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Trang chủ Giáo dục - Đào tạo Luyện thi - Đề thi Thi THPT Quốc Gia Lịch sử Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi môn sử ( phần 1 )...

Tài liệu Bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi môn sử ( phần 1 )

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TUYỂN TẬP ĐỀ THI TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI MÔN LỊCH SỬ Cty LOI NOI DAU EhlnJ: Cac ban d6n§ nghidp va cac cm hoc sinh Lh&n men! TNHH MTV Pmi Khang \^ft H U O I N Q D A N L A M B A I T H I H O C S I N H QIOI Hii^n nay Lrdn Lhi Lniong sach Lham khao mon Ljch sii c6 r^L nhing le do. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam ra doi da ma ra mpt buoc ngoat Ijch su vT dai cho each mang Vi^t Nam. Vi du, dethi theo cau true can 5: So sdnh chien thang Viet Bac thu - dong 1947 vd chien dich Bien giai thu - dong 195 dethd'y dugc buac tien cua ta trong khdng chien chongPhdp. Vai npi dung ciia cau hoi nay khong yeu cau hoc sinh trinh bay dien bien ciia chien djch Vi?t B3c thu - dong nam 1947 va chien djch Bien gioi thu - d6ng nam 1950, va tren co so npi dung ciia hai chien djch do phai so sanh de thay dupe buoc tien ciia ta trong cupc khang chien ehong Phap. Cu the can l$p bang so sanh nhu sau: Tieu chi so sanh 1) Chii dpng tan cong djch o 2) Quan djch bj loai khoi vung chien Chien dich Vi?t Bac Chien djch Bien gioi Ta danh bai ciia tan c6ng - Ta chii dpng tien cong len Vi^t BSc ciia djch dich - 8.300 djch 6 bien giai 6000 ten dich Vi?t - Trung^ 3) Q i a i p h o n g da't Ta bao ve dugc V i f t Bac Giai phong bien gioi k i n h te, c h i n h t r j , v a n hoa, quan sy. C i j n g n h o co d u o n g loi do ma D a n g ta Vi^t - T r u n g dai 750km dai 4) Y nghia quan trpng - Bao nha't ciia t h i n g Igi cu dau dupe Vi§t Bac, can nao ciia khang chien - Lam lanh dao nhan dan ta chien dau lau dai, ben bi, Ian l u p t d a n h bai t u n g am m u u - K h a i t h o n g bien g i o i ciia d i c h de tie'n len d a n h bai hoan toan cuoc chien tranh xam lupc ciia thye Vi^t - T r u n g dan Phap co sy g i i i p sue ciia MT. - Gianh the'chii d p n g ve pha san am muu "danh nhanh, thSng nhanh" chien lupc tren chien Sy lanh dao cua D a n g , d u n g dau la Chii tich H o C h i M i n h v o i d u o n g 161 each m a n g d u n g dan da g i i i p cho toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta doan ke't m p t long, chien dau v i m y c tieu doe lap dan tpc va chii nghla xa h p i . Toan truong chinh. Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta chien dau v o i t i n h than "Tha hi sinh tat ca c h u ciia djch. N h u vay, so v o i chien djch Viet Bac t h u - d o n g n a m 1947, chien d i c h Bien nha't d j n h k h 6 n g chju mat nuoc, nha't d j n h k h o n g chiu lam n6 \q". V o i t i n h g i o i t h u - d o n g n a m 1950 the hien buoc tien ciia quan dan ta t r o n g cuoc khang than ay, cupe chien dau d i i lau dai, d y a vao siic m i n h la c h i n h n h u n g ehiing ta chien chong Phap d o la, tix cho djch chii d o n g tan cong ta, den cho ta chii d p n g da gianh d u p e th^ng Ipi cuoi cung, bupc thye dan Phap phai e6ng nhan doc tan cong djch. T u cho l a m pha san am m u u " d a n h nhanh, thang nhanh ciia l^p chii quyen, t h o n g nha't va toan v^n lanh tho ciia ba nuoc D 6 n g D u o n g . Vi du, dethi theo cau true cau 7: Phan tich chu triamg dieu chinh chien lirac each d j c h " den cho ta da gianh the'chii d p n g tren chien t r u o n g chi'nh Bac Bp. Vi du, dethi theo cm true cau 6: Tren ca aa trinh bay nguyen nhan thang lai cm cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap xam luac, hay phan tich mot nguxjen nhan c6 tinh chat quyet dinh nha't. Truvc het yen cau hoc sinh trinh bay ngan gon cdc ngiiyen nhan thang lai cua cuoc khang chien chong Phap: N h d lanh dao sang suot ciia Dang, d u n g dau la C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h , v o l d u o n g 161 k h a n g chien d i i n g d^n, sang tao. Toan dan, toan quan doan ket, dGng cam t r o n g chien d a u , t r o n g lao d p n g san xua't. N h o h$ t h o n g chinh quyen dan chii nhan dan t r o n g ca nuoc, c6 mat tran dan tpc t h o n g nha't d u p e c i i n g co va m o rong, c6 lye l u p n g v u trang s o m d u p e mang the giai ciia Quae teCong san tqi Dai hoi Ian thu VU (7 - 1935J. Nguyen nhan dan tai chu truang do. Vai denay yeu cau hoc sinh phai trinh bay noi dung: Mot la, Chu truang dieu chinh chick luoc cdch mtnig thegiai: Xae d i n h ke t h u n g u y hiem truoc mil ciia nhan dan the g i o i k h o n g phai la chii nghla de'quoc noi chung, ma la ehii nghTa phat xit. De ra n h i ^ m v u each m a n g the gioi la dau tranh chong ehii nghTa phat xit va nguy CO chien tranh the'gioi d o ehii nghla phat xit gay ra. C h i i t r u o n g thanh lap mat tran nhan dan o cae nuoc, n h a m tap h p p rpng rai lye l u p n g dan ehii. xay d u n g va k h o n g n g u n g Ion manh, co hau p h u o n g rong Idn, v u n g chSc ve Hai la, N g u y e n nhan dan toi ehii t r u o n g do: m p i mat. D o sy xua't hien ciia chii nghla phat xit va n g u y co chien tranh the'gioi. N h o tinh than doan ke't ciia nhan dan ba nude Dong D u o n g chong ke thu chung. De giai quye't nhi>ng hau qua ciia cuoc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te'1929 - 1933, k h i N h o CO s u d o n g t i n h , l i n g hp va g i i i p d o ciia T r u n g Quo'e, Lien Xo va eiia ehii nghla phat xit tam thoi thang the o m p t so nuoc. Phong trao chong ehii cae nuoc dan chii nhan dan khae, ciia nhan dan Phap va loai n g u o i tie'n bp. Sau do yeu can hoc sinh phan tich mot nguyen nhan quyet dinh nhat: T r o n g cae n g u y e n nhan neu tren t h i nguyen nhan ve s y lanh dao ciia Dang, d u n g dau la C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h la nguyen nhan quye't d j n h nha't. T r o n g cupe khang chien chong thye dan Phap tro lai xam lupc nuoc ta, D a n g ta va C h i i tjch H o C h i M i n h da de ra d u o n g loi k h a n g chien toan dan, toan d i ^ n , lau dai va t u lye canh sinh. D u o n g loi d o d u p e ap d u n g t r o n g suot tie'n tranh each m a n g t u nam 1946 den nam 1954. N h o co d u o n g l o i do. D a n g ta da doan ke't d u p e m p t lye l u p n g each mang ciia d o n g dao quan c h i i n g de thye hi^n cupe khang chien toan dan va da tie'n hanh khang chien tren cae mat tran nghla phat xit phat trien nhieu n o i tren the'gioi. PhAn 2: L j C H SO VIET N A M H I E N D A I C/iuy^n de I: VIET NAM TU NAM 1919 DEN NAM 1930 Ve giao t h o n g van tai: Phap tang c u o n g dau t u m o t h e m n h i e u t u y e n d u o n g n h a m phuc v u dac luc cho v i f c chuyen cho nguyen vat li#u cung n h u l u u thong hang hoa t r o n g n p i dja va v o i nuoc ngoai. ^ I . CONG CUOC K H A I T H A C THUOC D I A L A N T H l / H A I CUA T H l / C D A N PHAP * Diem mm trong chucmg trinh khai thac thuoc dia Idn thii hai: 1. Th\rc d a n Phap t i e n h a n h k h a i thac V i ? t N a m ngay sau C h i e n t r a n h the Tap t r u n g v o n nhieu nhat vao nong n g h i f p (chii yeu la d o n d i e n cao su) va gioi t h u nhat • Qua trinh khai thac Idn thu hai: Sau Chien tranh the g i o i t h u nhat (1914 - 1918), de quoc Phap t u y la nude khai thac m o (chu yeu la m o than). ' 'ill Phap con dau t u v o n vao cong nghiep nhe va t h u o n g nghiep. t h i n g tran, n h u n g lai bj chien tranh tan pha nang ne, k i n h te sa sut n g h i e m Lap ngan hang D o n g D u o n g de nam quyen chi h u y k i n h te. trpng. T h e m vao do, cuoc k h i i n g hoang k i n h te trong the g i o i t u ban chu nghla Dat ra cac t h u t h u e ' m o i n h u : t h u e ' r u p u , t h u e ' m u o i , thue thuoc p h i e n . . . cang gay k h o khan cho nen k i n h tePhap. T u y vay, k i n h te V i f t N a m ve co ban van k h o n g c6 g i thay d o i , Phap he't sue N h a m han gan vet t h u o n g chien tranh, b i j dap n h u n g thiet hai d o chien han c h e p h a t trien cong nghiep, nhat la cong nghi?p nang, n h a m cpt chat k i n h tranh gay ra, k h o i phuc va c i i n g co dja v j t r o n g t h e g i o d t u ban chii nghla de te D o n g D u o n g 1$ thupc vao k i n h te Phap va bien D o n g D u o n g thanh thj quoc Phap m o t mat tang c u o n g boc lot nhan dan t r o n g nuoc, mat khac day t r u o n g dpc chie'm ciia Phap. m a n h khai thac boc lot thuoc dia. Cuoc khai thac thupc dja Ian t h u hai ma t h y c 2. Tac d p n g ciia cupc k h a i thac t h u p c d i a I a n t h u h a i ciia t h y c d a n P h a p dan Phap tien hanh 6 D o n g D u o n g la nam trong y d o do. d o i v o i n e n k i n h te va xa h p i V i ? t N a m De tien h a n h k h a i thac thupc dja Ian t h u hai 6 V i ^ t N a m , Phap tang c u o n g * Vekinh te dau t u v o n vao V i ^ t N a m v o i q u y m o va toe d p nhanh gap n h i e u Ian so v o i Qua t r i n h