Tài liệu Vocabulary (english pharmacist)

UNIT ONE - VOCABULARY pharmacy /'fɑ:mәsi / (n) = pharmaceutics /,fɑ:mә'sju:tiks / (n)dược khoa, khoa bào chế = drugstore / 'drʌgstɔ:/ nhaø thuoác pharmacy practice : thöïc haønh döôïc khoa; pharmacist /'fɑ:mәsist / (n)döôïc syõ multidisciplinary / mʌlti 'disiplinәri / (a) nhieàu moân hoïc specialize /'spe∫әlaiz / (v)(in) chuyeân veà medicine /'medsn; 'medisn / (n) → medicinal / mә'disinl / (a) develop / di'velәp / (v) → development / di'velәpmәnt / (n) charge /t∫ɑ:dʒ / (v)giao nhieäm vuï, giao vieäc ensure / in'∫uә / (v) baûo ñaûm medicate /'medikeit / (v)ñieàu trò baèng thuoác medication /,medi'kei∫n/ (n) thuoác chöõa beänh, döôïc phaåm; söï cho thuoác scope /skoup/ (n)phaïm vi compound / ˈkɒmpaʊnd/ (n) hôïp chaát; compound / ˈkɒmpaʊnd / (v) pha (thuoác) dispense /dis'pens / (v) phaân phaùt, phaân phoái → dispensation /,dispen'sei∫n / (n) dispenser /dis'pensә / (n) nhaø baøo cheá, ngöôøi pha thuoác theo ñôn review / ri'vju:/ (v) xem laïi, xeùt laïi efficacy /'efikәsi / (n) = efficaciousness /,efi'kei∫әsnis / (n) coù hieäu quaû provide /prә'vaid/ (v) → provision / prә'viʒn / (n) providence /'prɔvidәns / (n) söï lo xa, söï döï phoøng provident /'prɔvidәnt / (a) lo xa, tieát kieäm expertise /,ekspә'ti:z / (n) critical /'kritikәl / (a) quyeát ñònh, then choát clinic /'klinik / (n) phoøng khaùm → clinical /'klinikl / (a) exceptionally / ik'sep∫әnәli / (adv) caù bieät, khaùc thöôøng pharmacology /,fɑ:mә'kɑlәdʒi / (n) döôïc lyù pharmacognosy /fa:mә'kɔgnәsi / (n) döôïc lieäu pharmaceutical chemistry /,fɑ:mә'sju:tikәl ˈkɛmɪstrɪ/: hoùa döôïc monitor /'mɔnitә / (v) giaùm saùt pharmaceutics /ˌfɑːmәˈsjuːtɪks / (n) physiology /ˌfɪzɪˈɒlәdʒɪ / (n); physiological /ˌfɪzɪәˈlɒdʒɪkәl / (a) anatomy /әˈnætәmɪ / (n); anatomical /ˌænәˈtɒmɪkәl / (a) kinetics /kai'netiks / (n) ñoäng löïc hoïc nephrology /ne'frɔlәdʒi/ (n) hepatology /hepә'tɔlәdʒi/ (n) counsel / ˈkaʊnsәl / (v)khuyeân raên, chæ baûo proper /'prɔpә / (a) ñuùng caùch adverse /'ædvә:s / (a) baát lôïi, coù haïi take on: ñaûm nhieäm, nhaän laøm, gaùnh vaùc pharmaceutical /,fɑ:mә'sju:tikәl / (a) söû duïng thuoác participate /pɑ:'tisipeit/ (v) tham gia vaøo optimise /'ɔptimaiz / (v) ñaùnh giaù moät caùch laïc quan, nhìn moät caùch laïc quan collaboration /kә,læbә'rei∫n / (n) söï coäng taùc 1 - - - physician /fi'zi∫n / (n) baùc syõ direct / di'rekt; dai'rekt / (v) höôùng tôùi responsibility /ri,spɔnsә'bilәti / (n) traùch nhieäm improve / im'pru:v / (v) caûi thieän outcome /'autkʌm / (n) keát quaû, taùc ñoäng inquiry / in'kwaiәri/ (n) thaéc maéc assess /ә'ses / (v) ñaùnh giaù primary /'praimәri / (a) ban ñaàu require / ri'kwaiә / (v) ñoøi hoûi range /reindʒ / (n) lónh vöïc TERMINOLOGY -ology: the study of nephrology means the study of the kidneys hepatology means the study of the liver physiology means the study of the functions of the structures of the body pharmacology means the study of the nature, uses and effects of drugs for medical purposes -ologist: specialist A nephrologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys A hepatologist a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the liver A physiologist is a scientist who studies physiology A pharmacist is a licensed specialist who formulates and dispenses prescribed medications EXERCISE Complete with the following words: a. ensuring b. derives c. health sciences e. the experts f. provide g. chemical sciences i. medications j. cosmetics k. drug information m. chemist's n. positive o. primary health d. traditional roles h. pharmacy practice l. pharmaceutical drugs p. modern services Pharmacy is the health profession that links the __________ with the __________ and it is charged with __________ the safe and effective use of __________. The word __________ from the Greek: φάρµακον (pharmakon), meaning "drug" or "medicine". The scope of __________ includes more __________ such as compounding and dispensing __________, and it also includes more __________ related to health care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing __________. Pharmacists, therefore, are __________ on drug therapy and are the __________ professionals who optimize medication use to __________ patients with __________ health outcomes. An establishment in which pharmacy (in the first sense) is practiced is called a pharmacy, __________ or (in the United States) drug store. US drug stores commonly sell not only medicines, but also miscellaneous items such as candy (sweets), __________, and magazines, as well as light refreshments or groceries. 2 UNIT 2 - VOCABULARY pharmacology /,fɑ:mә'kɑlәdʒi / (n) döôïc lyù property /'prɔpәti / (n) ñaëc tính therapeutics /,θerә'pju:tiks / (n) pheùp chöõa beänh→ therapeutic /,θerә'pju:tik / (a) medicine /'medsn; 'medisn / (n) → medicinal / mә'disinl / (a); medical /'medikl / (a) pharmaceutical /,fɑ:mә'sju:tikәl / (n) döôïc phaåm toxicology /,tɔksi'kɔlәdʒi / (n) khoa ñoäc chaát therapy /'θerәpi / (n) söï ñieàu trò apply / ә'plai / (v) öùng duïng → application /,æpli'kei∫n / (n) antipathogen /ænti'pæθәdʒen / (n) theå choáng gaây beänh antipathogenic /,ænti'pæθә'dʒenik / (a) choáng söï gaây beänh capability /,keipә'biliti / (n) khaû naêng synonym /'sinәnim / (n) töø ñoàng nghóa → synonymous /si'nɔnimәs / (a)ñoàng nghóa confused /kәn'fju:zd / (a) loän xoän, khoâng roõ raøng interact /,intәr'ækt / (v) töông taùc biology /bai'ɔlәdʒi/ (n) → biological /,baiә'lɔdʒikәl / (a) benefit /'benifit / (n) coù lôïi → benefical /,beni'fi∫әl / (a) harm / hɑ:m/ (n) taùc haïi → harmful /'hɑ:mful / (a) toxin /'tɔksin / (n) ñoäc toá → toxic /'tɔksik / (a) pure /pjuә / (a) thuaàn tuùy chemical /'kemikl / (n) hoùa chaát nature /'neit∫ә / (n) → natural /'næt∫rәl / (a) origin /'ɔridʒin / (n) mineral /'minәrәl / (n) khoaùng saûn synthetic / sin'θetik / (a) toång hôïp subdiscipline /sʌb'disiplin / (n) ngaønh nhoû clinical /'klinikl / pharmacology: döôïc laâm saøng neuropharmacology /,njuәrou,fɑ:mә'kɑlәdʒi / (n) döôïc hoïc thaàn kinh psychopharmacology /saikou,fɑ:mә'kɑlәdʒi / (n) döôïc hoïc taâm lyù behavior /bi'heivjә / (n)caùch öùng xöû pharmacoepidemiology /'fa:mәkou,epi,di:mi'ɔlәdʒi / (n)döôïc hoïc dòch teã posology /pɔ'sɔlәdʒi / (n) moân döôïc löôïng dose /dous / (v) phaân lieàu substantially /sәb'stæn∫әli / (adv) veà thöïc chaát, veà caên baûn pharmacokinetics /,fa:mәkouki'netiks / (n) döôïc ñoäng hoïc pharmacodynamics /'fa:mәkoudai'næmiks / (n) döôïc löïc hoïc acronym /'ækrәnim / (n) töø caáu taïo baèng nhöõng chöõ caùi ñaàu cuûa moät nhoùm töø abbreviation / әˌbriːvɪˈeɪʃәn/ (n) stand for : laø chöõ vieát taét cuûa; disposition /,dispә'zi∫n / (n) caùch xaép xeáp convert /kәn'vә:t / (v) bieán ñoåi mucosa /mj 'kәʊsә /(n)= mucous membrane: maøng nhaày exert /ig'zә:t / (v) ñöa ra mucous /'mju:kәs / (a) 3 - - intestine /in'testin / (n) → intestinal /in'testinl / (a) soluble /'sɔljubl / (a) ; solubility /,sɔlju'bilәti / (n) tính tan stability /stә'bilәti / (n) söï oån ñònh >< instability /,instә'bilәti / (n) khoâng oån ñònh ability /ә'bilәti/ (n) >< inability /,inә'bilәti / (n) permeate /'pә:mieit / (v) thaám vaøo extent / iks'tent/ (n) phaïm vi administer /әd'ministә / (v) → administration /әd,minis'trei∫n / (n) desire / di'zaiә / (v) mong muoán, ao öôùc → desirable /di'zaiәrәbl / (a) intravenously /,intrә'vi:nәsli / (adv) inhalation /,inhә'lei∫n / (n) >< exhalation /,ekshә'lei∫n / (n) disperse / dis'pә:s / (v) phaân taùn disseminate /di'semineit / (v) gieo raéc metabolism / mә'tæbәlizm/ (n) söï chuyeån hoùa → metabolic /,metә'bɔlik / (a) metabolite /mә'tæbәlait / (n) chaát chuyeån hoùa majority / mә'dʒɔriti / (n) phaàn lôùn >< minority /mai'nɔriti / (n) initial / i'ni∫әl / (a) ban ñaàu, luùc ñaàu parent /'peәrәnt / (n) nguoàn goác eliminate / i'limineit/ (v) baøi tieát remove /ri'mu:v / (v) → removal /ri'mu:vl / (n) söï loaïi boû via /'vaiә / (adv) theo ñöôøng urine /'juәrin / (n) faeces /'fi:si:z / (n) → faecal /'fi:kæl / (a) complete / kәm'pli:t / (a) troïn veïn accumulate /ә'kju:mjuleit / (v) tích luõy → accumulation / ә,kju:mju'lei∫n / (n) adverse /'ædvә:s / (a) coù haïi, baát lôïi → adversely /'ædvә:sli / (adv) affect /ә'fekt / (v) aûnh höôûng ñeán normal /'nɔ:mәl / (a) bình thöôøng >< abnormal /æb'nɔ:mәl / (a) bile /'bail / (n) maät → biliary /'biljәri / (a) breathe /bri:đ / (v) → breath / breθ / (n) TERMINOLOGY -ology: the study of Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system. Psychopharmacology is the study of drug-induced changes in mood, sensation, thinking, and behavior. Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the use and effects of drugs on large groups of people. EXERCISE I/ Complete with the following words: a. epidemiology b. to provide c. pharmacoepidemiology d. pharmacology e. clinical pharmacology f. patients To accomplish this study, __________ borrows from both pharmacology and epidemiology. Thus, pharmacoepidemiology is the bridge between both __________ and 4 __________. Pharmacology is the study of the effect of drugs and __________ is the study of effect of drugs on clinical humans. Part of the task of clinical pharmacology is __________ a risk benefit assessment by effects of drugs in __________: • doing the studies needed to provide an estimate of the probability of beneficial effects on populations, • or assessing the probability of adverse effects on populations. II/ Further reading: Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system. There are two main branches of neuropharmacology: behavioral and molecular. Behavioral neuropharmacology focuses on the study of how drugs affect human behavior (neuropsychopharmacology), including the study of how drug dependence and addiction affect the human brain. Molecular neuropharmacology involves the study of neurons and their neurochemical interactions, with the overall goal of developing drugs that have beneficial effects on neurological function. Both of these fields are closely connected, since both are concerned with the interactions of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurohormones, neuromodulators, enzymes, second messengers, co-transporters, ion channels, and receptor proteins in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Studying these interactions, researchers are developing drugs to treat many different neurological disorders, including pain, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, psychological disorders, addiction, and many others. Neuropharmacology did not appear in the scientific field until, in the early part of the 20th century, scientists were able to figure out a basic understanding of the nervous system and how nerves communicate between one another. Before this discovery, there were drugs, however, that had been found that demonstrated some type of influence on the nervous system. In the 1930’s, French scientists began working with a compound called phenothiazine in the hope of synthesizing a drug that would be able to combat malaria. Though this drug showed very little hope in the use against malaria infected individuals, it was found to have sedative effects along with what appeared to be beneficial effects toward patients with Parkinson’s disease. This black box method, where an investigator would administer a drug and examine the response without knowing how to relate drug action to patient response, was the main approach to this field, until, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, scientists were