Tài liệu đồ sứ việt nam kỳ kiểu tại trung hoa từ 1804 đến 1924 hiện tàng trữ tại bảo tàng mỹ thuật cung đình huế

yv' D7VI HOC QUOC GIA HA Npl TRLTONG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN TRAN DIJC ANH SON ^^ DO SU VIET NAM KY KIEU TAI TRUNG HOA • • TCT 1804 DEN 1924 HIEN TANG TRUr TAI BAO TANG MY T H U A T C U N G D I N H HUE • • LUAN AN TIEN SI IJCH SU : /•' i : HANOI -2002 •gl'WfawftgMBCT^awiyigwarrngwtptjTnFTryran • > ^ t DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI >_ \ TRl/dNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN • • • m KHOA LICH Sir TRAN DUC ANH SON DO SQ VIET NAM KY KIEU TAI TRUNG HOA • • TLT1804 DEN 1924 HIEN TANG TRLJr TAI BAO TANG MY THUAT CUNG DINH HUE • • Chuyen nganli: Khao co hoc Ma so: 5.03.08 LUAN AN TIEN SI LICH SU NgLfdi hi/dng dan khoa hoc;^ LP(iS. NGUVfiNBICH 2. (;S. TRAN QUCic VUONG HANOI -2002 mwHcmmanB^BBBBG A M U C LUC Trang MUCLUC A PANH MUC CAC CHUVIET TAT DUNG TRONG LUAN AN. C PANH MUC CAC BANG THONG KE, BIEU DO VA BAN DO E PANH MUC CAC HINH ANH vA BAN VE G MC)DAU 1 CHUDNG 1: KHAI QUAT VE DO SCVIET NAM KY KIEU TAI TRUNG HOA 15 1.1. \ i thuat ngCr do su" ky kieu va cac thuat iigCr lien quan 1.1.1. Thuat ngu' hieus de Hue 15 ' , 15 1. L2. Thuat ngu" do sif men lam Hue 17 1. L3. Cac thuat ngu' khac 18 1. L4. Thuat iigu do su'ky kieu 23 1.2. Khai quat v6 vice ky kieu do sii' tai Trung Hoa 25 1.2. L Vice ky kieu do su" thoi Le - Trinh 25 1.2.2. Viec ky kieu dO su" thoi chiia Nguylii ^ 31 1.2.2. Viec ky k'liu 66 su thdi Tay Son 32 1.2.2. Vice ky kieu do sir thoi NguySii 37 L3. Tieu kcl Clui'ong 1 61 CHUONG 2: HIEN TRANG vA LOAI HINH CUA SUU TAP DO SUKY KIEU TH6I NGUYEN TAI BAO T A N G MY THUAT CUNG DINH HUE 2.1. Gioi Ihicu long quat vfi BTMTCD Hue 72 2. L1. Lich su hinh thaiih va qua trinh hoat dong 2.1.2. Nguon hien val tai BTMTCD I lue 72 72 • 2.2. Mien Hang va loai hinh cua sun lap DSKK tai BTMTCD Hue 75 78 2.2.1. Nguon hien val goin su tai BPMTCD Hue 78 2.2.2. Hien trang va loai hinli cua suu lap DSKK tai BTMTCD Hue 81 2.3. Tieu kcl chuong 2 98 B • CIIUONCi y. DAC" DIEM KY rilUA'i VA DAC DIEM MY IIIUAI CUA SUU lAI p 6 SLTKY KIEU THCJI NGUYEN TAF BAG T A N G MY THUAT CUNG DINH HUE 3.1. Lo Canh Due Tran va viec ky kiSu d6 sii thdi Nguy6n 100 3.2. Dac diem ky thuat 104 3.2.1. Chat lieu 104 3.2.2. Ky thuat tao hinh 114 3.2.3. Kyi huat trang tn 115 3.2.4. Ky thuiit nung 116 3.3. Dac diem my thuat 117 3.3.1. Dang kieu 117 3.3.2. Mau sfic 128 3.3.3. Deiai Hang III 130 3.3.4. Bo cue trang trI 153 3.4. Tieu ket chuong 3 154 CIIUDNG 4: 'IllO VAN vA MIEU DETREN DO SUKY KIEU rilOl NGUYEN TAI BAO T A N G MY THUAT CUNG DINH HUE 159 4.1. Van tu tren d6 sii 159 < 4.2. Tho van tren suu tap DSKK tai BTMTCD Hue 160 4.2.1. T6ng quan ve tho van tren DSKK 160 4.2.2. Tha van tren suu lap DSKK lai BTMTCD Hue 165 4.3. Hicude 177 4.3.1. V6 thuat ngCr hieu de 177 4.3.2. Hieu de tren gom su Trung Hoa 178 4.3.3. Hieu de tren suu lap DSKK thoi Nguyen tai BTMTCD Hue 181 4.4. Tieu ket chuong 4 . 189 KET LUAN 197 CAC CONG 1RINII DA CONG BO LIEN QUAN DEN LUAN AN 202 TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O PIIU LUC 204 DANH MUC CAC C H C V I E T TAT DUNG TRONG LUAN AN AAVH Association des Amis du Vieux Hue BAVH Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hue BCAF Bullelin du Comitc de I'Asie Frangaise BKTD Bach khoa Thdi dai BSEI Bulletin de la Societe des etudes Indochinoises BTBT Bao t6n Bao tang BTLSVN Bao tang Lich su Viet Nam BTMTVN Bao tang My thuat Viet Nam BTMTCD Hue Bao tang My thuat Cung dinh Hue' BV Ban ve CN Cong nguyen d: Chieu dai PSHNTMDY Di sail Han Nom Ihu muc de yen PHKH Dai hoc Khoa hoc PH&THCN Dai hoc