G IA O Sir, VIEN SI L.V. M A K O PSK I
CONG TRINH NGAM
GIAO THONG DO THI
(Tai ban)
Ngudi dich :
TS. N G U Y E N DUG N G U O N
Hieu dinh :
GS. T SK H . N G U Y E N V A N Q U A N G
NHA X U A T BAN XAY DUNG
HA N O I - 2 0 1 0
LCfl NOI DAU
Trong cong cuoc cdng nghiep hoa va hien dai hoa dat nuac, viec xay
dung ha tang ky thuat ddng vai trd rat quan trong. Truac het phdi hien dai
hod cac do thi ldn.
Hien nay a cac thanh pho ldn nhu Hd Noi, thanh pho Ho Chi Minh
thudng xuyen bi ach tac giao thdng, o nhiem moi trudng vd ling ngap vao
miia mua. Dat dai d do thi lai rat quy vd rat dat.
Tat cd nhitng bat cap do, ddi hdi phdi cap bach gidi quyet viec sit dung
khong gian ngam do thi.
Trong cac do thi hien dai se cd nhieu nhd cao tang (tic 12 tang trd len),
ddi hdi phdi cd cac tang ham. De gidi quyet ach tac giao thdng, cdn phdi
Idm nhieu dudng ngam viun qua cac nut giao ldn. De cd bai dd xe, ma xe oto
ngay cdng nhieu, phdi xay dung cac gara oto ngam nhieu tang dudi mat dat.
!K
,
^
^
O thanh pho Hd Chi Minh d d cd d u an xay dung tau dien ngam vd dudng bo
ngam chui dudi day song Sai Gon qua khu dd thi mdi Thu Thiem. Hd Noi
cung cdn nghien ci'm phuong an xay dung dudng tau dien ngam. Trong tuang
lai khong xa, chung ta phdi nghi den viec xay dipig cac to hap cdng trinh
ngam a cac thanh pho ldn. Dd la chua ke den cac cdng trinh ngam quoc
phong, an ninh.
De cung cap nhitng thdng tin cdn thiet cho ban doc, Nhd xuat ban Xay
dung dd cung cac chuyen gia chon dich cuon sach "Cdng trinh ngam giao
thdng dd thi" ciia Giao su Vien si V.L. Makopski, xuat ban nam 1985 tai
Matxcava. Cuon sach do TS. Nguyen Dice Ngudn dich vd GS.TSKH. Nguyen
Van Quang hieu dinh.
Chung tdi mong rang cuon sach se cd ich cho ban doc.
Nha xuat ban Xay dung
3
C huw ig I
KH AI N IEM C H U NG VE CAC CO N G T RINH NG AM
§1. SIT SIT DUNG KHONG GIAN NGAM TRONG CAC DO THI
Loi ich cua viec xay dung cong trinh ngam. Khoi luong xay dung nha 6 va cong
trinh cong cong tang, sir lien tuc phat tridn mang luoi giao thong dudng bo, su hinh
thanh cac cong trinh va cum cong trinh cong nghiep mdi, cac xi nghiep cong nghiep...
dang yeu cau do thi danh rieng cho nhung khu dat ldn. Nhung khu dat do, dac biet tai
nhung khu trung tam do thi, ngay cang khan hiem. Trong do, tai cac do thi ldn ngay
cang thieu nhung dien tfch dat de xay dung cac bon hoa, cong vien, cac khu vuc di bo,
dao choi, san the thao... Vi vay, c
AB
7
CS day: 3 ^ 0 - he s6 tfnh toan cua hieu qua so sanh; V ( A ng - A n ) - hieu qua kinh te xa hoi b6
V-. i
n
sung tir xay dung cac cdng trinh ngam tir i den n (nghin d6ng rup); V ( B ng - Bn ) - chi phi dau tu bo
i
sung tir khi xay dung cac con g trinh ng£m tir i den n (nghin d6ng rup).
Thai han hoan von cua chi phi dau tu bo sung vao xay dung ngam:
T h v = 1 /3 c tn g = X
i
^
.
(1-2)
Gia tri he so hieu qua dau tu khi su dung dong bo khong gian ngam nhan ducrc bang
0.12-0,1, con thdi han hoan von dau tu gan 10 nam.
