Tài liệu Yếu tố dân gian và yếu tố bác học trong kịch bản chèo

MUC LUC Trang PHAN MO DAU 5 Chucmg I Yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hgc trong qua trinh hinh t h a n h va phat trien cua kich ban Cheo 15 I. Kich ban Cheo thuo so khai va su xuat hien yeu to' dan gian. 15 II. Su xuat hien yeu to' bac hpc 21 III. Su xuat hien cac tac gia doc lap trong viec sang tac kich ban Cheo va xu huong "bac hpc hoa". 23 IV. Yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo nhung nam gan day. 29 Chuomg I I Su ket hop giua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo 34 I. Su ket hgp yeu to' dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc trong to chixc ket cau kich ban Cheo. 35 II. Su ket hgp yeu to' dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc trong xay dung nhan vat 40 III. Su ket hgp hai yeu to' trong van hpc Cheo 54 IV. Su mau thuan trong moi quan he giua yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo Chuomg III Van de ket hgp yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc 71 Trang trong kich ban Cheo mod 76 I. Sir ket hgp ye'u to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo eai luong 78 II. S u ket hgp yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hgc trong kich ban Cheo tu 1950 den nay. 86 III. S u hue thiet phai ket hgp yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo 112 IV. Kich ban Cheo hien dai - Kich ban Cheo chuyen nghiep mang phong each dan gian 127 Ket l u a n 132 Tai lieu t h a m k h a o 137 QUY U O C TRINH BAY 1. Ve y nghia cdc ky hieu : NXB. N h a x u a t ban H. H a Npi 2. Chu thick : D a n h dau (-) 3. Cdc tdi lieu tham tham khdo, khdo vai so thu so tdi lieu vd so trang trick dan duijc ghi trong phdn tic tic 1 den 108. Khi trick ddn trong dau [ J. Vi du [101: tr.70] tdi lieu duoc gki PHAN MO DAU ,^ . « 1. Ly do chon de tai Nghe t h u a t Cheo da tung trai qua nhung chang duong dai cua qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien, tung dat tod nhung dinh cao nghe thuat vod nhung tac pham tieu bieu, trong do c6 nhung trich doan ngoi len nhu nhung vien ngpc quy : Thi Mdu len chiia^ Van gia dai, Tudn ty - Ddo Hue, Xd truang Siiy - Me Dop^ va nhixng manh He Cheo doc dao. Trong qua trinh van dung hinh thuc san khau Cheo vao de tai hien dai, mang npi dung mod, nhung nguoi lam Cheo da dat dugc nhung thanh t u u dang ke ve mat npi dung phan anh va t u tuong tac pham, gop phan vao viec phuc vu cong cuoc each mang giai phong dan toe va xay dung xa hoi mod. Nhung ve mat hpc thuat, nhung nguoi lam Cheo da phai vua lam vua tim toi nghien cuu va thuc nghiem da khong t r a n h khoi nhung sai lam mang tinh tat yeu. Ngay nay, trong co che thi truang xoa bo bao cap, san khau Cheo chuyen nghiep va ke ca Cheo trong phong trao san k h a u khong chuyen cua quan chung ciing deu gap kho khan Ian ve nguon von dau t u cho xay dung va dien va su chuyen bien cua thi hieu khan gia. Da tung co nhieu nguoi cho rang nghe t h u a t Cheo khong con thich hgp vod nguoi xem hom nay, chi nen xep vao bao tang. Cac doan Cheo chuyen nghiep mat dan khan gia, dan tod trinh trang khung hoang va c6 khi be tac ve phuong huong. De giai quyet nhung be tac cua Cheo truoc tinh hinh kho khan, nhieu nguoi da di tim each khac phuc, thao go 6 co che quan ly khoan san pham trong viec dan dung va mod va khi di bieu dien doanh thu. Co nguoi tiep tue di theo khuynh huong "eai tien", "each tan" Cheo bang nhung thu phap nghe thuat cua kich noi, eai luong va kich h a t phuong Tay. Co nguoi lai yeu cau nha nuac bao cap hoan toan cho cac doan Cheo. Ba each lam tren deu khong phat trien dugc Cheo, chi dam chan tai cho hoae lam m a t di n h u n g dae trung CO ban cua nghe thuat Cheo. Cach giai quyet dung dan nhat la tu thuc tien cua san khau Cheo phai di sau nghien cuu khoa hpc co ban ve Cheo de tu do n i t ra dugc nhung van de ly luan de roi lai t u ly luan van dung vao