able to identify specific neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine (involved in the constriction of blood vessels and the increase in heart rate and blood pressure), dopamine (the chemical whose shortage is involved in Parkinson’s disease), and serotonin (soon to be recognized as deeply connected to depression). In the 1950s, scientists also became better able to measure levels of specific neurochemicals in the body and thus correlate these levels with behavior. The invention of the voltage clamp in 1949 allowed for the study of ion channels and the nerve action potential. These two major historical events in neuropharmacology allowed scientists not only to study how information is transferred from one neuron to another, but also how a neuron processes this information within itself. QUESTIONS 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ What is neuropharmacology? How many branches of neuropharmacology are there? What are they? When did neuropharmacology appear in the scientific field? When did French scientists begin working with a compound called phenothiazine? When did scientists identify specific neurotransmitters? Give examples of neurotransmitters 5 UNIT 3 - VOCABULARY alter /'ɔ:ltә / (v) thay ñoåi, bieán ñoåi precise /pri'sais / (a) roõ raøng, chính xaùc medicine /'medsn; 'medisn / (n) → medicinal / mә'disinl / (a) medical /'medikl / (a) government /'gʌvnmәnt / (n) chính phuû regulation /,regju'lei∫n / (n) ñieàu quy ñònh, quy taéc, ñieàu leä colloquial / kә'loukwiәl / (a) thoâng thöôøng usage /'ju:zidʒ, 'ju:sidʒ / (n) caùch söû duïng pharmacology /,fɑ:mә'kɑlәdʒi / (n) döôïc lyù diagnosis /,daiәg'nousis / (n) pheùp chaån ñoaùn, söï chaån ñoaùn otherwise /'ʌđәwaiz / (adv) caùch khaùc enhance /in'hɑ:ns / (v) laøm taêng well-being /'wel'bi:iη / (n) tình traïng khoûe maïnh prescribe /pris'kraib / (v) keâ toa → prescription / pris'krip∫n / (n) toa thuoác duration /djuә'rei∫n / (n) khoaûng thôøi gian regular /'regjulә / (a) lieân tuïc, thöôøng xuyeân basis /'beisis / (n) neàn taûng, cô sôû chronic /'krɔnik / (a) maõn tính >< acute /ә'kju:t / (a) caáp tính spirit /'spirit / (n) tinh thaàn → spiritual /'spirit∫uәl / (a) recreation /,rekri'ei∫n / (n) söï giaûi trí → recreational /,rekri'ei∫әnl / (a) therefore /'đeәfɔ:/ (adv) bôûi vaäy, cho neân distinguish /dis'tiηgwi∫ / (v)phaân bieät endogenous / ɛnˈdɒdʒɪnәs / (a) noäi sinh >< exogenous / ɛkˈsɒdʒɪnәs / (a) biochemical /,baiou'kemikәl / (n) synthesize /'sinθisaiz / (v) toång hôïp nature /'neit∫ә / (n) → natural /'næt∫rәl / (a) blur /blә: / (v) laøm môø ingest /in'dʒest / (v) aên vaøo affect /ә'fekt / (v) taùc ñoäng ñeán psychoactive /'saikouæktiv / (a) taùc ñoäng ñeán trí tueä experience /iks'piәriәns / (n) positive /'pɔzәtiv / (a) laïc quan narcotic /nɑ:'kɔtik / (n) hallucinogen /hә'lu:sinәdʒen / (n) chaát ma tuùy gaây aûo giaùc perceive /pә'si:v / (v) nhaän thaáy benefit /'benifit / (n) coù lôïi → benefical /,beni'fi∫әl / (a) perception /pә'sep∫n / (n) söï nhaän thöùc consciousness /'kɔn∫әsnis / (n) yù thöùc personality /,pә:sә'nælәti / (n) nhaân caùch behavior /bi'heivjә / (n) hành vi addict /'ædikt / (n) ngöôøi nghieän → addiction /ә'dik∫n / (n) (to sth) thoùi nghieän habituate / hә'bit∫ueit/ (n) taïo cho (ai) thaønh thoùi quen → habituation (n) potential / pә'ten∫l / (n) khaû naêng, tieàm löïc 6 - legal /'li:gәl / (a) hôïp phaùp >< illegal /i'li:gәl / (a) alcohol /'ælkәhɔl / (n) → alcoholic /,ælkә'hɔlik / (a) tobacco /tә'bækou / (n); caffeine /'kæfi:in / (n) category / ˈkætɪgәrɪ / (n) cure / kjuә / (v) chöõa beänh relieve / ri'li:v / (v) laøm dòu ñi, laøm maát ñi existing / eg'zistiη / (a) ñang toàn taïi pre-existing /pri:eg'zistiη/ (a) coù tröôùc, toàn taïi tröôùc symptom /'simptәm / (n) trieäu chöùng available / ә'veilәbl / (a) saün coù, coù theå duøng ñöôïc restriction /ri'strik∫n / (n) söï haïn cheá supervision /,su:pә'viʒn / (n) söï giaùm saùt distinction / dis'tiηk∫n / (n) söï khaùc bieät jurisdiction /,dʒuәris'dik∫n / (n) phaïm vi quyeàn löïc phaùp lyù coù theå ñöôïc thöïc thi typically /'tipikli / (adv) ñieån hình patent / ˈpeɪtәnt ˈpætәnt/ (v) caáp baèng saùng cheá exclusive /iks'klu:siv / (a) duy nhaát, ñoäc nhaát derive /di'raiv / (v) laáy ñöôïc töø herb / hә:b / (n) thaûo moäc → herbal /'hә:bәl / (a) expire /iks'paiә / (v) keát thuùc, heát hieäu löïc generic /dʒi'nerik / (a) name: teân chung >< brand name: teân thöông maïi, bieät döôïc license /'laisәns / (n) söï cho pheùp EXERCISE Complete with the following words: a. overlap b. alcohol e. the use f. commonly c. human g. recreational d. psychoactive h. drug abuse Recreational drug use is ______ of a drug, usually ______, with the intention of creating or enhancing recreational experience. Such use is controversial, however, often being considered to be also ______, and it is often illegal. Also, it may ______ with other uses, such as medicinal (including self medication), performance enhancement, and entheogenic (spiritual). Drugs ______ considered capable of recreational use include ______ and tobacco, and drugs within the scope of the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The fact that caffeine use may be considered ______ is often overlooked. Psychopharmacologist Ronald K. Siegel refers to intoxication as the "fourth drive", arguing that the human instinct to seek mind-altering substances (psychoactive drugs) has so much force and persistence that it functions like the ______ desire to satisfy hunger, thirst and the need for shelter. 