Doi vdi cac to hop ngim da nang, hieu qua kinh te xa hoi can xac dinh nhu tong cac
loi nhuan thanh phan duoc tao ra tir xay dung tirng cong trinh ngim nlm trong to hop
do. Khi xac dinh muc do hieu qua kinh te xay dung cong trinh ngim can luu y loi i;h
lau dai ciia viec xay dimg cac cong trinh ngam, lien quan den sir giai phong dat dai, tang
cao cac chi so kinh te cong trinh va kinh te xa hoi. Trong do, ton tai khai niem danh gia
dat dai do thi theo to hop do thj, quyet dinh khong nhung den chi phi true tiep cho xay
dung va khai thac cong trinh ngim , chi phi diu tu cho viec xay dung canh quan va trang
bi ky thuat cho khu vuc ma con quyet dinh mot chu6i cac chi so khac (vi du chi phi di
chuyen nha d va mang ky thuat, xoa bo c ic bon hoa va cong vien, tang cudng dich vu
giao thdng cho nhan dan va lam trong sach mdi trudng...).
Hieu qua tu giai phong dat dai do thi lien quan den xay dimg cdng trinh ngim la rat
dang ke. Vi du, khi xay dung 1 km dudng dtd ndi 6 lan cin den 4,5-7 hecta dat, con de
xay dung 1km ngim nhu vay chi mat 0,1 hecta.
Theo tinh loan ciia Vien nghien cuu kinh te xay dung thuoc Bo Xay dung Lien Xo
(cu), sir dung to hop khong gian ngim d Matxcova cho phep giai phong hon 5.000 hecta
dat dd thi, trong do gia thanh 1hecta khoang 250.000 rup va thay doi tir 100.000 rup d
ngoai vi den 3 trieu rup d trung tam do thi. Ro rang trong dieu kien sd huu xa hoi chii
nghla dat dai khong phai la hang hoa va gia thanh ciia no chi de so sin h gia tri dat dai sir
dung vao muc dich xay dimg.
Tfnh den gia thanh xay dimg cong trinh ngim cao, co the cho rin g tot nhat tien hanh
chuong trinh sir dung to hop khong gian ngim trong dd thi mot cic h tir tir.
Trong do thur tu xay dung cac cong trinh ngim duoc sip xep theo nhu c iu cua dd thi.
Ton tai thuc te kha pho bien la dua vao khai thac theo giai doan timg hang muc cong
trinh rieng biet nim trong tong the cong trinh ngim .
Phan loai cong trinh ngim do thi. Nhung cong trinh dugc ggi la n g im neu p h in
chinh ciia chung nim dudi mat dat theo quan difim khai thac. Cac cdng trinh ngim trong
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do thi hien dai co rat nhieu va nhieu loai va co the dung de lam loi di hoac bao quan cac
phuong tien giao thong (dudng him , gara), lam cac diem sinh hoat cong cong, kinh
doanh, rap chieu phim va cac cong trinh co cong dung khac nhu khu giao thong lien
hcrp, cac cong trinh quoc phong... Cac cong trinh ke tren co the dupe bo tri hoan toan
dudi mat dat hoac mot phan dudi mat dat. Vf du: phan ngam co the la cac phong rieng
biet cua cong trinh noi: gara, nha ga, cang hang khong, cac trung tam thuong mai, nha 6
va nha hanh chinh cao tang.
Trong so rat nhidu cong trinh ngam do thi, cong trinh giao thong chiem so lupng kha
ldn, chung khac nhau ve mat cong dung, so do quy hoach, vi tri bd tri trong do thi, chieu
sau, phuong phap xay dung (hinh 1.1). Ngoai ra, cac cong trinh giao thong ngim co thd
khac nhau ve hinh dang va kich thudc mat cit, loai v&t lieu, dac diem ket ciu, dieu kien
thong gio, chieu sang....
Theo so do mat blng, ngudi ta chia:
- Cac cdng trinh co chieu dai ldn: cac dudng him (tuynen), chieu dai ldn hon rat
nhieu so vdi mat c it thiet dien.
- Cac cong trinh co chidu dai han che phu thuoc vao cong dung, cac dudng him co
the la dudng oto, dudng tau dien ngam (metro), dudng tau dien cao tdc, dudng cho cac
dang phuong tien giao thong dac biet (dudng tau co nhieu ray, tau tren ray tir trudng
hoac tren dem khong khi, cac phuong tien giao thong khi nen...). K i ca cac ldi bo hanh
hoac hPn hop danh cho cac phuong tien giao thong khac nhau va ngudi di bo. Vf du:
theo cac mat c it khac nhau cua mot tuyen ngam co thd oto, tlu dien ngam, tau hoa cua
do thi va ngudi di bo di dupe.