va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep pilTH Dai hoc Tong hop PNTL Dai Nam thue luc PSKK Do sii ky kieu PFEO Ecole Frangaise d' Exlieme-Orienl GD&DT Giao due va dao lao GS. Giao su' h: Chieu cao HDTHC Hoi Do thanh hieu co HX&N Hue'xUa va nay KDDNHDSL Kham dinh Dai Nam hoi dien su le KCH Khiio CO hoc Kll Khoa hoc KH&DS Khoa hoc va doi song KHXH Khoa hoc xa hoi D KTNN Kie'n tlu'rc ngay nay NCVHNT Nghien ctru Van hoa nghe thuat NCNT Nghien ciiu nghe thuat NCS. Nghien cii'u sinh NPHMVKCH Nhung phat hien m6i ve khao co hoc NSVH Nguyet san van hoa Nxb. Nha xuil'l ban EL Phu luc Chieu rong 1 SH SOng Huong S.F.E.C.O Societe d'Elude dc la Ceraniique Oriental TGM The gioi in61 TpHCM Thanh ph6H6 Chi Minh Tr. Trang rs. 1 len SI TI'BTDICD Hue Trung tarn Bao ton Di I fell Co do 1 luc TTKH&CN Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong nghe VH Van hoa VHNS Van hoa Nguyet san VHNT Van hoa nghe thuat VHTT Vein hoa thong tin XN Xira nay 0m: Duong kfnh inicng Od: Duong kmh day /v^ DANH MUC CAC BANG THONG KE, BIEU DO VA BAN DO Tran^ I. TRONG CHINH VAN Bang 1.1: Bang Ihong k£ so sir bo sang Trung Hoa th5i Nguyfin 43 Bang 2.1: Cac ngu6n hien vat tai BTMTCD Hue 75 Bang 2.2: Thong ke so lirgfng hien vat gom sir cua BTMTCD Hue 7K Bang 2.3: Bang thong kc loai hinh DSKK (V BTMTCD Hue 82 Bang 2.4: Thong ke so krong va loai hinh DSKK thai NguySn tai BTMTCD Hue 86 Bang 3.1: Ket qua phan tich thanh phan chat lieu mot so DSKK th6i Nguyen va do sii' Trung Hoa thdi Thanh Bang 3.2: Ket qua phan tich mot so 66 sir Canh Diic Tran thai Khang Hi 104 105 Bang 3.3: Kcl qua phan tfch mot so do gom nung a nhiel do cao cua Viet Nam, Van Nam (Trung Quoc) va Thai Lan 105 Bang 3.4: Ket qua phan tfch mot so mfiu gach men cua nha may HUCERA sir dung nguyen lieu khai thac lai Thiia Thicn Hue va Quang Blnh 105 Bang 3.5: Bang thong kc 66 tai trang trf tren suu lap DSKK thai Nguyen lai BTMTCD Hue Bang 4.1: Thong ke tha van tren DSKK cua BTMTCD Hue , 134 165 Bang 4.2 Bang Ihong ke va phan loai hieu 66 tren do su Viet Nam ky k\ii\ lai Trung Hoa lir cuoi the ky XVll den dau the ky XX 183 Bang 4.3: Thong ke so luang hieu de tren DSKK a BTMTCD Hue 1 88 II. TRONG PHU LUC PL 1.1 Bang liet ke cac sir bo nha Nguyen sang Trung Hoa va nhung hieu de Urong ling ticn do su ky kieu (hoi Nguyen 1 PL 2.1 Bieu do 2.1.1. Thong ke so luang hien vat gom sir a BTMTCD Hue XXVII PL 2.1 Bieu do 2.1.2. Thong ke so lirang hien vat trong nhom do sij* gia dung lai BTMTCD Hue XXVII PL 2.1 Bieu do 2.1.3. Thong ke so lirgng hien vat trong nhom 66 sir tfang trf lai BTMTCD Hue XXVIII PL 2.1 Bieu do 2.1.4. 'Hiong ke so luong hien vat trong nhom do sir le lu va iighi le tai BTMTCD Hue XXVIII PL 2.2 Bang thong ke long quat ve suu tap do su ky kieu thoi Nguyen tcii BTMTCD Hue PL 3.1 Ban do cac 16 sii' Trung Hoa ihuri Thanh XXIX XLIV PL 4.3 Bang liet ke cac hieu de tren nhung do sir Viet Nam ky kieu lai Trung Hoa (cuoi the ky XVII - dau the ky XX) LXX DANH MUC CAC HINH ANH VA BAN VE 1. TRONG CHINH VAN Anh 1.1 Nam ruau thdi Khang Hi Anh 1.2 Bat Noi phu tbi trung Anh 1.3 Nam rirau Noi phu thi trung Anh 1.4 So sanh trang Irf tren chicc luip Inn lam bang phap lam lai Hue, vao trieu Minh Mangva chiec nfip tim sir ky kieu trieu Thieu Tri Anh 2.1. Toan canh dien Long An, toa nha trung bay hien vat cua BTMTCD Hue' Anh 2.2. Hien vat trung bay trong chfnh tfch dien Long An (BTMTCD Hue) Anh 2.3. Hien vat trung bay trong gian trai tien tfch dien Long An Anh 2.4. 