Tài liệu Giáo trình tư tưởng hồ chí minh

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO * ■ i GIAO TRiNH TU TUONG HO CHI MINH |ANH CHO SINH VlfiN DAI HOC, CAO DANG KH(5l KHONG CHUYfiN NGANH MAC - LfiNIN, TU TURING HO CHI MINH (Tai ban cd siia chfla, bd sung) NHA x u a t b An c h In h t r i q u O c GIA - SU THAT Ha Noi - 2011 BAN CHi DAO Bl£N SOAN CHUONG TRiNH, g i Ao tr in h c Ac m 6 n i_Y lu A • n c h Inh tr i• - PGS. TS. NGUY§N V |£ t THONG - Td’n g Chu bi$n - GS. TSKH. BANH TI^N LONG - PGS. TS. TRAN TH| HA - TS. PHAN MANH TIEN - TS. n g u y £ n TI^N h o Ang - ThS. VO THANH BINH - T6ng Tht/ky BAN Bl£N SOAN g i Ao TRINH TU Tl/dNG HO CHf MINH PGS. TS. PHAM NGOC ANH (Chu bi&n) TAP THd t Ac g iA - PGS.TS. PHAM NGOC ANH - GS.TS. MACH QUANG THANG - GS.TS. NGUYiN NGOC CO - PGS.TS. VO QUANG HI^N - TS. LE VAN THINH * 4 CHU DAN CUA NHA XUAT BAN Dirdi sir chi dao cua Trung ircfng, tit n5m 2004, B6 Giao due va Dao tao ph6i hofp v6i Nha xu2!t ban Chinh tri qu6c gia - Sir thSt xu&t ban b6 giao trinh dung trong cac trtfclng dai hoc va cao dSng trong ca nifde g6m 5 bd m6n: TrMfc hoc Mac - L£nin, Kinh t£ chinh tri Mac - L£nin, Chu nghia xa h6i khoa hoc, Lich sir Dang C6ng san Vi£t Nam, Tir tirtfng H6 Chi Minh. B6 giao trinh da gop phin quan trong dd'i vefi nhi£m vu giao due ly lu&n chinh tri cho hoc sinh, sinh vi£n - d6i ngu tri that tre cua nirdc nha, dao tao ngu6n nhAn lire, ti£n hanh thing ldi sir nghifp dd’i mdi dift nirefe Trtrcfc thuc ti£n m6i cua sir nghi£p giao due va dao tao, quan tri£t dirdng 16i v£ ddi mdi c6ng tac tir turcTng, ly lu£ri cua Dang va chu tnrcfng cai each c6ng tac giang day, hoc t&p b£c dai hoc va cao dSng noi chung, ngay 18-9-2008, B6 tnrdng Bd Giao due va Dao tao da ban hanh chifdng trinh mdi va 18 chiifc bi&n soan, phd'i hefp v6i Nha xu tir sau Dai hdi dai bi£u toan qudc lin thii VII cua Dang, cdng tac nghi£n ciiu tu ttfdng Hd Chi Minh dtfdc tien hanh nghiem tuc va dat dtfdc nhufng ket qua quan 1. Dang C6ng san Viet Nam: Van kien Dai hdi dai bi£u toan qudc lin this VII, Nxb. Sir that, Ha N6i, 1991, tr.127. 10 trong. Nhufng k£t qua nghi£n cufu do da cung c£p lu |n ctf khoa hoc co sue thuyet phuc de Dai hdi dai bi£u toan qudc lin thur IX cua Dang (thang 4-2001) va Dai hdi dai big’u toan qudc lin thuf XI cua Dang (thang 1-2011) xac dinh kha toan dien va co he thdng nhufng vfi'n d£ cd't y£u thudc ndi ham khai nifm tu ttfdng Hd Chi Minh. "Tu ttfdng H6 Chi Minh la mdt h£ thdng quan diem toan dien va sSu sic ve nhufng van de cd ban cua cach mang Viet Nam, k£t qua cua sir van dung va phat tri£n sang tao chu nghia Mac - L£nin vao dieu ki£n cu th§’ cua ntfdc ta, ke thifa va phat tri£n cac gia tri truy^n thdng tdt dep cua d&n tdc, ti£p thu tinh hoa v3n hoa nhSn loai; la tai san tinh thin v6 cung to ldn va quy gia cua Dang va d&n tdc ta, mai mai soi dtfdng cho stf nghidp cach mang cua nhan d&n ta gianh thing ldinl. Trong dinh nghia nay, Dang ta da lam ro dtfdc: M dt la, ban ch&'t cach mang, khoa hoc va ndi dung cua to toeing Hd Chi Minh: Do la he thdng quan di£?m toan didn va sau sic v i nhufng van de cd ban cua cach mang Vi§t Nam, phan anh nhufng vS’n d£ co tinh quy lucit cua cach mang Viet Nam; to ttfdng H6 Chi Minh cung vdi chu nghia Mac - LSnin la nen tang to ttfdng, kim chi nam hanh ddng 0 cua Dang va dSn tdc Vi£t Nam. Haila, ngudn gdc to ttfdng, ly lu&n cua tu ttfdng Hd Chi Minh: 1. Dang C6ng san ViC’t Nam: Vin kien Dai hdi dai biiu toan qudc ldn thi/Xl, Nxb. Chinh tri qufic gia, Ha N6i, 2011, tr.88. 