Cac cong trinh giao thong ngim co chieu dai gidi han co the’ dung de bao quan cac
phuong tien giao thong (cac diem dP oto, gara) de bd trf cac ga tau dien ngim , tau dien
tdc d) cao hoac dudng s it do thi, cac nut giao thong, cac diem giao nhau cua cac tuyen
oto ngim , cac phong rieng biet cua cac nha ga hoac cang hang khong, dd tao cac dudng
di bo co cao dp khac nhau va cac to hop giao thong nhidu tin g (hinh 1.2).
Cac cong trinh giao thong ngam (CTGTN) co thd dupe bd tri dudi khu vuc do thi da
co cong trinh xay dung (hinh I.3a-b) va chua co cong trinh xay dung (hinh I.3i-e).
Cac cong trinh ngam trong trudng hop thur nhat co thd dupe xay dung cach biet khoi cac
toa m a va cong trinh phfa tren cung nhu nim trong khu vuc va ben canh khu vuc co
cong trinh.
Nim trong khu vuc co cong trinh goi la nhung cong trinh ngim ket hop vdi cac tin g
nglrr cua toa nha. Cdn cac cong trinh ben canh co cong trinh la nhung cong trinh bd tri
canh va ket noi vdi chung blng nhung ldi di ngim va dudng vuot. Ngoai ra con ton tai
cong trinh ngim nim trong va canh khu vuc co cong trinh xay dung.
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Hinh 1.1. Phan loai cdng trinh giao thong ngam do thi
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Kni bd tri cac cdng trinh ngam tai nhung khu vuc dat trong cua dd thi, ngudi ta
thudng bd tri chung dudi tuyen dudng dtd cao tdc nim ngoai tuyen pho hoac dudi tuyen
dirdr.g sit, dudi cac bon hoa hoac cac cong vien, cung nhu dudi cac chudng ngai vat tir
nhien hoac nhan tao. Nhu vay, de di qua cac go, d6i cao chia c it dd thi thanh cac phin
kho qua lai giua cac vung rieng biet cua do thi, ngudi ta xay dung nhung dudng ngim
giao thong ca gidi va dudng bo dang tuy nen qua nui. Trong mot sd trudng hop, dudi
nhuTig chudng ngai vat cao nhu vay ngudi ta bd tri cac gara va cac to hop ngim . Cac
dudng him dd thi thudng hay xuyen qua ca c ic chudng ngai vat cao nhan tao nhu cac go
dat dip, dudng oto, dudng sit, cac de dap...
Trong nhilu do thi ldn co c ic tuyen va ho nude: song, kenh, hd, cac khu du tru
nude.. De ket ndi giao thong lien tuc thudng xuyen giua c ic bd vdi nhau, ngudi ta
khong chi xay dung c iu ma con xay dung ca cac dudng ngim dudi muc nude.
Dud cac chudng ngai nude co the bd tri ca cac cong trinh giao thdng khac: ben dd
dtd, gara, cac to hop nhieu ting.
T
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r 51
Hinh 1.2. Cac so do cdng trinh ngam do thi;
a. dudng ham cho oto; 8. dudng ngam cho ngudi di bo; b. gara dtd - diem dd;
i. to hop giao thong nhieu tang; d. ga tau dien ngam (metro);
1. dudng ham (tuynen); 2. dudng len xudng; 3. bac thang len xudng;
4. ben dd; 5. dudng ray nhidu nhanh; 6. dudng tau dien n glm .
Cat CTGTN co the dugc bo tri tai cac chieu sau khac nhau so vdi mat d it. Ngudi ta
phan bet cong trinh ngim dat nong, bd tri d do sau H < 10-12m va dat sau, bd tri d do
sau H > 10-12m (xem hinh 1.2). Ton tai ca cac cong trinh nua ngim , mai cua chung cao
han m i dit.
Phi thuoc vao chieu sail dat ngam cua cac. cong trinh ngam, tinh dac biet ve c iu true
va dd hi cua chung cung nhu dieu kien dia chat cong trinh, viec xay dung cdng trinh
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dugc tien hanh bang nhieu phuong phap khac nhau: dao lo thien, ha chim, dao ham mo,
mang chan, ep. Trong do, d mot so trudng hop cac phuong phap nay duoc sir dung ket
hop vdi nhung phuong phap dac biet nhu lam dong cung nhan tao, gia cudng dat b;\ng
hoa chat, ha muc nude ngam... (xem chuong VII-X).
a)
b)
5)
a
[ft
Hinh 1.3. Cdng trinh ngam dudi khu vuc d d va khdng co cdng trinh xay dung. a. tach biet;
5. trong khu vi(c co cong trinh xay dung; b. trong va canh khu vifc cd cdng trinh xay dung;
i. dudi chudng ngai vat nhan tao; d. dudi chudng ngai vat cao tu nhien; e. dudi ludi chan nude.