boat dpng thuc tien. Muon tim dugc huong di dung dan cho Cheo hien dai, dieu quan trpng truoc het la phai hieu dugc mot each thau dao nhung ddc trung co ban trong ngon ngu nghe thuat cua Cheo, nam vung phuong phdp sang tac truyen tkong vd viec su dung cdc thu phdp nghe thuat trong phuong phdp sang tac do n h u the nao. Hieu biet co ban va sau sac ve Cheo truyen thong la mot yeu cau tat yeu doi vod nguoi thua ke di san san khau cua cha ong, va doi vod ca nhung nguoi thuong thuc. Thuc tien cua dod song san khau hom nay cang thiic day yeu cau do, doi hoi n h u n g nguoi lam Cheo cang phai quan tarn. De tiep noi vao qua trinh nhan thuc ve Cheo va gop phan giai quyet nhung be tac ve phuong huong nghe t h u a t trong qua trinh sang tao vo dien mod o cac Doan Cheo, chung toi chpn de tai Yeu to ddn gian kich ban vd yeu to bdc hpc^ trong Cheo. Van de ket hgp yeu to dan gian va bac hpc trong cac tac pham cac loai hinh von nam trong ban chat cua van hpc nghe thuat, le ra khong can phai ban tod. nhung thuc tien san khau Cheo vod nhung kho khan liing tung, va sai lac da khien cho van de tror nen buc xuc, cap nhat can phai di sau tim hieu de khang dinh lai ve ly luan va gop phan xac dii;ih huong di cho Cheo hien dai. Mong sao de tai nay vua dugc dong gop vao viec tim hieu nhung van de co ban cua san khau Cheo, vua c6 y nghia thuc tien gop dugc phan nao vao cong cuoc chan hung nen san khau dan toe. Do Cling la muc dich khoa hpc ma luan an nay huong toi. 2. Lich s u van de. • De tai Yeu to ddn gian vd yeu to bdc hgc trong kich ban Cheo la mot van de quan trpng trong to chixc ket cau cua kich ban Cheo ma cac nha nghien cuu truoc day chua co dip di sau vao tim hieu. Tuy vay, mot so' cong t n n h nghien cuu buoc dau ve Cheo cua cac nha nghien cuu Cheo: Tran Bang, Ha Van Cau, Hoang Kieu, Tran Viet Ngu, Nguyen Thi Nhung, Nguyen Tat Thang, Tran Tri Trie... va mot so' bai viet cua cac nha viet kich Long Chuong, Tran Huyen Tran da dat nhung nen mong dau tien cho cong tac nghien cuu ly luan ve Cheo, gpd ma ra nhieu van de co ban cua Cheo. Trong cac cong trinh nghien cuu ve Cheo da cong bo', tuy chua c6 cong trinh nao de cap tod su ket hgp giua yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc trong ket cau cua kich ban Cheo, nhung hau het cac cong trinh di truoc da it nhieu noi toi tinh chat dan gian va tinh chat bac hpc trong van chuong Cheo, trong nghe t h u a t bieu dien cua Cheo va coi tinh chat dan gian, tinh chat bac hpc nhu la thupc tinh pham chat cua san khau Cheo. Trong Qua trinh vd phat trien cua nghe thuat Cheo hinh thanh Pho giao su Ha Van Cau cho rang "nghe thuat Cheo la mot hinh thuc nghe thuat dan gian do nong dan sang tao ra de tu thuc hien minh trong xa hoi va tra lai phuc vu cho giai cap minh. Trong napt chung muc n h a t dinh, giai cap phong kien vod tu tuong phat giao ciing da dat tay vao Cheo va su dung Cheo nhu mot cong eu tinh than cua giai cap do" [11: tr.21] Ngoai y nghia chinh cua no, doan van tren ciing da gian tiep noi den su hien dien cua tinh chat dan gian do nguoi nong dan dem vao Cheo va chung muc nhat dinh co tinh chat bac hpc do tang lop nho si phong kien dem vao Cheo. Trong Lich khau su san Viet Nam Nha nghien cuu Cheo Tran Viet Ngu da trich dan y kien cua Giao su Tran Bang khi noi chuyen ve Cheo n h u sau : "Cheo la mot hinh thuc nghe thuat tong hgp, bat nguon t u kho tang van nghe dan gian phong phii va r a t co xua cua dat nuoc, lay dan ca dan vu lam nen tang, the hien su hgp tac ly thu giua hai luong van hpc co dien va dan gian" [80: tr.355]. Tuy mod chi de cap tod "su hgp tac" giira "hai luong van hpc co dien va dan gian" (nghia la tren hinh dien van hpc), nhung giao su Tran Bang ciing da cho rang do la mot "su hgp tac ly thii" ! Den Cheo - Mot hien tuong sdn khau ddn toe [5], giao su Tran Bang lai viet : "Cheo ra dod sau, bang each tiep thu phuong phap nghe t h u a t cua Tuong, phong theo cau