Tài liệu Medical_terminology

N.Tran Medical Terminology Chapter 1 arthr hepat ven oste intrasub-itis -ic -ous -pathy -megaly Chapter 2 aden/o cyt/o epitheli/o fibr/o hist/o kary/o lip/o my/o neur/o organ/o sarc/o system/o viscer/o joint liver vein bone within under inflammation pertaining to pertaining to disease enlargement gland cell epithelium fiber tissue nucleus fat muscle nerve organ flesh, connective tissue system internal organs melan/o xanth/o diadyshypermetaneopro-al -ic -ous -cyte -gen cancer/o carcin/o eti/o gno/o iatr/o lei/o cancer cause of disease knowledge physician, medicine, treatment smooth -genic -logist -logy -oid -oma -osis onc/o path/o tumor, mass disease -pathy -plasia rhabd/o somat/o chrom/o chlor/o cyan/o erythr/o leuk/o rod-shaped, striated body color green blue red white -plasm -sarcoma -sis -stasis black yellow through, complete painful, abnormal, difficult above, excessive after, beyond, change new before pertaining to cell substance/agent that produces/causes producing, originating, causing one who studies/treats study of resembling tumor, swelling abnormal condition, increase (blood cell) disease condition of formation, development, growth growth, substance, formation malignant tumor state of control, stop, standing N.Tran benign non-malignant, non-recurrent, favorable carcinoma in situ early stage cancer before invading surrounding tissue chemotherapy (chemo) treatment of cancer with drugs encapsulated enclosed in a capsule (ex: benign tumor) exacerbation increase in severity or symptoms of a disease idiopathic pertaining to disease of unknown origin inflammation response to tissue injury/destruction: redness, swelling, heat, pain in vitro within a glass, observable within a test tube in vivo within the living body malignant tending to become progressively worse and cause death radiation therapy (XRT) treatment of cancer with radioactivity remission improvement or absence of signs of disease Chapter 3 anter/o front super/o above caud/o tail, downward ventr/o belly, front cephal/o head, upward bitwo dist/o away from point of attachment unione dors/o back -ad toward infer/o below -ior pertaining to later/o side RUQ right upper quadrant medi/o middle LUQ left upper quadrant poster/o back, behind RLQ right lower quadrant proxim/o near the point of attachment LLQ left lower quadrant frontal, coronal midsagittal parasagittal sagittal transverse Fowler position lithotomy position orthopnea position prone position recumbent position Sims position supine position Trendelenburg position umbilical region lumbar regions epigastric region hypochondriac regions hypogastric region iliac/inguinal regions vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions vertical plane that divides body into equal right and left portions vertical plane that divides body into unequal right and left portions vertical plane that divides body into left and right portions horizontal plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions semi-sitting with slight knee elevation lying on back with legs raised and feet in stirrups sitting upright with pillows supporting head and chest lying on abdomen facing downward lying down in any position lying on left side with right knee drawn up and left arm behind and parallel to back lying on back facing upward lying on back so head is lower than feet around the navel to the right and left of navel near waist superior to navel above the stomach to the right and left of epigastric region inferior to navel to the right and left of hypogastric region near groin N.Tran Chapter 4 cutane/o derm/o dermat/o hidr/o kerat/o onych/o ungu/o seb/o trich/o aut/o bi/o coni/o crypt/o heter/o myc/o necr/o pachy/o rhytid/o staphyl/o skin sweat horny tissue, hard nail sebum, oil hair self life dust hidden other fungus death thick wrinkles grape-like clusters abrasion abscess acne actinic keratosis albinism basal cell carcinoma (BCC) candidasis/thrush carbuncle cellulitis contusion eczema fissure furuncle, boil gangrene herpes impetigo infection Kaposi sarcoma strept/o xer/o epiintraparapersubtrans-a -coccus -ectomy -ia -itis -malacia -opsy -phagia -plasty -rrhea -tome twisted chains dry on, upon, over within beside, beyond, around, abnormal through under, below through, across, beyond no meaning (noun ending) berry-shaped excision, surgical removal diseased/abnormal state, condition of inflammation softening view of, viewing eating, swallowing surgical repair flow, discharge instrument used to cut scraping of skin by mechanical injury localized collection of pus inflammatory skin disease involving sebaceous glands and hair follicles precancerous skin condition of horny tissue from excess sunlight exposure congenital hereditary condition characterized by lack of pigmentation epithelial tumor arising from epidermis due to sun exposure, rarely metastasizes fungus infection of mouth, skin, or vagina caused by Candida albicans skin infection composed of clusters of boils caused by staphylococcal bacteria inflammation of skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by infection injury with no break in the skin characterized by pain, swelling, and discoloration noninfectious inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, scabs, itching slit or crack-like sore in the skin painful skin node caused by staphylococcal bacteria in a hair follicle death of tissue caused by loss of blood supply and bacterial invasion inflammatory skin disease of small, clustered blisters caused by herpes virus superficial skin infection caused by staphylo-, streptococci characterized by pustules invasion of pathogens in tissues cancer that starts as purple-brown papules on lower body and spreads to lymph nodes and internal organs, seen with AIDS N.Tran laceration lesion MRSA infection pediculosis psoriasis torn, ragged-edge wound any visible change in tissue resulting from injury or disease infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus invasion into skin and hair by lice chronic skin condition producing red lesions with silvery scales rosacea scabies scleroderma squamous cell carcinoma (SqCCA) systemic