Anh hudng cua cac CTGTN den moi trudng do thi. Cac CTGTN dong vai tro huu
ich cho moi trudng do thi vi chung cho phep giai phong dien tfch tren mat dat va chuyen
mot phan tuyen giao thong xuong d rdi mat dat. Dieu do tao dieu kien tang cudng cau
true quy hoach cac vung cua do thi, >lp xep lai dudng bo hanh, giam tai nan giao thong
dudng bo va tang cudng an toan giao thong. Ngoai ra, cac nhanh cua cong trinh nglm
nang cao trang thai ve sinh moi trudng cho khong khf vi mot mat lam giam luong khi
thai, tieng on va chan dong, mat khac cac khu dat duoc giai phong co the xay dung cac
bon hoa, cong vien, trong cay xanh.
Trong nhieu trudng hop, cac CTGTN duoc xay dung chi nhlm muc dich bao ve moi
trudng xung quanh khoi bi tac dong co hai cua cac phuong tien giao thong de giu gin
tron ven khu dat va quan the kien true cua cac khu vuc do thi.
Vi vay, khi bd tri cac tuyen dudng oto gin sat nha d, trudng hoc, benh vien, thu vien,
nha hat, ngudi ta chuye’n mot phin tuyen giao thong vao dudng nglm co trang bi he
thdng thong gio nhan tao va cac phuong tien chdng on, chdng chan dong.
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Hieu qua cua cac giai phap do da dupe chung minh trong thuc te xay dung cac tuyen
duang ngam trong cac do thi ldn d Lien Xo (cu) va cac nude khac. Vf du: sau khi xay
dung dudng giao thong ngam den Quang trudng Maiacopski d Matxcava do dam dac
max cua oxft cac bon tai vung nay giam tdi 4 lan, ham lupng hydroxit cacbon, oxft nito
trong khong khf cung giam rat manh. Sau khi xay dung cac dudng ngam khac d
Matxcava, lupng khf doc va bui trong khong khf giam khoang 3-4 lan. Neu muc dp on
tai khoang cach 15m so vdi mep dudng oto co cudng dp chuyen dong cua 10 nghin oto
quy udc trong ngay dam dac nhat den 80-95 dexiben thi sau khi xay dung tuyen duong
ngam, muc do on giam xuong con 55-65 ddxiben.
Dac diem va muc do anh hudng cua cac CTGTN len trang thai moi trudng do thi chu
you dupe xac dinh qua cong nang chfnh cua quy hoach khong gian, so do cau tao, dp sau
dat ngam, su co mat trong do thiet bi khai thac nay hay thiet bi khai thac khac. Vf du:
Dudng ngam oto va dudng ngam bp hanh dat nong dupe bd tri tai cac nut co cudng do
giao thong cao tiep giap hoac co nhanh noi vdi tuyen chfnh dam bao phan chia luong oto
va dong ngudi di bo, loai bo dupe ach tac oto trudc den tin hieu va d muc do nhat dinh
lam trong sach moi trudng xung quanh. Tuy nhien can biet rang, xay dung tuyen oto
chfnh ngan va cac dudng giao thong luon dat nong thi khong phai luc nao cung hop ly
theo quan diem an toan moi trudng do thi vi didu do lam tfnh chat doc tuyen kem di.
Tiep do. su thay doi lien tiep doc len xudng tren nhung doan dudng vong chuyen doi
lam tang lupng khf thai tu dong ca oto va tao them tieng on giao thong. TCr do co the
thay rang tot hem het la xay dung cac tuyen ngam dai han va dat sau trung vdi cac doan
dudng noi va cach biet vdi dong giao thong cudng do cao.
Xay dung cac tuyen ngam nhu vay dac biet hieu qua tai nhung vung trung tam co mat
dp xdy dung cao, noi khong co cac phuong tien binh thudng bao ve tranh khf thai va
tieng on nhu cay xanh, rao ngan tieng on, cac ranh dao va cac khoi dap. De giam lupng
khf thai :fin giam do doc doc doan dudng vao cua dudng ngam tdi 30-35
%o.
