung lanh tho cua minh vao vi^c gay chien tranh hoac phuc vu muc dich xam lupc. Viet Nam tien toi thong nhat b^ng cupc tong tuyen cu tu do trong ca nuoc, se dupe to chuc vao thang 7 - 1956 duoi su kiem soat va giam sat va kiem soat ciia mot Uy ban quoc te (trong do A n Dp lam chu tich, cung hai nuoc Ba Lan va Canada). Trach nhi?m thi hanh Hi?p djnh thupc ve nhung nguoi ki hi^p djnh Gionevo va nhiing nguoi ke tuc hp. Hiep dinh Gianeva 1954 ve Dong Duong la van ban phdp li quoc teghi nhan cdc quyen dan toe ca ban cm nhdn dan cdc nuac Dong Duong va duac cdc cuang quoc cung cdc nua tham du Hoi nghi cam ket ton trong. No ddnh dau thang hi cugc khdng chien chong Phdp, song chua tron ven vt mai gidi phong duac mien Bac. Cugc dau tranh each mqng van phdi tiep tuc nhSm gidi phong mien Nam, thong nhat dd't nuac. Vai Hiep dinh Gianeva, Phdp bugc phdi cham diet chien tranh xdm luge, rut hel quan dgi venudc; de quoc Mi that hai trong dm muu keo ddi, ma rgng, quoc te hod chien tranh xdm luge Dong Duong. * Hgi nghi Pari veViet Nam: Ngay 31 - 3 - 1968, sau don bat ngo ctia cupc Tong tien cong va noi day Tet Mau Than cua quan ta, Gionxon tuyen bo ngung nem bom ban pha mien Bac t u vT tuyen 20 tro ra 210 va bat dau noi den thuang lugng vdi V i f t Nam. ) 1954 - 1973 Ngay 13 - 5 - 1968, cupc thuang lupng chinh thuc hai ben, giua dai di?n Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa va dai dif n Chinh phii Hoa Ki 6 Pari hpp phien dau tien. Hpi nghi bon ben ve Vi?t Nam chinh thuc hpp phien dau tien ngay 2 5 - 1 -1969 tai Pari. Quan diem ciia ta: doi MT nit het quan cua minh va quan dong minh khoi mien Nam va doi hp ton trpng cac quyen dan tpc CO ban ciia nhan dan Viet Nam va quyen t u quyet ciia nhan dan mien Nam Vi^t Nam. Phia M l CO quan diem ngupc lai, nhat la van de riit quan, doi quan dpi mien Bac cung riit khoi mien Nam, va t u choi ki d u thao Hi?p dinh do phia V i f t Nam dua ra (10 - 1972) de mo cupc tap kich khong quan b5ng may bay B52 va Ha Noi, Hai Phong trong 12 ngay dem cuoi nam 1972 vai y do bupc phia Viet Nam ki d u thao Hiep dinh do M i dua ra. Nhung M l da that bai, Viet Nam da dap tan cupc tap kich khong quan bang may bay B52 ciia M , lam nen tran "Trdn Dim Bien Phii tren khong", sau do bupc Mi tro lai k i d y thao Hiep djnh Pari do ta dua ra truoc do. H i f p dinh Pari ve cham dut chien tranh, lap la: hoa binh a Viet Nam dupe ki tat ngay 23 - 1 - 1973 giua dai di?n hai chinh phu Vi?t Nam Dan chu Cpng hoa va Hoa K i , va k i chinh thuc ngay 27 - 1 - 1973 giiia bon Bp truong dai di^n cho cac chinh phu tham d u hpi nghj tai Pari. Hi|p dinh Pari bat dau CO hi^n luc tir ngay ki chinh thiie. - Noi dung Hiep djnh gom nhitng dieu khodn co ban: Hoa K i va cac nuoc cam ket ton trpng dpc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho ciia Vi?t Nam. Cupc ngung ban 6 mien Nam Vi?t Nam dupe thuc hi^n vao 24 gia ngay 27 - 1 -1973. Hoa Ki cam ket cham dut mpi hoat dpng quan su chong mien Bac Vi^t Nam. Hoa Ki riit het quan dpi cua minh va quan dong minh trong thoi han 60 ngay ke tu khi ki hi?p djnh, huy bo cac can cu quan sy M i , cam ket khong tiep hie dinh liu quan su hoac can thi^p vao cong vi|c npi bp ciia mien Nam Vi^t Nam. -ujy r/vrm TvnvT'TTTTKnangyTVT N h a n dan m i e n N a m Viet N a m t u quyet d j n h