khai thac thupc dja ciia Phap o Viet N a m l a m cho nen k i n h te'Vi^t trudc chien t r a n h . C h i t r o n g v o n g 6 n a m (1924 - 1929) tong so v o n d a u t u vao N a m C O s u chuyen bien theo h u o n g t u ban. C h i n h s u t h a m nhap ciia p h u a n g V i ^ t N a m tang gap 6 Ian so v o i 20 nam truac chien tranh (1898 - 1918). V o i so v o n do, Phap tap t r u n g khai thac cac ITnh v u c sau: Ve n o n g nghiep: thuc dan Phap day manh vi?c c u o p da't, lap d o n dien, chu yeu la d o n d i e n cao su. T i n h den nam 1930, di$n tich d o n dien d o chu n g u o i Phap n a m gii> t o i 1,2 trieu hec ta da't dai, bang 1/4 tong d i f n tich da't canh tac 6 V i ^ t N a m . N h i e u C o n g t i Ian phuc v u cho vi^c khai thac c u n g Ian l u p t ra d a i : C o n g t i Da't do, Cong t i M i so Lanh, Cong t i trong cay n h i ^ t d o i . . . Ve cong nghiep: thuc dan Phap day manh khai thac m o (chii yeu la m o than). N h i e u C o n g t i than m a i ra d o i : Cong t i than H a L o n g , D o n g D a n g , Cong ti than D o n g Trieu... N g o a i ra, t u ban Phap con m o them m p t so ca so cong nghiep k h o n g c6 kha nang canh tranh v o i cong nghiep Phap, chu yeu la cong nghiep che'bien. Ve t h u o n g nghiep: de n a m chat h o n thj t r u o n g V i ^ t N a m va D o n g D u o n g , Phap ban hanh dao luat d o n g t h u e n a n g hang ngoai nhap nhat la hang T r u n g Quoc va N h a t Ban. thuc san xuat t u ban chu nghla dan toi su tan ra dan cua nen k i n h t e ' t y nhien, t y cap, t y tiic 6 nong thon. Nen kinh te'hang hoa, d o d o co dieu k i ^ n de phat trien. T u y nhien, d o m u c d i c h ciia thuc dan Phap bien Viet N a m thanh thj t r u o n g cung u n g n g u y e n vat l i ^ u va tieu t h u hang hoa, nen tac d y n g ciia p h u a n g thuc san xuat t u ban chii nghla d u nhap vao cung chi han che. M a t khac, Phap van tie'p tuc d u y t r i quan h# san xuat p h o n g kien 6 V i ^ t N a m , tie'p tyc s u d y n g giai cap dja chii p h o n g kien. V i vay, V i ^ t N a m k h o n g con la nuoc dpc lap va k h o n g the co nen k i n h te'dan tpc phat trien b i n h t h u o n g len t u ban chii nghla, ma t r o thanh m p t nuoc thupc dja n i i a p h o n g kien. H a y n o i t o m lai, nen k i n h te Viet N a m Iiic bay g i o la nen k i n h te dan xen ton tai p h u o n g thuc san xuat t u ban chii nghla va p h u o n g thuc san xuat p h o n g kien. Va suy cho cung, d o la nen k i n h te n o n g nghiep lac hau, que quat 1? thupc vao nen k i n h te'Phap. * Vexa hgi D u d i tac d p n g ciia cupc k h a i thac thupc dja Ian t h u hai ciia t h y c dan Phap l a m cho xa h p i V i ^ t N a m bj phan hoa sau sSc. Ben cgnh n h u n g giai cap cu van con, g i o day da xuat hi§n cac giai cap m o i . a. D o i v o i giai cap cu: Giai cap liia chit phon^ kick: tiep tuc bj phan hoa va chia ra hai bo phan, m o i bo phan c6 thai d o chinh t r i l dpi. nam 1908, Phan Chau Trinh bj an tu ba nam d Con Dao. Nam 1911, thuc dan Phap dua ong sang Phap. Suot 14 nam song d trung tam chau A u , Phan Chau Trinh van giu dudng Id'i cai each, keu gpi dan quyen, dan sinh, dan khi. Vao dau nam 1922, Phan Chau Trinh den Mae-xay. Nhan djp vua Khai Djnh sang du cupc trien lam thupe dja khuye'eh truong cai gpi la "cong lao khai hoa" ciia Phap, Phan Chau Trinh viet Thai die'u thw vaeh ra 7 tpi dang chem ciia Khai Djnh. Phan Chau Trinh con to chuc dien thuyet len an che'dp quan chii va quan truong d Viet Nam, tie'p tuc ho hao "Khai dan tri, chan dan khi, hqu dan khi"... Thang 6 - 1925, Phan Chau Trinh ve nirdc. Mac du sue khde da yeu ong van tie'p tuc hoat dpng, da pha che'dp quan chii, de cao dan quyen. Nhieu tang Idp nhan dan, nha't la thanh nien rat men mo va hudng ling hoat dpng ciia Phan Chau Trinh. d. Hoat dong cua tu san va tie'u tu san Ngay tu khi mdi ra ddi, tu san Vi^t Nam da to chuc cupc tay chay tu san Hoa Kieu (1919) d mot so tinh va thanh phd'nhu Sai Gdn, H a Npi, Hai Phong, Nam D i n h . . . d H a Npi ed cupc van dpng ngudi Vi?t N a m chi mua hang cua ngudi Vict Nam. Nam 1923, dai chii va tu san Vi?t Nam dau tranh chong tu ban Phap dpc quyen cang Sai Gdn, dpc quyen xua't cang liia gao Nam K i . Ngoai ra, giai cap tu san da diing bao chi de benh vuc quyen Ipi cho minh trong phong trao chdng dpc quyen. Mpt so tu san va dia chii Idn d Nam K i (Bui Quang Chieu, Nguyen Phan Long.) da tap hpp nhau lai thanh mpt to chuc cd ten la Dang Lap hien (1923). C o quan ngon luan ciia Dang lap hien la to Dien dan Dong Duong va Tieng doi An Nam. Khi dupe thuc dan Phap nhupng bp cho it quyen Ipi (chu cho tham gia Hpi dong Quan hat N a m Ki), hp da thda hiep vdi chiing. Sau chie'n tranh, cac tang Idp tie'u tu san tri thuc (gom sinh vien truong Cao dSng H a Npi, hpe sinh va cac giao vien cac trudng, vien chuc, nha van, nha bao..v..v..) sdi ndi dau tranh ddi quyen tu do dan chii. Giiia nhCrng nam 20, cd nhieu thanh nien yeu nude sang Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) tim dudng cuu nude. Nam 1923, hp thanh lap to chuc Tam tam xa. Mpt so to chuc chinh trj nhu Viet Nam nghia doan. Hoi Phuc Vict, Dang Thanh nien ra ddi vdi nhieu hoat dpng phong phii sdi dpng (mit tinh, bieu tinh, bai khoa V..V..). Nhieu to bao tie'n bp Ian lupt ra ddi. Bao tieng Phap ed cac to Chuong re. An Nam Ire, Ngudi nha que; bao tieng Viet cd td Huu thanh, Tieng dan, Dong Phap then bao, thuc nghiep dan bao....Hp lap ra nhijng nha xua't ban tien bp nhu Nam dong thuxa (Ha Npi), Cuang hoc thuxa (Sai Gdn), Quan tai lung thu (Hue)... Trong phong trao yeu nude dan chii cong khai hoi do ed mpt so s u kifn ndi bat la cupc dau tranh ddi nha cam quyen Phap tha Phan Bpi Chau (1925), cac cupc truy dieu, de tang Phan Chau Trinh (1926). Rieng d Sai Gdn, dam tang Phan Chau Trinh da thu hiit khoang 14 van ngudi tham du. e. Cac cuoc dau tranh ciia cong nhan Nhirng nam dau sau chien tranh, cac cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan tuy con le te va tu phat nhung da ndi len y thuc giai cap dang phat trien nhanh chdng lam CO sd cho eac td chuc va phong trao chinh trj cao hon ve sau. Ngay tu n5m 1920, cong nhan Sai G o n - C h p L d n da thanh lap cong hpi (bi mat) do Ton Due Thang diing dau. Cac cupc dau tranh ciia cong nhan va thiiy thii Phap tren eac tau Phap ghe ; nhu-jcacrupe^aii^tranh ciia vao cang Hai Phong (1919) va S ^ ' f ^ f y ( | 9 ^ ^ j ^ ^ ? p * | f ^ ^ 17 WVJ cong nhan va thuy thvi Trung Quoc tai cac cang Ion Huang Cang, Ao Mon, Thirgng Hai (1921) da gop phan c6 vu, dgng vien cong nhan Vi?t Nam hang hai da'u tranh. ba tu tuong yeu nuoc, tien bp, neu quan diem lap truong chinh trj ciia minh. Trong cao trao yeu nuoc luc bay gio c6 ba su kien tieu bieu nhat: vu Pham Hong Thai m u u sat toan quyen Mec-lanh, vu doi tha Phan Bpi Chau va vy de doi chu t u ban nguoi Phap phai cho hp nghi ngay chu nhat c6 tra luong. Cung tang Phan Chu Trinh. nSm do con c6 cupc bai cong cua cong nhan cac nha may d^t, rugu, xay xat gao Thang 6 - 1924, toan quyen Dong Duong la Mec-lanh sang Nhat va Trung d Nam Djnh, Ha Npi, Hai Duong v.v... Hoa, am muu ca'u ke't voi chinh quyen phan dpng hai nuoc nay de pha hogi Thang 8 - 1925, thg may xuong Ba Son tai cang Sai Gon khong chju sua each mang Viet Nam. Tarn Tam xa giao cho Pham Hong Thai nhi^m vu t r u chiia chien ham Mi-so-le cua Phap truoc khi chien ham nay cha linh sang tham khu ten thyc dan dau so. Cupc muu sat khong thanh, nhung hanh dpng ciia gia dan ap phong trao da'u tranh each mang cua nhan dan va thuy thii Trung Pham Hong Thai da gay tie'ng vang Ion 6 trong va ngoai nuoc, gio'ng nhu Quoc. Cupc bai cong no ra voi yeu sach doi tang luong 20% va phai de cho CUQC . . ^ . . y . . , (Sai Gon), Nam Dong thie xa (Ha Npi)... Hp dung sach bao lam phuong ti?n truyen Nam 1922, cong nhan va vien chuc cac so cong thuong cua t u nhan a Bac K i nhijng cong nhan mat vi^c lam dugc tro lai lam vi^c. /< I I II I I I I I "canh chim bao hieu mua xuan" vua c6 tac dung c6 vu, vua thiic day phong bai cong Ba Son trao yeu nuoc. thang Igi danh da'u buoc tien moi ciia phong trao cong nhan Vi^t Nam. Phan Bpi Chau la nha yeu nuoc, hoat dpng each mang tu dau the'ki XX. Sau 4. Nhan dinh ve phong trao dau tranh trong n h i m g nam 1919 -1925 Chien tranh the'gioi thii nhat, Phan Bpi Chau tie'p tuc hoat dpng 6 Trung Quoc. a. Phong trao giai cua cap tu sdn dan toe Giua nam 1925, ong bj thuc dan Phap bat o Thupng Hai va bi mat dua ve nuoc Doi mpt so' quyen Igi ve kinh te: giai cap t u san dan tgc nhan da lam Sn thuan muon vuon len gianh lay vj tri kha hon trong kinh te Vi?t Nam sau chien tranh. giam 6 Hoa L6 (Ha Npi) voi am muu sat hai eu. Nhan dan ea nuoc da'u tranh bupc thyc dan Phap dua ey ra xet x i i cong khai, tha bong va giam long 6 Hue cho den khi mat (1940). Doi cac quyen t u do dan chu: cung voi hoat dpng kinh te^ giai cap t u san Cung hoat dpng voi Phan Bpi