Cac diem bd trf ben dP oto, cac gara, cac to hop ngam can dupe sap xep sao cho dam
bao sir thuan tien cua nhan dan theo quan diem dd tiep can phuong tien giao thong.
Trong khi do, cac CTGTN lai phai cach mot khoang nao do vdi cac cong trinh nha d sao
cho tieng on va chan dong khong truydn tdi cac toa nha. Trong mot sd trudng hop, cac
cdng trinh ngam can phai tach khoi cac toa nha noi lan can bang cac buc tudng bao ve
hoac cac hao chua day dung djch set, cac rao bao ve bang coc cu...
Ket ciu cua cac CTGTN ngoai do ben va on dinh lau dai, can phai bao dam cach am
va chong chan dong. Tieng on ldn trong cac cong trinh ngam xuat hien chu yeu do be
mat trong cua vo khu am kem. Vi vay can phai dung bien phap dac biet hoan thien mat
trong va tao dang kien true cach am (xem chuong XII - §37). Cac cong trinh phu sat
dudng ngam: cac buong thong gio, cac hd ga chuyen tiep, cac ga phu keo ha tau... cung
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can duoc bao ve each am. Cac bien phap bao ve cho phep loai tru hoac giam duoc tieng
on truydn len pho.
De tranh truydn chan dong khi xe co chuydn dong trong dudng nglm len cac ngoi
nha va cong trinh lan can, cac ket cau ngam can co kha nang triet chan dong cao. Dieu
nay co the’ dat duoc. Vf du: tang chieu day ket cau, do cung va trong luong cua chung se
lam giam manh tan so dao dong rieng cua ket cau.
Khi tao su thong gio nhan tao cho cac dudng ngam oto, cln phai co bien phap ngan ngira
khf thai tu oto ra cac vung lan can. De lam duoc didu do cln phai lam cac phin loc dac biet
de tai sinh khong khf. Vdi muc tieu bao toan cac nguon nuoc do thi khoi su nhidm ban, cln
phai so bo lam sach nguon nuoc thai tu cac cong trinh nglm khoi xang dlu, mo...
Cac CTGTN la mot bo phan quan trong cua mot to hop cong trinh xly dung, c ln phai
phu hop voi xu the' hien dai trong llnh vuc tong hoa khong gian kien true. Chung cln
duoc ke't ndi chat che vdi viec xay dirng va quy hoach dd thi, c ln duoc ke't hop nhuln
nhuydn vdi quang canh xung quanh, giam toi thieu sir kho cung canh quan dd thi, c ln co
q u in the khong gian dep bieu thi duoc sir don gian va ro rang cua hinh dang. Yeu cln
tinh nhuln nhuydn trudc tien ddi vdi phin san va mat dung cua dudng nglm giao thdng
co gidi, doi vdi ldi vao, ldi ra va cac gian phong ndi cua dudng h im bo hanh, cac doan
len xuong cua cac ben d6 oto, gara, nha thdng gid va kiot, nghla la doi vdi cac bo phan
cua cong trinh nglm true tiep lien he vdi kien true dd thi va la ddi tuong nhin thay. Nhu
vay, khi thiet ke' cac CTGTN ngoai tfnh toan can nhlc ve kinh te va ky thuat, c ln phai
tfnh den yeu clu thlm my va moi trudng sinh thai, hudng tdi viec bao toan va cai thien
moi trudng lan can cua do thi.
§2. XAY DUNG CONG TRINH GIAO THONG NGAM
() CAC
DO THI LIEN XO (CU)
VA Cl CAC NUOC KHAC
d Matxeova, Leningrat, Kiep va cac do thi ldn khac cua Lien Xo (cu) da va dang
xay dung rat nhieu cdng trinh nglm : d Jdng oto, dudng di bo, cac dudng h im cua mang
ky thuat, cac ben dd oto va gara, cac dudng nglm va ga tau dien ngam...
Xay dung giao thdng nglm trong cac dd thi d Lien Xo (cu) duoc biet den tir khi cd
chfnh quydn Xo Viet. Vao nam 1931 quyet dinh xay dung d Matxccrva dudng tau dien
nglm d lu tien gom 13 ga va nam 1935 da duoc dua vao khai thac. Nam 1982 trdn cac
tuyen dudng tau dien nglm dai 200km da co 115 ga.
