Tài liệu Medical terminology demystified[pnt]

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY DEMYSTIFIED Demystified Series Advanced Statistics Demystified Algebra Demystified Anatomy Demystified asp.net Demystified Astronomy Demystified Biology Demystified Business Calculus Demystified Business Statistics Demystified C++ Demystified Calculus Demystified Chemistry Demystified College Algebra Demystified Data Structures Demystified Databases Demystified Differential Equations Demystified Digital Electronics Demystified Earth Science Demystified Electricity Demystified Electronics Demystified Environmental Science Demystified Everyday Math Demystified Genetics Demystified Geometry Demystified Home Networking Demystified Investing Demystified Java Demystified JavaScript Demystified Linear Algebra Demystified Macroeconomics Demystified Math Proofs Demystified Math Word Problems Demystified Medical Terminology Demystified Meteorology Demystified Microbiology Demystified OOP Demystified Options Demystified Organic Chemistry Demystified Personal Computing Demystified Pharmacology Demystified Physics Demystified Physiology Demystified Pre-Algebra Demystified Precalculus Demystified Probability Demystified Project Management Demystified Quality Management Demystified Quantum Mechanics Demystified Relativity Demystified Robotics Demystified Six Sigma Demystified sql Demystified Statistics Demystified Trigonometry Demystified uml Demystified Visual Basic 2005 Demystified Visual C# 2005 Demystified xml Demystified This page intentionally left blank MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY DEMYSTIFIED The Hon. Dr. Dale Pierre Layman, Ph.D., Grand Ph.D. in Medicine (Belgium) McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or ditributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-149052-3 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-146104-3. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. 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Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071461043 Professional Want to learn more? We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. This book is fondly dedicated to J. D. Ross, the President of Joliet Junior College; to Dr. Michael Lee, Chairman of the Natural Sciences Department; and to College Trustee Dick Dystrup (representing Eleanor McGuan-Boza and the entire Joliet Junior College Board of Trustees). This dedication is in due recognition of their efforts in successfully establishing a professorial ranking system at Joliet Junior College (located in Joliet, Illinois) in the Millennial Year, 2000. From now on, the first and oldest public community college in the United States will honor its teachers with the rank of Professor! For this historic success, these fine people with have my everlasting thanks! This page intentionally left blank For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 CHAPTER 1 xix xxi THE FOUNDATIONS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY The Basic Ideas, or “Hey! It’s Just Greek (or Latin) to Me!” Background and History Early Medical Laws: The Code of Hammurabi Healing, Not Hurting: Enter the Ancient Greeks and Asclepius The Greek Foundation of Modern Medicine: Hippocrates Physiology and Galen Vesalius: The Founder of Modern Anatomy Diseases, Injuries, and Therapies “So, Just Where Do We Put Our ’Memory Pills ’?” Medical Terms and Word Parts Word Dissection or Analysis 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 14 15 17 19 ix CONTENTS x Word Translation Word Building or Synthesis Summary of Word Parts The Magic of the Combining Vowel: “A Spoonful of Sugar Helps the Medicine Go Down!” Quiz Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 Terms of Anatomy, Anesthesia, and Surgery Background and History Trephination: One of the Earliest Forms of Surgery Was “Hole-istic Medicine”! John Hunter: The Father of Scientific Surgery Had Night Visits from Grave Robbers! William Morton: Anesthesia Gets “Real” Quiz Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 2 Answers for Chapter 2 Summary Tables Terms of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Background and History Development of the Microscope: The Tiny Becomes Visible Pathogenic Macroscopic (Gross) Organisms Pathogenic Fungi: They’re Not All Just Mushrooms! Summary Overview of Infectious Diseases 19 19 20 20 22 24 27 28 28 32 33 36 38 42 44 45 46 53 54 55 CONTENTS xi Medical Case History: Histoplasmosis— It’s from the Birds! Quiz Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 3 Answers for Chapter 3 Summary Tables Answers to Probe of Case History CHAPTER 4 56 58 59 63 63 Terms of Therapy: Feeling Better! Background and History Caring Hands of Nurses Bring Therapy Some Major Types of Therapy The Special World of Chemotherapy Medical Case History: Drug Addiction and Severe Accidental Overdose Quiz Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 4 Answers for Chapter 4 Summary Tables Answers to Probe of Case History 64 64 65 66 68 Test: Part 1 84 PART 2 CELLS AND BODY DEFENSE 89 CHAPTER 5 Terms of Diagnosis, Immunity, and the Lymphatic System 91 Background and History 91 An Overview of Immunity 92 The World of Diagnosis: Taking Stock When Immunity Fails 98 Important