1 lien vat trung bay Irong gian phai tiCn U'ch dien Long An Anh 2.5. Hien val da trirng bay trong lien tfch dien Long An Anh 2.6. Tu trirng bay D6 sir ky kieu thai Nguyen trong dien Long An Anh 3.1. Am chung sam hieu de TifDu'c nien tao Anh 3.2. Doc blnh hieu de Khai Dinh nien tao •I ., ., , Anh 3.3. Chie'c am Ira doc am, ky kieu khoang giira the ky XIX Anh 3.4. Binh voi hieu de Noi phu, ky kieu khoang giira the ky XIX Anh 3.5. Tim bal giac trang trf vien long, trieu Thieu Tri ky kieu Anh 3.6. Don luc giac, hieu de Khai Dinh tan dau nien tao Anh 3.7. DTa lot cua tlni chan cao Anh 3.8. Tim bat giac de Ihap Ajih 3.9a. T m dang chuong mieng loe Anh 3.9b. Niip tun dang chuong mieng loe Anil 3.10. Tim than dung, day gay goc H Anh 3.11. Qua b6ng bat giac chfln cao 126 Anh 3.12. Thong, trieu Minh Mang ky kieu 127 Anh 3.13. Chfiu hoa hinh hop clur nhat, trieu Tir Due ky kieu 127 Anil 3.14. Rong trang trf tren lien ba Irong cung dien a Hue* 137 Anh 3.15. Rong trang trf tren mang bao cua Hoang tir trieu Nguyen 137 Anh 3.16. R6ng trang tri tren chiec thong ky kieu th5i Minh Mang 138 Anh 3.17. Rong Irang trf tren chiec lliong Trung Hoa ciing lliai Minh Mang 138 Anh 3.18. Lan trang trf tren chiec bat an hieu 66 chu" Nhat 139 Anh 3.19. Do an long ma Irang trf tren chiec bat an hieu de Quae hii'u vo ha 139 Anh 3.20. Do an riia trang trf tren chiec dTa tra hieu de Ngu'y chinh ky 140 Anil 3.21. Do an rua trang trf tren chicc bat ky kieu trieu Tir Dire 140 Anh 3.22. Do an phimg trang trf tren chiec bat an hieu de chir Nhat 141 Anh 3.23. D6 an mai hac trang trf tren chiec bat hieu de Ngoan ngoc 143 Anh 3.24. Do an hac rap trang trf tren chiec dla an hieu de Dai thuan 143 Anh 3.25. Do an tiu'licin tarn lulu lien ong cam but hieu de Bifili fudt nien che 145 Anh 3.26. Do an mai tho trang trf tren chicc bat ky kieu trieu Tir Due 145 Anh 3.27. Do an tu quy kieu Hue trang trf uen chiec bat hieu Tu'Du'c tan mui 146 Anh 3.28. Do an tu' thoi kieu Trung Hoa trang Iri tren chiec dla tra ky kieu duoi trieu Tu Due 146 U. TRONG PHU LUC PL 1.2 Mot so hinh anh DSKK thoi Le - Trinh (12 anh) XIV PL 1.3 Mol so hinh anh DSKK ihoi Quia NguySn (6 anh) XVI PL 1.4 Mot so hinh anh DSKK thoi Tay Son (6 anh) XVII PL 1.5 Mol so hinh anh DSKK Ihoi Nguyen (50 anh) XVIll PL 3.2 Dang kieu DSKK thoi Nguyen 6 BTMTCD Hue (8 Hang ban ve) PL 3.3.1 Nhung 66 an trang trf rong lieu bieu lien DSKK (3 Irang ban ve) PL 3.3.2 So sanh vo^i mol so do an rong Irang Irf lien gom suTiung Hoa XLV LIIl va Viet Nam (1 trang ban ve) PL 3.3.3 Nhung 66 an trang trf lan lieu bieu uen DSKK (1 Hang ban ve) PL 3.3.4 Nhung do an trang trf phung lieu bieu Uen DSKK (1 trang ban ve) LVI LVII LVIII PL 3.3.5 Do an mai true tung uen DSKK (1/2 trang ban ve) LIX PL 3.3.6 Mol so do an trang Iri son Ihuy tren DSKK (1/2 trang ban ve) LIX PL 3.3.7 M6t s6' li6i van trang tri tren DSKK thcri Nguyln (1 trang ban ve) LX PL 4.1 Hinh anh nhung bai lluyclu~r Nom lien do su Viet Nam ky kic'u o Trung Hoa (13 anh) LXI PL 4.2 Hinh anh nhung bai tho chu Han vinh cac Ihang canh vCing Thuan Quang tren 66 su Viel Nam ky kieu o Trung Hoa (7 anli) LXVI IVI()f)AU 1. Ly dochon de tai: LI. Phdt trien tii'de tai luan van tot nghiep dai hoc nam 1989: Nam 1988, toi nhcln de tai Tim hieu do su men lam Hue de xay di.rng thanh mot luan van tot nghiep dai hoc nganh Ljch sir, chuyen ngaiih Dan toe - Khao c6 hoc. Luan van da duac danh gia xuat sfic tai Hoi d6ng chain luan van khoa Lich su, Iruong Dai hoc Tong hap Hue (DHTH Hue) vao Ihang 6 nam 1989. Hoi dong cham luan an da khuycn khfch toi nen liep luc nghien ciTu de tai nay de phal Irien Ihanli mot de tai luan an cao han bac dai hoc. 1,2. De tai da dupe tdc gia luan dn theo duoi nghien cuu trong hon 10 nam: Sau khi lo'l nghiep, toi dirge cong lac trong moi Irirang phii hop uen da tiep tuc nghien ciiu de tai nay. Qua qua trinh nghien cuu, toi nhan