Vao cuoi nhung nam 50 da phe duyet va quyet dinh xay dung cac tuyen dudng nglm
cho oto va ngudi di bo tai nhung quang trudng va cac nut giao thong cd cudng do di lai
cao trong dd thi Matxeova. Dudng nglm oto dlu tien da duoc x ly dung d Matxccrva tai
dai lo Kutudd'p, nhung dudng him di bo d lu tien duoc xay dung tai dai lo Cac Mac. Vao
nam 1961 d Matxeova da khai thac 7 tuyen giao thong co gidi nglm va khoang 20 tuyen
nglm danh cho bo hanh. Ngay nay, trong do thi hien cd 17 tuyen oto nglm vdi tong
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chieu dai hem 7 km cho 2, 4 va 6 lan xe chuyen dong vdi chieu dai 200-500m va tren
250 tuyen di bo vdi khau do 3 -12m va dai den 150-200m.
Viec xay dung dudng ngam oto 8 lan dai 1km theo tuyen dudng vong dudi nnanh
dudng sat Mitkob dang duoc hoan thien. Vira qua, dudng ngam bo hanh 2 tang dau tien
trong do thi tai vi tri cat qua dai lo Novicop vdi dudng vong Xadop da duoc dua vao khai
thac. Dudng ngam chinh dudi dudng vong Xadop dai hon 100m, rong 7,5m va 2 dudng
ham song song dudi dai lo Novicop dai 42m tao nen he thdng dudng bo rat thuan tien,
ket noi tat ca cac do thi lan can vao mot nut (xem hinh 1.4). Tuyen di be nam d tang tren
cua dudng ngam, con phia dudi duoc bd trf nhieu mang ky thuat cong trinh.
A-A
Hinh 1.4. So do dudng ngam bd hanh o giao diem cua dai Id Ndvokirop voi ducmg vong Sadop
Nhung nam gan day d Matxcova da xay dung hang loat ben d6 oto va gara ngam.
Gara ldn nhat la gara 7 tang chira 2500 oto tai dai lo Hoa Binh, gara 3 tang tai pho
Nhegdanop nam dudi toa thi chfnh 6 tang, tren pho M iclukho -Malka, tai nut Khamutop
dudi toa nha C3B, dudi tO hop khach san"Kosmos", "Xalut", "Irmaildp", gara nua ngam
nirc noi tu dong tren pho Kiep. Trong do thi Matxcova co tren 30 nghin km mang ludi
ky thuat ngam.
Nhidu khoi luong xay dung ngam duoc thuc hien d vimg phfa Bac Trertano, d day
17% khoi luong nha duoc bd trf ngam. Trong cac phong ngam co tat ca cac thiet bi ky
thuat, cac gara cho 3500 oto, cac didm dich vu cong cong.
Tuyen ngam chfnh la tuyen ngam khai thac giao thong dai gan 1km cho 3 dong
chiydn dong, tir do theo cac tuyen ngam phu co the tdi cac cum nha d, gara va trung tam
thujng mai. Dieu do cho phep giai phong gan 20 hecta dat va sir dung chung dd tao cac
boi hoa, cong vien va xay dung cac san the thao.
Duai dai lo Kalenhin ngudi ta xay dung 4 dudng ngim bo hanh dudi cac ngoi nha cao
ting. Dudng ngim van tai hang hoa dai 800m de’ phuc vu cac phong kho ngim cua trung
tam thuong mai. Cac cdng trinh ngim khac nhau dugc xay dung dudi to hgp khach san
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Izmailop, dudi cac toa nha lang Olimpic...
Trong tong mat bing phat trien do thi, so dd “To chuc va su dung khong gian ngim
cua Matxcova” da dugc hoan thien, no xac dinh khdi lugng xay dung ngim rat ldn trong
tuong lai. Thu tu va cdng suat cac cum ngim , gidi han phan vung theo mat bing va mat
dung, hieu q u i kinh te xay dung cac cong trinh giao thdng n g im cac loai va cac cong
trinh ngim da dugc neu ro.
Mang ludi tau dien ngim d Matxcova cung dugc tiep tuc phat trien trong tuong lai. Trong
nhung nam cua ke hoach 5 nam lin thu 11 da co ke hoach dua vao hoat dong gin 30km
dudng mdi vdi 17 ga. Cac dudng ngim oto va bo hanh de phan nhanh chuyen dong d cac do
sau khac nhau se dugc tiep tuc xay dung. Cac dudng ngim giao thong dugc len ke hoach
xay dung tai cac quang trudng Boxtanhia, Ximangolen, Lermantop, Zubop, Tagan,
Preobrazen, nha ga Riz, doc pho Begop theo dudng vong B... Cac dudng ngam van tai hang
hoa den quang trudng Komxamon, Davucop va Izmailop dang dugc du kien xay dung.