true eiia Tuong, lay kho tang van nghe dan gian cua luu vuc song Hong lam chat lieu, lam xuong thit ma tao thanh". [5: tr.25]. Nhu vay, duong nhien trong Cheo da c6 su ket hgp giixa yeu to' bac hpc (the hien bang phuong phap nghe thuat cua Tuong, mot hinh thuc san khau co dien) va yeu to dan gian (the hien bang su tiep thu kho tang van nghe dan gian lam chat lieu, lam xuong thit). Giao su Tran Bang ciing khang dinh quy luat tat yeu cua Cheo la phai tu dan gian len chuyen nghiep (mang tinh bac hoc). "O Cheo, nghe thuat dan gian da phat trien, tra thanh nghe t h u a t san khau a binh dien dan toe, co chuan muc vung vang ve phuong phap nghe thuat, ve cac khau ky t h u a t hat, miia, va nghe t h u a t bieu diln. Va chinh nhung nghe si chuyen nghiep co ban lanh cua nghe thuat san khau nay da truyen lai cho chiing ta nhung di san quy bau, do la nghe thuat Cheo cua ngay hom nay". [5: tr.45]. Hai nha nghien cuu Cheo Tran Viet Ngu va Hoang Kieu cho rang "Dae tinh irng dien nay sinh trong hoan canh ma nhixng nguoi sang tao ra Cheo eon chua lam chu cuoc dod, bieu 16 su khong thong nhat ve each dat van de giua kich ban (co su thong qua sua ehiia ciia phong kien) vod nghe nhan (va nguod xem)" [80: tr.365] va "Su quan he giua tinh tich dien va tinh ung dien trong nghe t h u a t Cheo (co), do tir nguyen nhan mau thuan giua nguoi viet kich ban (nho si) va nguod dien (nong dan lao dpng) lam noi len mot nguyen tac khong the bo qua, la su ket hgp giua eai hi va eai hai trong Cheo (ed)" [80: tr.364]. O day, hai tac gia da de cap den moi quan he giua tinh ung dien cua mieng tro ngoai tich vod tinh on dinh cua than tro do "bac tho" da viet va neu ra su mau t h u a n gdira hai tinh chat ay, dong thod cho rang su ket hgp giiia eai bi va eai hai o trong Cheo la he qua tat yeu cua mau t h u a n giua tinh tich dien va tinh ung dien (theo each noi ciia hai nha nghien cuu Cheo Tran Viet Ngu - Hoang Kieu). Nhixng n h a n dinh tren da god cho ta nghi den su bat cap o mot mat nao do trong moi quan he giua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo. Trong mot bai tong ket Hoi thao ve Cheo, giao su Dinh Quang cho E rang: "Ve mau sac dan gian ^ Cheo hom nay da boat dpng theo phuong thuc chuyen nghiep bac hoc, nhung van dam mau sac dan gian. Do do ma chat dan gian ciia Cheo van la net chu dao, la ban chat" [90: t r . l 0 8 ] T r a n Due Tri cung cho rang: "Cheo ra doi khi ma nen van hpc nghe thuat dan gian cua dong bang Bac bp Viet Nam da dugc phat trien manh me, toan dien. No dan dan hoan thien trong qua trinh ra doi cua nen van hpc viet bang chu Nom va sau do tra t h a n h mot loai hinh san khau tong hop co kha nang dong hoa nhuan nhuyen hai dong van hpc nghe thuat dan gian va bac hpc trong do yeu to' dan gian lam chinh the tao t h a n h dae dinh dan gian cho Cheo" [104: tr.24]. De khang dinh ban chat van hpc ciia kich h a t truyen thong, Pho giao su Tat Thang da dan Tao Mat lam vi du tieu bieu cho tinh bac hpc va xu the bac hpc hoa trong sang tac kich ban Cheo: "Tinh chat Ipc, tinh hinh tugng va dae biet la tinh tham thiiy (y tai ngon ngoai) cung vod sir hom hinh den sac sao va mot eai hon, eai than, eai ky dieu cua tarn hon nghe si pha vao nghe thuat ngon tu ay da lam nen gia tri van hpc va ban sac trpn ciing khong Ian cua ngon ngu Tao Mat". [94: tr.70] Tong hgp t u nhixng y kien rai rac va so bp ve yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc trong Cheo^ ta van c6 the di den mot nhan thuc rang cac nha nghien cuu Cheo da gpd mo ra mot van de kha co ban va ly thii cua san khau Cheo. Do la trong Cheo co su ket hgp giua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc va six ket hgp nay co khi hai hoa "ly thii" (nhu y kien cua giao su Tran Bang), lai co khi "mau thuan", "khong tho'ng nhat" (nhu nhan dinh ciia hai nha nghien ciiu Cheo Tran Viet Ngu - Hoang Kieu). Tren ca so ciia lich su van de nhu vay, luan an nay se di sau