7 UNIT 4 - VOCABULARY consist in: ôû choã intend /in'tend / (v) coù yù ñònh antibiotic /,æntibai'ɔtik / (n) thuoác khaùng sinh prescribe /pris'kraib / (v) keâ toa → prescription / pris'krip∫n / (n) toa thuoác legal /'li:gәl / (a) hôïp phaùp >< illegal /i'li:gәl / (a) alcohol /'ælkәhɔl / (n) → alcoholic /,ælkә'hɔlik / (a) tobacco /tә'bækou / (n) Cannabis /'kænәbis / (n) ma tuùy laøm töø caây gai daàu Ecsatasy /'ekstәsi / (n) Chaát gaây höng phaán Amphetamine /æm'fetәmi:n / (n) thuoác coù taùc duïng kích thích Paracetamol /ˌpærәˈsiːtәˌmɒl -ˈsɛtә- / insulin /'insjulin / ventolin /´ventɔlin / (n) misuse /mis'ju:z / (n) söï laïm duïng recommend /,rekә'mend / (v) khuyeân duøng frequent /'fri:kwәnt / (a) thöôøng xuyeân interval /'intәvәl / (n) khoaûng caùch (thôùi gian) remedy /'remәdi / (n) phöông thuoác chöõa beänh tolerance /'tɔlәrәns / (n) söï lôøn thuoác psychoactive /'saikouæktiv / (a) taùc ñoäng ñeán trí tueä require / ri'kwaiә / (v) ñoøi hoûi achieve /ә't∫i:v / (v) ñaït ñöôïc, daønh ñöôïc occasional / ә'keiʒәnl / (a) thi thoaûng, ñoâi khi intoxicated /in'tɔksikeitid / (a) say genetics /dʒi'netiks / (n) di truyeàn frequency /'fri:kwәnsi / (n) taàn soá psychologial /,saikә'lɔdʒikl / (a) thuoäc veà taâm lyù physiology /,fizi'ɔlәdʒi / (n) → physiological /,fiziә'lɔdʒikl / (a) addict /'ædikt / (n) ngöôøi nghieän → addiction /ә'dik∫n / (n) (to sth) thoùi nghieän chronic /'krɔnik / (a) maõn tính >< acute /ә'kju:t / (a) caáp tính pathology / pә'θɔlәdʒi / (n) beänh lyù hoïc → pathological /,pæθә'lɔdʒikl / (a) characterize /'kæriktәraiz / (v) coù ñaëc ñieåm generally /'dʒenәrәli / (adv) thöôøng thöôøng depressant /di'presәnt / (a) thuoác laøm dòu, thuoác an thaàn barbiturate / bɑ:'bitjurәt / (n) tranquilizer /'træηkwilaizә / (n) thuoác an thaàn opiate /'oupiәt / (n) thuoác coù thuoác phieän overpowering /,ouvә'pauәriη / (a) khoâng cöôõng laïi ñöôïc object /'ɔbdʒikt / (n) ñoà vaät, vaät theå desire / di'zaiә / (v) mong muoán, ao öôùc → desirable /di'zaiәrәbl / (a) repetitive / ri'petәtiv / (a) coù tính laëp ñi laëp laïi impulsive /im'pʌlsiv / (a) thoâi thuùc, thuùc ñaåy 8 - compulsive /kәm'pʌlsiv / (a) eùp buoäc, coù xu höôùng eùp buoäc cease /si:s / (v) = stop abstain / әb'stein / (v) (from sth) kieâng, nhòn withdrawal /wiđ'drɔ:әl/ symptom /'simptәm / : trieäu chöùng ngöng thuoác restlessness /'restlisnis / (n) söï boàn choàn irritability /,iritә'biliti / (n) tính caùu baún, tính deã caùu depression /di'pre∫n / (n) söï buoàn raàu, söï phieàn muoän disturbance /dis'tә:bәns / (n) söï roái loaïn convulsion /kәn'vʌl∫n / (n) chöùng co giaät stimulate /'stimjuleit / (v) kích thích → stimulant /'stimjulәnt / (n) chaát kích thích increase /in'kri:s / (v) laøm taêng ; /'inkri:s / (n) maintain / mein'tein / (v) duy trì alert / ә'lә:t / (a) tænh taùo → alertness / ә'lә:tnis / (n) counteract /,kauntә'rækt / (v) choáng laïi, khaùng cöï laïi fatigue /fә'ti:g / (n) söï meät moûi euphoria / ju:'fɔ:riә / (n) söï khoan khoaùi majority / mә'dʒɔriti / (n) ña soá >< minority /mai'nɔriti / (n) jurisdiction /,dʒuәris'dik∫n / (n) phaïm vi quyeàn löïc phaùp lyù coù theå ñöôïc thöïc thi caffeine /'kæfi:in / (n) ; nicotine /'nikәti:n / (n) ephedrine /e'fedrin / (n) ; cocaine / kә'kein / (n) diminish / di'mini∫ / (v) bôùt, giaûm drowsy /'drauzi / (a) buoàn nguû → drowsiness /'drauzinis / (n) tình traïng buoàn nguû calm /kɑ:m / (a) bình tónh relieve / ri'li:v / (v) laøm dòu ñi, laøm maát ñi symptom /'simptәm / (n) trieäu chöùng anxious /'æηk∫әs / (a) lo aâu, baên khoaên → anxiety /æη'zaiәti / (n) insomnia / in'sɔmniә / (n) chöùng maát nguû benzodiazepine /benzodai'æzip n/ EXERCISE Complete with the following words: a. abbreviated b. since c. available d. structure e. pronounced A benzodiazepine (______/ˌbǫnzȅdaɪˈæzɨp n/, sometimes colloquially referred to as a "benzo", and often ______ in the literature as a "BZD") is a psychoactive drug whose core chemical ______ is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made ______ in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) ______ 1963. 9 UNIT 5 - VOCABULARY tolerance /'tɔlәrәns / (n) depressant /di'presәnt / (a) thuoác laøm dòu, thuoác an thaàn classify /'klæsifai / (v) phaân loaïi → classification /,klæsifi'kei∫n / (n) barbiturate / bɑ:'bitjurәt / (n) synthetic /sin'θetik / (a) >< natural /'næt∫rәl / (a) opiate /'oupiәt / (n) thuoác coù thuoác phieän narcotic /nɑ:'kɔtik / (n) anesthetic /,ænis'θetik / (n) thuoác gaây meâ, gaây teâ tranquilizer /'træηkwilaizә / (n) thuoác an thaàn alcohol /'ælkәhɔl / (n) → alcoholic /,ælkә'hɔlik / (a) withdrawal /wiđ'drɔ:әl/ symptom /'simptәm / potentiate /pә'ten∫ieit / (v) laøm cho coù khaû naêng → potentiation /pәtensi'ei∫l / (n) intentify /in'tensifai / (v) laøm taêng cao leân; intensification (n) ® = Registered Trademark express / iks'pres / (v) bieåu thò formula /'fɔ:mjulә / (n) coâng thöùc; formulae (n) [pl] antihistamine /,ænti'histәmi:n / (n) additive /'æditiv / (a) coäng höôûng plus / plʌs / (n) coäng >< minus /'mainәs / (n) tröø desire / di'zaiә / (v) mong muoán, ao öôùc → desirable /di'zaiәrәbl / (a) maximum /'mæksimәm / (a) toái ña >< minimum /'minimәm / (a) response /ri'spɔns / (n) söï ñaùp öùng represent /,repri'zent / (v) trình baøy medical representative /'medikl ,repri'zentәtiv / : trình döôïc vieân per cent / pә'sent /: % antagonism /æn'tægәnizm / (n) söï phaûn khaùng opposite /'ɔpәzit / (a) zero /'ziәrou / = nought / nɔ:t / = nil /nil / LSD /,el es 'di / = Lysergic acid diethylamide: loaïi ma tuùy gaây ra nhöõng aûo giaùc Lysergic acid diethylamide / lɪˈsɜːdʒɪk laɪ- ˈæsɪd dai,eθi ‘leimaid / stimulate /’stimjuleit / (v) kích thích → stimulant /’stimjulәnt / (n) chaát kích thích counteract /,kauntә’rækt / (v) laøm maát taùc duïng overdose /’ouvәdous / (n) söû duïng quaù lieàu hypersensitivity /,haipә:sensi’tiviti / (n) söï quaù nhaïy caûm vôùi thuoác hypersensitive /,haipә:’sensitiv / (a) antibiotic /,æntibai’ɔtik / (n) thuoác khaùng