Trong tuong lai da cd ke hoach xay dung cac dudng ngim chfnh va lien ket cac vung ngoai
vi vdi trung tam dd thj. Trong do kha nang xay dimg tuyen oto ngim “Bic Nam” va “Ddng
Tay” de ket ndi tuyen dudng sit hudng Kiep vdi Gocop. Pavelex vdi Xverlop cung dugc
xem xet. Tuyen dudng ngim dai tiep can vdi dudng vong Xadop cd the dugc xay dung bing
cach ket hgp dudng ngim hien cd vdi viec xay dung mdi.
Cac dudng ngam di bo ldn se dugc xay dung dudi quang trudng Lenin canh nha ga
Pavelex, tai cac quang trudng Tagan, Komxamon va Kalantrep... trong khoang 1981 den
1990 d Matxcova du kien xay dung tong cong 150 dudng ngam di bo, mot sd dudng ngim
se dugc trang bi cac hanh lang di dong. Rat nhieu ben dd ngim va cac gara ngim dudi cac
toa nha thi chfnh, cac quang trudng ldn, trong cac khu dan cu da dugc du kien xay dung. Vf
du: cac gara ngim dudi nha trung tam thuong mai quoc te va tai cac quang trudng Xverlop,
Xmolen dang dugc du kien xay dung. Tai Iaxenhep se dugc xay dung cac gara cho 400-500
oto co 1 va 2 ting ngim. Da cd thiet ke dinh hinh cho cac gara ngim chua 25, 50, 70 va 100
oto, ke ca gara 10-15 ting tu dong va co gidi iiira ngim, nua ndi.
Giai doan phat trien tiep theo cua chuong trinh sir dung va chiem llnh khong gian
ngam Matxcova la lien ket tung cong trinh ngim rieng biet bing cach tao nen nhung to
hgp da nang lien he vdi nhau bing he thdng tuyen giao thdng ngim . Trong thanh phin
cac to hgp ngim se bao gom cac tuyen giao thong co gidi va bo hanh, cac ben d6 dtd va
gara, cac ga tau dien ngim , cung nhu cac cum thiet bi cong trinh, c ic co sd thuong mai,
cic rap chieu bong... Viec su dung to hgp khong gian ngim da dugc quy hoach tai cac
quang trudng Kalkhoz, Tagan, Kurxc, tai dai lo Novokirop, pho Dmitrops, tai cac vung
mdi cua Matxcova (Tropareko, Vrekhovo, Borixovo...) to hgp n g im 3 tin g da dugc thiet
ke tai quang trudng Kalkhoz (hinh 1.5).
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Hinh 1.5. M at cat (a), vd mat bdng (b) cua to hop ngam nhieu tang
tai quang trucmg Kalkhoz Matxeova (do dn).
1. via he di ddng; 2. tien sanh cua ga tau dien ngSm; 3. dudng n g lm bd hanh;
4. gara 4 tang ngam; 5. cac diem thuang mai; 6. dudng ngSm giao thdng c o gidi;
7. san chieu sang hd; 8. dudng h^m - cau thang may; 9. ga tau dien n glm ;
10. gara 1 nhanh n gfai; 11. bach hoa; 12. gian trung bay.
T in g ngam dau tien la khu danh cho ngudi di bo co dien tfch 13400 m 2 gom co cac
cua hang bach hoa, caphe, kiot... Tren cac ting thu 2 va 3 duoc bo trf cac ben dd cho
360 den 544 oto. Se co mot dudng nglm giao thong co gidi duoc x ly dung tiep can vdi
to hop de xe ra vao theo hudng dudng vong Xadop. Dudng van dong hudng tim cua oto
thuc hien tren mat dat. Trong tang dudi cua to hop bd trf ga tau dien nglm . Dudi quang
trudng Xemenop du kien bd trf cac phong thuang mai, ben dd oto, khu di bo de’ ket ndi
vdi cac diem dd cua phuong tien giao thong cdng cong, ga tau dien nglm . Dudi khu virc
ga Belarux du kien xay dung td hop nglm , trong dd cd 2 ga tau dien nglm , cac tin g di
bo, cac ben dd oto, 2 dudng nglm giao thdng co gidi, cac phong cua nha ga... Tren dai
Id Ndvdkirop du kien xay dung to hop nglm gom 5 ben dd oto nglm cho 4500-5000 xe,
cac tuyen nglm danh cho giao thdng co gidi va ngudi di bo. Mot to hop nglm ldn duoc
du kien xay dung tai giao 10 cua dai lo Hoa Binh vdi pho Vien han lam Korolex. 6 day
DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NO!