lupus erythemetous (SLE) tinea, ringworm, athlete’s foot urticaria chronic skin disorder that produces erythema, pustules, broken blood vessels skin infection caused by the itch mite characterized by papule eruptions skin disease characterized by chronic hardening of connective tissue of skin malignant growth that develops from scale-like epithelial tissue, often metastasizes chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving skin, joints, kidneys, and nervous system characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation fungal infection of skin, hair, and nails vitiligo cauterization cryosurgery debridement dermabrasion excision incision incision and drainage (I&D) laser surgery Mohs surgery suturing alopecia cicatrix cyst cytomegalovirus (CMV) diaphoresis ecchymosis edema erythema induration jaundice, xanthoderma keloid macule itching skin eruption composed of wheals caused by allergies, disease, and genetics autoimmune disease of white patches of skin caused by destruction of melanocytes destruction of tissue with heat, cold, electricity, or caustic chemicals destruction of tissue by extreme cold, often liquid nitrogen removal of contaminated or dead tissue and foreign matter from wounds procedure to remove skin scars with abrasive material removal by cutting surgical cut or wound surgical cut to allow free flow or withdrawal of fluids procedure using a high-powered light beam to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissue technique of microscopically-controlled excision of skin cancers to stitch together edges of a wound loss of hair scar closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material herpes-type virus that usually causes disease when immune system is compromised profuse sweating escape of blood into the skin causing a small, flat blue-purple discoloration puffy swelling of tissue from accumulation of fluid redness abnormal hard spot(s) yellowing of the skin white spots or patches on mucous membranes, possibly precancerous flat, colored spot on the skin N.Tran nevus, mole, birthmark nodule pallor papule petechia pressure ulcer, bed sore pruritis purpura pustule ulcer verruca, wart vesicle wheal circumscribed malformation of the skin colored brown, black, or fleshcolored small, knotlike mass on the skin paleness small, solid skin elevation pinpoint skin hemorrhage erosion of the skin from prolonged pressure, often seen in bedridden patients severe itching small purple-red hemorrhages in the skin associated with blood disorders elevation of skin containing pus erosion of skin or mucous membrane circumscribed cutaneous elevation caused by a virus small elevation of skin containing pus round, itchy skin elevation Chapter 5: Respiratory System adenoid/o adenoids alveoli/o alveolus bronchi/o bronchus bronch/o diaphragmat/o diaphragm phren/o epiglott/o epiglottis laryng/o larynx lob/o lobe nas/o nose rhin/o pharyng/o pharynx pleur/o pleura pneumo/ pneumat/o lung, air pneumon/o pulmon/o lung sept/o septum (wall off, fence) sinus/o sinus thorac/o thorax, chest tonsill/o tonsil trache/o trachea -algia -ar -ary -eal -cele -centesis atel/o capn/o hem/o hemat/o muc/o orth/o ox/i ox/o phon/o py/o somn/o spir/o aanendoeupanpolytachy- pain pertaining to hernia, protrusion surgical puncture to aspirate fluid with a sterile needle imperfect, incomplete carbon dioxide blood mucus straight oxygen sound, voice pus sleep breathe, breathing absence of, without within normal, good all, total many, much fast, rapid N.Tran -ectasis -emia -graphy -meter -metry -pexy -pnea -rrhagia -scope -scopy -spasm -stenosis -stomy -thorax -tomy stretching out, dilation, expansion blood condition process of recording, radiographic imaging instrument used to measure measurement surgical fixation, suspension breathing rapid flow of blood instrument used for visual examination visual examination sudden, involuntary muscle spasm (spasmodic contraction) constriction, narrowing creation of an artificial opening chest cut into, incision acute respiratory distress symdrome (ARDS) asthma chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) coccidioidomycosis cor pulmonale croup cystic fibrosis (CF) deviated septum emphysema epitaxis, rhinorrhagia influenza Legionnaire disease obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) pertussis pleural effusion pulmonary edema pulmonary embolism (PE) tuberculosis (TB) respiratory failure from disease or injury characterized by dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis respiratory disease characterized by paroxysms of coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath caused by reversible airway constriction progressive lung disease that restricts air flow and makes breathing difficult; components: chronic bronchitis, emphysema; results from cigarette smoking fungal disease of lungs and sometimes other organs (aka valley fever, cocci) serious cardiac disease associated with chronic lung disorders condition of acute larynx obstruction characterized by cough and hoarseness due to pathogens, allergies, or foreign bodies in children hereditary disorder of exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms one part of the nasal cavity is smaller due to malformed/injured nasal septum stretching of lung tissue caused by distended and less-elastic alveoli nosebleed highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a virus lobar pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophilia repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep leading to absence of breathing which can produce daytime drowsiness and high blood pressure highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract characterized by an acute crowing inspiration, or whooping cough fluid in pleural space caused by a disease or trauma fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles foreign matter in the circulation carried to the pulmonary artery and its branches where it blocks circulation to the lungs, often carried from the legs; may be fatal infectious lung disease caused by an acid-fast bacillus bacteria, spread by N.Tran upper respiratory infection (URI) chest computed tomography (CT) scan chest radiograph (CXR) ventilation-perfusion scanning (VPS) acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear arterial blood gases (ABGs) peak flow meter (PFM) pulmonary function tests (PFTs) pulse oximetry auscultation percussion PPD (purified protein derivative) skin test stethoscope airway asphyxia aspirate bronchoconstrictor bronchodilator cough hiccup hiccough singultus hyperventilation hypoventilation mucopurulent mucus nebulizer nosocomial infection paroxysm patent sputum ventilator inhalation infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or larynx (aka cold) computerized images of the chest created in sections from front to back; used to diagnose tumors, abscesses, and pleural effusion radiographic image of the chest, lungs, and heart (aka chest x-ray) nuclear medicine procedure to diagnose a pulmonary embolism and other conditions (aka lung scan) test performed on sputum to determine presence of acid-fast bacilli (cause TB) test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of O2, CO2, and others portable instrument to measure how fast air can be pushed out of the lung, used to monitor asthma and adjust medication group of tests to measure breathing and respiratory function; abnormal tests are useful in distinguishing between COPD and asthma noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood using a fingertip device act of listening for sounds within the body using a stethoscope act of tapping a body surface to determine the density of the part (dull = fluid) test performed by injecting PPD of tuberculin bacillus intradermally; positive test result = previous exposure, not necessarily an active infection instrument used to hear internal body sounds passageway by which air enters and leaves the lungs, also a mechanical device used to keep passageway unobstructed deprivation of oxygen for tissue use, suffocation to withdraw or suction fluid, also to draw fluid into respiratory tract agent that causes narrowing of the bronchi agent that causes widening of the bronchi sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs sudden catching of breath with a spasmodic diaphragm contraction ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs ventilation of the lungs that does not fulfill body needs containing both mucus and pus slimy fluid secreted by mucous membranes device that creates a mist for respiratory treatment infection acquired during hospitalization periodic, sudden attack open, the opposite of closed or compromised, as in patent trachea or bronchi mucous secretion from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea expelled through mouth mechanical device used to assist with breathing N.Tran LTB laryngotracheobronchitis PSG polysomnography SOB shortness of breath RUL right upper lobe LUL left upper lobe RLL right lower lobe LLL left lower lobe Chapter 6: Urinary System cyst/o bladder, sac vesic/o glomerul/o glomerulus meat/o meatus (opening) nephr/o kidney ren/o pyel/o renal pelvis ureter/o ureter urethr/o urethra albumin/o albumin azot/o urea, nitrogen blast/o developing cell, germ cell glyc/o sugar glycos/o hydr/o water lith/o stone, calculus epispadias hypospadias polycystic kidney disease renal calculus renal failure renal hypertension urinary suppression urinary tract infection (UTI) extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) fulguration renal transplant KUB (kidney, ureter, bladder) flat plate of the noct/i olig/o son/o tom/o urin/o ur/o -gram -iasis -esis -lysis -megaly -ptosis -rrhaphy -tripsy -trophy -uria night scanty, few sound cut, section urine, urinary tract record, radiographic image condition loosening, dissolution, separating enlargement drooping, sagging, prolapsed suturing, repairing surgical crushing nourishment, development urine, urination congenital defect where the urinary meatus is on the upper surface of the penis congenital defect where the urinary meatus is on the lower surface of the penis condition where the kidney is enlarged and contains many cysts kidney stone loss of kidney function elevated blood pressure resulting from kidney disease sudden stoppage of urine formation infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract noninvasive treatment for the removal of kidney or urethral stones using ultrasonic and fluoroscopic imaging and repeated firing of shock waves destruction of living tissue with an electric spark surgical implantation of a donor kidney to replace a non-functioning kidney simple radiographic image of the abdomen used to visualize the urinary system, identify calculi, and diagnose intestinal obstruction N.Tran abdomen blood urea nitrogen (BUN) creatinine specific gravity (SG) urinalysis catheter (cath) distended enuresis hemodialysis (HD) incontinence micturate peritoneal dialysis stricture urinal urinary catheterization urodynamics void ARF CRF ESRD IVP IVU OAB VCUG blood test that measures urea level in blood, used to determine kidney function blood test that measures creatinine level in blood urine test that measures concentrating/diluting ability of kidneys multiple routine urine tests flexible tube-like device for withdrawing or instilling fluids stretched out involuntary urination procedure for removing impurities from the blood when kidneys are unable inability to control bladder and/or bowels to urinate or void procedure for removing toxic wastes when kidneys are unable using peritoneal cavity for fluid receptacle abnormal narrowing receptacle for urine passage of catheter into urinary bladder to withdraw urine pertaining to force and flow of urine to empty or evacuate waste acute renal failure chronic renal failure end-stage renal disease intravenous pyelogram intravenous urogram overactive bladder voiding cystourethrogram Chapter 7: Male Reproductive System balan/o glans penis epididym/o epididymis orchid/o orchi/o testis, testicle orch/o test/o prostat/o prostate vas/o vessel, duct vesicul/o seminal vesicle andr/o male sperm/o spermatozoon spermat/o N.Tran erectile dysfunction (ED) hydrocele phimosis priapism testicular torsion varicocele