t u o n g lai c h i n h t r j t h o n g qua tong tuyen cir t u do, k h o n g c6 s u can thiep cua nuoc ngoai. * Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhung nam 1948 - 1950: Ve chinh tri: D a u n a m 1 9 4 9 , C h i n h p h u quyet d j n h to chuc bau c u Hoi dong nhan dan va Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh cac cap. T h a n g 6 - 1 9 4 9 , M a t tran V i ^ t H a i m i e n N a m - Bac Viet N a m se t h u o n g l u p n g ve vi^c t h o n g nhat da't nuoc k h o n g c6 sy can thi^p cua nuoc ngoai. M i n h va H g i L i e n Vi?t quyet d i n h tien toi t h o n g nhat hai to chuc. Vekinh te: C h i n h p h u ra cac sac l?nh g i a m to 2 5 % , g i a m tuc, hoan n g , xoa H a i ben tien hanh trao tra tu b i n h va d a n t h u o n g bj bSt. no, chia lai r u g n g da't cong, tam cap r u g n g dat v a n g chii, r u g n g da't cap t u tay Cac ben cong nhan thyc te m i e n N a m V i ^ t N a m c6 hai de'quoc, bgn p h a n d g n g . c h i n h q u y e n , hai quan d o i , hai v u n g k i e m soat va ba luc C o n g n g h i e p va t h u cong nghi^p phat trien theo q u y m o n h o va p h a n tan, l u g n g chinh t r i (luc l u g n g each mang, luc l u g n g hoa b i n h chu t r g n g cong nghiep dja p h u o n g va cong nghiep quoc p h o n g , dap u n g n h u t r u n g lap va luc l u g n g chinh q u y e n Sai Gon). cau can thie'l ye'u cua d o i song va chien d a u . H o a K i cam ket gop phan vao vi^c han gan vet t h u o n g Tren mat tran van hod, gido due: N a m 1 9 4 8 , tai H g i nghj v a n hoa toan quo'c, chien t r a n h 6 Viet N a m va D o n g D u o n g tien t o i thiet lap Tong Bi t h u T r u o n g C h i n h dgc bao cao chu nghia Mdc va van de van hod Viet q u a n he m o i , b i n h dang va cung c6 Igi giira hai nuoc. Nam, Uiep dinh Pari ve Viet Nam la thang lai cua su ke\ gim neu ro nen v a n hoa m o i each m a n g Viet N a m d u g c xay d u n g theo p h u o n g cham: D a n tgc - Khoa hgc - D a i c h i i n g . dau tranh quan su dau tranh chinh tri va dau tranh ngoai giao, la Phong trao " B i n h dan hgc v u " va giao due p h o t h o n g cac cap d u g c d u y t r i ket qua cua cuoc dau tranh kien cuang, bat khud't cua quan dan ta va phat t r i e n . T h a n g 7 - 1 9 5 0 , C h i n h p h u de ra chii t r u o n g cai each giao due a hai mien da't nuoc, mo ra buac ngoqt mai cua cuoc khang chien pho t h o n g . cho'ng Ml cuu nu&c cua dan toe. * Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhung nam 1951 Voi Hiep dinh Pari, Mi phdi cong nhan cac quyen dan tgc co ban cm nhan dan ta, phai rut he't quan venudc. Do Id thang loi lich sie quan trong, tqo ra thai ca thuqn lai denhdn dan ta tick len gidi phong todn mien Nam. -1953: Ve chinh tri: T u ngay 3 den ngay 7 - 3 - 1 9 5 1 , D a i hgi toan quoc t h o n g nhat M a t tran Viet M i n h va H g i L i e n V i ^ t thanh m o t mat t r a n d u y nhat, lay ten la Mat tran Lien hiep quoc dan Viet Nam ( M a t tran L i e n Vi$t). Ngay 1 1 - 3 - 1951, thanh lap Lien minh nhan dan Viet - Mien - Lao n h a m tang c u o n g h o n nCra t i n h doan ket giCra n h a n dan ba nuoc t r o n g cuoc dau t r a n h chong ke t h u c h u n g la 9. Cong tac xay dimg hau phuong trong khang chien chong Phap va chong MI a) Khang chien chong Phdp (1945 -1954) * Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhitng nam 1946 -1947 Ve chinh tri, C h i n h p h i i quyet d i n h chia ca nuoc thanh 1 4 k h u h a n h chinh. Cac l i y ban h a n h chinh chuyen thanh Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh de thuc hien n h i e m v u k h a n g chien va kien quoc. M a t tran d a n tgc t h o n g nhat dugc m o rgng, thanh lap H g i Lien H i e p quoc dan Viet N a m (Lien Viet). Ve kinh te, C h i n h p h i i de ra cac c h i n h sach n h a m d u y t r i va phat trien san xuat, truoc he't la san xuat l u o n g thuc. Vevdn hod, p h o n g trao b i n h dan hoc v u tiep tuc d u g c d u y t r i va phat trien. T r u o n g pho t h o n g cac cap d u g c xay d u n g . Viec cham soc sue khoe cho nhan dan d u g c chu t r o n g . thuc dan Phap va can thiep M I . Phong trao t h i dua yeu n u o c ngay cang an sau, Ian r g n g t r o n g cac nganh, cac g i o i l a m nay n o n h i e u d o n v i , ca nhan u u t u . N g a y 1 - 5 - 1 9 5 2 , D a i hgi anh h u n g va chien sT t h i d u a toan quoc Ian t h i i nhat da tong ket, bieu d u o n g thanh tich cua p h o n g trao t h i dua ai quoc va bau chgn 7 anh h u n g . D o la: CM Chinh Lan, La Van Cau, Nguyen Quoc Tri, Nguyen Thi Chien, Ngd Gia Khdm, Tran Dai Nghia, Hodng Hanh. Vekinh te: N a m 1 9 5 2 , C h i n h p h u de ra cuoc v a n d g n g san xuat va t h u c hanh tiet k i ^ m . Cugc v a n d g n g da l o i cuon m g i nganh, m g i g i o i t h a m gia. San xuat t h u cong n g h i e p va cong nghiep ve co ban dap i m g n h u cau ve cong cu san xuat n h i r n g m a t hang thiet yeu cua d o i song. D i d o i v o i day manh san xuat, Chinh p h i i de ra n h i m g chinh sach nham chan chinh che do thue'khoa, xay d u n g nen tai chinh, ngan hang, t h u o n g nghiep. " De b o i d u o n g sue dan, nha't la nong dan, dau n a m 1953 D a n g va C h i n h p h u * Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhitng nam 1961 -1965: Trong thai gian nay, mien BSc thue hi^n ke'hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam (1961 -1965). quyet d j n h phat d p n g quan c h i i n g t r i f t de giam to va cai each r u p n g da't. T u thang 4 - 1953 den thang 7 - 1954, ta thuc h i ^ n 5 d g t g i a m to va m g t dgt N h i e m v u eo ban eiia ke'hoach 5 nam la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va n o n g eai each r u p n g da't a 53 xa thuoe v i i n g t u do Thai N g u y e n , Thanh Hoa. Deh nghiep, tie'p tuc cong eupe eai tao xa h p i ehii nghla, cung eo va tang c u a n g euol n a m 1953, t u L i e n K h u I V t r o ra, each m a n g da t a m cap eho n o n g dan thanh phan k i n h te quo'e d o a n h , eai thien m p t buoe d o i song vat chat va van 184.000ha r u o n g da't hoa cua nhan dan lao d p n g , c u n g eo quoc p h o n g , tang c u a n g trat t u va an n i n h Ve van hod, gido due, y te: Ta tie'p tuc euoe eai each giao due ( t u n a m 1950) thue h i ^ n theo ba p h u a n g cham: phuc vu khdng ehie'n, phue vu dan sink, phuc vu sdn xud't, gan nha t r u o n g v o l d o i song xa hoi. Van n g h | si hang hai t h a m nhap m o i m a t eua d o i song, ehien dau va san xua't, h u o n g u n g l a i day eiia H o Chi M i n h "Khdng ehien hod van hod va van hod khdng ehie'n". Cong tae van d o n g ve sinh p h o n g b?nh, thue h i ^ n d o i song m o