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se xay dung ben oto ngam nhieu chO, tuyen ngim giao thong co gidi va he thdng tuyen
bo hanh de lien ket cac nut chuyen doi cua ga tau dien n g im va dudng sit.
Mang ludi cong trinh ngim d Leningrat se duoc m d rong. Ngay nay do dai cua cac
tuyen tau dien ngam Leningrat khoang 75km gom 43 ga. Den nam 1990 mang ludi
tuyen tau dien ngam phat trien tdi 130 km. Trong do thi duoc xay dung 5 dudng ngim
giao thong co gidi va tren 30 tuyen di bo ngam. G in day da hoan thanh viec xay dung
dudng ngam giao thong dau tien nim dudi muc nude tijf cac don nguyen duoc ha chim
dai g in 1km de ket noi Leningrat vdi dao Kanonhep.
Trong tuong lai viec m d rong xay dung ngim dang duoc du kien. “So do tong the’ to
chuc quy hoach va sir dung khong gian n g im ” dang duoc soan thao. Viec dua vao khai
thac chung se cho phep giai phong tdi 4.000 hecta dat. Trong dd thi chia ra 5 vung vdi
muc do su dung khdng gian n gim khac nhau. Cac dudng giao th o rg co gidi ngim doc
tuyen dudng cao tdc cung nhu cac dudng ngim ket hop vdi cac tuyen pho chmh dang
duoc du kien xay dung. Trong do, tuyen giao thong n g im tai doc bd phai gin ciu
Bolsekhchim, tai quang trudng Chien T hing, tai diem giao nhau cua dai lo M atxcova \di
pho Kraxnoputinop, cung nhu 2 dudng ngim dudi song Nheva va cac nhanh cua no dang
duoc len ke hoach x ly dung. Hai tuyen ngam dudi nude vdi 6 lan xe dang dir kien xay
dung d vi trf giao nhau cua dap vdi cac tuyen dudng thuy tai vinh Phin theo ke hoach
bao ve Leningrat chong nude tran. Ho so thiet ke xay dung dudng cao tdc xuyen tam vdi
50 doan ngim , trong do mot sd doan co chieu dai rat ldn dang duoc khoi thao.
He thdng cac dudng ngim bo hanh, cac ben oto va gara ngim , cac to hop nhidu ting
ngim cung dang duoc du kien xay dung. Mot trong nhung to hop ngim bao gom cac ga
tau dien ngim , dudng him bo hanh, cac cdng trinh nua n g im va noi cdng dung khac
nhau dang duoc tao ra tai giao tuyen giua dai lo Nhepski, pho Xadop va pho Brot. Dudi
quang trudng Muzextva tuyen giao thong n gim va he thdng tuyen ngim bo hanh ke ca
gara ngim 650 xe dang duoc du kien xay dung. Cac to hop ngim nhieu tin g duoc quy
hoach xay dung tai vung san Goxchim va tai quang trudng Vaxtanhia.
Hang loat cong trinh ngim da duoc x ly dung d Kiep. Tu nam 1961 da dua vao khai
thac mang ludi dudng tau dien n gim dai 34km vdi 25 ga. Vira qua, lin d iu tien d Lien
Xo (cu) dudng tau dien cao tdc dai 9,25km vdi 12 ga va 5 nhanh giao thong duoc xay
dung. Hon 40 dudng ngim di bo da duoc xay dung d Kiep. Dudng ngim di bo ldn nhat
tren pho Kresachic co hanh lang ra den cac diem d6 cua cac phuong tien giao thong
cong cong va ket noi vdi ga tau dien ngim . Trong dudng n g im bd trf 4 quan ca phe, cac
diem kinh doanh, bach hoa (hinh 1.6).
Da co thiet ke dudng ngim giao thong co gidi tai quang trudng Lvop, tai giao diem
cua pho Kraxnokazax vdi dudng sit. Cac dudng ngim bo hanh mdi dang duoc xay dung.
Dudng ngim bo hanh dai 400m, rong 12m vdi cac via he di dong de noi dudng ngim
hien co dudi quang trudng mang ten Doan thanh nien cong san Lenin vdi c iu treo bo
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