sinh allergy /’ælәdʒi / (n) dò öùng → allergic /ә’lә:dʒik/ (a) range /reindʒ / (v) ñöôïc xeáp vaøo loaïi hives / haivz / (n) chöùng phaùt ban itch / it∫ / (v) ngöùa → itchy /’it∫I / (a) nausea /’nɔ:sjә / (n) → nauseate /’nɔ:sieit / (v) shock /∫ɔk / (n) 10 - expose /iks’pouz / (v) ; to be exposed to the drug: tieáp xuùc vôùi thuoác adverse /’ædvә:s / (a) baát lôïi, coù haïi individual /,indi’vidjuәl / (n) caù nhaân, ngöôøi handle /’hændl / (v) caàm pharmacist /’fɑ:mәsist / (n)döôïc syõ veterinarian /,vetәri’neәriәn / (n) baùc syõ thuù y side effect /’said i’fekt / (n) taùc duïng phuï harm / hɑ:m/ (n) → harmful /’hɑ:mful / (a) other than: except purpose /’pә:pәs / (n) muïc ñích aplastic/eɪˈplæstɪk / anemia /ә’ni:miә/ (n) thieáu maùu ngöøng phaùt trieån consume /kәn’sju:m/ (v) söû duïng → consumption /kәn’sʌmp∫n / (n) Exercise: 1. A company that produces drugs/medicine is called a _______ company. pharmacy pharmaceutical pharmacist 2. If you've had a _______ to these pills in the past I don't recommend you take them again. nausea bad feeling bad reaction 3. Are you _______ taking any other medication? right now currently/presently present/current 4. You can _______your prescription online or by telephone. re-order rearrange react to 5. I just want to make sure there are no _______ with other medication you might be taking. interaction(s) prescription(s) refills 6. In the United States and Canada, there are many _______ pharmacies. You can pick up your prescription without even getting out of your car! driving drive-by drive-through 7. A negative reaction = An _______ reaction adverse awesome adept 8. _______ medicine is medicine that you can buy without a prescription. Over-the-counter On demand Overpriced 9. Are there any potential _______ ( = problems) from using the medications together? correlations complications collocations 10. Your prescription usually includes your doctor's _______ on how and when to take a medication. infractions complications instructions 11 Further reading Aplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells. The condition, per its name, involves both aplasia /әˈpleɪzɪә/ and anemia. Typically, anemia refers to low red blood cell counts, but aplastic anemia patients have lower counts of all three blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, termed pancytopenia. Signs and symptoms • • • • Anemia with malaise, pallor and associated symptoms such as palpitations Thrombocytopenia /ˌθrɒmbәʊˌsaɪtәʊˈpi:nɪә/(low platelet counts), leading to increased risk of hemorrhage, bruising and petechiae (petechia: /pǺɑti:kǺə/ n pl -chiae /-kǺɕi:/) Leukopenia /ˌlu:kәʊˈpi:nɪә/(low white blood cell count), leading to increased risk of infection Reticulocytopenia (low reticulocyte counts) Causes In many cases, the etiology is considered to be idiopathic (cannot be determined), but one known cause is an autoimmune disorder in which white blood cells attack the bone marrow. Aplastic anemia is also sometimes associated with exposure to toxins such as benzene /ˈbǫnzi:n bǫnˈzi:n/, or with the use of certain drugs, including chloramphenicol /ˌklɔəræmˈfǫnɪˌkɒl/, carbamazepine /ˌkɑəbәˈmæzәˌpi:n/, felbamate, phenytoin / ˌfǫnɪˈtәʊɪn /, quinine / kwɪˈni:n (US) ˈkwaɪnaɪn/, and phenylbutazone /ˌfi:naɪlˈbju;tәˌzәʊn/. Many drugs are associated with aplasia mainly according to case reports but at a very low probability. As an example, chloramphenicol treatment is followed by aplasia in less than 1 in 40,000 treatment courses, and carbamazepine aplasia is even more rare. Exposure to ionizing radiation from radioactive materials or radiation-producing devices is also associated with the development of aplastic anemia. Aplastic anemia is present in up to 2% of patients with acute viral hepatitis. In some animals aplastic anemia may have other causes. For example, in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) aplastic anemia is caused by estrogen toxicity. This is because female ferrets are induced ovulators, so mating is required to bring the female out of heat. Intact females, if not mated, will remain in heat, and after some time the high levels of estrogen will cause the bone marrow to stop producing red blood cells. Short-lived aplastic anemia can also be a result of parvovirus infection. In humans the P antigen (also known as globoside) is the cellular receptor for parvovirus B19 virus that causes erythema /ǫrɪˈθi:mә/ infectiosum (fifth disease) in children. Parvovirus causes complete cessation of red blood cell production. In most cases, this goes unnoticed, as red blood cells live for up to 180 days, and the drop in production does not significantly affect the total number of circulating red blood cells. In people with conditions where the cells die early (such as sickle cell disease), however, parvovirus infection can lead to severe anemia. 12 UNIT 6 - VOCABULARY develop /di'velәp / (v) → development /di'velәpmәnt / (n) vital /'vaitl / (a) quan troïng concern /kәn'sә:n / (n) moái quan taâm medicine /'medsn; 'medisn / (n) → medicinal / mә'disinl / (a) economy / i:'kɔnәmi / (n) → economical /,i:kә'nɔmikәl / (a) politics /'pɔlitiks / (n) → political /pә'litikl/ (a) implicate /'implikeit / (v) nguï yù, haøm yù, aùm chæ → implication /,impli'kei∫n / (n) government /'gʌvnmәnt / (n) chính phuû regulate /'regjuleit / (v) quy ñònh manufacture /mænju'fækt∫ә / (v), (n) consume /kәn'sju:m/ (v) söû duïng → consumer /kәn'sju:mә / (n) ngöôøi tieâu duøng prevent /pri'vent / (v) abuse /ә'bju:s / (n) söï laïm duïng pharmaceutical /,fɑ:mә'sju:tikәl / (n) döôïc phaåm Europe /'juәrәp / (n) → European /,juәrә'pi:әn / (a) union /'ju:niәn / (n) lieân minh evaluate /i'væljueit / (v) ñaùnh giaù → evaluation /i,vælju'ei∫n / (n) agency /'eidʒәnsi / (n) cô quan, sôû establish /is'tæbli∫ / (v) laäp, thaønh laäp, thieát laäp passage /'pæsidʒ / (n) söï thoâng qua Federal /'fedәrәl / (a) (thuoäc) lieân bang Act /ækt / (n) ñaïo luaät responsible / ri'spɔnsәbl / (a) traùch nhieäm → responsibility /ri,spɔnsә'bilәti / (n) diet /'daiәt / (n) → dietary /'daiәtәri / (a) supplement /'sʌplimәnt / (n) phaàn boå xung vaccine /'væksi:n / (n) device / di'vais / (n) duïng cuï radiate /'reidieit / (v) → radiation /,reidi'ei∫n / (n) phoùng xaï emit /i'mit / (v) phaùt ra veterinarian /,vetәri'neәriәn / (n) baùc syõ thuù y; veterinary /'vetrinri; 'vetәrineri / (a) cosmetic / kɔz'metik / (n) myõ phaåm guideline /'gaidlain / (n) nguyeân taéc chæ ñaïo, ñöôøng loái chæ ñaïo require / ri'kwaiә / (v) ñoøi hoûi fufill /ful'fil / (v) = fulfil / ful'fil / (v) ñaùp öùng standard /'stændәd / (n) tieâu chuaån seek / si:k / (v) tìm kieám approve / ә'pru:v / (v) chaáp thuaän → approval /ә'pru:vәl / (n) criterion / krai'tiәriәn / (n) [sing] tieâu chuaån → criteria /krai'tiәriә/ [pl] extensive / iks'tensiv / (a) coù phaïm vi roäng currently /'kʌrәntli / (adv) hieän thôøi, hieän nay phase / feiz / (n) giai ñoaïn, thôøi kyø clinical /'klinikl / (a) (thuoäc) laâm saøng 13 - trial /'traiәl / (n) phöông phaùp thöû , pheùp thöû individual /,indi'vidjuәl / (n) caù nhaân, ngöôøi obtain / әb'tein / (v) ñaït ñöôïc, thu ñöôïc, daønh ñöôïc include / in'klu:d / (v) bao goàm species /'spi:∫i:z / (n) loaøi effective / i'fektiv / (a) coù hieäu quaû → effectiveness /i'fektivnis / (n) toxicity / tɔk'sisәti / (n) ñaëc tính ñoäc, ñoä ñoäc dosage /'dousidʒ / (n) lieàu löôïng intend /in'tend / (v) döï ñònh, ñònh range / reindʒ / (n) phaïm vi therapeutics /,θerә'pju:tiks / (n) pheùp chöõa beänh→ therapeutic /,θerә'pju:tik / (a) effect / i'fekt / (n) hieäu quaû desire / di'zaiә / (v) mong muoán, ao öôùc → desirable /di'zaiәrәbl / (a) outcome /'autkʌm / (n) keát quaû monitor /'mɔnitә / (v) giaùm saùt determine / di'tә:min / (v) xaùc ñònh base / beis / (v) boá trí: Where are you based now? Baây giôø anh ñöôïc boá trí ôû ñaâu? science /'saiәns / (n) → scientific /,saiәn'tifik / (a) whereby / weә'bai / (adv) nhôø ñoù, bôûi ñoù basis /'beisis / (n) neàn taûng, cô sôû Commission / kә'mi∫n / (n) hoäi ñoàng issue /'isju:/ (v) ñöa ra, phaùt haønh single /'siηgl / (a) rieâng reõ, töøng caùi moät marketing /'ma:kitiη / (n) söï tieáp thò authorisation /,ɔ:θәrai'zei∫n / (n) giaáy pheùp, söï cho pheùp, söï caáp pheùp produce / prә'dju:s; prә'du:s / (v) ; /'prɔdju:s; 'prɔdu:s / (n) → product /'prɔdәkt / (n) mission /'mi∫n / (n) söù maänh, nhieäm vuï promote /prә'mout / (v) xuùc tieán, ñaåy maïnh public health /'pʌblik'helθ / (n) y teá contribute / kәn'tribju:t / (v) ñoùng goùp, goùp phaàn availability / ә,veilә'biliti / (n) söï coù giaù trò stimulate /'stimjuleit / (v) kích thích develop /di'velәp / (v) → development / di'velәpmәnt / (n) innovative /'inouveitiv / (a) coù tính chaát ñoåi môùi, coù tính chaát saùng kieán assist / ә'sist / (v) giuùp ñôõ procedure / prә'si:dʒә / (n) thuû tuïc efficacy /'efikәsi / (n) = efficaciousness /,efi'kei∫әsnis / (n) coù hieäu quaû prior /'praiә / (prep) tröôùc khi constantly /'kɔnstәntli / (adv) luoân luoân, lieân tuïc once /wʌns/ (conjunction) khi maø, ngay khi, moät khi basic /'beisik / (a) cô baûn, caên baûn legislate /'ledʒisleit / (v) laäp phaùp → legislation /,ledʒis'lei∫n / (n) adapt / ә'dæpt / (v) laøm thích öùng progress /'prougres / (n) söï tieán boä ; /prә'gres/ (v) tieán tôùi, tieán boä 14 - competition /,kɔmpi'ti∫n / (n) söï caïnh tranh prospect /'prɔspekt / (n) trieån voïng ; / prә'spekt/ (v) thaêm doø therapy /'θerәpi / (n) lieäu phaùp enlarge /in'lɑ:dʒ/ (v) → enlargement /in'lɑ:dʒmәnt/ (n) phaàn môû roäng access /'ækses / (v) tieáp caän vôùi grant / grɑ:nt / (v) ñoàng yù cho, cho pheùp centralise /'sentrәlaiz / (v) taäp trung consequently /'kɔnsikwәntli / (adv) do ñoù, vì vaäy, bôûi vaäy essential / i'sen∫әl / (a) chuû yeáu Further reading: Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synaesthesia, an altered sense of time and spiritual experiences, as well as for its key role in 1960s counterculture. It is used mainly as an entheogen, recreational drug, and as an agent in psychedelic therapy. LSD is non-addictive, is not known to cause brain damage, and has extremely low toxicity relative to dose. LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hofmann in 1938 from ergotamine, a chemical derived by Arthur Stoll from ergot, a grain fungus that typically grows on rye. The short form "LSD" comes from its early code name LSD-25, which is an abbreviation for the German "Lysergsäure-diethylamid" followed by a sequential number. LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine, especially in solution, though its potency may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature. In pure form it is a colorless, odorless, and mildly bitter solid. LSD is typically delivered orally, usually on a substrate such as absorbent blotter paper, a sugar cube, or gelatin. In its liquid form, it can also be administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection. LSD is very potent, with 20–30 µg (micrograms) being the threshold dose. Introduced by Sandoz Laboratories, with trade-name Delysid, as a drug with various psychiatric uses in 1947, LSD quickly became a therapeutic agent that appeared to show great promise. In the 1950s the CIA thought it might be applicable to mind control and chemical warfare; the agency's MKULTRA research program propagated the drug among young servicemen and students. The subsequent recreational use of the drug by youth culture in the Western world during the 1960s led to a political firestorm that resulted in its prohibition. Currently, a number of organizations—including the Beckley Foundation, MAPS, Heffter Research Institute and the Albert Hofmann Foundation—exist to fund, encourage and coordinate research into the medicinal and spiritual uses of LSD and related psychedelics. 