Chau, dau the'ki XX c6 Phan Chau Trinh. Khi dan tpc da dung bao chi de benh vuc quyen Igi ciia minh. Mpt so' t u san va dja v v chong thue'o Nam Ki xay ra (1908) Phan Chau Trinh bj bat va bj day d i Con chii Ion Nam K i dai bieu la Bui Quang Chieu, Nguyen Phan Long... dung ra to chuc Dang Lap hieh de tap hgp luc lugng, roi dua ra mpt so khau hi^u: Doi t\ do, Dao ba nam. Den ngay 24 - 3 - 1926, eu Phan Chau Trinh qua doi sau mpt thoi dan chu de tranh thii su ung hp ciia quan chiing, lam ap luc doi voi Phap. gian 6'm nang tai Sai Gon. 14 van nguoi da xuong dua cy ve noi an nghi cuo'i cung. Sau dam tang, khap Bac Trung, Nam deu to ehiie le truy di^u. Cac phong trao cua giai cap t u san dan tpc the hi^n rinh chat: da'u tranh theo Nhin chung, Phong trao da'u tranh ciia giai cap tu san dan tpc tuy the hi^n khuynh huong dan chii t u san, cac hoat dpng cua hp mang tinh chat cai luong, long yeu nuoc nhung mang tinh chat thoa hifp, cai luong va ngay xa roi di thoa hi^p. b. Phong trao cua cac tang lap tie'u tu sdn 1 den cho doi lap voi quan chiing. Tie'ng noi va hoat dpng ciia tieu t u san manh Cho'ng cuong quyen, ap buc, doi cac quyen t y do, dan chii. me hon nhieu, ehiia dyng nhieu yeu to tien bp, dupe quan chiing ling hp, song Cac tang lop tie'u t u san da the hif n long yeu nuoc cua minh bang nhieu Cling khong the dua cupc da'u tranh den thang Ipi, do thie'u duong 161 chinh trj each. Ngoai vi^c tham gia vao cac phong trao yeu nuoc, dan chu cong khai liic diingdan. bay gio, hp da tap hpp nhau lai trong nhirng to chuc yeu nuoc moi, tien hanh c. Nhung mat tich cue va han checua phong trao da'u tranh c6 to chuc. - Phong trao cua giai cap tie sdn dan tpc: Nhieu to chuc chi'nh trj yeu nuoc ciia tri thuc Nha van, Nha bao, Nha giao, hpc sinh, sinh vien... da ra doi nhu; Tan Vi?t Thanh nien Doan (1923) V i f t Nam Nghia Doan (1925) Hpi Phuc Vi^t (1925) Dang Thanh nien (1926)... Cac to chuc da cho ra doi nhCrng to bao tien bp, nhu Chuong re. An Nam tre, Nguai nha que... lap ra nhiing nha xua't ban tien bp, n h u Cuang hoc thu xa i» Ti'eh cue: giai cap t u san dan tpc Vi^t Nam da c6 co gang trong vi^e da'u tranh chong su canh tranh, ehen ep ciia t u san nuoc ngoai. Han che: cac hoat dpng ciia hp chi mang tinh chat cai luong, gioi han trong khuon kho ciia che dp thye dan, phuc vu quyen Ipi ciia cac tang lop tren va nhanh chong bj phong trao quan chiing vupt qua. 19 Cty TNHH MTV DWH Khang Vi^t - Phong trao cua tang lap tieu tu sdn: nhieu bien chuyen. Xa hoi Viet N a m h i n h thanh n h u n g giai cap va tang l o p Tich cue: c6 t a c d u n g thuc tinh long yeu nuoc, truyen ba t u t u o n g t u do dan chu t r o n g nhan dan, truyen ba n h u n g t u t u o n g each m a n g m o i . H a n che: ho ehua to chuc thanh chinh dang nen dau tranh m a n g t i n h chat m o i n h u t u san dan toe, tieu t u san, cong nhan. N h i e u sT p h u yeu nuoc 6 Vi?t N a m cung c6 n h u n g chuyen bien ve t u t u o n g . xoc n o i , a'u t n . 5, G i a i q u y e t van de dan tQC, dan chu t r o n g nhung nam 20 ciia the k i X X Su tac d o n g ciia cac trao l u u t u t u o n g ben ngoai, tieu bieu la N h a t Ban va T r u n g Quoc, lam cho each m a n g Viet N a m c6 n h u n g net m o i , khac truoc, do la a. Hoan canh lich s u p h o n g trao chuyen t u k h u y n h h u o n g p h o n g kien sang k h u y n h h u o n g dan chii * Trong nucfc: t u san. N a m 1858, thuc dan Phap xam luge nuoc ta, van de giai p h o n g dan tgc D o n g luc cua p h o n g trao: k h o n g chi c6 nong dan ma con eo cac luc l u g n g dugc dat ra cho toan the dan toe. N h i e u cuoc dau tranh chong thuc dan Phap m o i t h a m gia n h u t u san, tieu t u san, cong nhan, sT p h u yeu nuoc, b i n h l i n h cuoi ciing bj that bai. n g u o i Viet t r o n g quan doi Phap. Den nam 1858, thuc dan Phap chinh thuc dat ach t h o n g trj d o ho nuoc ta, van de dan toe lai t r o nen cap thie't. Luc nay cac p h o n g trao dau tranh giai p h o n g dan toe do giai cap p h o n g kien lanh dao ma tieu bieu la p h o n g trao Can H i n h thuc dau tranh: ben canh cac cuoc dau tranh via trang, con xua't hien cac h i n h thuc dau tranh chinh t r j , ngoai giao, cai each xa h o i . Q u y mo phong trao rong Ion, thu hut dugc nhieu tang lop nhan dan tham gia. v u o n g cung bj that bai. N h i e m v u gii>a nuoc va giai p h o n g dan toe chua d u g c giai quyet. Cho nen, m u o n cuu nuoc, m u o n giai p h o n g dan toe, k h o n g the lam n h u cij, phai c6 con d u o n g c i i u nuoc m o i . * The giai: Su thanh cong cua cuoc cai each M i n h Trj 6 N h a t Ban n a m 1868 da c6 tac d p n g m a n h me vao cac bac sT p h u yeu nuoc 6 Viet N a m . Cuoc van d o n g D u y tan 6 T r u n g Quoc dau the k i XX da true tiep Ian t r u y e n vao cac the he yeu nuoc Viet N a m . h. Phuong huanggidi quyet van dedan toe trong nhung nutn 20 cuu the hi XX.* Dai di?n la hai bac sT p h u yeu nuoc Phan Boi Chau va Phan Chau T r i n h . Phan Boi Chau chii t r u o n g g i u o n g cao ngon c6 dan toe, truoc het phai tap t r u n g cho van de giai p h o n g dan toe, sau do se lam nhiem v u dan chii. Bien phap giai quyet van de dan toe cua Phan Boi Chau la d u a vao N h a t de danh Phap, d o n g t h o i thuc h i f n cai each d u y tan theo g u o n g N h a t . Phan Chau T r i n h t h i neu cao nhiem v u danh p h o n g kien, thuc hien dan sinh, dan chu, sau do m o i danh Phap, giai p h o n g dan toe. Phan Boi Chau xem van de dan toe la dieu kien de xay d u n g nen dan chii, con Phan Chau T r i n h thi xem dan chii la tien de de thuc hien nhiem v u dan tgc. Con d u o n g giai p h o n g dan toe ciia Phan Boi Chau va Phan Chau T r i n h cuoi ciang cijng bj that bai, lam cho each mang Viet N a m " d u o n g n h u n a m t r o n g d e m toi, k h o n g c6 d u o n g ra". 6. Dac d i e m cua p h o n g trao yeu nuoc dau the k i XX Phong trao chju s u tac d g n g ciia cuoc khai thac thuoc dja Ian t h u nhat cua M u c tieu dau tranh nh^m danh d u o i thuc dan Phap de gianh doc lap dan tgc va thuc hien dan sinh, dan chu. III. H O A T D Q N G YEU Nl/6C C U A N G U Y E N AI QUOC 1. Nguyen A i Quoc tu chu nghia yeu nuoc den voi chu nghla Mac - L e n i n , tim ra con duong cuu nuoc dung dan N g u y e n A i Quoc sinh ra va Ion len trong m o t gia d i n h nha nho ngheo, yeu nuoc, tren que h u o n g giau truyen thong each mang. L o n len t r o n g hoan canh nuoc m a t nha tan, lai d u g c ehung kien cac cuoc dau tranh cua cac bac tien boi bj tha't bai. Tat ca da h u n due trong long N g u y e n A i Quoc l o n g yeu nuoc non nang va quyet tarn ra d i t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc, c u u dan. Qua n h i e u n a m bon ba 6 hai ngoai de t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc, c u u dan. D a u tien N g u o i den nuoc Phap roi d i cac nuoc A , Phi, M i L a t i n h . Den n a m 1917, k h i Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga thang Igi, N g u o i t u L u a n D o n ( A n h ) ve Pari (Phap) de nghien cuu, hgc tap Cach m a n g thang M u o i N g a . N g a y 18 - 6 - 1919, thay mat n h u n g n g u o i Viet N a m yeu nuoc tai Phap, N g u o i giri den H o i nghj Vecxai Ban i/cn sdch cua nhan dan An Nam. Ban yeu sach d o i C h i n h p h i i Phap va cac nuoc d o n g m i n h thua nhan cac quyen t u do, dan chu va q u y e n b i n h dang ciia nhan dan A n N a m . T h a n g 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc dgc ban Sa thdo Ian Ihu nhat luan citang ve van dedan toe thuoc dia cua V . I . Lenin dang tren bao Nhan dao ciia D a n g Xa hgi Phap. L u a n c u o n g ciia Lenin da g i i i p N g u y e n Ai Quoc kh^ng d j n h m u o n cuu nuoc va giai p h o n g dan tgc la phai d i theo con d u o n g each m a n g v d san. Thang 12 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc tham d u D a i hgi dai bieu toan quoc ciia thuc dan Phap. Cupc khai thac nay lam cho co cau k i n h te^ xa hoi V i ^ t N a m eo I 20 b a n g xa hoi Phap tai thanh pho Tua. N g u o i da d u n g ve phia da so dgi bieu bo CtyTNHHMTVC>)r/H 3St duOn^ HSG L/ch Si} 12 - Tha. Truofig Ngpc Thai phieu tan thanh gia nhap Quoc teCpng san va thanh lap Dang Cong san Phap. Den day Nguyen Quoc Quoc da the hi^n hanh dpng cua minh la quye't tarn di theo con duang each mang v6 san. Sau do, Nguyen Ai Quoc cang ti'ch cue ho^t dpng va tie'p tuc hoc tap, nghien cuu If luan ve con duong each mang thuoe dja de truyen ba vao Vi?t Nam. * Nhan dinh ve con duong tim chan l i ciia Nguyen A i Quoc Cac bac tien boi ma tieu bieu la Phan Boi Chau da chon con duong cihi Khang Vi^ Nguoi tham gia xay dung bao "Le Pa-ria" "Nguoi ciing kho" vao nam 1922. Nguoi con vie't nhieu bai dang tren bdo "Nhan dao", "Doi song cong nhan". Tieu bieu nhat la cuon Ban an chedo thuc dan Phap. Nhirng sach bao do Nguoi viet, mpt mat to cao tpi ac ciia bpn de quoc, nhat la de quoc Phap 6 