circumcision hydrocelectomy radical prostatectomy (RP) suprapubic prostatectomy transurethral incision of the prostate gland (TUIP) transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP) transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) semen analysis digital rectal examination (DRE) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) artificial insemination azoospermia Chlamydia coitus, copulation condom ejaculation genital herpes gonads gonorrhea heterosexual homosexual human inability of the male to attain or maintain an erection (aka impotence) scrotal swelling caused by a collection of fluid tightness of the foreskin that prevents retraction over the glans penis persistent abnormal erection of the penis with pain and tenderness twisting of the spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to the testis; occurs most often during puberty and causes severe pain; a surgical emergency enlarged veins of the spermatic cord surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin) surgical removal of a hydrocele excision of the prostate with its capsule, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and sometimes pelvic lymph nodes; used to treat prostate cancer excision of the prostate through an abdominal incision and an incision though the bladder; used to treat prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia surgical procedure that widens the urethra by making a few small incisions in the bladder and prostate treatment that eliminates excess tissue present in benign prostatic hyperplasia by using microwave heat surgical removal of pieces of the prostate by using a resectoscope inserted in the urethra; capsule left intact; used when prostate inhibits urination ultrasound used to diagnose prostate cancer by sending and receiving sound waves through the rectum blood test that measures the level of PSA in the blood; elevated levels indicate cancer or excess tissue microscopic observation of ejaculated semen used to evaluate (in)fertility physical exam in which the physician feels for the size and shape of the prostate by inserting a finger into the rectum disease that affects immune system, transmitted by contaminated blood or sexual contact introduction of semen into the vagina by artificial means lack of live sperm in the semen an STD caused by C. trachomatis; symptoms of severe cases include discharge and painful urination in men, and vaginal bleeding, itching, and discharge in women sex between a man and a woman cover for the penis worn during sex to prevent conception and STD spread ejection of semen from the male urethra STD caused by Herpesvirus hominus type2 (aka herpes simplex virus) male and female sex glands contagious, inflammatory STD caused by a bacteria that affects genitourinary mucous membranes person who is attracted to people of the opposite sex person who is attracted to people of the opposite sex type of retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting T-helper cells of the immune N.Tran immunodeficiency virus (HIV) human papillomavirus (HPV) infertility orgasm puberty sexually transmitted disease (STD) sterilization syphilis trichomoniasis system, allowing for opportunistic infections (ex: candidiasis, PCP, TB, Kaposi sarcoma) STD that causes benign or cancerous growths in male and female genitals (aka venereal warts) reduced or absent ability to produce offspring climax of sexual simulation period where secondary sex characteristics and ability to reproduce develop diseases transmitted during sex (aka venereal disease, sexually transmitted infection, STI) process that renders a person unable to produce offspring STD caused by Treponema pallidum; has 3 clinical stages and spreads systemically if untreated STD caused by single-celled Trichomonas that infects genitourinary tract; males may be asymptomatic or develop urethritis, enlarged prostate, epididymitis, and females develop itching, dysuria, and discharge Chapter 8: Female Reproductive System arche/o first, beginning cervic/o cervix colp/o vagina vagin/o culd/o cul-de-sac episi/o vulva vulv/o gynec/o woman gyn/o hymen/o hymen hyster/o metr/o uterus metr/i mamm/o breast mast/o men/o menstruation oophor/o ovary perine/o perineum salping/o uterine (Fallopian) tube perisurrounding, outer -atresia absence of normal, body opening, closure, occlusion -salpinx uterine (Fallopian) tube adenomyosis breast cancer cervical cancer endometrial cancer growth of endometrium into muscular portion of uterus malignant tumor of the breast malignant tumor of the cervix, progresses from cellular dysplasia, linked to HPV malignant tumor of the endometrium (aka uterine cancer) N.Tran endometriosis fibrocystic breast disease fibroid tumor ovarian cancer pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) prolapsed uterus toxic shock syndrome (TSS) vesicovaginal fistula anterior and posterior colporrhaphy (A&P repair) conization dilation and curettage (D&C) endometrial ablation laparoscopy, laparoscopic surgery myomectomy sentinel lymph node biopsy stereotactic breast biopsy tubal ligation uterine artery embolization (UAE) transvaginal sonography (TVS) CA-125 (cancer antigen125 tumor marker) Pap smear dyspareunia fistula hormone replacement therapy (HRT) menopause abnormal condition in which endometrial tissue grows in various areas of the pelvic cavity including ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, and intestines disorder characterized by one or more benign cysts in the breast benign tumor of the uterine muscle (aka myoma of the uterus, leiomyoma) malignant tumor of the ovary inflammation of the female pelvic organs that can be caused my many pathogens, may spread from vagina and cause infertility or fatal septicemia downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina (aka hysteroptosis) severe illness caused by Staph aureus and Strep pyogenes characterized by fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and myalgia followed by hypotension and possibly shock and death; usually affects menstruating women using tampons abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina surgical repair