thay ihual ngir do su' men lam Huevlm dirge dung de ggi ten nhung do sir ma loi da Urng nghien ciiu trong 6t tai luan van tot nghiep dai hoc la chira tliuc sir khoa hoc. VI the, toi 66 xuat ten goi moi la do sd Viet Nam ky kieu tai Trung Hoa thdi Nguyen, ggi ISt la do sit ky kieu th()'i Nguyen (DSKK thai NguySii). Qua trinh nghien cirii da giup toi tfch Ifiy Ur tieu va kien thiic ve de tai nay, du de phal trien thanh de tai luan an tien sT. 13. Yen can cua cong viec: Thang 9 nam 1995, loi dugc cir den cong lac tai Bao tang My ihuat Cung dinh Hue (BTMTCD Hue'), true tiep phu trach van de nghien cuu khoa hoc, bao quan va trung bay hien val. Bao tang nay dang luu giu 2111 hien vat DSKK thai Nguyen (gom 2073 hien val dan le va 38 bg hien vat) nhung chira dugc nghien ciiu dfiy du. Thu"c hien de lai luan an nay cung la each de liep can va nghien ciiu ngu6n hien val \\t\\ nhfim giup vao viec kiem ke, phan loai suu tap 66 sir nay theo cac lieu chf khoa hoc; ihic'l lap phu'o'ng an bao quan va to chiic nu'ng bay nguon liien val DSKK thai Nguyen dang luu giu' nai day nham phuc vu du kliach den tham quan, nghien ciiu. 1.4. C u n g cap thong tin clio cac nha quan ly van hoa de giup vao viec bao ve nguon CO vat cua quoc gia: DSKK lh(yi Nguyen la doi tirgng dugc g\6\ suu lam va buon ban co val irong va ngoai nirac sfm King rao ricl Irong nhung nam qua, liong khi thong lin va kien ihiic ve nhom co val nay chira dirge phd bicii khien nhung ngirai lam cong tac quan ly CO val Irong cac nganh van hoa, cong an va hai quan gap nhieu kho khan trong cong lac phat hien, giam dinh va bao ve nguon co vat nay khoi llnh Irang "chdy mdu CO vdt'\ Luan an thirc hien thanh cong se giiip vao viec cung cap thong tin ve cac suu lap (ciia nha nu6c va tu nhan) cho cac ca quan hiru quan; dua ra cac tieu ehi nhan dien trong cong Uic giam dinh, ti^r do gop phan bao ve nguon DSKK thai Nguyen noi ricng, DSKK noi chung trong pham vi quoc gia, 2. Lich su nghien cuu van de: 2.1. Tinh hinh nghien ciiu 6 Viet Nam: 2.1.1. Viec nghien cuu tru'd'c nam 1975: Khai xir6ng nghien ciiu de tai DSKK la hge gia Virang Hong Sen bfmg bai viel 'i^es bleus de Hue a decor Mai Mac" dang lien Bulletin des Amis du Vieux tlue (BSEI) vao nam 1944, viel ve cac kieu trang trf de tai mai hac co tren nhiing do sii do nguai Viel Nam ky kieu a Trung Hoa ma ong siru tap dugc. Mac du sir dung thuat ngu* hleus de Hue de noi ve nhung DSKK, nhung Virang Hong Sen khong phai la ngirai khai sinh thuat ngiT nay. Thuat ngu hIeus de flife dugc dung lan dau trong bai bao "La question de hi ceraniique en Annam et |es Bleus de H u e " cua Louis Chochod dang tren Bulletin frangaise du Comite de lAsie (BCAF) a Sai Gon vao thang 12/1909, de cap nhung do sir do trieu dinh llha Nguyen dat lam lai Trung Hoa de bai trf trong cac cung dien a Hue 1154]. Ngoai viec cong bo bai bao bfuig tieng Phap noi tren, Vuong Hong Sen con la Uguai di lien pliong trong viec nghien ciiii va gioi thieu nhung do sii* do nguai Viet Nam ky kieu lai Trung Hoa qua cac bai bao bang lieng Viet dang tren cac tap chf iidch khoa thoi dai (BKTD), Van hoa nguyet san (VHNS) xuat ban tai Sai Gon |69|, |70|, (71 h [721. Trong cac bai bao nay, ^i^-^^n^ Hong Sen ggi nhCrng DSKK la do sinnen lam Hue. Co the noi, Vuang Hong Sen khong chi la hoc gia lien phong Irong ITiih vuc nghien ciiu DSKK ma con la nguai khai sinh ra thual iigfr do su' men ^ Icim Hue, dirge diing pho bicn cho den nay, dc ciii tat ca nhung loai 66 sii do Trung Hoa sail xual cho ngii'di Viet Nam, bao g6m ca cac loai do sii do ngu5i Viel Nam ^y kieu lan 66 sir do ngu6i 'IVuiig Hoa bat chuoc cac mon DSKK do dc' san xuat hang loai va ban sang thj Iruong Viel Nam lu'cudi ihe'ky XVII den dau the ky XX. Pac biet, Virang Hong Se'ii da xuat ban bg sach g6m 6 cuon, ggi la Hieu co dac san, chuyen khao ciiu ve co vat va thii suu trim co ngoan, trong do co 3 cuon de cap den do sii Trung Hoa noi chung va DSKK noi rieng [73], [74|, [75], 176). Ngoai Vuang Hong Sen, trong cac thap nien 60 - 70, d mien Nam con co mot so lac gia khac nhu Tran Thanh Dam, Bui Huu Siing, Trirang Cam Vinh cung cong bo cac bai vie'l rieng le ve DSKK tren cac lap chf/?