Dong Duong; mat khae khich 1^ long yeu nuoc cho dong bao, tuyen truyen chii nghla Mae - Lenin van dpng quan chiing da'u tranh. * Thai ki a Lien Xo (1923 - 1924) nuac do la di sang phuong Dong chii yeu la Nhat, vi a do da tung dien ra cupc Giua 1923, Nguyen A i Quoc bi m|t roi Phap sang Lien X6 d u hpi nghj Quoc cai each Minh Trj 1868 lam cho Nhat thoat khoi so phan mot nuoc thuoe dja; vi te nong dan (10-1923). Sau do, Nguoi o Lien X6 mpt thoi gian ngan de hoat Nhat da danh bai de quoc Nga trong cupe chien tranh Nga - Nhat (1904 -1905) dpng trong Quoc te Cpng san, hpc tap them ve ly luan ciia chii nghla Mac - va Nhat eon la nuoc "dong van dong chiing" vai V i f t Nam. Doi tupng ciia Lenin va thuc tien ve Cach mang thang Muoi Nga. Phan Bpi Chau gap go la nhung chinh khach Nhat de xin hp giiip Viet Nam Trong thoi gian nay, Nguoi vie't nhieu bai dang tren bao " Su that" Co quan danh Phap. Phuong phap ciia cu la van dong, to chue giai cap, cung cac tang ngon luan ciia Dang Cpng san Lien X6, "Thu tin quoc te*' ca quan ngon luan lop tren de huy dpng luc lupng da'u tranh bao dong. ciia Quoc te Cpng san. Con Nguyen Ai Quoc lua chpn huong di sang phuong Tay, noi dupe m?nh Thang 7 -1924, Nguoi d u Dai hpi V ciia Quoc teCpng san va dpe tham luan danh eo t u tuong t u do, binh dang bac ai, c6 khoa hoc ki thuat, eo nen van tai Dai hpi, trinh bay quan diem ciia minh ve v i tri chien lupc eiia each mang minh phat trien. Cach di ciia Nguyen A i Quoc la di vao tat ca cac giai cap, tang thupc dja, moi quan h$ giiia phong trao cong nhan 6 cac nuoc de quoc voi lop, di vao phong trao quan chiing giac ngp, doan ket hp dung len dau tranh phong trao each mang d cac nuoc thupc dja, ve vai tro va sue mgnh to Ion ciia gianh doe lap that su, bang sue manh ciia minh la chinh. Nguoi luon de cao giai cap nong dan o cac nuoc thupc dja. hpc tap, nghien ciiu li luan va kinh nghi^m each mang moi nhat ciia thoi dai de tren eo so do bat gap chan l i Cach mang thang M u o i Nga. Day la con duong cuu nuoc duy nhat diing dan doi voi dan toe ta, cCing nhu doi vol cac dan tpc thupc dja va phu thupc khac, vi no phu hop voi su phat trien cua Ijeh su. 2. Hoat dpng ciia Nguyen A i Quoc ve vi^c chuan bi ve chinh tri, t u tuong va to chuc cho s\ ra doi chinh dang v6 san o Vi?t Nam NhCrng hoat dpng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc trong thai gian nay chii yeu tren m|t t r ^ tu tuong - chinh trj nham truyen ba chii nghla Mae - Lenin vao nuoc ta. '• * Thai ki d Trung Quoc (1924 - 1927) Thang 11 - 1924, Nguyen Ai Quoc tu Lien X6 ve Quang Chau (Trung Quoc) de tap hop nhCrng nguoi yeu nuoc o Vi^t Nam, truyen ba, giao due cho hp chii nghla Mac - Lenin. Sau khi tie'p nhan chii nghla Mac - Lenin, tim ra con duong ciru nuoc diing Dau tien Nguoi tim hieu va cai to Tam Tarn xa thanh H p i Vi#t Nam Cach dan, Nguyen A i Quoc tich cue hoat dpng nhSm truyen ba chii nghla Mac - mang Thanh nien (6-1925). Nguoi sang lap bao "Thanh nien" (1925). Cung voi Lenin vao trong nuoc. Qua trinh nay trai qua cac thai ki sau : nhieu nha each mang cac nuoc, Nguoi tham gia sang lap " H p i lien hi?p cac * Thai ki a Phap (1920 - 1923) Nguyen A i Quoc tich cue hoat dpng trong phong trao cong nhan Phap, tranh thii su ling hp ciia giai cap cong nhan Phap doi voi V i f t Nam. Nguoi tham gia Hpi "Nhirng nguoi yeu nuoc tai Phap" van dpng kieu bao ling hp da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc. Nguoi cung mpt so nha yeu nuoc d cac thupc dja Phap, sang lap hpi "Lien hi?p cac dan tpc thupc dja" (1921) de gay tinh doan ket giua each m^ng Vi?t Nam voi each mang the gioi. dan tpc bi ap biic 6 A Dong" de gay tinh doan ket giua each mang cac nuoc trong khu vuc. Tai Quang Chau (Trung Quoc), Nguoi da mo nhieu lop huan luy^n va da dao tao dupe 75 can bp cho each mang Vi?t Nam. Nhung bai giang ciia Nguoi sau nay tap hop lai trong cuon Dif&ng kdch menh dupe xuat ban 6 Trung Quoc vao nam 1927. Nhung hoat dpng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc da eo tac dung quye't djnh trong viee chuan bj ve chinh trj, t u tuong va to chue cho vi?c thanh l^p chinh dang :^.„.cua giai cap v6 san a Vi^t Nam. BSidLfdn^ H5G Lich eCr 12 - The. TrLrong Ngpc Cty TNHH MTV PWI Thai Khang Vift 3. Q u a trinh chuyen bien ciia Nguyen A i Quoc tir mpt chien si yeu nuoc tro chong chii nghla thuc dan. Co quan ngon luan ciia H g i la bao N^itai cun^ kho thanh mpt chien si cpng san d o N g u o i lam chu n h i e m kiem chii biit. N g u o i con vie't nhieu bai cho cac bao - TiV mot chiC'it s7 I/I'H nuvc: Nhan dao (ciia D a n g C o n g san I'hap), dai son^ con^ nhan... N g u y e n A i Quoc sinh ra va Ion len trong m o t gia d i n h nha nho ngheo, yeu Ban an chedo thuc dan Phap. Cac sach bao ncSi tren dugc bi mat chuyen ve Viet N a m nuoc, tren que Huong giau t r u y e n thong each mang. L o n len t r o n g hoan canh nuoc mat nha tan, lai d u g c c h u n g kien cac cupc da'u tranh cua cac bac tien boi va dac biet la cuon da gop phan thiic day phong trao dan tgc trong nuoc phat trien manh me hon. Tir n a m 1923 den 1924, N g u y e n A i Quoc hoat d g n g 6 Lien X6. Tai day, bj that bai. Tat ca da h u n due trong long N g u y e n A i Quoc l o n g yeu nuoc nong N g u t r i d u Hoi n<^hi Quoc te'Non^ dan (thang 10 - 1923) va duge bau vao Ban nan va quye't tam ra d i t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc, c u u dan. Chap hanh H g i . N g u o i 6 lai Lien X6, v i i a nghien c i i u , hgc tap, vie't bai cho bao Qua nhieu n a m bon ba 6 hai ngoai de t i m d u o n g c u u nuoc, c u u dan. Dau tien N g u o i den n u o c Phap roi d i cac nuoc A , Phi, MT L a t i n h . Den nam 1917, Sif that ciia D a n g C o n g san Lien X6, tap chi Thw tin Quoc tecita Quoc te'Cgng san. Tai Dai hgi Quoc te'Cgng san Ian thir V (1924), N g u y e n A i Quoc t r i n h bay k h i Cach m a n g thang M u o i Nga thang Igi, N g u o i tir L u a n D o n ( A n h ) ve Pari lap t r u o n g quan d i e m cua m i n h ve v j t r i chien luge ciia each m a n g cac n u o c (Phap) de nghien c u u , hoc tap Cach mang thang M u o i N g a . thuge dja, ve m o i quan he giua phong trao cong nhan 6 cac n u o c de'quoe v o i Roi den ngay 18 - 6 - 1919, thay mat n h u n g n g u o i Viet N a m yeu nuoc tai phong trao each m a n g 6 cac nuoc thuge dja. Ban Tir nam 1924 den 1925, N g u y e n A i Quoc hoat d g n g 6 Q u a n g Chau ( T r u n g yeu sach d o i C h i n h p h u Phap va cac nuoc d o n g m i n h thira nhan cac quyen t u Quoc) de true tiep dao tao can bg, xay d u n g to chiic each mang, t r u y e n ba l i do, dan chu va q u y e n b i n h dang ciia nhan dan A n N a m . luan each m a n g giai p h o n g dan tgc vao Viet N a m . Thang 6 - 1925, tai Q u a n g Phap, N g u o i g u i den H o i nghi Vecxai Biiu yen sack cm nhan dan An Nam. N h u vay, t u nam 1911 den dau 1920, la t h o i k i N g u y e n A i Quoc t r o thanh chien sT yeu nuoc. - Tra thanh mot chien si con^ san: qua t r i n h chuyen t u chien sT yeu n u o c tro Chau ( T r u n g Quoc) N g u y e n A i Quoc n h o m hgp n h u n g thanh nien yeu nuoc V i ^ t N a m t r o n g to ehiic Tam tam xa roi d i den thanh lap H g i V i ^ t N a m Cach mang Thanh nien de truyen ba chii nghla Mac - Lenin ve t r o n g nuoc. thanh chien sT cong d u g c danh da'u b ^ n g thoi k i N g u y e n A i Quoc den v o i chii N h u vay, N g u y e n A i Quoc t i m ra con d u o n g ciiu nuoc d u n g dan, den cho nghia Mac - L e n i n , t i m ra con d u o n g c i i u nuoc d u n g d i n , d o la con d u o n g h u o n g dan nhan dan ta thuc hien con d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san theo quan each m a n g v 6 san. N g u y e n A i Quoc quye't tam d u a each m a n g Viet N a m d i diem ciia ehii nghia Mae - Lenin. D o chinh la theo con d u o n g nay. Dieu do d u g c the hien: thanh chien sT cong san. Thang 7 n a m 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc doc ban So thdo Ian thu nhat luan citang vevan dc dan toe thuoc dia ciia V . I . Lenin dang tren bao Nhan dqo ciia D a n g Xa h g i Phap. L u a n c u o n g cua Lenin da g i u p N g u y e n A i Quoc khSng d j n h m u o n c i i u nuoc va giai p h o n g dan toe la phai d i theo eon d u o n g each m a n g v6 san. Thang 12 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc tham dir Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc ciia D a n g Xa h g i Phap tai thanh p h o T u a . N g u o i da d u n g ve phia da so dai bieu bo phieu tan thanh gia nhap Quoc te'Cgng san va thanh lap D a n g C o n g san Phap. D e n day N g u y e n A i Quoc da the hien hanh d o n g ciia m i n h la quye't tam d i theo eon d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san. Sau do, N g u y e n A i Quoc eang tich cue hoat d g n g v a tiep tuc hgc tap, nghien c i i u l i luan ve con d u o n g each m a n g thuoc dja de truyen ba vao