i , bai t r u me t i n d j doan ngay eang eo t i n h chat quan c h i i n g r o n g Ion. C o n g tae cham lo sue khoe eho nhan dan d u p e coi t r p n g . B^nh v i f n , benh xa, p h o n g y te, t r a m euu t h u o n g d u p e xay d u n g khap n o i . * Tdc dung cua hqu phuctng trong nhung nam 1951 -1953: C u n g cap day d i i , k i p t h a i sue n g u o i va sue eua de d a m bao eho eupe khang ehie'n gianh thang Ipi euo'i eiing. H a u p h u a n g la nhan to' t h u o n g xuyen quyet d i n h den thang I p i eua ehien t r u o n g true tie'p gop phan vao thang I p i tren mat tran quan s u t r o n g nhi>ng nam 1951 - 1953; Chien eupe D o n g - X u a n 1953 1954 va ehien djeh Ijeh sir D i ^ n Bien P h i i . D a p u n g n h u eau bue thie't eiia eupe khang chien, day m a n h s u n g h i ^ p quoc p h o n g , tao tien de (chinh quyen, eo so k i n h te, van hoa xa hpi) de tie'n len ehii nghla xa h p i sau nay. b) Khdng chien chong Mi (1954 -1975) * Xay dung hau phuang mien Bac trong nhicng nam 1954 -1960: Sau k h i hoa b i n h lap lai, m i e n BSe tien hanh cai each r u p n g da't, k h o i phuc k i n h te'va han gan vet t h u o n g ehie'n tranh. xa h p i . Ve k i n h te: N g a n h cong nghiep dupe u u tien dau t u xay d u n g . N o n g nghiep, t u n a m 1961, cae dia p h u a n g thue hien ehii t r u o n g xay d u n g h p p tae xa san xua't n o n g nghiep bac cao. T h u o n g nghiep quo'e d o a n h dupe N h a n u a e u u tien phat t r i e n nen da chie'm l i n h t h i t r u o n g , g o p phan phat trien k i n h te. C l i n g eo'quan h$ san xua't m o i , on d i n h va eai t h i ^ n d o i song n h a n dan. T r o n g giao t h o n g : H ^ tho'ng giao t h o n g d u o n g bp, d u o n g sat, d u o n g lien t i n h , lien h u y ^ n , d u a n g song, d u o n g hang k h o n g d u p e c i i n g c6'. Viee d i lai t r o n g n u a e va giao t h o n g quo'e te'thuan Ipi h o n . Ve giao due, y te: H e tho'ng giao due t u p h o thong den dai hpe phat trien m a n h . H ^ t h o n g y te, cham lo sue khoe d u p e dau t u phat trien. N h u n g loai djch b ^ n h 6 m i e n Bae eo ban d u p e xoa bo. * Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhitng nam 1965 -1968: T r o n g t h o i gian nay, m i e n Bac v u a c6 hoa b i n h , v u a phai d o i d a u v o i eupe chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nha't eiia MT. Mae dau vay, m i e n Bac v a n l a m nghla v u hau p h u o n g I a n ciia k h a n g ehie'n chong MT euu nuoc, m i e n Bae l u o n h u d n g ve m i e n N a m . V i m i e n N a m rupt thit, m i e n Bac p h a n d a u " M o i nguoi Idm viec bdng hai". V i tien tuye'n keu gpi, hau p h u o n g s i n sang danh d a p lai "Thoc khdng thieu mot can, quan khdng thieu mot nguoi". T r o n g n h i r n g nam 1958 - 1960, m i e n Bac thue h i ^ n eong eupe eai tao xa hpi Tuye'n d u o n g van ehuyen chien lupc Bac - N a m m a n g ten H P C h i M i n h tren chu nghla tren cae ITnh vue cpng nhi^p, thii eong nghiep, t h u o n g n g h i f p nho, cong bp (dpe day n i i i T r u o n g Son) va tren bien (doc theo b o bien) bat dau khai thong t u t h u o n g nghiep t u ban t u doanh, trong do khau chinh la h o p tae hoa nong nghiep. thang 5 -1959, dai hang nghin cay s6^ da noi lien hau p h u o n g v o i tien tuyeh. Ke't qua cai tao la