/i:r£), VHNS | 3 7 | , | 6 8 | , 11 191. O mien Bflc, trir6c nam 1975 chi co mot lac gia duy nhat la Nguyen Phi jloanh CO viel ve DSKK. Trong cuon Lich su' my thuat Viet Nam xuat ban nam j970, a Chirang VII, Nguyen Phi Hoanh da danh rieng muc Do su' Hue\ viel ve nhung do sii dugc ky kieu a Trung Hoa duoi trieu Nguyen [44, 130-132]. 2.1, 2. Viec nghien cuu sau nam 1975 den nay: Sau nam 1975, viec nghien ciiu va gioi thieu DSKK lam ngu'ng mot thai gian. pen nam 1989, loi bao ve Ihanh cong luan van eir nhan khoa hge lich su* v6i de tai 77/?? hieu do su' men lam Hue{h'2\y gia loi vfui dung thuat ngu do su' men lam Hue de ggi ten nhung DSKK thai Nguyen), Co the coi day la thai diem DSKK dugc nghien cuu tra lai. Nam 1991, Tran Anh San (luc Tran Dinh San) cong bo bai bao dau tien ve do SU men lam Huetrtn tap chf Song Huong (SH) [80]. Nam 1992, Nguyen Ciiu Sa Q6 bai gio'i thieu do su' men lam Hue tren tap chf Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong nghe (TTKH&CN) |67J. Nam 1993, Nguyln Quoc Hi:ing cung giai thieu do su' men lam Hue hen tap chf Nghien cuu Van hoa Nghe thuat (NCVHNT) [45]. Cling trong nam 1992, toi cong bo bai viel dau tien ve DSKK thdi Nguyen tren tap chf NCVHNT, Cac bai bao liep theo cua loi ve de tai nay dugc cong bo trong cac nam 1992 - 1994, tren cac tap chf SH, Xua nay (XN), Hue xua vd nay (HX&N), Khao CO hoc (KCH), tap san Hue - Mot thud kinh do ^a trong Hoi nghi thong hdo Khao co hoc cac nam 1992 - 1994. Dac biet, Irong 2 nam 1993 va 1994, Vuang Hong Sen da cho in 2 tap sach ve DSKK kha d6 so ma ong da ap u tu* thap nien 70. Do la cuon Khao ve do sii cdmen lam Hue\Vdp lliugng va tap ha) do Nxb Thanh pho Ho Chf Minh (TpHCM) an hanh nam 1993 [771 va cuon Khao redo sir men lam HiieWo Nxb My thuat an hanh nam 1994 [78]. Nam 1994, tren tap chf HX&N, Nguyen Anh Huy khai dang bai bao tranh luan voi toi ve de tai nay [47]. Tiep theo la cac bai tranh luan cija Le Phan (tiic Phan Thanh Hai) [58], [59]; Nguyln Thi Tinh Thi [102]; Pham Hy Bach (Uic Hy Bach hay Pham Hy Ti:ing) [5], [6], |71, |81, [9], [111, [12|; Tran Dinh San [821, |831, 1841, 1851, |H6|, 1871 va toi dugc cong bo lien liep trong cac nam 1994 - 1997 tren cac lap chf SH, XN, HX&N, KCH, Trong cac nam 1995 - 1997, mol so tac gia khac nlur: Nguyen Dinh Chien, Thanh Hoa (tiic Trinh Thi Hoa), Dang Van ThTuig va Nguyen Viet Trung, Nguyen Quoc Hung, cong bo mot so bai viel rai rac gi6i thieu do sii men lam Hue tren tap chf KCH, bao Khoa hoc vd Doi song (KHVDS) va trong Hoi nghi khoa hoc ve trieu Nguyen lan thii II to chiic tai TpHCM nam 1994 [281, [291, |43]; [46], [ 1011. Nam 1997, dugc sir dong y cua cac tac gia nhung bai viel ve DSKK, toi da tap hgp 52 bai viel ve 66 tai DSKK da cong bo tren cac tap chf trong nirac, citing J bai viel bfmg lieng Phap co tfnh khai pha ve 66 tai hIeus de Hue cua 3 hoc gia tien boi |a L. Dumoiilier, L. Cadicie va Vuang Hong Sen, in thanh lap sach Do sii men lam Hue - Nhung trao doi hoc thuat nham cung cap Ihong tin ve DSKK mot each co he thong cho nhung ai quan lam de lai nay. Trong cac nam 1997 - 2001, cugc tranh luan ve dd lai DSKK fhay do sir men lam Hue, bleus de Hue, tuy theo each di;ing