nghien cuu ve six hinh thanh cua yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo tim hieu su ket hgp ciia hai yeu to' ay a ca hai chieu thuan va nghich de di tod chung minh luan diem cho rang trong Cheo moi, muon duoc dae trung co ban cua Cheo truyen thong thi nhat thiet giit phai CO su ket hop hai hoa giua yeu to dan gian vd yeu to bdc hoc. 3. Phuong phap nghien ciru Doi vod van hpc dan gian, tu truoc tod nay da co nhieu phuong phap nghien cuu dugc van dung. Moi phuong phap deu co nhixng uu diem va ban che nhat dinh truoc moi de tai eu the, doi vod cac loai hinh khac nhau trong van hpc dan gian, va a cac nuoc, cac vung mien khac nhau trong mot nuoc. Vod de tai Yeu to ddn vd yeu to bdc hoc trong kich ban gian Cheo, nghien cuu sinh nhan thay khong the ap dung hoan toan mot phuong phap san co nao, cang khong the chi ap dung mot phuong phap duy nhat, nhu da thay trong cac cong trinh nghien cuu van hpc dan gian, bod vi : kich ban Cheo tuy nam trong the loai van hpc kich co yeu to' dan gian, nhung khong thuan tiiy la van hpc dan gian. Them nua, kich ban van hpc tuy la mot tac pham van hpc o mot the loai dae biet nhung no luon luon dupe gan chat vod nghe thuat bieu dien va phai the hien minh qua nghe thuat bieu di§n. Rieng kich hat, kich ban van hpc ngoai nghe thuat bieu dien, con phai dugc "the hien minh" qua nhixng Ian dieu hat va nhung khuon miia nua. Do dae diem ciia doi tugng nghien cuu (kich ban Cheo) ma phuong phap nghien cuu phai dugc xac dinh cho thich hpp, dam bao tinh khoa hpc, giiip cho nguod nghien ciiu nhan thuc diing dugc doi tugng, tiep can dupe •\ 10 chan ly khach quan. Tren co so ciia nhan thuc luan bien chung Mac-xit, nghien cuu sinh xac dinh phuong phap luan khi nghien cuu de tai ciia luan an nay la : Nghien bien chiingy lich ciiu de tdi mot each su, cu the. Nhu vay, phai nghien cixu cac kich ban Cheo trong qua trinh van dpng va phat trien ciia san khau Cheo, dat cac tac pham vao dung thai diem ra dod va ton tai ciia chiingj xem xet tung kich ban va he thong kich ban de riit ra nhixng n h a n dinh chung nhat. Day chinh la van dung phuong phdp lich su, coi do la phuong phap chii yeu va ket hgp vod mot so phuong phap khac. Nghien cuu van de yeu to dan gian vd yeu to bdc hoc trong kich ban Cheo tue la nghien cuu hai yeu to tham gia cau tkdnk kick ban Cheo, .tue la nghien cuu hai yeu to trong to chiic ket cau vat chat cuo kien tuong sdn khau Cheo, vd nhu vay, duong nkien dat de tdi nghien cuu vao trong pham phai tru hinh tkuc (ciia su vat, hien tugng, theo quan diem triet hpc bien chung Mac-xit). Tuy vay, khi nghien cuu yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong hinh thuc kich ban Cheo, khong tach rod khoi npi dung phan anh ciia san khau Cheo, khong tach rod nghe thuat bieu dien, mot dae thii ciia van hpc kich. 4. Gidi han pham vi de tai va khai niem thuat ngir a) De tai Yeu to ddn gian vd yeu to bdc hgc trong kich ban Cheo CO the dugc nghien cuu a cac giac dp khac nhau, cap dp khac nhau, pham vi khac nhau. Trong luan an nay, nghien cuu sinh chi xin h a n che de tai trong pham vi nhu sau : - Chi nghien cuu yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc va su ket 11 hgp cua hai yeu to nay trong kich ban Cheo, khong mo rpng ra pham vi san khau Cheo, mot loai hinh nghe thuat tong hgp ma ngoai van hpc, con co cac ngon ngix nghe thuat thanh phan khac nhu am nhae, my thuat, miia, va nhat la nghe thuat bieu dien. - Chi nghien cuu su hinh thanh yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac hoc trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien ciia kich ban Cheo, chung minh tinh tat yeu phai co su ket hgp giua hai yeu to' nay trong kich ban Cheo mod. Nghia la chi nghien cuu hai yeu to nay trong viec tham gia cau thanh kick ban (the hien a ca ba khau ciia mot kich ban la ket cau, nhan vat, lod doi thoai). Luan an khong de cap tod each thuc tao ra hai yeu to nay cho