Viet N a m . thc7i ki N g u y e n A i Quoc t r o 4. N h i r n g cong h i e n cua N g u y e n A i Quoc d o i v o i each m a n g V i ? t N a m t r o n g t h a i gian tii 1911 den 1930. Den v o i chu nghla Mac - L e n i n , t i m ra con d u o n g c i i u n u o c d u n g din (ket hgp dgc lap dan tgc v o i chii nghia xa hgi, gan each m a n g Viet N a m v o i each mang thc'gioi). C h u a n bi ve c h i n h trj t u t u o n g va to chue cho si^ thanh lap D a n g Cgng san V i ^ t N a m ngay 3 -2 - 1930. C h i i t r i H g i nghj h g p nhat ba to chiie cgng san de thanh lap D a n g Cgng san Viet N a m . Viet va t h o n g qua C u o n g l i n h trj dau tien ciia D a n g . Xac d j n h d u o n g 161 d u n g cho euge da'u tranh giai p h o n g dan tgc, d u o i su lanh dao ciia Dang. Tir nam 1921 den nam 1923, N g u y e n A i Quoc tiep tuc hoat d g n g 6 Phap. * Con^ hien to Ian nhat tron^; qua trinh hoat dou;^ cm N^^uyen Ai Quoc dcS la deh N g u o i cung v o i m o t so n g u o i yeu nuoc ciia A n g i e r i , Maroe, T u y n i d i lap ra Hp; v o i chii nghia Mac - Lenin, t i m ra con d u o n g eiru nuoc d i i n g dan - con d u o n g Hen /ij'tT cac dan tgc thuoc dja 6 Pari de doan ket cac li,rc l u g n g each mane , each m a n g v6 san. BSi dLf&ng HSG Ljch Su 12 - The. Tnrong Ngpc Thai Cty TNHH MTV PWH Sau m p t t h o i g i a n b o n ba 6 hai ngoai, N g u a i v u a khao sat thuc tien each Khan^ Vi^ cac tang l o p nhan dan V i ^ t N a m , chuan bj kT ve t u t u o n g va to chiic cho vi#c m a n g cac nuoc v u a d i t i m con d u o n g c u u n u o c cho dan t Q C V i ? t N a m . Den thanh lap D a n g C o n g san Viet N a m . thang 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc doc so thao L u a n c u a n g ciia Lenin ve van de I V . SV" C H U Y E N H O A dan toe va thuoc dia. D e n day N g u o i da t i m ra con d u o n g c u u nuoc d u n g dan T R O N G N H i ^ N G N A M C U O I T H E K Y X I X D A U T H E K i XX cho dan toe V i ^ t N a m , do la eon d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san. N g u o i quye't tarn d u a each m a n g Viet N a m d i theo con d u o n g nay. N g u o i k h a n g d j n h : " M u o n cuu nude, m u o n giai p h o n g dan tpc, k h o n g c 6 con d u o n g nao khae eon d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san". i VIET NAM N a m 1858, t h u c dan Phap tan eong Da N3ng, m o d a u eupc x a m l u p c nuoc ta, trieu d i n h nha N g u y e n to ra bat luc truoc su xam lupc ciia t h u c dan Phap, nhung nhan dan ta van kien tri da'u tranh anh dung, cho'ng xam lupc. Nhieu sT phu yeu nuoc da nhan thiic ro, m u o n bao v^ To quoc phai danh ca "Trieu Ian Tay". T u viec t i m ra con d u o n g c u u n u o c d u n g dan va xac d j n h each m a n g Viet N a m phai d i theo con d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san de roi N g u y e n A i Quoc tiep tyc hoat d o n g t r u y e n ba eon d u o n g nay vao Vi?t N a m , tren co so do chuan bi ve t u t u o n g c h i n h t n va to chuc cho s u thanh lap Dang, r o i tien den thanh lap D a n g Cong san Viet N a m de lanh dao each m a n g Viet N a m d i d u n g q u y d^o ciia eupc each m a n g v 6 san. Cupe da'u t r a n h ciia nhan dan ta 6 n i i a cuoi the k i XIX, tieu bieu la p h o n g trao Can v u o n g c h i i n g to rang: y thiie doe lap dan tpc t r o n g n h a n d a n la bat di?t n h u n g cuoi c u n g bj that bai do che'dp p h o n g kien t r o nen loi t h o i . V i f e ling hp m o t o n g vua, d u la ong vua yeu nuoc cung k h o n g the tap h p p dupe dong dao quan ehiing nhan dan chong Phap. Vao d a u the k i XX, sau k h i b i n h d j n h xong ve quan su, t h u c d a n Phap tien N h u vay, vi^c t i m ra eon d u o n g each m a n g d u n g dan no eo tac d u n g quye't d j n h d o i v o i thang \q'i eiia each m a n g V i ^ t N a m . C h i n h v i the^ day la eong hien Ion nhat ciia N g u y e n A i Quoc d o i v o i dan toe V i ? t N a m t r o n g qua t r i n h hoat d p n g c u u nuoc ciia m i n h . C U A P H O N G T R A O YEU N l / O C 6 , 6. N h u n g n p i d u n g co ban cua tac pham Dudttg kdch menh ciia Nguyen A i Quoc Cach m a n g la s u nghiep cua quan c h i i n g g o m sT, nong, cong, t h u a n g trong do eong - n o n g la goe each m a n g con hpc tro, nha b u o n nho, d i e n chii nho la bau ban cua eong - nong. Cach m a n g phai co d a n g theo chii nghla Mae - L e n i n lanh dao. D a n g co vung m o i t h a n h eong, cQng n h u n g u o i cam lai co v i m g t h u y e n m o i chay. hanh khai thae thupe dja n u o c ta, cupe khai thae nay da lam cho xa h p i V i ^ t N a m C O n h i i n g bie'n d o i sau sac: ben canh cac giai cap cii n h u dja ehii p h o n g kien va n o n g dan van eon, gio day da xua't hi^n cac giai cap va tang l o p m o i n h u t u san dan tpc, tieu t u san va eong nhan. Su ehuyen bien sau sac ve k i n h te^ xa hpi da tao nen mpt t i n h the m o i trong eupc da'u t r a n h giai p h o n g dan tpc. Vi vay, each m a n g Viet N a m dau the'ki XX phai bao h a m hai n p i d u n g dan tpc va dan c h i i , tiie la phai d a n h de'quoe, p h o n g kien tay sai de giai p h o n g d a n tpc, giai p h o n g giai cap. Yeu eau ciia ljch su Viet N a m dau the k i XX bao h a m npi d u n g sau sac h o n , bao t r u m hon cuoi the'ki XIX. H o n nii'a, vao dau the'ki XX, cupe each m a n g t u san 6 cac nuoc p h u o n g Tay Cach m a n g cua m o i nuoc la m o t bp phan cua each m a n g quoc te. Can phai phat trien m a n h me dan d e n su h i n h thanh chii nghla t u ban, r o i chii nghla de doan ket va t r a n h t h i i s u g i i i p d o ciia giai cap v 6 san va cac d a n toe bj ap bue quoc. C u n g v o i s u phat t r i e n do, phong trao da'u tranh ciia giai cap cong nhan tren the gioi, song truoe he't phai d u a vao sue m a n h cua c h i n h m i n h . va nhan d a n cac n u o c thupe dja phat trien manh me. Cach m a n g giai p h o n g dan toe la m p t bp phan ciia each m a n g t h a i d g i - NhCrng dieu kien t r o n g nuoc va su tac d p n g ciia the g i o i lam xua't h i ^ n trao each m a n g v 6 san. Cach m a n g dan tpc phai gan lien v o i giai p h o n g n h a n dan liru m o i t r o n g vi^e xac d j n h con d u o n g ciiu nuoc khae con d u o n g p h o n g kien lao dpng, giai p h o n g giai cap eong nhan. D o la s u nghiep to Ion, lau dai. C h i co truoc do. N h i e u sT p h u yeu nuoc k h o n g eon g i u o n g cao ngpn co q u a n chii ma giai p h o n g giai cap v 6 san m o i giai p h o n g d u p e dan tpc. Ca hai eupc each h u o n g ve cai each d a n chii. T u y nhien, tren con d u o n g c u u n u o c nay c u n g xua't m a n g nay la sy nghiep ciia chii nghla epng san va each m a n g the g i o i . hi?n nhieu m a u sMc, k h u y n h h u o n g khae n h a u . Con d u o n g e i i u n u o c ciia Phan Sach neu ro m p i n g u o i phai d o n g tam, h i f p luc, phai co to ehiic va p h u o n g p h a p da'u t r a n h d i i n g de d a n h d o giai cap t h o n g t r i c h i i k h o n g phai la am sat ca nhan. Tac p h a m Ducmg kdch mcnh da v u trang l i l u a n each m a n g cho can bp ciia H p i ^ i ( f t N a m Cach m^rig T h a n h nien t u y e n t r u y e n vao giai cap cong nhan va Bpi Chau chii yeu lay p h u o n g thiic bao d p n g v u trang de gianh dpc lap. Vi^c xac d j n h con d u o n g eiiu nuoc ciia Phan Bpi Chau co n h i e u d i e m m o i , Hen bp h o n con d u o n g c i i u nuoc phong kien truoe do. Phan nao p h u h p p v o i yeu cau m o i ciia t h o i d ^ i . Song, con d u o n g eiiu nuoc eiia Phan Bpi C h a u cung BdidiJ&ngHSGLjch Sir 12- Thf,. Tn/an^ Ngpc Thai bpc Ip nhieu non yeu, nhirpc d i e m v i , tu t u o n g dan chu tir san den dau the k i XX k h o n g con la t u t u o n g tien bo, khi he tu t u a n g v6 san da phat trien. Con d u o n g c i i u n u o c ciia Phan Chau T r i n h chu yeu la d u a vao Phap de thuc hien dan chu, thuc hien cai each. Con d u o n g cuu n u o c ciia Phan Chau jChi chu nghTa Mac - L e n i n dupe truyen ba sau rpng vao Viet N a m , nhat la tir nam 1928 t r o d i , lam cho p h o n g trao cong nhan va p h o n g trao yeu nuoc phat trien m a n h me, yeu cau phai c6 chinh dang cua giai cap vo san lanh dao. Dap u T i g y^'" '^^^ ' i * ^ ^ " ^'^^ ^ ^ " ^ ^^^^ *° ^ ^ " ' ^ "^^^"S n h u n g su hoat d p n g rieng le ciia ba to chiic cpng san gay anh h u o n g k h o n g tot T r i n h k h o n g the thuc hien dupe trong che'dp thuoc dja nira p h o n g kien n h u cten tien t r i n h each mang. V i vay, den dau nam 1930, tai H p i nghj h p p nhat ba Vi?t N a m v i , bon thuc dan Phap phai d u y t r i , nuoi d u o n g bpn vua quan phong to chuc cpng san t u ngay 6 -1 den ngay 7 - 2 - kien de lam tay sai t r o n g vi^c dan ap, boc lot nhan dan ta. N g o a i con d u o n g cuu nuoc cua Phan Bpi Chau va Phan Chau T r i n h con c6 cae cupe dau tranh co tinh chat t u phat cua nong dan va cac dan toe it n g u