of a weakened vaginal wall to correct a cystocele (bladder protrusion against anterior vaginal wall) and a rectocele (rectal protrusion against posterior vaginal wall) surgical removal of a cone-shaped area of the cervix; treatment for noninvasive cervical cancer (aka cone biopsy) dilation of the cervix and scraping of the endometrium with a curette to diagnose disease, correct bleeding, or empty uterine contents (such as postmiscarriage) procedure to destroy or remove endometrium using laser or thermal energy; used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding visual exam of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope inserted near the navel; used during surgical procedures involving the female reproductive organs excision of a fibroid tumor (myoma) from the uterus injection of blue dye and/or radioactive isotope to identify, remove, and microscopically examine the sentinel lymph nodes (first in axillary chain and most likely to contain metastasis of breast cancer) technique that combines mammography and computer-assisted biopsy to obtain breast lesion tissue closure of the uterine tubes for sterilization by tying (ligation) minimally invasive procedure used to treat fibroids of the uterus by blocking arteries that supply blood to them; arteriogram identifies the vessels and a gelatin bead is inserted to block artery ultrasound using a transducer placed in the vagina to obtain images of the female structures, diagnose tumors, and evaluate ovulation and fertility blood test used to detect ovarian cancer and monitor treatment cytological study of cervical and vaginal secretions to determine presence of abnormal cells, such as cervical cancer difficult or painful intercourse abnormal passageway between two organs or an organ and a body surface replacement of hormones (estrogen and/or progesterone) to treat menopause symptoms cessation of menstruation, usually around the age of 48-53 years N.Tran premenstrual syndrome (PMS) speculum Cx SHG TAH/BSO TVH syndrome involving physical and emotional symptoms in the 10 days before menstruation; symptoms include nervous tension, irritability, mastalgia, edema, and headache; cause is not fully understood instrument for opening a body cavity for visual inspection cervix sonohysterography total abdominal hysterectomy/bilateral salpingooophorectomy total vaginal hysterectomy Prefixes Prefixes Suffixes Suffixes Ante-: before Nulli-: none -amnios: amnion -rrhexis: rupture Micro-: small Post-: after -cyesis: pregnancy -tocia: birth, labour Multi-:many Pre-: before -partum: childbirth e/is/us no meaning Combining form Combining form Combining form Combining form Amni/: amnion Esophag/: esophagus Omphal/: umbilicus Pseud/: false Amnion/: amnion Fet/: fetus Par/: childbirth Puerper/: childbirth Cephal/: head Gravid/: pregnancy Part/: childbirth Pylor/: pylorus Chori/: chorion Lact/: mild Pelv/: pelvis Embry/: embryo Nat/: birth Prim/: first Gamete: Mature germ sell, either sperm (male) or ovum (female) Ovulation: Expulsion of a mature ovum from an ovary Conception or fertilization: when the sperm enters the ovum to form zygote; in the fallopian tubes. Embryo: unborn offspring in the stage between implantation and to the end of the 2nd month of pregnancy. Fetus: unborn offspring from the beginning of the 3rd month of pregnancy until birth Gestation: development of a new individual from conception to birth Implantation: embedding of the zygote in the uterine lining; 7 days after fertilization Placenta: allows for nourishment of the unborn child Amniotic sac: membranous bag that surround the fetus before delivery Chorion: outermost layer of the fetal membrane Amnion: innermost layer of the fetal membrane Amniotic fluid: fluid within the amniotic sac, which surrounds the fetus Abortion: termination of pregnancy; usually before 20 weeks of gestation Abruption placentae: premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall Cleft lip and palate: congenital split of the lip and roof of the mouth (cleft indicates a fissure) Ectopic pregnancy: pregnancy occurring outside the uterus; fallopian tubes Placenta previa: abornally low implantation of the placenta of the uterine wall; cesarean section may be necessary. Preeclampsia: during pregnancy or after characterized by high blood pressure/edma but with no convulsions. Eclampsia: Characterized by convulsion and coma; life-threatening disorder Gastroschisis: fissue of the abdominal wall, Enterocele; protrusion of the intestine Down syndrome: characterized by mental retardation and multiple defects Erythroblastosis fetalis: occurring when the mom's blood is Ph negative and the infants blood is Ph positive. Esophageal atresia: congenital absence of part of the esophagus. N.Tran Respiratory distress syndrome: caused by immaturity of the respiratory system>compromised respiration Spina bifida (divided spine): defect in the vertebral column caused by the failure of the vertebral arch to close. Breech presenttation: parturition (act of giving birth) in which the buttocks, feet or knees emerge 1st congenital anomaly: abnormality present at birth Lochia: vaginal discharge after birth Cesarean section: the birth of a baby thru an incision of the mom's abdomen and uterus meconium: 1st stool of the newborn (greenish black) obstetrician: physicians who specifalizes in obstetrics obstetrics (OB): medical specialty dealing with pregnancy, birth, and puerperium parturition: act of giving birth premature infant: infant born before completing 37 weeks of gestation puerperium: period from delivery until the reproductive organs return to normal\ Prefixes Brady-: slow Tachy-: fast, rapid Hemi-: half Combining form Ather: yellowish Ech: sound Electr: electricity Isch: deficiency Therm: heat Suffixes -ac: pertaining to -apheresis: removal -crit: to separate Combining form Thromb: clot Angi: Vessel Aort: aorta Arteri: artery Atri: atrium Suffixes -graph: instrument used to record -odynia: pain -penia: abnormal reduction in number Combining form Cardi: heart Lymph: lymph Vein: vein Plasm: plasma Splen: Spleen Suffixes -poiesis: formation -sclerosis: hardening Combining form Thym: thymus gland Valv: valve Valvul: valve Ventricul: Ventricle -pepsin: digestion Heart - circulates blood through upper(atriums) and lower(ventricles) Tricuspid valve: located b/w the right atrium and right ventricle (mitral valve) Bicuspid valve: located b/w the left atrium and left ventricle Semilunar Valves: b/w the right ventricle/pulmonary artery and b/w the left ventricle/aorta Pericardium: 2 layer sac covering the heart; serrous fluid Myocardium: middle, thick, muscular layer Endocardium: inner lining of the heart Arteries: carry blood away from the heart. The pulmonary artery carries CO2 from the heart to the lungs. Arterioles: smallest arteries Aorta: largest artery in the body, originating at the left ventricle and descending through the thorax & abdomen Veins: carry blood back to the heart. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lunges to the heart Venules: smallest veins Venae cavae: largest veins in the body. Capillaries: microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules. Blood: composed of plasma + formed elements (erythrocytes/ leukocytes/thrombocytes) Plasma: liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended Serum: liquid portion w/o clotting factors Erythrocytes: RBCs that carry O Leukocytes: white blood cells that fight infection Platelets: formed element that aids in clotting process Lymph: transparent, colorless issue fluid Lymph nodes: small, spherical bodies made of lymphoid tissue that acts as filters to keep bacteria from blood. Spleen: in left side of abdominal cavity b/w stomach + diaphragm. In adults largest lymphatic organ. Thymus gland: role in development of body’s immune system (infancy>puberty>atrophies) N.Tran Acute coronary syndrome (ACS): sudden symptoms indicating unstable angina or MI Anemia: Reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells Aneurysm: ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall Angina pectoris: chest pain, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle Cardiac arrest: sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation which CPR Cardiac tamponade: acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity Coarctation of the aorta: congenical cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta Congenital heart disease: heart abnormality present at birth Congestive heart failure (CHF): inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body Coronary occlusion: obstruction of an artery of the heart, usually form atherosclerosis Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body(legs) Dysrhythmia :any disturbance of abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic patter (arrhythmia) Embolus: blood clot of foreign material, such as air or fat. Fibrillation: rapid, quivering, noncoordinated contraction of the atria or ventricles Hemochromatosis: an iron metabolism disorder that can cause congestive heart failure and diabetes. Hemophilia: inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII Hemorrhoid: varicose vein in the rectal area, which may be internal or external Hodgkin disease: malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized enlargement of nodes. Hypertensive heart disease (HHD): Disorder of the heart brought about by persistent high pressure Intermittent claudication: pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking. Leukemia: malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal WBC formed in the bone marrow Mitral Valve Stenosis: a narrowing of the mitral (bicuspid) valve from scarring caused by rheumatic fever Myocardial Infaction (MI): death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen Peripheral arterial Disease (PAD): disease of the arteries; symptom = intermittent claudication Rheumatic fever: an inflammatory strep disease in children affecting upper respiratory tract Rheumatic Heart Disease: damage to the heart muscle of heart valves caused by rheumatic fever Varicose veins: distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities Sickle cell anemia: a hereditary, chronic hemolytic disease, crescent or sickle shaped red blood cells Aeurysmectomy: Surgical excision of an aneurysm Bone Marrow Transplant: infusion of normal bone marrow cells Cardiac Pacemaker: battery-powered on nuclear-powered apparatus that regulates the heart rate Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG): surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to the heart muscle Coronary stent: a supportive scaffold device implanted in the coronary artery that is used to prevent closure Defibrillation: application of an electric shock to the myocardium Embolectomy: excision of an embolus or clot Femoropopliteal bypass: surgery to establish route from femoral artery to popliteal artery Hemorrhoidectomy: excision of hemorrhoids, the varicosed veins in the rectal region Implantable cardiac defibrillator: monitors heart rhythm>dysrhythmias occur>shock>normal Intracoronary thrombolytic therapy: intravenous medication to dissolve blood clots in coronary vessels Laser angioplasty: the use to light amplications to open blocked arteries, especially in lower extremities Mitral Commissurotomy: surgical procedure to repair a stenosed mitral valve by breaking apart the leaves. Percutaneous Tranluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA): Inflation of the balloon in plaqued vessel DSA: digital x-ray of blood vessels that subtracts parts not studied Doppler ultrasound: uses sound for detection of blood flow SPECT: views heart from different angles and used to assess damage to cardiac tissue Thallium test: nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary heart disease (not taken up by abnormal cells) N.Tran IPG: measures venous flow of extremities Diastole: phase where ventricles relax b/w contractions Extracorporeal: outside the body PT – promthrombin time Prefix: hemi- half, Suffix: pepsia- digestion Combining form Combining form Abdomen/: colon/: colon an/: anus col/: colon antr/: antrum duoden/: duodenum cec/: cecum enter/: intestine celi/: abdomen esophag/: esophagus Appendic/: Appendix Gingiv/: Gum