kich ban Cheo, cung khong di vao ban chat ciia tung yeu to ma trong do npi dung ciia yeu to' nay da ham chua mot phan nao tinh chat ciia yeu to' kia. b; Ddn gian va bdc hgc la hai danh tu da tham gia cau t h a n h nhung t h u a t ngu khoa hpc nhu van hoa ddn gian, gian, tinh hgc.v.v.... chat ddn gian, van hgc bdc hgc, van hgc tinh chat ddn bdc ma moi thuat ngu lai dupe mang nhung npi dung khai niem khac nhau do each hieu, each noi khac nhau ciia cac nha khoa hpc, cac truang phai nghien cuu ly luan trong van hpc nghe t h u a t . Trong luan an nay, danh tu ddn gian va danh t u bdc hgc ghep vod danh tu yeu to de tao thanh hai thuat ngu yeu to gian va yeu to bdc hgc dupe ddn vod npi dung khai niem xin dugc hieu nhu sau : - Tu dien Tieng Viet do Hoang Phe ehii bien, NXB Khoa hpc xa hoi xuat ban nam 1988 da dinh nghia 'Yeu to'' la bp phan tham gia cau thanh mot su vat, hien tugng". O day, bp phan tham gia 1& cau thanh kich ban Cheo la nhung six kien, tinh tiet, tinh each nhan vat, lod van doi thoai. Yeu to ddn gian gom nhixng six kien, tinh tiet, mau sac tinh each lod do'i thoai, ca tu dugc nhan thuc, danh gia, chpn lixa theo t u duy dan gian chat phae hon nhien va luon CO xu huong huyen thoai hoa, dong thod dugc trinh bay theo phong each dan gian binh di trong sang hon nhien va c6 xu huong ky hoa (la hoa). Con yeu to bdc hgc gom nhung six kien, tinh tiet, mau sac tinh each, lod do'i thoai, ca tix dugc nhan thuc, danh gia, chpn lua theo t u duy bac hpc tong hgp khai quat t u kien thiic sach vo va trai nghiem cuoc song, dong thai dugc trinh bay theo phong each bac hgc ham siic, co dpng, mang tinh triet luan va y nghia giao huan. Vod gdod h a n npi dung khai niem tren day, khi noi c6 su xuat hien yeu to bdc hgc trong kich ban Cheo nghia la c6 six xuat hien mot bp phan tham gia cau thanh kich ban Cheo bao gom cac su kien, tinh tiet, mau sac tinh each, lod van dugc nhan thuc, danh gia,chpn lua theo tu duy bac hpc, dong thod dugc trinh bay theo each bac hpc ; Khi noi c6 six ket hgp giixa yeu to dan gian va yeu to^ bac hpc nghia la co six ket hpp cua mot bp phan six kien, tinh tie't, mau sac tinh each, lod van dugc nhan thuc, danh gia, chpn lua theo t u duy dan gian, trinh bay theo phong each dan gian voi mot bp ph'an six kien, tinh tiet, mau sac tinh each, lod van dugc nhan thuc, danh gia chpn lua theo tu duy bac hoc, trinh bay theo phong each bac hpc. Xin dugc luu y rang, trong luan an nay, nghien cuu sinh khong dong nhat p h u o n g thuc s a n g tac dan gian vod yeu to ddn gian, khong dong nhat phuong thuc sang tac ca the t h a n h v a n con gpi la p h u o n g t h u c bac h g c vod yeu 13 to bdc hgc. Phuong thuc sang tac dan gian chi la dieu kien nay sinh va phat trien yeu to dan gian, va phuong thuc sang tac ca the thanh van chi la dieu IF kien nay sinh va gia tang yeu to bac hoc trong kich ban Cheo ma thoi. Voi quan niem tren, c6 the co mot kich ban Cheo la tac pham van hpc kich thanh van ciia mot tac gia huu danh nao do ma khong CO yeu to dan gian, tham chi khong co ca yeu to' bac hpc, va chae chan no khong the dugc gpi la mot kich ban Cheo thuc thu. 5. Bo' cue cua iuan an - Phan mo dau : Noi ve muc dich, y nghia, ly do chpn de tai, lich su van de, phuong phap nghien cuu gioi han de tai va khai niem thuat ngix, trinh bay bo cue luan an. - Chuong I : Trinh bay qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien ciia yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien ciia kich ban Cheo. - Chuong II : Trinh bay six ket hpp ciia yeu to' dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo tu khau to chixc ket cau qua khau xay dung tinh each nhan vat den khau lod ca, lod thoai. Thong qua nghien cuu ve su ket hgp ay ma khang dinh ve tarn quan trpng ciia no trong kich ban Cheo, - Chuong III : Khao sat ve six ket hgp cua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo Mod de chung minh rang trong kich ban