o i , tieu bieu la cuoc k h o i nghTa nong dan Yen The. Roi p h o n g trao dau tranh cua giai cap t u san dan toe va cua tang lop tieu t u san... N h i n c h u n g cac p h o n g trao yeu nuoc theo k h u y n h h u o n g p h o n g kien cung n h u dan chu t u san da to ra bat luc, khong the d u a cupe dau tranh giai phong dan toe, giai p h o n g giai cap den thang Ipi. Cupe k h u n g hoang ve con d u o n g cuu n u o c ngay cang tram trpng, lam cho each mang Vi?t N a m " d u o n g n h u nam trong d e m t o i , k h o n g c6 d u o n g ra". Do la su k h u n g hoang ve d u o n g loi c h u k h o n g phai k h u n g hoang ve phong trao yeu nuoc, n h u n g do k h i i n g hoang ve d u o n g loi nen p h o n g trao yeu nuoc theo do ma tha't bai. T r u o c su k h u n g hoang ve con d u o n g cuu nuoc n h u vay, N g u y e n A i Quoc quyet d j n h ra d i t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc, cuu dan. Truoc k h i buoc chan x u o n g tau ngay 5 - 6 - 1 9 1 1 , N g u y e n A i Quoc da chuan bj cho m i n h nhCrng tien de t u t u o n g xem xet cac con d u o n g ciiu nude de Kra chpn h u o n g d i va d i c h t o i cho m i n h m o t each d u n g d5n. Sau nhieu nam bon ba 6 hai ngoai, thang 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc da t i m den chii nghTa Mac - Lenin, t i m ra eon d u o n g cuu n u o c d u n g d<1n, d o la con d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san. N g u o i khcing d i n h : " M u o n cuu nude, m u o n giai p h o n g dan toe, k h o n g c6 con d u o n g nao khac, con d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san". K h i da xac d j n h d u p e con d u o n g eiiu nuac d u n g dan, N g u y e n A i Quo'c ra sue hoat d p n g de d u a vao Viet N a m n h ^ m lanh dao each m a n g V i f t N a m d i theo eon d u o n g each m a n g v6 san. Su lua chpn con d u o n g cuu nuoc cua N g u y e n A i Quoc da tao ra n h u n g tien de, nhi>ng nhan to m o i d u a cupe dau tranh giai p h o n g dan tpc vao q u y dao each m a n g v o san. De t r u y e n ba ehii nghTa Mae - Lenin vao V i f t N a m , d u a con d u o n g each m a n g v o san vao nuoc ta, N g u y e n A i Quoc da thanh lap H p i Viet N a m Cach m a n g Thanh nien, viet tac pham Dubn'g kdch menh. T h o n g qua H p i Vi?t N a m Cach m a n g Thanh nien va Diimt;^ kdch menh, chu nghTa Mae - Lenin Ian l u p t d u p e t r u y e n ba vao Viet N a m . 1930, D a n g C p n g san Vi?t N a m ra d d i . Dang C p n g san V i ^ t N a m ra d d i da lanh dao nhan dan ta dau tranh theo con d u d n g each m a n g v6 san ma N g u y e n A i Quo'c da lua chpn. Qua 15 nam dau tranh chong thuc dan, p h o n g kien nhan d a n ta da viet nen trang s u ve vang cua Cach m a n g thang Tam nam 1945; trai qua 9 n a m khang chie'n lau dai, ben b i , nhan dan ta da lam nen chien thang D i e n Bien Phii nam 1954, d a n h bai hoan toan chu nghTa thuc d a n eu tren da't n u d e ta; t r a i qua 21 nam k h a n g chie'n chd'ng MT xam lupc v d i dai thang Xuan nam 1975 da danh cho "MT cut, nguy nhao", t h u non song ve mot m o i , d u a ca nude tien len xay d y n g chu nghTa xa h p i . T u k h i xac d j n h dupe eon d u d n g cuu nude d u n g dan. D a n g ta da lanh dao nhan dan ta dau tranh theo con d u d n g each m a n g d d va da gianh dupe t h ^ n g Ipi hoan toan. N h u vay, qua t r i n h ehuyen hda t u p h o n g trao yeu nude theo k h u y n h h u d n g phong kien, roi k h u y n h h u d n g dan chu t u san va eud'i cung la k h u y n h h u d n g vo san la qua t r i n h dau tranh lau dai, gian k h d cua nhan dan ta. Day la qua trinh ehuyen hda h p p q u y luat va xu h u d n g phat trien cua thdi dai nen c h u n g ta da gianh thang I p i . V. V A I T R O C U A N G U Y E N A I Q U O C T R O N G V I E C C H U Y E N L A P T R L f O N G GIAI PHONG D A N T O C THEO HlJONG VO SAN V A TRONG VIEC C H U A N BI T H A N H LAP D A N G a. Vai tro cua Nguyen Ai Quo'c trong viec ehuyen lap trudng... Nhi>ng n a m hai m u o i cua the k i XX, phong trao yeu nude d Viet N a m lam vao t i n h trang k h u n g hoang d u d n g 16'i chinh trj va vai t r d lanh dao m o t each sau sic. Giua luc d d , N g u y e n A i Quoc - n g u o i cpng san Viet N a m dau tien xuat hien va t r d thanh v j lanh t u d budc ngoat cua ljch sir, t u y e n ba eon d u d n g Clhi nude m d i de giai p h d n g dan tpc: con d u d n g each m a n g vo san. Sau Cach m a n g thang M u d i Nga nam 1917, tren t h e g i d i da h i n h thanh hai con d u d n g phat trien xa h p i : chu nghTa t u ban va chu nghTa xa h p i , t r o n g do Van de dpc lap dan tpc gan lien v d i chu nghTa xa hpi dang dat ra cho cac nude 29 thuQC dja can phai giai quye't. T r o n g tinh h i n h do, m o i d a n tpc phai l y a chgn C u o l n a m 1917, Cach m a n g thang M u o i N g a thanh cong, Chien t r a n h the cho m i n h con d u a n g phat trien p h i i h o p v o i thoi dai va dieu k i ^ n lich sir rieng g i a i thir nhat sap ket thiic, N g u y e n A i Quoc ban hoan chao d o n Cach m a n g ciia m i n h . O Viet N a m , sir lua chon con d u o n g dien ra suot thap k i 20 cua the thang M u o i N g a , mac dau luc do N g u o i chua hieu gi ve cupc each m a n g nay. k i nay. D o la qua t r i n h kiem nghiem Hen tuc ciia thuc te'khach quan d o i v o i cac Thang 6 - 1919, cac n u o c de quo'c thang tran hpp H p i n g b i Vecxai, nhan xu h u o n g , dang phai chinh trj de t i m kiem m p t con d u o n g d u n g nha't. N g u y e n danh la n g u o i A n N a m yeu nuoc, N g u y e n A i Quoc giri den H p i nghj ban yeu A i Quoc bang thien tai va l i n h cam nhay ben c h i n h t r j ciia m i n h da nhan thuc sach d o i cac q u y e n t u do d a n c h i i , b i n h dang va dan tpc tir quye't cho nhan dan day d u xu the cua t h a i dai va yeu cau cua Hch sir dan tpc, v u a t qua tam nhirt ta. Mac dau k h o n g d u p e b p n de'quoc, nhat la de'quoc Phap chap nhan n h i m g cua nhi>ng n g u o i yeu nuoc d u a n g thoi ve van de dan tpc. Van de dan tpc ban yeu sach da l a m chan d p n g the gioi va vang d p i ve nuoc tao ra buac k h o n g chi c6 doc lap dan tpc, ma ca giai phong dan tpc va giai p h o n g giai cap chuyen t r o n g p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc. D o do, N g u o i k h o n g chpn kieu Cach mang MT (1776), cung k h o n g theo kieu Thang 7 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc dupe dpc so thao L u a n c u o n g ciia L e n i n each m a n g dan chii t u san Phap (1789) ma chpn con d u a n g Cach m a n g thang ve van de dan tpc va thupc dja dang tren bao Sir that. D e n day N g u y e n A i M u o i N g a (1917) - each m a n g v6 san. Quo'c da t i m ra con d u a n g each m a n g d u n g dan cho d a n tpc V i f t N a m , d o la De thuc hien viec lira chpn con d u o n g each m a n g do, N g u y e n A i Quoc phai con d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san. Roi thang 12 - 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc t h a m d u trai qua m p t cupc hanh t r i n h t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc day gian kho. N a m 1911, Dgi h p i ciia D a n g Xa h p i Phap hpp 6 thanh pho Tua, bo p h i e u tan thanh Quoc N g u o i quye't d i n h sang p h u o n g Tay t i m d u o n g cuu nuoc, day la moc quan te Cong san va gia nhap D a n g Cpng san Phap. N h i r n g sir kien d o c h u n g to trpng danh da'u s u lira chpn dau tien ciia N g u o i . T r o n g k h i n h i r n g n g u o i ciing rang, den n a m 1920, N g u y e n A i Quoc ket thiic chan d u a n g t i m p h u o n g cuu thai d i p h u o n g Dong, sang Nhat Ban, Trung Quoc thi Nguyen A i Quoc re loi khac, nuoc, qua t r i n h lira chpn con d u o n g cuu nuoc d i i n g dan. buac quye't d i n h nay la ket qua ciia qua trinh chuan bj ve nhan thuc t u tuang. N h u vay, qua t r i n h t i m k i e m con d u a n g c i i u nuoc ciia N g u y e n A i Quo'c la Con d u o n g sang p h u o n g Tay, v o i n h u n g boat d p n g thuc tien va l i luan qua t r i n h hoc tap, khao sat, nghien cuu, k i e m n g h i e m l i l u a n va thuc tien day p h o n g p h i i da tao ra n h u n g nhan to m o i dua N g u y e n A i Quoc tie'p can chan l i gian kho, phiic tap. N g u y e n A i Quoc da ket hop dupe hai yeu to dan tpc va t h a i ciia t h o i dai de c6 s u lira chpn con d u o n g c i i u nuoc d i i n g dan. Qua m u o i nam d?i de chpn con d u o n g c u u nuoc thich hpp v a i sir phat trien ciia Ijch sir dan tpc. boat d p n g (1911 - 1920) N g u y e n A i Quoc da den nhieu nuoc khac nhau tren Do la con d u o n g each mang v6 san, con d u a n g theo chii nghla Mac - Lenin. cac luc dja A , Phi, M i L a t i n h va t u bie'n m i n h thanh n g u o i v 6 san. T r o n g qua t r i n h do, N g u y e n A i Quoc da riit ra dupe ket luan sau sac rang: a dau bpn de b. Vai tro cua Nguyen Ai Quoc doi vai qua trinh van dong chuan hi thanh lap Dang Cgng san