Tools and Techniques Used for Making Diagnoses 100 The Ultimate Challenge: Finding the “Cause” 105 Medical Case History: Suddenly Stricken with Tonsillitis 107 74 76 78 82 83 CONTENTS xii Quiz Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 5 Answers for Chapter 5 Summary Tables Answers to Probe of Case History CHAPTER 6 Terms Related to Disorders of the Cells and Body Tissues Background and History The Two Size-Worlds of Anatomy Biological Order and Clinical Health Normal A&P of the Human Cell Normal A&P of the Body Tissues Biological Disorder and Morbidity Cellular Pathology and Tissue Necrosis Medical Case History: Terminal Lung Cancer in a Chronic Smoker—A Bad Dream of Hyperplasia Quiz Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 6 Answers for Chapter 6 Summary Tables Answers to Probe of Case History Test: Part 2 PART 3 BONES AND MUSCLES CHAPTER 7 Terms of Skeletal and Muscular Disorders, or “There’s Too Much Trouble in This Joint !” Background and History The Skeletal System and Its Organs Disorders of Bones and Joints The Muscular System and Its Organs Disorders of Skeletal Muscles 109 112 116 117 118 119 119 123 126 130 136 138 141 143 144 149 150 151 157 159 160 162 167 173 178 CONTENTS xiii Medical Case History: Arthroscopy of the Knee Joint in an Injured Runner Quiz Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 7 Answers for Chapter 7 Summary Tables Answers to Probe of Case History 181 185 186 191 191 Test: Part 3 192 PART 4 MOVING OUR BLOOD AND AIR CHAPTER 8 Terms Related to Disorders of the Heart and Blood Vessels Background and History General Components of the Vascular Network The One-Way Circulation: Valves Tell the Story Ligation for Control of Blood Loss Important Parameters of Cardiovascular Function Aspects of the Blood Pressure The Coronary Arteries and “Heart Attacks” Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) The Blood and its Disorders The Hematocrit and Erythrocytes (RBCs) The Buffy Coat The Blood Plasma and Serum Medical Case History: A Stubborn Dad Suffers Repeated “Small Heart Attacks” Quiz 197 199 200 201 202 206 210 211 217 219 222 223 225 225 227 228 CONTENTS xiv Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 8 Answers for Chapter 8 Summary Tables Answers to Probe of Case History CHAPTER 9 Terms Related to Disorders of the Respiratory System Background and History An Overview of the Respiratory System The Upper Respiratory Tract Some Disorders of the Upper Respiratory Tract What Comes After the Trachea? The Lower Respiratory Tract! Normal versus Abnormal Types of Pulmonary Ventilation Gas and the Guillotine: The Saga of Antoine Lavoisier Medical Case History: An Emergency Tracheotomy to Treat Airway Obstruction Quiz Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 9 Answers for Chapter 9 Summary Tables Answers to Probe of Case History Test: Part 4 229 234 235 236 237 237 237 239 240 242 248 249 252 253 259 259 260 PART 5 OUR BODY SENSES 265 CHAPTER 10 Terms Related to Disorders of the Glands and Skin 267 CONTENTS xv Background and History Overview of the Integumentary System (Skin) The Skin and Its Disorders Glands and Hormones Medical Case History: Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Shock Quiz Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 10 Answers for Chapter 10 Summary Tables Answers to Probe of Case History CHAPTER 11 Terms Related to Disorders of the Nervous System and Special Senses Background and History The Brain and Its Organic Problems Some Neuroses and Psychoses Philippe Pinel Unchains the Insane Spinal Cord Disorders Some Disorders of Vision and Hearing Medical Case History: Cerebrovascular Accident and Aphasia Quiz Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 11 Answers for Chapter 11 Summary Tables Answers to Probe of Case History Test: Part 5 PART 6 WELCOME TO LIFE IN THE LAND “DOWN UNDER”! 268 268 268 273 280 284 286 290 291 292 293 294 299 301 303 304 310 313 314 320 320 321 327 CONTENTS xvi CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 13 Terms Related to Disorders of the Digestive Tract Background and History The Five Major Functions of the Digestive Tract Major Organs of the Digestive Tract Summary of Digestive Tract Anatomy A Detailed Look at the Stomach Digestive Upsets as Disturbances in Body Acid-Base Balance Medical Case History: An Attack of Acute Appendicitis Quiz Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 12 Answers for Chapter 12 Summary Tables Answers to Probe of Case History Terms Related to Pregnancy and Urogenital Disorders Background and History Our Urinary System: The Critical Kidney Connection Urine Formation The Urinary Pathway Some Urinary Disorders The Genital (Reproductive) System Some Male Reproductive Disorders Ova and Their Pathway to Pregnancy Pregnancy versus Birth Some Disorders of Pregnancy and Birth Medical Case History: Modern-Day Toxemia of Pregnancy 329 329 330 331 334 334 338 342 347 358 354 355 356 356 357 358 362 364 367 370 371 375 376 379 CONTENTS xvii A Final Farewell Quiz Memory Pillboxes for Chapter 13 Answers for Chapter 13 Summary Tables Answers to Probe of Case History 381 382 384 390 391 Test: Part 6 392 Final Exam 397 Answers to Quiz, Test, and Exam Questions 415 Index 421 This page intentionally left blank