thuat ngir cua lung nha nghien cuu) tam lAng xuo'ng, chi con la mot cugc doi thoai tay ba giira Pham Hy Tiding, Tran Dinh Son va toi nen cac leap chf XN, TTKH&CN va lap san Nho Hue (do Hoi dong huang Thua Thicn Hue lai TpHCM xuat ban) [11], [ 12[, [13], (141, [151,1161, [171, 11SKI88], [891, [901, [91], [92], [93], [94], [95h [961, [1101, [111], [1131, (1141. Nam 2000, Dai Truyen hinh Hue da thu'c hien ingt bg phim tai lieu khoa hoc dai 20 phut ve de tai DSKK v6\ lira de Do sii men lam Hue, 66 cap den mot so vaii de khoa hoc va cac gia tri van hoa nghe Ihuat co tren DSKK nhfim luyen truyen cho vice bao Ion gin gift nguon co val nay. 2.2. Tinh hinh nghien cuu 6 cac nude Nam 1986, trong cuon La porcelaine khac: des Qing 1644 - 1912, cac lac gia la Michel Bcurdclcy va Guy Raindre co drinh doi dong diem cjua nhung ''do sii dugc ggi la cua Hue" (les porcelaine dites de Hue). Cuon sach co in hinh chiec bat hieu de Noi phu thi hii'u (fy ^ i^ ;&), nhung hg phien am nham la Noi phu thi td, trang Irf i6ng phugng va dugc hg xae dinh la san pham do sir dat hang cua cac vi hoang 666 Hue 1140, 226]. Thue ra dfly la hien vat do trieu dinh Le - Trinh a Dang Ngoai Ky kieu. Nhu vay la sau mol thoi gian dai gian doan, viec nghien ciiu DSKK da dugc cac nha khao co hge ngiro'i Phap quan lam Ira lai, di^i gian liep va rat sa luge. Nam 1988, nhung thong tin ve do sii men lam Hue da dugc du luan nirac ngoai quan lam qua vu kien cua Cuu hoang Bao Dai vCi\ ong Co Trung Nguan, khi ong ta tien hanh mot cugc ban dau gia 282 hien val hIeus dc Hue lai khach san Prouot, Paris [ 160]. Phan thua, sau do, thugc ve Cuu hoang Bao Dai. Nam 1990, Bao tang Iheuih pho Machida (^T W T|7 i : ff 4^ I f ) a Tokyo (Nhat Ban) 16 chiic cugc trien lam ve gom sir cac niroc Dong Nam A, thugc suu lap Yaniada Yoshio (J^ UJ 4^ >i^ Z2 ]y ^ iy 3 > ) , trong do co 145 hien val dugc giai thieu la gom sir cua Viet Nam (nien dai tu the ky XI den the ky XIX). Dieu dang luu y la trong nhung hien vat dirge coi la ciia Viet Nam nay co den 12 hien vat la llhung do sii dugc ky kieu tai Trung Hoa. Do la cac hien vat so 172, 173, 220, 230, 231, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272 va 273 (171, 49-63]. Hien vat s6 173 la chiec dTa ve phong canh son thuy, de bai tha chu Nom ''Mot cum Idu dai tot mia tien...'\ Nhung phien ban tirang tu chie'c dla nay co trong suu tap ciia Vuang Hong Sen va Bham Hy Tung va da dugc giai Ihicu Irong mot so bai viel ciia 2 suu tap gia nay (77,249-2501,11 III. Nhu'ng Ihong tin ve hIeus de Hue tiep luc xuat hien trong cac cugc ban dau gja DSKK do cac hang Christie's Auctioii(Anh), Nagel Auktionen (Diic), Binoche - Venles, Loudemer - Ventes (Pluip)... lien hanh Irong khoarm thai gian lu nam 1991 deiinaml999[123J, 1141,3-101, 1142, 7-10], [143,4-101, 1154, 3-4], 1160], 1162|. Tuy nhien, do chi la nhung thong tin ve viec mua ban hIeus de Hue, Thang 6 nam 1993, lap ohi Arts of Asia (Hong Kong), dang bai kem anh ve de tai bleus de Hue do Ha Thiic Cfin, mot Viet kieu a Singapore, thue hien lir nhung uugc phong viui vofi nha nghien ciiu Tran Dinh San. Day la bai bao driu tien a nirac ngoai gioi thieu va khao ciiu bleus de Hue kha loan dien. Nam 1994, Thomas Ulbrich, giao su trirdng DH hiha (Han Quoc) den Viel Nam de nghien ciiu DSKK. Tu nam 1994 den nam 1999, GS. Thomas Ulbrich da tiep xiic vai toi nhieu lan tai Viet Nam, Nhat Ban va Han Quoc de trao d6i thong tin ve viec nghien ciiu bleus de Hue. Nam 1998, tren tap chf Tribus xuat ban tai Slutlgart (Diic), GS. Thomas Ulbrich da cong bo bai nghien ciiu ve bleus de Hue dai 46 trang [1641. Tai Phap, cac nha nghien ciiu nguai Phap goc Viet la Loan de Fontbrune va