11 chu nghia Mac - Lenin; gia tri vSn hoa dan tdc; tinh hoa van hoa nhan loai. Ba la, gia tri, y nghia, sure hap din, sure sdng lau bdn cua ttf ttfdng H6 Chi Minh: la tai san tinh thin to ldn cua Dang va d3n toe, mai mai soi dtfdng cho stf nghi£p cach mang cua nhan dein ta gianh thang ldi. Dtfa tren dinh htfdng cd ban cac v5n kifn dai hdi cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam, cac nha khoa hoc da dtfa ra dinh nghia: "Tw tu’o'ng HS Chi Minh la m dt thdng quan diem toan dien va sau s ic vS nhifng van dS cd ban cua cach m ang Viet Nam, tif cach mang dan tdc dan chu nhin d in d ih cach mang xa hdi chu nghia; la k e t qua cua sir van dung sang tao va ph at trien chu nghia Mac - L£nin vao dieu kien cu th£ mfdc ta, dong thdi la si/k e t tinh tinh hoa d in tdc va tri tue thdi dai nhkm giai phong d in tdc, giai phong giai c ip va giai phong con ngifdi'1. Du dinh nghia theo cach nao, ttf ttfdng H6 Chi Minh d£u dtfdc nhin nhan vdi ttf cach la mdt h£ thdng ly luSn. Hien nay, t6n tai hai phtfdng thtfc tidp can he thdng ttf ttfdng Hd Chi Minh. Thvt nhat, ttf ttfdng H6 Chi Minh dtfdc nhan didn nhtf mdt hd thd'ng tri thtfc td’ng hdp, bao gdm: ttf ttfdng tridt hoc; ttf ttfdng kinh td; ttf ttfdng chinh tri; ttf ttfdng quan stf; ttf ttfdng vSn hoa, dao dtfc va nhan v3n. 1. Hdi ddng Trung tfdng chi dao bi£n soan giao trinh qu6c gia cac b6 m6n khoa hoc Mac - Lenin, ttf ttfdng H6 Chi Minh: Giao trinh Tu hfctng H6 Chi Minh, Nxb. Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha N6i, 2003, tr.19. 12 Thu" hai, ttf toeing H6 Chi Minh la he thong cac quan di£m ve nhufng vhan lam phong phu, bo’ sung va phat trien cac nguyen ly cd ban cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin. Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh thuoc h£ tu tudng Mac - Lenin, la su van dung va phat trien sang tao chu nghia Mac Lenin vao dieu kien thuc te Viet Nam, vi vay, mon hoc 15 Ttf tudng H 6 Chi Minh vdi m6n hoc Nhung nguyen ly c d ban cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin co moi quan he chat che. Mudn nghidn cufu tdt, giang day va hoc tap tdt tu tudng Hd Chi Minh din phai niSm vufng kien thuc ve nhung nguyen ly cua chu nghia Mac - Ldnin. b) Moi quan h i vdi mdn hoc Dudng loi cach mang cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam Hd Chi Minh la ngudi cdng san d iu tidn cua Vidt Nam; ngudi sang lap, giao due, ren luydn va la lanh tu cua Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam. Ban than Hd Chi Minh la ngudi tim kiem, lua chon con dudng, vach ra dudng ldi cach mang dung dan cho dan toe va lanh dao su nghidp cach mang Vidt Nam theo muc tidu ddc lap dan t6c g3n lidn vdi chu nghia xa hdi. Trong quan hd vdi mGn hoc Dudng ld'i cach mang cua Dang Cdng san Vi£t Nam, tu tUdng Hd Chi Minh la mdt bd phcln tu tudng cua Dang, nhifng vdi tu cach la bd