da xoa bo eo ban che'dp n g u o i boe Ipt n g u o i , c6 tae d y n g Qua hai tuye'n d u o n g van ehuyen chien lupc do, t r o n g 4 n a m (1965 - 1968) thue day san xua't phat trien, nha't la t r o n g dieu k i ^ n ehien tranh, h p p tae xa da m i e n BMc da d u a h o n 300.000 can bp, bp d p i vap m i e n N a m t h a m gia ehien bao d a m d o i song vat chat, t i n h than eho n h i r n g n g u o i ra d i chien d a u , phyc d a u , phuc v u ehie'n da'u, xay d u n g k i n h te, v a n hoa tai cae v i m g giai p h o n g , va v u ehie'n d a u . cGng da g u i vao N a m hang ehyc van tan via k h i , dan dupe, quan trang, quan D o n g t h o i v o i n h i ^ m v u cai tao xa h p i chu nghla, eong n g h i f p quo'e doanh d u n g , xang d a u , l u o n g thue, thuc p h a m , thuoe men va n h i e u vat d y n g khae. dupe u u tien dau t u xay d u n g . Den nam 1960, m i e n Bae eo 172 x i nghiep Ion T i n h c h u n g sue n g u o i , sue eiia t u m i e n Bae d i u y e n vao N a m t r o n g 4 n a m da do T r u n g u o n g q u a n l i , tren 500 x i nghiep do dia p h u o n g quan l i . tang gap 10 Ian so v o i t h o i k i truoe. 214 * Xdy dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhihtg nam 1969 - 1973: Tren k h 5 p m i e n Bac day len p h o n g trao t h i dua hgc tap, cong tac, lao d p n g san xua't, n h 3 m t r u o c he't k h o i phuc va phat trien k i n h te - xa h p i . ^harLJ: I Trong nong nghiep, chan nuoi duoc dua len thanh nganh chinh. Cac hgp tac xa tich eye ap d u n g tien bo khoa hoc k l thuat, nhieu bien phap tham canh tang v u . I hoai nang ne d u p e khan t r u o n g k h o i phuc. Van hod, giao due, y te, cCing nhanh chong d u p e k h o i phuc va phat trien. D o i QIOI H E N D A I N H U N G V A N D E ZQ B A N C U A L I C H S U T H E G I O I H I E N D A I (tu ndm 1917 den ndm 1945) VA CONG CUQC XAY D l / N G C H U N G H I A XA HQI 6 LIEN X 6 pha d u p e k h o i phuc nhanh chong. N h i e u cong t r i n h d a n g l a m dang d o dupe He thong giao thong van tai, nha't la cac t u y e n giao t h o n g ehien lupe, bj pha SO THE I, C A C H M A N G T H A N G MLfCJI N G A N A M 1917 T r o n g cong nghiep, nhieu ca so cong nghiep t r u n g u a n g va dja p h u o n g tan u u tien dau t u xay d u n g tiep, d u a vao hoat d p n g . LICH 1. T i n h hinh nuoc Nga truoc each mang , D a u the k i XX, N g a van la m o t nuoc quan ehu chuyen che, d u n g dau la N g a hoang N i c o l a i I I . Su ton tai ciia che dp quan chu va nhi>ng tan tich phong kien k i m h a m nang ne s y phat trien ciia chii nghla t u ban 6 N g a . N a m 1914, Nga hoang da day nhan dan N g a vao eupc chien tranh de'quoc, gay nen n h i i n g hau song n h a n d a n on d j n h . T r o n g k h i m i e n Bac tap t r u n g xay d u n g hau p h u o n g t h i M l tien hanh eupc qua n g h i e m t r p n g cho dat nuoc. Phong trao phan d o i chien t r a n h , d o i lat d o chien t r a n h pha hoai Ian t h u hai, m i e n Bac phai v u a san xua't v u a chong ehien che d p N g a hoang Ian r p n g khap trong nuoc. C h i n h phu N g a hoang ngay cang tranh pha hoai cua M l . to ra bat lye, k h o n g eon kha nang tiep tuc t h o n g t r i d u p e nvta. N u o c Nga da T r o n g d i e u k i e n t u o n g d o i hoa b i n h , ca t r o n g chien t r a n h pha hoai, mien Bac da tap t r u n g I a n kha nang ve lue l u p n g va p h u o n g tien de khae phuc k i p t h o i hau qua ciia nhij-ng tran d a n h pha ae liet, v u p t qua nhi>ng eupc bao vay p h o n g toa gat gao cua djch, bao d a m tiep nhan tot hang v i e n t r p t u ben ngoai va ehi v i ^ n theo yeu cau cua tien t u y e n m i e n N a m , c6 ca chien t r u o n g Lao va Campuchia. * Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhihtg nam 1973 tien sat tai m o t eupc each m a n g . 