1/ What is LSD? 2/ When was LSD first synthesized? 3/ What is ergotamine? 4/ How is LSD administered? 5/ What is Delysid? 6/ What does the CIA think of LSD? 15 UNIT 7 Vocabulary medicine / ˈmɛdɪsɪn ˈmɛdsɪn / (n); medicinal / mɛˈdɪsɪnәl / (a); medical /ˈmɛdɪkәl/ (a) powerful /ˈpaʊәfʊl/ (n) substance /ˈsʌbstәns/ (n) dangerous /ˈdeɪndʒәrәs/ (a) pharmacy /'fɑ:mәsi / (n) = drugstore / 'drʌgstɔ:/ nhaø thuoác supermarket / ˈsuːpәˌmɑːkɪt / (n) proper / ˈprɒpә / (a) properly / ˈprɒpәli / (adv) overcome /ˌәʊvәˈkʌm / (v) percent / pәˈsɛnt / (adv); percentage / pәˈsɛntɪdʒ / (n) prescribe /prɪˈskraɪb / (v); prescription /prɪˈskrɪpʃәn / (n) different /ˈdɪfәrәnt ˈdɪfrәnt / (a); difference /ˈdɪfәrәns ˈdɪfrәns / (n) chemistry /ˈkɛmɪstrɪ / (n); chemical /ˈkɛmɪkәl / (a) pharmacist /ˈfɑːmәsɪst / (n) symptom / ˈsɪmptәm / (n) diet / ˈdaɪәt / (n); dietary /ˈdaɪәtәrɪ -trɪ / (a) supplement /ˈsʌplɪmәnt / (n) phần bổ sung allergy /ˈælәdʒɪ / (n); allergic / әˈlɜːdʒɪk / (a) sensitive /ˈsɛnsɪtɪv/ (a) ; sensitivity /ˌsɛnsәˈtɪvәtɪ / (n) exercise /ˈɛksәˌsaɪz/ (n) weight /weɪt/ (n); to lose weight >< to gain/ put on weight pregnant /ˈprɛgnәnt/ (a); pregnancy /ˈprɛgnәnsɪ/ (n) breastfeed /ˈbrestˌfiːd/ (v) >< bottlefeed /ˈbɔtl ˌfiːd/ (v) instruct /ɪnˈstrʌkt/ (v) ; instruction /ɪnˈstrʌkʃәn/ (n) label / ˈleɪbәl/ (n): on the label rough /rʌf/ (a) absorb /әbˈsɔːb -ˈzɔːb/ (v); absorption /әbˈsɔːpʃәn -ˈzɔːp-/ (n) strong /strɒŋ/ (a); strength /strɛŋθ/ (n) at full strength = with all the best effects a range of beers with different strengths (= with different amounts of alcohol in them) He pushed against the rock with all his strength digest /dɪˈdʒɛst daɪ-/ (v); digestive /dɪˈdʒɛstɪv daɪ-/ (a); digestion /dɪˈdʒɛstʃәn daɪ-/ (n) effect /ɪˈfɛkt/ (n); effective /ɪˈfɛktɪv/ (a) upset /ʌpˈsɛt/ (v); irritate /ˈɪrɪˌteɪt/ (v) stomach /ˈstʌmәk/ (n); stomachache /ˈstʌmәkˌeɪk/ (n) minimize /ˈmɪnɪˌmaɪz/ (v) prevent sth/sb from doing sth substitute /ˈsʌbstɪˌtjuːt/ (v) swallow /'swɔl / (v) chew /tʃuː / (v) ; chewing gum /tʃuːiɳgʌm / (n) feature /ˈfiːtʃә/ (n) germ /dʒɜːm/ (n) resistant /rɪˈzɪstәnt/ (a); resistance /rɪˈzɪstәns/ (n) 16 Unit 8 Vocabulary customer /ˈkʌstәmә/ (n) medicine / ˈmɛdɪsɪn ˈmɛdsɪn / (n); medicinal / mɛˈdɪsɪnәl / (a); medical /ˈmɛdɪkәl/ (a) include / ɪnˈkluːd/ (v) alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːnәtɪv/ (n) side effect /'said i'fekt / (n) store /stɔː / (v) cất giữ; storage /ˈstɔːrɪdʒ / (n) continue /kәnˈtɪnjuː / (v) affect /әˈfɛkt/ (v) proper / ˈprɒpә / (a) properly / ˈprɒpәli / (adv) pleasant / ˈplɛzәnt / (a) >< unpleasant /ʌnˈplɛzәnt /(a) prescribe /prɪˈskraɪb / (v); prescription /prɪˈskrɪpʃәn / (n) recommend /ˌrɛkәˈmɛnd/ (v) khuyên dùng double / ˈdʌbәl / (v) To be twice as much as overdose / ˈәʊvәˌdәʊs / (n) an excessive dose; / әʊvәˈdәʊs / (v) to take an excessive dose or give an excessive dose to.; over dosage / ˈәʊvә ˈdәʊsɪdʒ / (n) excessive / ɪkˈsɛsɪv / (a) dư thừa, quá mức people / ˈpiːpәl / (n) ; pupil / ˈpjuːpl / (n) symptom / ˈsɪmptәm / (n) triệu chứng similar / ˈsɪmɪlә / (a) ; similarity / ˌsɪmәˈlærɪti / (n) pharmacist / ˈfɑːmәsɪst / (n) classify / ˈklæsɪˌfaɪ / (v) ; classification / ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃәn /(n) actually / ˈæktʃʊәlɪ / (adv) medication / ˌmɛdɪˈkeɪʃәn / (n) present / prɪˈzɛnt / (v) trình bày, bộc lộ ; /ˈprɛzәnt / (n) a gift nature /ˈneɪtʃә/ (n); natural /ˈnætʃrәl -tʃәrәl/ (a) course / kɔːs / (n) tiến trình, quá trình diễn biến complicated /ˈkɒmplɪˌkeɪtɪd/ (a) phức tạp >< uncomplicated /ʌnˈkɒmplɪˌkeɪtɪd/ (a) đơn giản cure / kjʊә / (v) chữa cho khỏi bệnh sore throat / sɔː θrәʊt / (n) treat / triːt / (v) điều trị ; treatment / ˈtriːtmәnt / (n) usually / ˈjuːʒʊәlɪ / (adv) virus / ˈvaɪrәs / (n); bacterium /bækˈtɪәrɪәm /(n)[sing], bacteria / bækˈtɪәrɪә / [pl] bactericide / bækˈtɪәrɪˌsaɪd / (n) thuốc diệt khuẩn bactericidal / bæktɪәrɪˈsaɪdәl / (a) bacteriostasis / bækˌtɪәrɪәʊˈsteɪsɪs -ˈstæsɪs / (n) sự kìm khuẩn; bacteriostatic /bækˌtɪərɪəʊˈstætɪk/ adj antibiotic / ˌæntɪbaɪˈɒtɪk / (n) cough / kɒf / (n, v); secrete / siˈkriːt/ (v); secretion / sɪˈkriːʃәn / (n) distressing / dɪˈstrɛsɪŋ / (a) làm cho khó chịu remedy / ˈrɛmɪdɪ / (n) any drug or agent that cures a disease or controls its symptoms instill / ɪnˈstɪl / US instill (v) nhỏ, rỏ (mắt, mũi, tai) occasional / әˈkeɪʒәnәl / (a) relieve / rɪˈliːv / (v) ; relief / rɪˈliːf / (n) 17 - anti-anxiety /ˌæntɪæŋˈzaɪәtɪ/ (n) allergy /ˈælәdʒɪ / (n); allergic / әˈlɜːdʒɪk / (a) rhinitis /raɪˈnaɪtɪs/ (n) viêm mũi adult / ˈædʌlt әˈdʌlt / (n) abdomen / ˈæbdәmәn æbˈdәʊ- / (n) bụng ; abdominal / æbˈdɒmәnl/ (a) headache / ˈhɛdˌeɪk / (n) origin / ˈɒrɪdʒɪn / (n) ; original / әˈrɪdʒɪnәl/(a) package / ˈpækɪdʒ/ (n) moisture / ˈmɔɪstʃә / (n) hơi ẩm resume / rɪˈzjuːm / (v) bắt đầu lại, tiếp tục lại schedule /ˈʃɛdjuːl (also, esp US) ˈskɛdʒʊәl/ (n) steroid / ˈstɪәrɔɪd ˈstɛr- / (n); steroidal / ˈstɛrɔɪdәl / (a) non-steroid / nɔn ˈstɪәrɔɪd, nɔnˈstɛr- / (n); non-steroidal / nɔn ˈstɛrɔɪdәl / (a) anti-inflammatory / ˌænti ɪnˈflæmәˌtɔri, -ˌtoʊri, ˌæntaɪ- / (a) bad / worse /wɜːs / / worst /wɜːst / >< good / better / best generic / dʒɪˈnɛrɪk / (a) analgesic /ˌænәlˈdʒiːzɪk -sɪk / (a) giảm đau; antipyretic / ˌæntɪpaɪˈrɛtɪk / (a) hạ nhiệt SYNONYMS Consist of: Comprise / make up / constitute / be composed of / be comprised of / compose All these words mean to be formed from the things or people mentioned, or to be the parts that form sth. Consist of sb/sth to be formed