p h|n ndn tang tu tudng, kim chi’ nam hanh ddng cua Dang, la cd sd khoa hoc cung vdi chu nghia Mac - Ldn in dd’ x3y dung dudng ld'i, chidn ludc, sach ludc cach mang dung dan. Nhu vay, mdn hc di ddi vdi hanh, phai biit van dung nhung kid'n thufc da ho>c vao cudc sdng, thuc tiin, phuc vu cho su nghiep cach mamg cua dat nude. c) Quan diem Ifch s ir-c u the Cung vdi chu nghia duy vSt bien chUng, chung ta cam 18 van dung chu nghia duy vat ljch su vao vi£c nghidn cihi, hoc tap tu ttfdng H6 Chi Minh. Trong nghien cuu khoa hoc, theo V.I.Lenin, chiing ta khong dude quen moi lien h£ lich stf can ban, nghia la phai xem xet mot hien ttfdng nhat dinh da xuat hi£n trong lich stf nhtf the nao, hien ttfdng do da trai qua nhiing giai doan phat trien chu yeu nao va dung tren quan diem cua stf phat trien do de xem xet hien nay no da trd thanh nhtf th£' nao? N3m vtfng quan diem nay giup chung ta nh&n thtfc dtfdc ban chit ttf ttfdng H6 Chi Minh. d) Quan diem toan dien va he thong Ttf ttfdng Ho Chi Minh la mdt he thd'ng quan di£m toan di£n va sSu sic ve nhtfng van de cd ban cua cach mang Vift Nam. Mdt y§u clu v<§ khoa hoc khi nghidn ctfu tir ttfdng H6 Chi Minh tren birth di£n tong the* hay ttfng bd phSn la phai lu6n ludn quan tri£t moi li£n h£ qua lai cua cac yfiu td, cac ndi dung khac rthau trong h£ thd'ng ttf ttfdng do va phai lay hat nhan cd't loi la ttf ttfdng ddc lap, ttf do, dan chu va chu nghia xa hdi. V.I.L&nin da titng chi ro: Mudn thtfc stf hiefu dude stf vat thi can phai nhin bao quat va nghidn ctfu tat ca cac mat, tat ca mdi li^n h£ va "quan h£ gian ti£p" cua stf vat do. Trong nghidn ctfu ttf ttfdng H6 Chi Minh, cln nlm vutag va day du h f thd'ng cac quan die’m cua Ngtfdi. N£'u tach rdi m6t y£'u td' nao do khoi he thd'ng se din d£n hieu sai ttf ttfdng Hd Chi Minh. Chang han, tach rdi ddc lap dan tdc vdi chu nghia xa hdi la xa rdi ttf ttfdng H6 Chi Minh. 19 e) Quan diem ke thi/a va phat tri£n H6 Chi Minh la mdt m lu muc ve su vSn dung va phat tri£n sang tao chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao diiu kien cu the cua Viet Nam. Ngudi da bd sung, phat tridn sang tao chu nghia Mac L£nin tren nhiiu lmh vuc quan trong va hinh thanh n£n mot hf thd'ng cat quan didm ly lu |n mdi. Nghien cihi, hoc tap tu tudng H6 Chi Minh doi hoi khdng chi bi§'t k£' thira, vSn dung ma con phai bi£'t phat tridn sang tao tu hrdng cua N gudi trong diiu kien lich su mdi, trong bd'i canh cu the cua dat nude va qudc t£. g) Ket hep nghidn cuu cac tac pham vdi thuc tien chi dao cach mang cua Hd Chi Minh H6 Chi Minh la mdt nha ly lu^n - thuc tien. Ngudi xay dung ly luan, vach ra cudng lmh, dudng loi, chu truefng each mang va true tiep td chufc, lanh dao thuc hifn. Tir thuc tiin, Ngudi tdng ket, bd sung de’ hoan chinh va phat trien ly luan, cho n£n tu tudng H6 Chi Minh mang tinh each mang, ludn ludn sang tao, khdng lac h&u, giao dieu. Nghidn cufu tu tudng H6 Chi Minh khdng chi can cu vao cac tac pham, bai vi§'t, bai noi ma cin coi trong hoat ddng thuc tiin cua Ngudi, thuc tiin each mang dudi su td chufc va lanh dao cua Dang do Ngudi dufng diu. Vi vay, chi can cuf vao cac bai vi£'t, bai noi, tac pha’m ciia Ngudi la hoan toan