2. Cach mang thang H a i nam.1917 Cach m a n g dan chii t u san thang hai bat dau t u thang 2 - 1 9 1 7 . M o dau la eupc bieu t i n h ngay 23 - 2 ciia 9 van nvt cong nhan o t h u d o Petorograt. N g a y 27 - 2, phong trao nhanh chong Ian rpng toan thanh pho va chuyen t u tong bai cong c h i n h t r j sang k h o i nghla v i i trang. Quan k h o i nghia chie'm d u p e cae cong -1975: H i ^ p d j n h Pari n a m 1973 ve Viet N a m , q u a n M I bupe p h a i r i i t k h o i nuoe ta, so, bat cac t u o n g ta eiia N g a hoang. Che d p quan chii chuyen che'sup d o . l a m thay d o i so sanh lue l u p n g 6 m i e n N a m eo I p i eho each m a n g . M i e n Bac tro T i n thang Ipi ciia eupc k h o i nghla o thii do da bay nhanh k h 5 p t r o n g nuoc. lai hoa b i n h , tien h a n h khae phuc hau qua ehien tranh, k h o i phuc va phat trien Chi t r o n g v o n g 8 ngay, tren p h a m v i ca nuoc, quan c h i i n g n h a n dan da v i i n g k i n h te - xa h p i , ra sue ehi v i ^ n eho tien t u y e n m i e n N a m . day lat d o che d p cij. N u o c Nga t r o thanh nuoc cong hoa. Sau hai n a m (1973 -1974),ve eo ban m i e n Bac k h o i phuc x o n g eae eo so k i n h Cach m a n g dan chii t u san thang H a i thang I p i . T u y nhien, m o t tinh h i n h te, cac h0 t h o n g t h u y nong, m a n g l u o i giao thong, cae cong t r i n h van hoa, giao chinh t r j phuc tap chua t u n g eo da dien ra 6 nuoc N g a . D o la t i n h trang hai dye, y te, k i n h te'co buoc phat trien. D e n cuoi n a m 1974, san xua't cong nghiep, n o n g nghiep tren m o t so'mat tran q u a n t r o n g da dat v u p t m u c n a m 1964 va n a m 1971 la hai n a m dat m u c cao nha't t r o n g 20 n a m xay d u n g ehii nghla xa hpi a m i e n Bac. T h u c h i ^ n nghia v u hau p h u o n g , t r o n g hai n a m 1973 - 1974, mien BSc d u a vao chien t r u o n g m i e n N a m , Campuchia, Lao gan 20 v a n bp d p i , hang van t h a n h nien x u n g phong, can bp chuyen m o n , nhan k l thuat d p t xua't t r o n g hai thang dau n a m 1975. M i e n Bac gap r i i t d u a vao m i e n N a m 57.000 bp d p i ( t r o n g t o n g so 108.000 bp d p i cua ke'hoaeh d p n g v i e n 1975). chinh q u y e n song song ton tai. H a i chinh quyen nay dai dien cho I p i ich ciia cac giai cap khae n h a u nen k h o n g the cung ton tai. T r u o c t i n h h i n h do, L e n i n Va Dang Bonsevich da ehuan bj ke'hoaeh tiep tuc lam each m a n g , lat d o C h i n h phii t u san lam t h o i . 