from the things, people or activities mentioned: Their diet consists largely of vegetables. Comprise (rather formal) to be formed from the things or people mentioned: The collection comprises 327 paintings. NOTE Comprise can also be used to refer to the parts or members of sth: Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty. However, this is less frequent. Make up sth (rather informal) to be the parts or people that form sth: Women make up 56% of the student numbers. Constitute to be the parts or people that form sth: People under the age of 40 constitute the majority of the labour force. Be composed of sb/sth (rather formal) to be formed from the things or people mentioned: Around 15% of our diet is composed of protein. Be comprised of sb/sth to be formed from the things or people mentioned: The committee is comprised of representatives from both the public and private sectors. NOTE Some people consider this usage incorrect, and prefer to use the active verb comprise. Compose (formal) to be the parts of people that form sth: Christians compose around 2.5% of the country's population. Which word? Consist of sb/sth is the most general of these words and the only one that can be used for activities with the -ing form of a verb: My work at that time just consisted of typing letters. The other main difference is between those verbs that take the whole as the subject and the parts as the object: The group consists of / comprises / is made up of / is composed of / is comprised of ten people. and those that take the parts as the subject and the whole as the 18 object: Ten people make up / constitute / comprise / compose the group. It is not correct to use ‘comprises of’ or ‘is composed by / from‘. Unit 9 Vocabulary and structure: tip /tip/ (n) lời khuyên medicine / ˈmɛdɪsɪn ˈmɛdsɪn / (n); medicinal / mɛˈdɪsɪnәl / (a); medical /ˈmɛdɪkәl/ (a) proper / ˈprɒpә / (a) properly / ˈprɒpәli / (adv) guideline /ˈgaɪdˌlaɪn/ (n) nguyên tắc chỉ đạo bathroom /ˈbɑːθˌruːm -ˌrʊm/ (n) kitchen sink /ˈkɪtʃɪn sɪŋk /(n) a sink in a kitchen for washing dishes, vegetables, etc. damp /dæmp/ (a) = moist /mɔɪst/ (a); moisture /ˈmɔɪstʃә/ (n) refrigerate /rɪˈfrɪdʒәˌreɪt/ (v) làm lạnh; refrigerator /rɪˈfrɪdʒәˌreɪtә/ (n) fridge /frɪdʒ/ (n); fridge-freezer / frɪdʒ ˈfriːzә/ outdated /ˌaʊtˈdeɪtɪd / (a) = expired /ɪkˈspaɪәd / (a) luggage /ˈlʌgɪdʒ / (n) = baggage /ˈbægɪdʒ / (n) [US] adequate /ˈædɪkwɪt / (a) = sufficient /sәˈfɪʃәnt / (a) = enough /ɪˈnʌf / (a) inadequate /ɪnˈædɪkwɪt / (a) = insufficient /ˌɪnsәˈfɪʃәnt / (a) = deficient /dɪˈfɪʃәnt / (a) available /әˈveɪlәbәl/ (a) prescribe /prɪˈskraɪb / (v); prescription /prɪˈskrɪpʃәn / (n) side effect /'said i'fekt / (n) intended /ɪnˈtɛndɪd/ (a) >< unwanted /ʌnˈwɒntɪd/ (a) possible /ˈpɒsɪbәl/ (a) ; possibly /ˈpɒsɪblɪ/ (adv) ; possibility /ˌpɒsɪˈbɪlɪtɪ/ (n) therapy /ˈθɛrәpɪ/ (n) effect /ɪˈfɛkt/ (n); effective /ɪˈfɛktɪv/ (a) right /raɪt/ (a) >< wrong /rɒŋ/ (a) actually /ˈæktʃʊәlɪ/ (adv) really bad / bæd / / worse / wɜːs / / worst / wɜːst />< good / gʊd / / better / ˈbɛtә / / best / bɛst / versus /ˈvɜːsәs/ (prep) đối với come in: thấy ở (dạng) generally /ˈdʒɛnrәlɪ/ (adv) usually ingredient /ɪnˈgriːdɪәnt/ (n) thành phần amount /әˈmaʊnt/ (n) số lượng sensitive /ˈsɛnsɪtɪv/ (a) ; sensitivity /ˌsɛnsәˈtɪvәtɪ / (n) sunburn /ˈsʌnˌbɜːn/ (n) ; sunburnt /ˈsʌnˌbɜːnt/ (a) = sunburned / ˈsʌnˌbɜːnd / (a) rash / ræ∫/ (n) chứng phát ban in case (something happens): in the event that something takes place. E.g.: She carries an umbrella in case it rains. I have some aspirin in my office in case I get a headache. He keeps a fire extinguisher in his car, just in case. 19 UNIT 10 - - VOCABULARY medicine /'medsn; 'medisn / (n) → medicinal / mә'disinl / (a) prescribe /pris'kraib / (v) keâ toa → prescription / pris'krip∫n / (n) toa thuoác relieve /ri'li:v / (v) pain: giaûm ñau pain-killer /'pein,kilә / (n) = pain reliever / pein ri'li:vә /: thuoác giaûm ñau antihistamine /,ænti'histәmi:n / (n) decongestant /'di:kәn'dʒestәnt / (n) thuoác laøm thoâng muõi, choáng ngheït muõi cough medicine /kɒf'medisn / (n) headache / ˈhɛdˌeɪk / (n) muscle ache / ˈmʌsəlˌeɪk / (n) ≈ myalgia / maɪˈældʒɪә / (n) arthritis / ɑ:'θraitis / (n) chöùng vieâm khôùp surgery /'sә:dʒәri / (n) phaãu thuaät injure /'indʒә / (v) → injury / ˈɪndʒәrɪ / (n) backache / ˈbækˌeɪk / (n) đau lưng = back pain / ˈbækˌpeɪn / (n) advantage /әd'vɑ:ntidʒ / (n) >< disadvantage /,disәd'vɑ:ntidʒ / (n) = risk respond / ri'spɔnd / (v) phaûn öùng laïi → response /ri'spɔns/ (n) steroid /'sterɔid,'stiәrɔid /(n) → steroidal /'sterɔidәl /(a) >< nonsteroidal /,nɔn'sterɔidәl/ (a) anti-inflammatory /,æntiin'flæmәtәri / (a) khaùng vieâm, choáng vieâm acetaminophen /әˌsi:tәˈmɪnȅfɪn/ prostaglandin /ˌprɒstәˈglændɪn / (n) chemical /'kemikl / (n) irritate /'iriteit / (v) kích thích trigger /'trigә / (v) gaây ra aspirin /'æspәrin / (n) ibuprofen /ˈaɪbju:proʊfǫn/ or /aɪbju:ˈproʊfәn/ (n) rheumatoid /'ru:mәtɔid / (a) daïng thaáp khôùp degenerative / di'dʒenәrәtive / (a) thoaùi hoùa naproxen /nәˈprɒksәn/ (n) ; ketoprofen /kitɒˈprɔkfәn/ (n) dysmenorrhea /dismenә 'riә / (n) söï ñau buïng maùu osteoarthritis / ˌɒstɪәʊɑːˈθraɪtɪs/ (n) beänh vieâm khôùp xöông maõn tính side effect /'said i'fekt / (n) taùc duïng phuï gastrointestinal /ˌgæstrәʊɪnˈtɛstɪnәl / (a) thuoäc daï daøy – ruoät experience / iks'piәriәns / (v) chance / t∫ɑ:ns / (n) ruûi ro variety / vә'raiәti / (n) nhieàu loaïi range / reindʒ / (v) xeáp loaïi reversible / ri'vә:sәbl / (a) coù khaû naêng phuïc hoài, ñaûo nghòch permanent /'pә:mәnәnt / (a) >< impermanent /im'pә:mәnәnt / temporary /'temprәri/ (a) interfere /,intә'fiә / (v) gaây trôû ngaïi pose /pouz/ (v) gaây ra juvenile /'dʒu:vәnail / (a) vò thaønh nieân, thanh thieáu nieân 20