Philippe Truong cung quan lam nghien ciiu bleus dc Hue, Loan de Fontbrune nguyen la quan Ihu ciia Bao tang Guimee (Paris), ve sau chuyen sang lam viec cho Bao tang Cernuschi, cung a Paris, da cong bo bai viel Les bleus de Hue tren lap san Le Viet Nam des Royaumes do Bao tang Guimee xual ban nam 1995 j 1501. Philippe Truong la nha nghien ciiu doc lap, da cong bo bai viel Bleu de Hue bang chCi' Anh trong lap sach Vietnamese Ceramics do John Stevenson va John Guy dong chu bien, xua'l ban tai Chicago (Hoa Ky) vao nam 1997 [135, 396-401 ]. De tai bleus de Hue hien dang dugc cac tac gia Thomas Ulbrich, Loan de Fontbrune va Philippe Truong tiep tuc nghien ciiu. De tai nay cung thu hiit su' quan IcUii cua mol so nha nghien cuu khac nhu Jochen May (Diic), Miriam Lambrechl (Bi) va mot so hge gia Viet kilu a My. Ngoai ra, tren mang internet con co mol so websites chuyen gigi thieu eac suu lap bleus de Hue a nirac ngoai. Co 5 websites diugc nhieu iigudi biet den la: hllp://www.limsi.fr/Recherche/CIG/ceramic.htm 1172); hltp://www.vietantique,com (1731; htlp://www.vielnam-museuni.ca [174|: htlp://www.vielloucli.com [ 175) va hltp://www.vinaarl.com 1 1761. Trong do, website http://www.victantique.com cua Nguyen Hai Ngg la nai gioi thieu klia loan dien ve bleus de Hue vai nhirng khao ciiu ngiln va gan lOO hinh anh minh hga. 3. Muc dich nghien cuu: 3.L Nghien ciiu mOt each toan dien va khoa hoc nguon DSKK thai Nguyen hien dang tang trfr tai BTMTCD Hue, gop phan de xuat nhirng giai phap huu hieu Irong viec bao quan va trirng bay ngu6n co vat nay, 3.2. Khao ciiu nhung gia Iri ljch sii, van hoa va my thuat, dac biel la nhung fieu chi Viet co Iren nhom DSKK. Tir do xae dinh rfing, cung v6'\ Trung Hoa, Viet Nam la dong chu nhan van hoa ciia san phiim do sii nay. Noi each khac, 66 sii do Ccic trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam ky kieu li^r cuoi the ky XVll den deiu the' ky XX, can dugc nhln nhan la mot trong nhung bg phan t6 thanh van hoa Viet Nam va xiing dang dugc doi sau tran trgng, gin gifr. 3.3. Qua luan an nay, toi muo'n dua ra mot thuat ngu' moi de dinh danh nhom d6 sii dac biet nay, thay cho ten ggi do su' men lam Hue, von tung gay ngg nhan Irong han iiiVa the' ky qua. 3.4. Phae ihao mot cai nhln khai quat ve DSKK hien dang dugc luu giir Irong cac bao tang nha nirac va trong cac suu tap tu nhan nhfim cung cap them thong tin cho nhu'ng nguai lam cong tac quan ly co vat de giiip vao viec bao ton va phat huy gia tri ngu6n co vat quy gia nay. . 4. Doi tuong nghien cuu: 4.L Nguon DSKK thoi Nguyen: Doi lirgng nghien ciiu chfnh cua luan an la siru tap DSKK thai Nguyen gom 2111 hien val dang tang tru* tai BTMTCD Hue. Ngoai ra, luan an con quan tam den ngu6n DSKK thai Nguyen thugc cac bao tang va cac siru lap tu nhan trong va ngoai nuac co gia iri nhu nhung tu lieu bo sung cho luan an. 4^2. Cac nguon co vat so sdnh: Trong qua trinh thue hien luan an, ngoai so hien vat la doi tirgng nghien ciiu chfnh, de lam sang to mot so luan diem, luan an cung quan tam den nliung nguon do su CO gia Iri so sanh, nhu: 4.2./. Nguon do sd Viet Nam ky kieu lai Trung Hoa flh/i Le -Trinh, thoi chua Nguyen vd thdi Tdy Son: Bao gom cac DSKK tu cuoi the ky XVll 6cn cuoi the ky XVIlI, hien dang luu giir va Irirng bay a cac bao tang: BTMTCD Hue, Bao tang 8 Ikh sir Viel Nam thanh pho Ho Chi Minh (BTLSVN TpHCM); Bao tang Lich su Viet Nam (BTLSVN), Bao tang My thual Viet Nam (BTMTVN) va trong mot so suu tap tu nhan trong va ngoai nuoc. 4.2.2. Nguon do sudo trieu Nguyen ky kieu tai chdu Au: Gom cac do sii dugc Irieu Minh Mang va Thieu Tri dat mua tai chau Au roi cho trang trf lai, hien dang langtiir tai BTMTCD Hue. 