Viet Nam quoc va thuc dan cung tan bao, doc ac, 6 dau n g u o i lao d p n g cung bi ap biic, Sau t h o i gian dai ra di t i m d u a n g c i i u nuoc, den n a m 1920, N g u y e n A i boo Ipt nang ne. N h i r n g nhan thuc m o i me nay cang n u n g na'u suy nghT giai Quoc da den v a i chii nghia Mac - L e n i n va t i m ra con d u a n g c u u nuoc d i i n g p h o n g dan tpc va m o uoc q u y e n song ciia n h u n g n g u o i ciing kho ma N g u o i da d^n cho each m a n g V i f t N a m , do la con d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san. tran t r o t r u d c luc xua't d u o n g , cang thoi thuc N g u o i quye't tarn t i m con d u a n g giai p h o n g dan tpc. Giira n a m 1917, N g u y e n A i Quoc t r o lai nuoc Phap, N g u o i lao vao hogt K h i t i m den chu nghia Mac - L e n i n , t i m ra con d u o n g c i i u n u o c d i i n g dan, N g u y e n A i Quoc tie'p tyc boat d p n g de t r u y e n ba chu nghia Mac - L e n i n ve Vi^t N a m . Qua t r i n h boat d p n g do la: d p n g c h i n h trj va nghien cuu each mang t u san Phap. N h u n g v a i k i n h nghiem N a m 1921, cung v o i m p t so n g u o i yeu nuoc ciia A n g i e r i , Maroc, T u y n i d i . . . r u t ra tir quan sat va boat d p n g thuc tien, N g u y e n A i Quoc tha'y giai cap t u san N g u y e n A i Quoc lap ra Hp; lien hiep cac dan tpc thupc dja 6 Pari de doan ket k h o n g con la giai cap tien bp ciia thoi dai. D o do, N g u o i k h o n g d i theo Cach cac l y c l u p n g each m a n g chong chii nghia thuc dan. Co quan ngon luan cua m a n g MT, Cach m a n g Phap ma phai t i m con d u o n g each m a n g khac. Day la H p i la bao Ngieai cung kho do N g u o i lam chu n h i ^ m k i e m chu b i i t . N g u o i con quye't d j n h quan t r p n g t r o n g qua t r i n h lira chpn con d u o n g ciru nuoc ciia Viet nhieu bai cho cac bao Nhan dqo (cua D a n g Cong san Phap), Dai song cong N g u y e n A i Quoc. nhan (cua T o n g L i e n doan Lao d p n g Phap)... va dac biet la cuon Ban an •in chedo 31 i^uy iivnn thtiT dan Phdf). Cac sach bao noi tren dvtgc bi mat chuyen ve V i ^ t N a m da gop phan thiic day p h o n g trao dan toe t r o n g nuoc phat trien m a n h me h o n . Thang 6 - 1923, N g u y e n A i Quoc bi mat roi nuoc Phap sang Lien X6 d y Hoi n^^lii Quoc tc'NCnt;^ dan (thang 10 - 1923) va dupe bau vao Ban Chap hanh H p i . N g u o i a lai Lien X6, v u a nghien c i i u , hpc tap, vic't bai cho bao Su that ciia Dang Cpng san L i e n X6, tap chi Thu tin Quoc tccua Quoc t e C p n g san. Tai D a i hpi Quoc t e C p n g san Ian t h u V (1924), N g u y e n A i Quoc t r i n h bay lap t r u o n g quan d i e m ciia m i n h ve vj t r i chien lupc ciia each m a n g cac nuoc thuoc dja, ve m o i quan h^ giua p h o n g trao cong nhan 6 cac nuoc de quoc v o i p h o n g trao each mang 6 cac nuoc thuoc dja. Ngay 11 - 11 - 1924, N g u y e n A i Quoc den Quang Chau ( T r u n g Quoc) de true tie'p dao tao can bp, xay d u n g to chuc each mang, t r u y e n ba l i luan each m a n g giai p h o n g dan toe vao Viet N a m . Thang 6 - 1925, tai Q u a n g Chau ( T r u n g Quoc) N g u y e n A i Quoc n h o m hpp n h i r n g thanh nien yeu nucVc V i ^ t N a m trong to chiic T a m tam xa roi d i den thanh lap H o i Viet N a m Cach mang Thanh nien de t r u y e n ba chii nghia Mac Lenin ve t r o n g nuoc. N h O n g boat d p n g ciia N g u y e n A i Quoc t u nam 1920 den nam 1925 c6 tac d u n g chuan bj ve t u t u o n g ehinh t r j va to chuc cho sy t h a n h l|p D a n g C p n g san V i Q t N a m ( 3 - 2 - 1930). C h i i nghia Mae - Lenin dupe truyen ba rpng rai vao V i ^ t N a m l a m cho p h o n g trao cong nhan va p h o n g trao ycu nuoc phat trien m a n h me, d o i hoi phai CO ehinh dang eua giai cap vo san lanh dao. Dap u n g yeu eau khach quan Ijch s u do 6 Viet N a m Ian Urpt xuat hien ba to chuc cong san; D o n g D u o n g C p n g san dang. A n N a m Cong san dang va D o n g D u o n g Cong san lien doan. N h u n g su boat d p n g rieng re eua ba to ehiie cpng san gay anh h u o n g k h o n g tot den tien t r i n h phat trien ciia each mang V i ^ t N a m . T r u o e tinh h i n h do, N g u y e n A i Quoc lien roi khoi X i e m sang T r u n g Quoc de t h o n g nha't cac to chuc cpng san. V o i chuc trach la phai v i e n ciia Quoc te'Cpng san c6 q u y e n quyet d j n h m p i v a n de lien q u a n t o i p h o n g trao each m a n g 6 D o n g D u o n g . N g u y e n A i Quoc trieu tap dai bieu eiia D o n g D u o n g Cong san dang den Ciru L o n g de ban vi^e thong nha't D a n g . T u ngay 6 - 1 den 7 - 2 - 1930, H p i nghj h p p nha't D a n g hpp 6 C u u L o n g ( H u o n g Cang) d o N g u y e n A i Quoc chvi t r i . H p i nghj nha't t r i h p p nha't ba to chuc cpng san thanh m p t d a n ^ d u y nha't lay ten la D a n g C p n g san^yi^t N a m . V I . P H O N G T R A O D A N TQC iviir tii lyiiaiiif D A N C H U 6 V l f T N A M TU" 1925 D E N N A M 1930 1. Sv va boat dpng cua cac to chuc H p i V i f t N a m Cach mang T h a n h nien. T a n V i f t each mang dang va V i ? t N a m Quoc dan dang. a) Hqi Vi^t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien Sau k h i ve den Q u a n g Chau ( T r u n g Quoc), N g u y e n A i Quoc m o l o p h u a n l u y e n dao t^io can bp. Phan Ion hpc v i e n la thanh nien, hpc sinh, t r i thuc Vi?t N a m yeu nuoc. N g u y e n A i Quoc l u a chpn m p t so t h a n h n i e n t i c h eye t r o n g T a m tam xa de to chuc thanh n h o m C p n g san D o a n (2 -1925). T h a n g 6 -1925, N g u y e n A i Quoc thanh lap H p i V i f t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien n h a m to chuc va lanh dao quan c h i i n g doan ket lai, kich liet tranh da'u de danh d o d e q u o c chii nghia Phap va tay sai de t u c u u m i n h . T h o n g qua Bao Thanh nien la co quan n g o n l u a n t r u n g u o n g ciia H p i d o N g u y e n A i Quoc sang lap va p h a m Duong Kdch menh d u p e xuat ban n a m 1927. Bao Thanh nien va sach Duong Kdch menh da trang b j l i l u a n each m a n g cho can b p ciia H p i V i f t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien de t u y e n t r u y e n giai cap cong nhan va cac tang l o p n h a n dan Vi?t N a m . Tir cuoi n a m 1928, sau k h i c6 chii t r u o n g " v 6 san hoa", n h i e u can b p ciia H p i da d i sau vao cac nha may, xi n g h i f p, d o n dien c i i n g lao d p n g va song v o i cong n h a n de t u y e n t r u y e n va v a n d p n g each m a n g . Phong trao q u a n c h i i n g phat t r i e n m a n h m e . b) Dang Tan Vi^t N g a y 14 - 7 - 1925, m p t so t i i ehinh t r i cu 6 T r u n g K i c u n g m p t n h o m sinh vien T r u o n g Cao d i n g 6 H a N p i lap ra H p i Phuc Vi?t (1925) sau d o d o i t h a n h Hpi Hung Nam. T h a n g 7 - 1926, H p i d o i ten t h a n h V i ^ t N a m each m a n g d a n g va d e n t h a n g 7 -1927, lai d o i ten la V i ^ t N a m each m a n g d o n g chi h p i . H p i da nhieu Ian ban de h p p nha't v o i H p i V i f t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien song k h o n g thanh. D e n 14 - 7 - 1928, H p i h p p D a i h p i t ^ i Hue^ quyet d j n h d o i ten t h a n h D a n g Tan V i f t. D a n g Tan Viet chii t r u o n g lanh dao quan c h i i n g 6 t r o n g nuoc va lien lac v o i cac d a n tpc b j ap buc tren t h e ' g i o i de d a n h d o dequo'c c h i i nghia n h a m thiet lap m p t xa h p i b i n h dSng va bac ai. D a n g tap h p p n h i i n g t r i thuc nho va thanh nien tieu t u san yeu nuoc. D j a ban hoat d p n g chii yeu 6 T r u n g K i . D a n g Tan Vi?t ra d o i va hoat d p n g t r o n g dieu k i f n H p i Vi?t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien phat trien m a n h nen tu t u o n g each m ^ n g ciia N g u y e n A i 32 , 3,^ j Cong nhan, tri thiic, Mai, Ton Quang Phi?t Nhieu tang lop Nguyen Khac Nhu, Pho Due Chinh Tu san, tieu tu san, thanh nien yeu nuoc. gom tieu tu san, dja ehu, cong chuc, hoc binh Quoc va duong 161 cua Hpi c6 anh huang cuon hiit nhieu dang vien tre, tien tien aia Dang Tan Vi§t. Mpt so' dang vien tien tien da chuyen sang Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach mang Thanh nien. So dang vien tien tien con lai thi tich cue chuan bi de tien tai thanh lap mpt chinh dang theo tu tuong each m^ng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc, cua hpc thuyet Mac - Lenin. i c) Vift Nam Quoc dan dang Lyc lupng Liic moi thanh lap. Dang chua c6 myc dich ton chi ro r|t ma chi neu chung chung la: "Truoc lam dan tpc each mang, sau lam the gioi each mang". Ban chuong trinh hanh dpng ctia Dang cong bo nam 1929 da neu nguyen tac ciia Dang la: "Tu do - Binh dang - Bdc ai". Chuong trinh boat dpng cua Dang chia thanh 4 thoi ki euol cung la bat hpp tac v6i Chinh phii Phap va trieu dinh nha Nguyen, c6 dpng bai cong, danh duoi gi$c Phap, danh do ngoi vua, thie't lap dan quyen. Vift