Cheil/: Lip Hepat/: Liver Cholangi/: Bile duct Palat /: Palate Chol/:Gall Peritone/: Peritoneum Systole: phase where ventricles contract Extravasation: escape of blood into tissue. TEE: transesophageal echocardiogram Combining form gastr/: stomach ile/: ileum Jejun/: jejunum lapar/: abdomen or/: mouth Choledoch/Common bile duct Diverticul/: Diverticulum Gloss/, Lingu/: Tongue Polyp/: Polyp Combining form proct/: rectum stomat/: mouth Sigmoid/: sigmoid colon rect/: rectum Pancreat/: Pancreas Pylor/: Pylorus Uvul/: Uvula Sial/: Saliva Herni/: Hernia/protrusion Mouth: mastication: breaks food into small particles Tongue: Provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing Palate: separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity Soft Palate: posterior portion, not supported by bone Hard Palate: anterior portion, supported by bone Uvula: soft V-shaped mass that extends from the soft palate. Directs food into the throat. Pharynx, throat: performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus Esophagus: 10-inch tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach Stomach: J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food. It secretes chemicals for digestion. Cardia: area around the opening of the esophagus Fundus: uppermost domed portion of the stomach Body: Central portion of the stomach Pylorus: lower part of the stomach that connects to the body of the stomach Antrum: portion of the pylorus that connects to the body of the stomach pyloric sphincter: ring of muscle that guards the opening b/w the stomach to the large intestine Small intestine: 20-ft canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine Duodenum: first 10-12 inches of the small intestine Jejunum: 2nd portion, approx. 8 ft Ileum: 3rd portion, approx. 11ft Large intestine: canal that is approx. 5 ft long and extends from ileum to the anus Cecum: blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine Colon: 2nd portion of the large intestine, divided into 4 parts. Rectum: remaining portion of the large intestine; extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus Anus: sphincter muscle at the end of the digestive tract salivary glands: produce saliva, which flows into the mouth Liver: produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats. N.Tran Bile ducts: the hepatic duct is a passage way for bile from the liver Gallbladder: small, saclike structure that stores bile Pancreas: pancreatic juice; which helps digest all food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism Appendix: small pouch, which has no function in digestion, attached to the cecum Abdomen: portion of the body b/w the thorax and the pelvis Adhesion: abnormal growing together of 2 surfaces that normal are separated. Anorexia Nervosa: psychoneurotic disorder, prolonged refusal to eat Bulimia Nervosa: eating disorder involving gorging with food. Cirrhosis: chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells; alcoholism Crohn disease: chronic inflammation usually affecting the ileum; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus Ileus: Obstruction of the intestine, often caused by failure of peristalsis Intrussusception: telescoping of a segment of the intestine Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): periodic disturbance of bowel function Polyp: tumor like growth extending outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign Ulcerative colitis: inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers; diarrhea Volvulus: twisting of kinking of the intestine> intestinal obstruction Abdominoperineal resection (A&P resection): removal of the colon and rectum thru both abdominal Anastomosis: surgical connection b/w two normally distinct structures Vagotomy: cutting of performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid Barium enema (BE): series of x-ray images taken of the large intestine after a barium enema has be given Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): x-ray exam of the bile/pancreatic ducts Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound provides images of intestinal wall. Fecal occult blood test: to detect occult blood in feces. It is used to screen for colon cancer orpolyps. Helicobacter pylori antibodies test (H. Pylori): a blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria. \ Upper GI series: series of x-ray images taken of the stomach and duodenum after barium and been swallowed Ascites: abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity Diarrhea: frequency discharge of liquid stool Dysentery: disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain Feces: waste from digestive tract expelled from anus Gastric lavage: washing out the stomach Hematemesis: vomiting of blood Melena: black, tarry stool that contains digested blood, from bleeding of upper GI tract. Nausea: urge to vomit Peristalsis: involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the digestive tract Reflux: abnormal backward flow. Esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus Vomit: matter expelled from stomach through the mouth Chapter 12 Prefixes Bin-: two Combining form Blephar/: eyelid Conjunctiv/: Cor/, Core/, Pupil/: Cry/: cold Suffixes -opia: vision Combining form Lacrim/, Dacry/: tear Corne/,Kerat/: cornea Dipl/: two Iri/, Irid/: iris Suffixes -phobia: abnormal fear Combining form Ophthalm/, Ocul/: eye Opt/: vision Phot/: light Retin/: retina Suffixes -plegia: paralysis Combining form Scler/: sclera Ton/: tension N.Tran Sclera: outer protective layer of the eye(white) Cornea: transparent anterior part of the sclera; lies over the iris Choroid: middle layer of the eye; many blood vessels Iris: pigmented muscular structure that allows light to pass thru Pupil: opening in the centre of the eye Lens: behind the pupil; focus and bend light Retina: innermost layer of the eye, which contains the vision receptors Aqueous humor: watery liquid found in the anterior cavity of the eye Vitreous humor: substance found behind the lens that maintains it’s shape Meibomian glands: oil glands found in eye that lubricate it Lacrimal glands and ducts: produce