3. Cach mang thang Mucri Nga nam 1917 a) Qua trinh chuyen tu Cach mang thang Hai sang Cach mang thang Mucri Sau Cach m a n g thang H a i , nuoc N g a xua't hien tinh trang 2 ehinh quyen Song song ton tai: C h i n h phii lam thai ciia giai cap t u san va X6 vie't dai bieu Ve vat chat - k l thuat, m i e n BSc da eo n h i r n g no l y c p h i t h u o n g , dap u n g Cong nhan va b i n h l i n h . Sau k h i nMm d u p e chinh quyen, C h i n h phii lam thai da day d i i va k i p t h o i n h u cau to Ian va cap bach ciia eupc t o n g tien cong chien khong giai quye't n h u n g van de da hua truoc d o n h u v a n de r u p n g dat ciia lupe 6 m i e n N a m . on N g a y 3 thang 7, h a n 500.000 nhan d a n Petorograt x u o n g d u o n g bieu t i n h n o n g dan, vi#c l a m cho cong nhan, tinh trang thie'u l u o n g t h y c va nhat la quy^j theo d u o i chien tranh d e q u o c den ciing. (Joi c h u y e n giao c h i n h quyen ve tay X6 viet n h u n g C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i da t u T r o n g hoan canh d o , lanh t u cua dang Lenin tix T h u y ST t r a ve Phan Lan cho'i va ra l ^ n h cho b i n h l i n h ban vao doan bieu t i n h . Sau d o , C h i n h p h i i l a m ngay 3 thang 4 n a m 1917 da nhan diroc s y l i n g hp rat I a n ciia nhan da,^ thoi tien hanh d a n ap va bat cac dang vien Bosevich. Cac nha i n pha h i i y va Petorograt. N g a y 4 thang 4 n a m 1917, Lenin dpc m o t bai phat bieu quan t r o n ^ bao b i cam xua't ban. C h u n g ra lenh t r u y na Lenin de d u a ra toa, cac d o n v j CO nhan de "NhCrng n h i e m v u ciia giai cap v 6 san t r o n g cupc each m a n g hi{>,^ each m a n g bj t u o c k h i g i d i hoac bj day ra m a t tran. T i r do, t r o n g thang 7, t i n h nay". Ban bao cao nay da d i vao Ijch s u v o i ten g p i "Luan c u o n g thang T u " chj trang hai c h i n h q u y e n song song ton tai ke't thue v o i thang I p i thupe ve giai cap ra con d u o n g chuyen t u each m a n g d a n chii t u san sang each m a n g xa hoi elm tusan. nghla. L e n i n chi ro rang can cham d u t t i n h trang 2 c h i n h q u y e n song song td,^ T r u o c tinh h i n h d o , tir ngay 26 thang 7 den 3 thang 8, D a n g Bosevich da tai bang each chuyen giao c h i n h quyen ve tay eac x6 viet: "Dieu dpc dao tronp hpp D a i h p i V I de d a n h gia tinh h i n h va vach ra sach luoc da'u tranh. D a i h p i t h a i sv n u a e N g a c h i n h la buoc qua d p t u giai doan t h u nhat ciia each mang la chi ro phai chuan bj chuyen sang k h o i nghTa v u trang de gianh c h i n h quyen. giai doan da d e m lai c h i n h q u y e n cho giai cap t u san tien len giai doan t h u hai Dai h p i c u n g ehii t r u a n g t a m t h a i n i t bo khau hieu "Tat ca c h i n h q u y e n ve tay ciia each m a n g la giai doan phai d e m l a i c h i n h q u y e n cho giai cap v 6 san va X6 viet" con L e n i n r i i t ve hoat d p n g b i mat. Ve phia C h i n h p h u l a m thoi, C h i n h cho n h u n g tang l o p ngheo t r o n g n o n g dan". Ve p h u a n g p h a p da'u tranh, Lenin p h i i lien hiep d u a Kerenski, l a n h t y dang Mensevich len l a m t h i i t u o n g a m viet: " V u k h i 6 t r o n g tay nhan dan, k h o n g c6 s u c u o n g b u c nao t u ben ngoai m u u thie't lap che'dp dpc tai quan sy. d o i v o i nhan dan, d o la thue chat cua s u vat. D i e u d o cho phep va bao dam ' • T r o n g hoan canh d o , L e n i n phat d p n g quan c h i i n g danh tan cupc n o i loan phat trien va hoa b i n h cua each mang". T u y nhien, Lenin cijng chi ro phai san dong t h o i vach m a t c h i n h p h i i Kerenski d o do, sau k h i cupc n o i loan b i d