Cheo hien dai, nhat thiet phai co six ket hpp cua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc, va nhu vay mod dam bao giu dugc nhung dae trung ngon ngu nghe t h u a t mang phong each Cheo truyen tho'ng. - P h a n ket luan : Khai quat toan bp tinh than luan an. 14 Chuong I YEU TO DAN GIAN VA YEU TO BAG HOC TRONG QUA TRINH HINH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN CUA KjCH BAN CHEO I. KjCH BAN CHEO THUO SO KHAI VA SLT XUAT HIEN YEU TO DAN GIAN Trong Qua trinh cheo hinh thdnh vd phat trien cua nghe thuat [11], pho giao su Ha Van Cau da bang cu vao nhieu tu lieu t h u tich CO de chung minh "Cheo la mot hinh thuc nghe t h u a t dan gian do nong dan sang tao ra de tu thuc hien minh va tra lai phuc vu cho giai cap minh" [11: tr.21] "Cheo hinh t h a n h tren co so tro nhai va miia h a t dan gian. Do la dae trung rat ca ban cua Cheo va dong thai dae trung do r a t Viet Nam". [11: tr.21] Co the phai dpi den thod Tran, vod six du nhap ciia tap kich doi Nguyen vao nuoc ta qua nguoi tu binh - thay tuong Ly Nguyen Cat, Cheo mod that su co nhung vo dien hoan chinh. Nhung ciing r a t CO the "ngay t u buoi dau, nghe thuat Cheo da mau chong mang tinh t u SIX ke chuyen tren co so tro jihai". [11: tr.21] Do chinh la nhixng tich Cheo tu thuo so khai. Vay t u tro nhai va miia hat dan gian Cheo da dugc hinh t h a n h n h u the nao ? Cung gan gui voi gia thuyet ciia pho giao su Ha Van Cau nha nghien cuu Cheo, Vu Khac Khoan trong cuon 'Tim hieu sdn khau Cheo*' [46] cung cho rang "Cheo la ket qua ciia su phat trien lien tue ciia nen ca vu thuan tiiy dan toe tu hinh thuc mot nghi le co SO vuan tod mot hinh thuc san k h a u biet lap va dich thuc". [46: tr.65] phan tich ky cang hinh thuc Cheo dua link 15 trong nghi le an tang nguod mat theo phong tue co xua, nha nghien cuu Cheo Vu Khac Khoan da chi ro su xuat hien phan "bpi" (phan tich truyen dan gian them vao) trong Cheo dua tinh. Do la six manh nha ciia mot hinh thuc san khau, cung la buoc phoi thai chuyen tiep t u dien xuong dan gian sang san khau dan gian, giong n h u t u nghi le te t h a n rugu nho sang san khau co dai Hy Lap. Vod t h a n h t u u nghien cuu ciia hai tac gia tren, di sau nghien cuu qua trinh t u tro nhai va miia hat dan gian san khau Cheo dugc hinh t h a n h qua nghi thuc cheo dua linh, cho thay six xuat hien nhan vat "tong thuong" (mot nguod h a n h le) tach ra khoi dan ba trao (nhung nguoi cheo thuyen bat nha) de doc bach, ciing n h u SIX xuat hien nhan vat dau tien tach ra khoi dan dong ca trong nghi le te t h a n rugu nho Dionysos. Cheo dua linh t u mot to khiic cac bai van ca da bat dau mang tinh ke chuyen. Do nhu cau keo dai phan dien xuong trong nghi le tang ma de thay cho ken tho va tieng khoc thau canh ciia tang quyen, n h u n g nguod dien xuong cheo dua linh da tang them phan bpi toi muc phai hinh t h a n h mot cau chuyen ke tach r a khoi to khiic van ca dua linh. Co le liic dau cau chuyen ke nay chi dugc nhan vat tong thuong thuc hien bang doc thoai, sau do chinh nhan vat tong thuong nay da tie'p thu loi dien tro nhai trong dan gian de vua ke chuyen vua bieu dien minh hoa. Sau do, tien len mot buoc cao hon la them n h u n g nhan vat khac xuat hien va tich dien gian don nhat da dugc hinh t h a n h . N h u n g tich dien chae chan da dugc nhung nguod den chia buon ciing tang quyen huong ung, va ho da tro t h a n h n h u n g k h a n gia nhiet tinh cd vu cho phan bpi nay phat trien m a n h hon. 16 Nguod xem keo den cang dong theo da phat trien ciia cac tich dien ngoai nghi le. Six dong diic cua cong dong a nha chu tang cang tang them danh gia hoac niem an lii cho tang quyen. Vi vay cac chii tang cang khuyen khich cac phuong cheo dua linh gia tang cac tich dien ngoai phan nghi le. Den mot liic nao do, cac phuong ganh chuyen dien xuong cheo dua linh ay dugc gpi la phuong cheo bgu Trong phan "bpi", de trinh dien cac tich chuyen dii la con don