4.2.3. Nguon gom su' xanh trang Viet Nam tu' cuoi the ky XV den cuoi the ky XIX: Hien dang tang trir tai cac bao tang va cac suu tap tu nhan trong va ngoai nuac. 5. Cac nguon tu lieu: 5.7. NguSn tu lieu chu viet: 5.1.1. Chu-Viet: - Bao gom cac bai viel ciia cac tac gia Vuang H6ng Se'n, Trirang Cam Vinh, Biji Huu Sling, Tran Thanh Dam... tir Iriroc nam 1975. Dae biet la bg sach 2 tap Khao ve do sii men lam Hue cua Vuang IlOng Sen. - Ccic bai bao ciia cac tac gia trong nuac tham gia tranh luan va giai thieu ve DSKK trong 10 nam tra lai day. - Ngu6n tai lieu thu tich ciia cac trieu dai phong kien ti^r Le den Nguyen da dugc dich thuat va xuat ban nhu: Dai Viet su' ky tuc bien, Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi, Dai Nam thiic luc, Dai Nam nhat thong chi, Khdm dinh Dai Nam hoi dien su le^ Chdu ban trieu Nguyen, cac tap Sii trinh thi (Tha di sir)..., la nhung nguon sii lieu co lien quan den cac chuyen di sii, vice dat lam 66 sii, nhirng phaiii vat cong tang trong lich sii' bang giao giira Viet Nam vai Trung Hoa tu trieu Le trung hung den trieu Nguyen. - Cac sach bao co lien quan den lich sir, van hoa, hoi hga va nghe thuat tu thoi Ly - Trail den th5i Nguyen. 5.L2. Chu' nu'o'c ngodi: Ngudn lai lieu ngoai ngu' dugc sir dung nhieu nhffl la cac cong trinh nghien cuu ve do sii Trung Hoa noi chung va DSKK noi rieng viel bfmg chCr Phap va chCr Anh... Ngoai ra, nhirng catalogues ciia cac cugc ban dau gia bleus de Hue a nuac ngoai in bfuig cac ihirchir Anh, Phap, Diic... cungduge quan tam iham khao. Toi cfing sii dung nguOn lai lieu chu Han lu Trung Quoc de so sanh, doi chieu cac hieu de co tren do sii* cung nhu tim hieu nhirng vS'n de co lien quan den ky thuat va my thual uen 66 sii thai Minh - Thanh nhAm gop phSn lam sang to nhung van de lirang tu uen DSKK. Ngu6n lai lieu bfmg chu Nhat Ban va chu Han Quoc viet ve nhung do su'xanh trang co nien dai tuang duang v6i DSKK la 66 sometsuke (|^ # ) ciia Nhat Ban va do ch'onghwa paekch'a {-^ ^ ^ ' ^ ) cua Han Quoc, cung dugc sir dung de so sanh nhung net lirang dong va di biel giua nhirng dong do sii von chin anh huang sfiu dam lu do sii xanh trang Trung Hoa ihoi Minh - Thanh. 5.2. Hinh anh: Day la ngu6n tu lieu quan trgng giiip vao viec tim hie'u hieu de, hoa van, kieu dang cua DSKK hien khong co trong suu lap cua BTMTCD Hue', hoac khong con ton tai a Viet Nam. Nhung hinh anh do loi chup trong cac chuyen di nghien ciiu Irong va ngoai nuac, hay dugc cung cap bai cac nha suu tap va nghien ciiu nhu: Tran Dinh San, Nguyen Xuan Hoa, Pham Hy Tiing, Nguyen NghTa, Philippe Truong, Thomas Ulbrich, Loan de Fontbrune, hay dugc sir dung ti^r eac bien khao cua Vuang Hong Sen va cac tap chf trong va ngoai niro'c. 5.3. Thong tin tii internet: Tren mang internet, eac thong tin ve khao co hge noi chung, ve do su co noi rieng, dugc truyen tai v6i mot dung lugng khong 16. Rieng de tai DSKK da co ft nhaT5 websites giai Ihieu [1721, 1173|, (174[, [1751, (1761- Nha internet, toi da thu ihap dugc nhieu lu lieu co gia tri, true liep lien quan den de tai. Trong do, loi (ap trung vao nhom tu lieu viet ve gom sii cac nuac Dong A nhu Trung Quoc, Nhal Ban, Trieu Tien, Viet Nam... Toi dac biet chii y de'n nhom lu lieu viet ve do sir Trung Quoc thai Minh - Thanh va do sii xuat khau ciia Trung Hoa trong cac the ky XVII-XIX. Day la nguon tu lieu mai, luon dugc cap nhat, bao g6m ca hinh anh Ifm chu viet, citing cac so do chi tie't ve lung hien vat nen co gia tri tham khao rat tot. 6. Cac phuong phap nghien ciiu: Thau hie'u ifnh chat ndn tang va ca ban khi nghien ci'ru mot de lai thugc nganh Khoa hge xa hoi nhan van, nen toi da ap dung phu'o'ng phdp duy vat hien cliifng va