and drain tears Optic nerve: carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain Conjunctiva: mucous membrane lining the eyelids Astigmatium (Ast): defective curvature of the refractive surface of the eye Cataract: clouding of the lens of the eye Chalazion: obstruction of the oil gland of the eyelid Detached retina: separation of the retina from the choroid in back of the eye Emmetropia (Em): normal refractive conditions Glaucoma: optic nerve damage usually caused by the abnormal increase of intraocular pressure>blindness Hyperopia: farsightedness Macular degeneration: deterioration macula lutea>resulting in loss of central vision Myopia: nearsightedness Nyctalopia: poor vision at night or in faint light Nystagmus: involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes Presbyopia: impaired vision as a result of aging Perygium: thin tissue growing into the cornea from the conjunctiva; caused from sun exposure Retinitis pigmentosa: hereditary disease marked by night blindness with atrophy and retinal pigment changes Strabismus: condition of crossing eyes caused by the visual axes not meeting at the same point Stye (hordeolum): infection of an oil gland of the eyelid Enucleation: surgical removal of the eyeball LASIK: laser procedure that reshapes the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to correct sight. Phacomulsification : method to remove cataracts via an ultrasonic needle probe Photorefractive keratectomy: treatment of nearsightedness used to reshape the corneal surface Retinal photocoagulation: procedure to repair tears in the retina by use of an intense, focused light Scleral buckling: a procedure to repair a detached retina. A strip of sclera is resected. Trabeculectomy: surgical creation of a drain to reduce intraocular pressure (used to treat glaucoma) Vitrectomy: vitreous removal of all or part of the vitreous humor (used to treat diabetic retinopathy) Miotic: agent that constricts the pupil Mydriatic: agent that dilates the pupil Oculus dexter (OD): medical term for right eye Oculus sinister (OS): medical term for left eye Oculus uterque (OU): medical term for each eye Optician: a specialist who fills prescription for lenses (cannot prescribe lenses) Optometrist: a health professional who prescribes corrective lenses or eye exercises Visual acuity (VA): sharpness of vision for either distance or nearness N.Tran Nose Nasal septum Paranasal sinuses Chapter 5 Terminology Lined with mucous Trachea membrane and fine hairs; it acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air Partition separating the right Bronchus (pl. and left nasal cavities bronchi) Air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities Serves as a food and air passageway. Air enters form the nasal cavities and passes through the pharynx to the larynx. Food enters the pharynx from the mouth and passes into the esophagus; (also called the throat). Lymphoid tissue located behind the nasal cavity Bronchioles Tonsils Lymphoid tissue located behind the mouth Pleura Larynx Location of the vocal cords. Air enters from the pharynx (also called the voice box). Diaphragm Epiglottis Flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of and keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing Adenoids Mediastinum Pharynx Adenoids Adenoid/o Passageway for air to the bronchi; (also called the windpipe). One of two branches from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides. The branchings resemble a tree; therefore, they are referred to as a bronchial tree. Smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree. Alveolus (pl. alveoli) Air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the alveolar walls and the capillaries. Lungs Two spongelike organs in the thoracic cavity. The right lung consists of three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes. Double-folded serous membrane covering each lung and lining the thoracic cavity with a small space between, called the pleural cavity, which contains serous fluid. Muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It aids in the breathing process by contracting and pulling air in, then relaxing and pushing air out. Space between the lungs. It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels, and other structures. Pleura Pleur/o N.Tran Alveol/o Alveolus Lung, air Bronchus Pneum/o, Pneumat/o, Pneumon/o Pulmon/o Bronchi/o, Bronch/o Diaphragmat/o, Phren/o Epiglott/o Laryng/o Lob/o Nas/o, Rhin/o Pharyng/o Capn/o Hem/o, Hemat/o Muc/o Orth/o Ox/i, Ox/o EndoEuPan-ar, -ary, -eal -cele Diaphragm Sept/o Septum (wall off, fence) Epiglottis Larynx Lobe Nose Pharynx Carbon dioxide Blood Mucus Straight Oxygen Within Normal, good All, total Pertaining to Hernia or protrusion Sinus/o Thorac/o Tonsill/o Trache/o Atel/o Phon/o Py/o Somn/o Spir/o A-, AnPolyTachy-algia -rrhagia -scope Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid (with a sterile needle) Stretching out, dilation, expansion Blood condition -scopic Sinus Thorax (chest) Tonsil Trachea Imperfect, incomplete Sound, voice Pus Sleep Breathe, breathing Absence of, without Many, much Fast, rapid Pain Rapid flow of blood Instrument used for visual examination Pertaining to visual examination Visual examnation -centesis -stenosis -meter Process of recording, radiographic imaging Instrument used to measure -metry -pexy -pnea Measurement Surgical fixation, suspension Breathing -throrax -tomy Adenoiditis Alveolitis Inflammation of the alveolus. Pleuritis Atelectasis Incomplete expansion (of the lung or portion of the lung). Pneumatocele Bronchiectasis Dilation of the bronchi. Pneumoconiosis Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi. Pneumonia -ectasis -emia -graphy -scopy -spasm -stomy Lung Sudden, involuntary muscle contraction (spasmodic contraction) Constriction or narrowing Creation of an artificial opening Chest Cut into or incision Inflammation of the adenoids. Infammation of the pleura (also called pleurisy). Hernia of the lung (lung tissue protrudes through an opening in the chest). Abnormal condition of dust in the lungs. Diseased state of the lung (the infection and