Heart Failure
Trương Thanh Hương, PhD.
Hanoi Medical University
Definition
•
Heart failure is a condition in which the cardiac
output is insufficient in meeting the needs of
oxygen of the body in any situation.
•
Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome that
can result from any structural or functional
cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the
ventricle to fill with or eject blood.
•
The term "heart failure" is more accurate than
"congestive heart failure" because fluid
accumulation may not occur in all patients.
Heart failure
classification
• The side of the heart involved: left-sided heart
failure, right-sided heart failure.
• Progress of heart failure: acute heart failure,
chronic heart failure.
• The change in the cardiac output: low-output
heart failure, high-output heart failure.
• Systolic heart failure and diastolic heart failure
Causes
Left-sided heart failure
• Hypertension
• Valvular heart diseases: aortic valve stenosis, aortic
regurgitation (pured or combined), mitral regurgitation
• Myocardial injury: MI, rheumatic myocarditis, intoxication,
bacterial contamination, myocardial diseasesthmias
• Congenital heareases: coarctation of the aorta, patent ductus
arteriosus
• Arrhythmias
• Be noticed of mitral stenosis
causes
Right-sided heart failure
• Left-sided heart failure
• Pulmoray diseases, deformity of thorax-spine
• Cardiovascular causes:
– Mitral stenosis is a common cause
– Tricupid and aortic valvular diseases
– Congenital heart diseases (Pulmonary valve stenosis,
tetralogy of Fallot): congenital heart diseases with
reversed shunt, ruptured sinus of valsalva into right heart
chambers, left atrial myoxoma...
• Be noticed of pericardial effusions and compressive
syndromes
causes
Two-sided heart failure
• Left-sided heart failure often leads to two-sided
heart failure in the longer term.
• Dilated cardiomyopathy, carditis caused by
rheumatic fever, myocarditis
• Two-sided heart failure with high cardiac output:
severve anaemia, hyperthyroidism, vitamin B1
deficiency, arteriovenous fistula...
Left-sided heart failure
symptoms
Clinical symptoms
Presenting symptoms
• Dyspnea on exertion -> dyspnea at rest, orthopnea,
cardiac asthma or acute pulmonary edema
• Dry/loose cough or coughing up blood, cough
nocturnally/on exertion
Left-sided heart failure
symptoms
Signs
• Left-laterally displaced apex, tachypnea, a gallop rhythm.
• A faint apical systolic murmur indicates secondary mitral
regurgitation (due to the dilatation of the left ventricle).
• Signs of left-sided heart failure causes.
• Wet rales heard initially in the bottom of the lung bases.
Cardiac asthma: wheezing, snoring. Pulmonary edema: rales
extend from the base upward.
• Decreased systolic blood pressure, normal diastolic blood
pressure leading to decreased hypertension difference.
Left-sided heart failure
symptoms
NONCLINICAL SYSTOMS
• Chest X-ray: cardiomegaly, bulging and prolonged left heart border
caused by dialated left ventricle. Bilateral increased lung markings
especially in the centre, Kerley B lines caused by edema in the
interstitial of lung lymphatic system, shaped like bats wings in the
centre when pulmonary edema presents.
• ECG: left heart axis, left atrial hypertrophy, left ventricular
hypertrophy.
• Echocardiagraphy: dialated left atrium and ventricle, decreased
contraction of heart walls, decreased left ventricular systolic funtion,
finding out causes of left-sided heart failure.
• Haemodynamic study: decreased cardiac index (normal value 23.5l/min/m2), increased left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure,
grading the severity of mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation...
right-sided heart failure
symptoms
Clinical symptoms
Presenting symptoms
– Dyspnea: increasing dyspnea without paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea as left-sided heart failure.
– Pain in the right upper quadrant caused by
painful hepatomegaly.
Signs
– Hepatomegaly with "accordion effect".
– Jugular venous distension, positive hepatojugular
reflex
right-sided heart
failure symptoms
• Signs
– Increased peripheral and central venous pressure.