gian, cac phuong cheo bpi da phai van dung cac dieu dan ca de be i a n n a n d i e u cho phu hop voi tinh huong va tarn trang n h a n vat n h u each noi ngay nay, bod vi a day khong the diing lai cac dieu van ca trong Cheo dua linh dugc nua. Miia ciing khong the chi diing nhixng dpng tac minh hoa cheo thuyen bat nha ma phai bd sung them nhung dpng tac minh hoa nhung h a n h vi sinh hoat va dpng tac lao dpng gian don cua nguoi trong chuyen ke. The la miia dan gian n h u xudn phd, miia bongv.v... da dugc tiep thu va eai bien cho phu hgp vod cac cix chi, hanh vi ciia cac vai dien trong tich tro. Khi nhieu tich tro da dugc trinh dien doc lap tach khoi nghi thuc cheo dua linh, thi phan "bpi" da tu nghe t h u a t dien xuong dan gian t r a t h a n h mot hinh thuc san k h a u va doi hoi can ban doi voi no la phai trinh dien (bat chuac) dugc hanh dong ciia nguoi trong chuyen. Nguod dien tro khong the dung lai o muc su dung nhiirng dpng tac dua day phu hoa cho lod hat van ca ciia cheo dua linh ma n h a t thiet phai dien ta (bat chuoc) n h u n g cu chi, h a n h vi cua cac nhan vat, nghia la phai trinh bay tich chuyen bang nghe t h u a t bieu dien san khau. The la mot mat cac nghe nhan cheo bpi bat 17 J chuoc cac nguyen mau a ngoai dod, mot mat khac tiep thu ngay n h u n g t h a n h qua ciia tro nhai dan gian ca ve khuon mau va kinh nghiem. Co the noi : Phan "bpi" ciia cheo dua linh chinh la nod gap go ket hgp dau tien giixa nghe thuat bieu dien kieu tro va miia hdt ddn gian nhai dugc be Ian nan dieu de tro t h a n h mot hinh t h u c kich h a t tach khoi nghi le tang ma, bieu dien doc lap trong cac dip hoi he, trong cac le khanh ha, trong cac cuoc khao vpng, hay trong cac cuoc sinh hoat van hoa a lang que. Tren day la dai luge qua trinh hinh thanh san khau Cheo a thuo so khai. S u hinh t h a n h cac tich dien cung dong thoi keo theo six hinh t h a n h kich ban trong eai thuo ban dau. Ciing vod tich dien, kich b a n da dugc hinh thanh mot each tu phat, bod vi nguod nghe si dan gian xua chua he co khai niem kich ban. Do nhu cau ke chuyen bang nghe thuat bieu dien, nguod nghe si dan gian da phai tao d u n g mot cot truyen vod mot s6^ nhan vat ma nguod xua quen gpi la vai dien, vai tro, cung vod nhung lod do'i dap, lod hat cua cac vai ay, trong qua trinh dien bien ciia cau chuyen. Mot khi cac phuong Cheo bpi da gia tang phan bpi t h a n h cac tich dien, da tiep thu nghe thuat bieu dien t u tro nhai thi r a t co the n h u n g nghe si dan gian chuyen lam tro nhai ciing da t a p hgp n h a u lai t h a n h phuong ganh de phoi hgp ciing "nhai" lai n h u n g six tich CO nhieu vai dien hon, va moi nghe si nhai mot vai chu khong phai v u a ke chuyen vua nhai nhieu vai nhu da tixng lam. Nghia la CO mot dong t h u hai t u tro nhai tiep thu miia h a t dan gian qua be Ian dieu de tro thanh mot hinh thuc san k h a u ma khong qua nghi le Cheo dua linh. 18 Trai qua six thang tram ciia hang nghin nam lich su, n h u n g tich dien t h u o so khai ciia Cheo khong con luu truyen lai. Rieng ban Cheo dua linh va ban Huyet ho co le vi gan lien vod nghi thuc t a n g 11 cho nen con truyen lai den ngay nay, mac dii da bi them that, sua doi nhieu khong con giu dugc nguyen dang cd xua. Cho dii thie'u t u lieu nhu vay, nhung can cu vao cac quy luat chung ciia cac qua trinh hinh thanh cac loai hinh van hpc nghe thuat, chiing ta van co the hinh dung va suy doan ve qua trinh sang tao ra n ^ e t h u a t Cheo ciia cac nghe nhan xua. Theo hai giao su Dinh Gia Khanh va Chu Xuan Dien thi "Viec sang tac mot vo Cheo thuong dugc tien h a n h n h u sau : Dua vao mot tich nao do (co tich, than thoai, truyen lich su, truyen nom), nguoi truang tro ban bac vod cac dien vien de sap xep lop lang cua va dien, dung len eai cot ciia va. Loi hat thuong la n h u n g bai ca dao dugc be theo cac Ian dieu Cheo. Loi h a t cua moi vai thuong la do dien vien thii vai do sang tac [44: tr.399] Trong