a p t i t , sang chuyen sang k h o i nghla v u trang m o t k h i hoan canh thay d o i . uy t i n ciia D a n g Bosevich tie'p tuc dang cao. N h a n d a n d a n d a n thay the cac dai bieu D a n g Mensevich va Xa h p i each m a n g bSng cac d a i bieu Bosevich t r o n g De bay to s u l i n g hp dang Bonsevich, ngay Quoc te Lao dpng 18 thang 4 (1- 5) n a m 1917, cong nhan N g a bieu t i n h d o i hoa b i n h , d a n chu. T r o n g k h i do bo cac x6 viet. N g a y 31 thang 8, X6 viet Petorograt va sau d o ngay 5 thang 9, X 6 t r u a n g ngoai giao ciia C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i giri cong h a m cho cac nuoc p! viet M a t x e o v a da t h o n g qua eac nghj quye't cua D a n g Bonsevich va chuan b i H i ^ p uoc cam ke't theo d u o i chien tranh d e n cung gay s u p h a n n p t r o n g d . khoi nghla v u t r a n g g i a n h lai c h i n h quyen. chiing. D u o i s u l a n h dao ciia dang Bosevich, ngay 20 va 21 thang 4, hang ch; N g a y 7-10, L e n i n tir Phan L a n ve Petorograt, t r y e tie'p chi dao each mang. van nhan d a n N g a x u o n g d u o n g bieu t i n h hoa binh, g i o cao k h a u h i ^ u "Tat Cupc k h o i nghla bat d a u d e m 24 - 10 (6 -11). Cac d p i Can v? da n h a n h chinh q u y e n ve tay X6 viet", "Hoa b i n h , r u p n g da't, banh m i " . N h i r n g cupc b i t - chong chie'm d u a c n h i r n g v j t r i then chot a t h u do. D e m 25 -10 (7 - 11), quan tinh nay lam cho Chinh p h i i t u san lam thoi k h u n g hoang. N g a y 2 thang 5 (15 - 5) k h o i nghla c h i e m c u n g d i ^ n M i i a D o n g . C h i n h p h i i t u san l a m t h a i sup do. truae ap l y e ciia quan chiing, bp t r u o n g ngoai giao va b p t r u a n g chien tranh Tie'p theo thang I p i 6 Petorograt, c h i n h quyen X 6 viet d u p e thanh lap 6 phai tir chiifc. N g a y 5 thang 5, C h i n h p h i i lam t h o i tien hanh cai to va thanh K Matxeova. D a u n a m 1918, each m a n g xa h p i chii nghla g i a n h d u p e thang l a i c h i n h p h u lien hiep tang them so g h e c h o cac dang thoa t h i ^ p . tren da't n u a e N g a rpng Idn. b) V nghia Ijch sti' cua Cdch mang thang Muai Nga N g a y 18 thang 6 (1 - 7), dang Mensevich va Xa hpi each m a n g da a m m u u to chire m o t cupc bieu tinh quan chiing de bieu d u a n g l y e l u p n g n h u n g dang I Bosevich da t h a m gia cupc bieu tinh nay va bien no thanh cupc bieu tinh iing ,da't n y o c va so phan ciia hang trieu con n g u o i 6 Nga. M o t k i n g u y e n m o i da hp d u o n g 16'i d a n g Bonsevich v o i cac khau h i ^ u : "Da dao chien tranh", "Tat ca Mo ra cho Ijch sir nude Nga: Giai cap cong nhan, nhan d a n lao d p n g va eac d a n chinh q u y e n ve tay cac x6 viet". N g o a i m a t tran, cupc tan cong ciia quan Ng'^ tpc d u p e giai p h d n g k h o i m p i ach ap hue, hoc Ipt, d i r n g len l a m chii da't nude theo l ^ n h ciia C h i n h p h i i l a m t h o i vao lien quan Due, A o - H u n g that bai nang Cach m a n g thang M y o i N g a thSng Ipi da l a m thay d o i hoan toan v a n m ? n h | y a van m ^ n h ciia m i n h . ne v o i 60.000 b i n h l i n h N g a bj bat va gie't. T i n that bai gay s y cam p h a n va bat b i n h rat Ion t r o n g nhan d a n Nga. 218 iih... '''10
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