Nam Quoc dan dang chu truong tien hanh "each mang bang sat va mau", chu trpng lay lye lupng chii luc. To chuc CO so cua Dang trong quan chiing rat it. Dja ban hoat dpng cua Dang chi bo h§p trong mpt so'dja phuong 6 Bac Ki con 6 Trung Ki khong dang ke. * So sanh ba to chuc yeu nuoc each mang: Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach m^ng Dang Tan Vi?t mang Thanh nien hoat dpng denthang7-1929 Vift Nam quoc dan dang Tu thang 7 - 1927 Tir thang 12 - 1927 den den dau 1930 cuoi nam 1929 Lanh d^o Nguyen Ai Quo'c Danh duoi thye Danh duoi de quoc, dan Phap nhung xoa bo ngoi vua, can bp lam each mang. chua thie't lap dan quyen. CO duong loi ro ret. Lam each mang dan Phan chii, lam each mang Xu huong hoa theo hai huang. v6 san. Di theo con duong tu an nhung bj be tac, tan ra. * Cac dieu ki#n dan toi vi?c thanh l?p Vi?t Nam Quoc dan dang va nhung non vao Vi^t Nam, tieu bieu la anh huong chii nghia Tam dan eiia Ton Trung Son. - Giiip do cac dan tpc bj ap buc 1925 Truyen ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin, dao tao Nhiem vu Vi?t... Sau Chien tranh the gioi thu nha't, tu tuong each mang tu san tiep tyc dpi - Xay dyng nen dan chu true tiep Tu thang 6 - nguai - Dim kien thanh lap: - Day manh each mang dan tpc Thoi gian linh yeu aia to chuc do ve chinh trj, tu tirong, to chuc va phuong thuc ho^t dpng. Ve sau, myc dich ciia Dang la doan ket lye lupng de: Hpi Vi?t Nam Cach sinh vien. Vi?t Nam Quoc dan dang duQ^c thanh lap ngay 25 -12 -1927. Hat nhan dau tien ciia Dang la Nam dong thu xa, mpt nha xuat ban tien bp do Ph^m Tuah Tai lap ra dau nam 1927. Vi^t Nam Quoc dan dang do Nguyen Thai Hpc, Pho Due Chinh... sang lap la mpt chinh dang theo khuynh hudng each m^ing dan chii tu san, dai bleu cho tu san dan tpc Vi^t Nam. sinh, Tang lop tri thue Nguyin Thai hpc, tu san: Dgng Thai Pham Anh huong cua chuong trinh khai thac thupc dja Ian thii hai, giai cap tu san ra doi va ngay cang phat trien. Phong trao yeu nuoc theo khuynh huong dan ehii tu san nhung nam 1919 1925 phat trien manh me. - Nhieng non yeu: ' Ve chinh tri, tu tuong quoc: Lay chii nghia Tam dan ciia Ton Trung Son, mpt trao luu dan chii tu san thjnh hanh 6 Trung Quoc lam nen tang chinh trj, tu tuong; nhung nhiing nguyen tac, chinh sach eo tinh each mang da bj Ipai bo (Khau hi^u Binh quan dja quyen, chinh sach Lien Nga, lien Cpng phu trp cong nong). Ton chi, myc dich: Con chung chung, khong ro rang (nhSm danh duoi giSc Phap, danh do ngoi vua, sau cung thie't lap dan quyen). Ve to chuc: Day la dang each mang theo khuynh huong dan chii tu san, tieu bieu cho bp phan tu san dan tpc do Nguyen Thai Hpc, Pham Tuan Tai, Nguyen Kh^c Nhu va Pho Due Chinh sang l^p, chii truong xay dyng thanh 4 cap tir trung uong: Tong bp, Ki bp, Tinh bp den Chi bp eo so nhung chua bao gi6 tr6 thanh h? tho'ng trong ca nuoc. Tuan Tai, 35 Cty Thanh p h a n d a n g v i e n t r o n g V i f t N a m quo'c dan d a n g p h u c tap, ke't nap hoc sinh, sinh vien, cong chuc, t u san dan tpc, p h t i nong, than hao dia chu va ca m o t so b i n h h'nh n g u o i Viet t r o n g quan d p i Phap. La m p t d a n g hoat d p n g b i mat n h u n g to chuc l o n g leo, k i luat thieu n g h i e m m i n h , ke't nap d a n g v i e n bua bai, t h y c dan Phap Ipi d u n g so h o nay d u a tay chan vao dang, theo d o i n a m bat m p i hoat d o n g cua d a n g va cha d j p ra tay dan ap. P h u o n g t h i i c hoat d o n g : C h u t r u o n g bao d o n g v u trang, i t c h i i y den tuyen t r u y e n van d p n g q u a n c h i i n g . K h o n g c6 co quan ngon l u a n hoac tai l i ^ u v a n kien chinh t h u c de giai thich ton chi, muc dich. K h o n g c6 l i l u a n l a m co so cho d u o n g l o i va p h u o n g phap da'u tranh nen hoat d g n g thien ve q u a n sy, nang ve am sat ca nhan. * N g u y e n n h a n c h u n g dan den qua t r i n h c h u y e n hoa ciia H p i V i ^ t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h n i e n , s u p h a n hoa cua T a n V i # t , s y that b a i cua V i ^ t N a m Q u o c dan d a n g . T u nua sau n h i i n g nam 20 cua the k i XX 6 Vi^t N a m dien ra mot thuc te'ljch su: Q u a t r i n h t r u y e n ba chu nghla Mac - L e n i n va n h i i n g q u a n d i e m cua N g u y e n A i Quoc ve d u a n g 161 each m a n g tren lap t r u o n g v 6 san a V i ^ t N a m d o H o i V i ^ t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien tie'n hanh. N h u n g c h i n h s u phat trien d o lai vug-t qua tam lanh dao cua H g i . De dap u n g yeu cau t h u c tien each m a n g V i ^ t N a m liic nay, H p i Vi?t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien da chuyen hoa thanh hai to chuc C o n g san: D o n g D u o n g Cong san d a n g (6 -1929) va A n N a m Cpng san d a n g (8 -1929). C u n g chju anh h u o n g ngay cang sau sac ciia con d u o n g each m a n g v 6 san, nen Tan Viet each m a n g d a n g c i i n g co su phan hoa: M o t bp p h a n tien tie'n ciia TNHH MTV PWH Khang Vift Ciia N g u y e n A i Quo'c ve con d u o n g giai p h o n g dan tpc tren lap t r u o n g v6 san o Vi?t N a m . C o n d u o n g each m a n g tren lap t r u o n g v 6 san d a p u n g d u p e yeu cau co ban cua dan tpc va ciia nhan dan V i ^ t N a m . V i vay, con d u o n g each mang v 6 san, cac to chuc each m a n g tren lap t r u o n g v 6 san d u p e quan c h i i n g nhan dan hau t h u a n ngay cang chiem u u the'va da g i u vai tro chii dao t r o n g p h o n g trao each m a n g Vi?t N a m . 2. P h o n g trao d a u t r a n h ciia g i a i cap cong n h a n t r o n g n h i i n g n a m 1925 - 1929. E)|c d i e m va y n g h i a ciia no d o i v o i vi^c t h a n h l a p D a n g C p n g san V i ^ t N a m *Dien bien: ^ T r o n g hai n a m 1926 -1927, da no ra 27 eupe da'u tranh eiia cong nhan. C u o i n a m 1928, sau k h i co chii t r u o n g "v6 san hod", nhieu can bp H p i V i ^ t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien d i vao cae nha may, h a m mo, d o n dien, c i i n g sinh hoat va lao d o n g v o i cong nhan de tuyen t r u y e n v a n d p n g each mang, nang cao y t h u c c h i n h t r j eho giai cap cong nhan. Phong trao cong nhan phat trien mgnh, t r o thanh n o n g cot ciia phong trao dan tpc t r o n g ca nuoc. T r o n g hai n a m 1928 - 1929 da eo toi 40 eupc da'u tranh ciia cong n h a n no ra t^i cae t r u n g tam k i n h t e - c h i n h t r j . D o la bai cong ciia cong n h a n m o than M a o Khe, nha m a y nuoc L a - r u y Sai Gon, d o n dien Lpe N i n h , nha m a y cua Ben T h i i y , nha m a y xi m a n g H a i Phong, nha may in Pooc-tay Sai Gon, d o n dien cao su Cam T i e m , hang dau N h a Be, nha may to N a m D j n h v . v . Cae eupe bai cong do khong chi giai han trong mot pham v i mot xuong, mot dia phuong, mpt nganh ma da bat dau co su lien ke't thanh phong trao chung. C u n g v o i cac eupc bai cong ciia cong nhan, cac eupe da'u t r a n h ciia n o n g dan, tieu t h u o n g , tieu chii, hoc sinh c i i n g da dien ra a m p t so n o i . Tan Viet da gia nhap vao H p i V i ^ t N a m Cach m a n g T h a n h nien; m o t bp p h a n * Dac diem: con lai sau nay tie'n den thanh lap D o n g D u o n g cpng san lien d o a n . Phong trao no ra lien tue, r p n g khap. To chuc Viet N a m Quoc dan dang theo xu h u o n g each m a n g dan chii t u san. D u o n g l o i each m a n g k h o n g dap u n g yeu cau cua dan tpc, d o vay Vi^t N a m quo'c d a n d a n g k h o n g xay d y n g d u p e co so cua m i n h t r o n g cae giai cap CO ban, k h o n g d u p e quan c h u n g l i n g hp. D o la nguyen nhan dan den s u that bai cua khoi nghTa Yen Bai do Viet N a m quo'c dan dang khoi x u o n g va lanh dao. K h o i nghia Yen Bai that bai keo theo su tan ra cua Viet N a m quoc dan dang. '^ N h i e u nha may, x i nghi^p thanh lap dupe Cong h p i do. Cae eupc da'u tranh da co s u p h o i hop kha chat ehe va eo su lanh dao ciia H p i V i ^ t N a m Cach m a n g Thanh nien. K h a u hieu da'u t r a n h t u d o i quyen Ipi k i n h te chuyen sang d o i ca q u y e n Ipi chinh t r j . *Y nghia: T u thuc t e d o , ta co the n i t ra nguyen nhan c h u n g dan den s u chuyen hoa Phong trao cong nhan phat trien m a n h me co anh h u o n g r p n g Ion t r o n g ciia H p i Vi?t N a m Cach m a n g Thanh nien, su phan hoa ciia Tan V i $ t va s u that toan quoc va t h u c s u t r o thanh m p t luc l u p n g c h i n h t r j dpc lap, co sue t h u h u t bai r o i tan ra ciia V i ^ t N a m quo'c dan dang la: qua t r i n h t r u y e n ba chii nghla cae lue l u p n g xa hpi khae. Mac - L e n i n vao Vi?t N a m , cung la qua t r i n h t u y e n t r u y e n n h i i n g q u a n d i e m 1A Su phat trien ciia p h o n g trao cong nhan da thiic day nhanh chong viee h i n h thanh cac to ehiie cons san: D o n g D u o n g C p n g san dang; A n N a m C p n g san
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