viec sang tao ra ca mot tich dien thi kho khan dau tien, cung la kho khan nhat la viec tim ra, sang tao ra co't truyen. Mot khi cong chiing da co nhu cau doi hoi cac tich dien tach ra khoi nghi thuc tang le, bieu dien doc lap de gop vui trong n h u n g ngay hoi he thi duong nhien khong the dien tich Huyet ho, va cung khong the t h u a t lai nhixng cau chuyen ciia nguod that viec t h a t n h u tro nhai van lam, ma nhat thiet cac nghe si phai di tim cot truyen mod thich hgp voi nhu cau thuong thuc chung cho moi nguod va thich hgp vod viec bieu dien a nhieu noi. N h u ta da biet, truoc khi x u a t hien Huyet ho tro thi da co Huyet 19 ho phd. Chinh Huyet ho phd da gpi y va cung cap co't truyen cho cac nghe nhan chuyen t h a n h Huyet ho tro. Va tu tich dien nay, cac nghe si Cheo xua da tiep tue khai thac de tai mugn co't truyen t u cac tac pham van hpc dan gian nhu truyen co tich dan gian, truyen nom khuyet danh. Do la nguon de tai phong phii va h a u nhu khong bao gia voi can. Cac vo Cheo con luu truyen lai den hom nay h a u het deu dugc chuyen t h a n h va dien tu nhung truyen dan gian hoac truyen nom khuyet danh nhu cac va Luu Binh Kinh, Tu Thuc, Nhi Tricu v.v... Chi rieng va Kim Nham Phan Tran, Duong Le, Quan do Mai, Nii tii tdi, dm Thi Hodng la chua ai phat hien ra goe truyen nom hay truyen dan gian ciia no va nguod ta tam coi la mot va dugc sang tac hoan toan chi c6 a san khau Cheo. Nhu vay ro rang, dai bp phan cac va Cheo truyen thong la su sang tao cac m a n h tro dien de san khau hoa cac cau chuyen ke trong dan gian bang nghe thuat bieu dien ke thixa tro nhai va miia hat dan gian de tao nen mot hinh thuc san khau dan gian. Tu n h u n g dieu da trinh bay ve qua trinh hinh t h a n h ciia Idch ban Cheo trong qua trinh hinh t h a n h san k h a u Cheo, co the riit ra ke^t luan : Trong giai doan so khai ciia san k h a u Cheo noi chung va kich ban Cheo noi rieng, cac nghe si dan gian da sang tac theo phuong thuc dan gian tong hgp t u van hpc dan gian, nghe t h u a t dien xuong dan gian, tro nhai dan gian va miia h a t dan gian de tao nen mot hinh thuc san khau dan gian Viet Nam, do la Cheo. Trong eai thuo ban dau nay, san k h a u Cheo trong do c6 phan cot loi ciia no la kich ban da dugc cau t h a n h bod mot yeu to' dan gian va chi mot ma thoi ! Bod vi toan bp cac six kien, tinh tiet, nhan 20 vat, lod van trong kich ban deu dugc nhan thuc, danh gia, chpn lua theo t u duy dan gian ciia cac nghe nhan xua, va dugc trinh bay bang phong each dan gian tiep thu tu tro nhai, miia hat dan gian va van hoc dan gian. II. Sy* XUAT HIEN YEU TO BAC HOC Vod phuong thuc sang tac dan gian ngau hung, tap the va truyen mieng, viec sang tao dugc mot cot truyen, dat bay dugc mot so raanh tro la mot viec vo ciing kho khan doi hoi cong phu ciia cac nghe nhan gop lai qua sang Ipc tu nhieu dem dien, tham chi dugc sang Ipc qua nhieu the he nghe si. Vi vay tich dien khong chi luu truyen trong tri nho va qua truyen mieng cua cac ban nghe. Tich dien can phai dugc ghi lai du chi la phan cot loi de c6 the de dang tim hoi khi can thiet, nhat la khi phai thay the nguod dong vai. Nhu cau van ban hoa kich ban Cheo da xuat hien doi hoi phai c6 nguod ghi che p. Mat khac, viec soan tich tro da tro thanh mot cong viec quan trpng CO n h u n g doi hoi sang tao nghe thuat khac vod nghe t h u a t bieu dien. Do la viec sang tac Idch ban van hpc cho va dien. Khong phai nghe si bieu dien nao cung co kha nang lam them va lam tot cong viec nay, cang khong the de dang ixng tac ngay mot tich dien dugc. Cong viec soan tich tro doi hoi mot lixc mod khac vod nang lixc lam tro nhai nang (bieu dien) von co ciia nguoi dien tro. Phai co nguoi dii kha nang dap u n g yeu cau mod, ganh vac cong viec soan tich tro cho cac phuong bgi. cheo T u hai yeu cau tren ciia six phat trien Cheo ma x u a t hien nguoi soan tro (cac phuong Cheo xua gpi la "bac tho"). "Bac tho" vua la 21