– A blue coloration of the skin and mucous membranes:
Peripheral blood stagnant -> increased deoxyhemoglobin ->
light blue of the skin and mucous membranes -> cyanosis
– The excess fluid accumulation in the lower limbs -> in the
whole body.
– Oliguria, dark urine (200-300ml/day)
– Hartzer sign: dilated displaced right ventricular apex.
– Tachypnea, a right-sided gallop rhythm.
– A faint systolic murmur heard low on the lower left sternal
border indicates tricuspid regurgitation. It becomes louder
during inspiration (Rivero Carvanlho's sign).
– Normal systolic blood pressure, increased diastolic blood
pressure.
right-sided heart
failure symptoms
NONCLINICAL SYMSTOMS
• Chest X-ray: bulging right heart border, upward heart
apex caused by dilated right ventricle. Distended
pulmonary vascular bed, lung markings caused by
blood stagnant. Enlarged right ventricle causes
narrow light gap behind the sternum.
• ECG: right heart axis, right atrial hypertrophy, right
ventricular hypertrophy.
• Echocardiography: enlarged right ventricle, signs of
pulmonary arterial hypertension.
• Haemodynamic study: increased right ventricular
end-diastolic pressure (>12mmHg), pulmonary
arterial hypertension.
Biventricular heart failure
• Constant dyspnea, the excess fluid accumulation
in the whole body.
• Jugular venous distension.
• Increased venous pressure.
• Hepatomegaly.
• Pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, ascites.
• Decreased systolic blood pressure, increased
diastolic blood pressure.
• Chest X-ray: cardiomegaly.
• ECG: biventricular hypertrophy.
X-Ray Image
Left-sided heart failure
Right-sided heart failure
Electrocardiography
LEFT-SIDED HEART
FAILURE
ECG:
Left heart axis, left atrial
hypertrophy, left ventricular
hypertrophy
RIGHT-SIDED
HEART FAILURE
ECG:
Right heart axis, right atrial
hypertrophy, right ventricular
hypertrophy
Echocardiography
LEFT-SIDED HEART FAILURE
RIGHT-SIDED HEART FAILURE
Heart failure classification
The ACC/AHA staging system
A
NYHA classification for heart failure
Patients
arecao
atST
high
risk
for có
heart
Có
Nguy cơ
song
không
bệnh
tim
thực but
tổn hoặc
có biểu hiện
suy
failure
havekhông
no structural
heart
tim
disease or symptoms of heart failure
Patients have structural heart disease
B
Có bệnh tim thực tổn nhưng không có biểu
but have
hiện
suy timno symptoms of heart
I
failure
C
D
Patients
havetổnstructural
heart
Bệnh
tim thực
đã hoặc đang
có disease
biểu
hiện
timsymptoms of heart failure
and suy
have
Patients
have
refractory
heart
failure
Suy
tim trơ,
đòi hỏi
phải các biện
pháp
điều
trị
đặc biệt specialized interventions
requiring
Patientshave
haveno
nolimitation
limitationofof
Patients
physicalactivity
activity
physical
Patients have slight limitation of physical
Patients have slight limitation of
activity
physical activity
marked
limitation
III Patients
Có triệuhave
chứng
khi gắng
sức nhẹ of
physical activity
II
IV
Patients have symptoms even at rest
and
are unable
to carry
any
Có triệu
chứng ngay
cả lúcon
nghỉ
physical activity without discomfort
TREATMENT
Schematic therapy of progressive
chronic heart failure
The role of drugs in the treatment
of heart failure
• Reduce Mortality:
– ACE inhibitors or ARBs
– Beta blockers
– Spironolactone; Eplerenone
• Improve symptoms:
– Diuretics
– Digoxin (low dose)
– Nitrates
• May be harmful: use cautiously after due
consideration:
–
–
–
–
Inotropes and inotropic dilators
Antiarrhythmics, expect Beta blockers and amiodarone
Calcium channel blockers
Digoxin (high dose)
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