chua d£y du. K£t qua hanh ddng thuc tiin, chu nghia anh hung cach mang trong chiin d3iu va x3y dung cua nh&n dSn Vift Nam chinh la ldi giai thich ro rang gia trj khoa hoc cua tu tudng H6 Chi Minh. 20 Clian ly la cu th£’, cach mang la sang tao. Sir sang tao cach mang cua H6 Chi Minh trtfdc h it la sir sang tao v i tir duy ly lu^n, v i chien ltfdc, v i dudng ldi cach mang. Diiu do giuf vai trd quy£t dinh hang d iu d in den thing ldi cach mang giai phong dSn tdc. Tir ttfdng, ly luSn cach mang cua H6 Chi Minh da gop phin lam phong phii th£m va phat tridn ly lu3n cach mang cua thdi dai, trtfdc hit la v i cach mang giai phong d^n tdc. Ttf ttfdng H6 Chi Minh da toa sang vtfdt ra ngoai bi&n gidi qu6c gia Vi£t Nam, d in vdi cac d&n tdc va nhfin dSn lao ddng th£'gidi. 2. Cac phtfdng phap cu the Vdi y nghia chung nhS't, phudng phap dtfdc hiiu la cach thtfc d i c£p tdi hi£n thtfc, cach thtfc nghidn ctfu cac hien ttfdng cua ttf nhi£n va cua xa hdi. Phtfdng phap la hf thd'ng cac nguyen tic diiu chinh nh&n thirc va hoat ddng cai tao thtfc tiin xuS't phat tif cac quy luSt v&n ddng cua khach th£ dtfdc nh^n thtfc. • • - Gitfa phtfdng phap nghidn ctfu va ndi dung nghidn ctfu cd mdi li£n h£ mfit th iit va chi phd'i lin nhau; phtfdng phap phai tr£n cd sd vSn ddng cua ban th&n ndi dung; ndi dung nao phtfdng phap defy. Vi vSy, ngoai cac nguySn tic phtfdng phap lu3n chung, vdi mdt ndi dung cu th§’ cin phai v3n dung mdt phtfdng phap nghidn ctfu cu thd’ phu hdp. Trong do, vide v&n dung phtfdng phap Ijch stf (nghidn ctfu stf vdt va hidn ttfdng theo qua trinh phat sinh, t6n tai, phat tridn) va phtfdng phap ldgich (nghidn ctfu 21 mdt cach tdng quat nhim tim ra dtfdc cai ban chat vd'n co cua sif vat, hidn ttfdng va khai quat thanh ly luan) la hd't stfc cin thid't trong nghidn ctfu, giang day, hoc tap hr ttfdng H6 Chi Minh. - Van dung phtfdng phap lien nganh trong nghidn ctfu hi ttfcfng H6 Chi Minh. La mdt nha khoa hoc, nha ttf ttfdng, H6 Chi Minh da thd hidn ttf ttfdng cua minh nhtf mdt he thdng, bao quat nhiiu lmh vtfc: ttf ttfdng tridt hoc, ttf ttfdng kinh te, ttf ttfdng chinh tri, ttf ttfdng quan stf, ttf ttfdng v5n hoa, ttf ttfdng dao dtfc..., trong moi ltnh vtfc lai co the’ tim tha'y nhiing he thd'ng nho. Trtfdc mdt ddi ttfdng nghidn ctfu da dang va phong phu nhiiu m3t nhtf vay thi khdng mdt lmh vtfc nao co du nSng ltfc bao quat hd't dd’ dtfa ra mdt bufc tranh td?ng thd’ v i ttf ttfdng H6 Chi Minh. Vi thd', cin thid't phai ap dung cac phtfdng phap lidn nganh khoa hoc xa hdi nhan van, ly luan chinh tri dd’ nghidn ctfu hd thd'ng ttf ttfdng H6 Chi Minh, cung nhtf mdi tac pham ly lu3n ridng bidt cua Ngtfdi. - Dd’ nghidn ciiu ttf ttfdng H6 Chi Minh dat dtfdc trinh dd khoa hoc ngay mdt cao hdn cin phai ddi mdi va hidn dai hoa cac phtfdng phap nghidn ctfu cu thd’, trdn cd sd khdng ngifng phat tridn, hoan thidn v i ly luan va phtfdng phap lufn khoa hoc ndi chung. Trong nghidn ctfu hd thd'ng ttf ttfcing H6 Chi Minh hidn nay, cac phtfdng phap cu thd’ thtfdng dtfdc ap dung cd hidu qua la: phan tlch, td’ng hdp, so sanh, ddi chid'u, thd'ng kd trie ltfdng, v5n ban hoc, diiu tra diin da, phong va'n nhan chting lich stf, v.v.. Mdi phtfdng 22