NHfJNG C H C VIET TAT
TRONG LUAN AN.
LBCH:
Ban chap hanh
2. DCS:
Dang cong san
3. NXB:
Nha xuat ban.
4. QTGS:
Quoc te cong san .
5. TG:
Tac gia
6. TG:
Tap ehi
MUG LUC
Tr
MODAU
CHl/ONG 1: hU6C K H 6 I DAU CUA QUAN HE C I C A CACH
MANG VIET NAM & LIEN X6.
1.1. Nhuiig anh huong d^u tien cua Cach mang thang JVlirai va
Nha nirac X6 viet doi vai each mang Viet Nam .
1.2. Lien X6 - Quoc te cong san voi cuoc dau iranh thanh lap
Dang cong san 6 Viet Nam.
CHUONG 2: QUAN HE GIITA CACH MANG VIET NAM VA LLEN
Xp TRONG NHUNG NAM VIET NAM DAU TRANH GIANH D O C
LAP(I930-I945).
2.1. Giai doan til thang 1 nam 1930 den thang 3 nam 1935.
2.2. Giai doan tii thang 3 nam 1935 den thang 9 nam 1945.
CHUONG 3: QUAN HE GI0A CACH MAN(i VIET NAM VA LIEN
X6 TRONG NHUNG NAM VIET NAM KHANG CHIEN CHONG
THUC DAN PHAP (19451954).
3.1. Giai doan tii thang 9 nam 1945 den thang 1 nam 1950.
3.2. Giai doan tu" thang 1 nam 1950 den thang 7 nam 1954.
KE1 LUAN.
TAI LIEU IHAM KHAO.
IMIAN I'HU LUC LUAN AN
MO DAU.
L Y nghla khoa hoc va thiic tien cua d^ tai.
Viet Nam - Lien Xo each xa nhau hang van dam, con duang di len (
nhan dan hai nuoc trong nhung thoi ky Ijch su liuo'e day khong giong nh
ngon ngu va nhieu liuydn thong van boa cung khac nhau. Thai can dai,
ben hclu nhu' khong c6 quan he gi v^ kinh te, chinh tii, van boa. Sau ihang
cua Cach mang thang Muoi, Lien X6 Iro thanh trung tam each mang the g
va la cho dua cua each mang Viel Nam. DCS Viet Nam, do di Iheo cow du'c
cua Cach mang thang Muoi, duy In quan he voi Lien X6, da lanh dao c;
mang Viet Nam lap nbidu ky tieh lich su to Ion, chAng nhu'ng gianh va
duge n6n doc lap ma con danh thang ca Phap va My, gop phdn thiic day e;
mang the giai, nang vj the cua Viet Nam tien tru'ong quoc te. Bai vay, v
xay dung tinh doan kel, ung ho va hgp tac vai Lien x6 Irong nhieu thap
tru'ac day da duge DCS Viet Nam coi la mot nhiem vu chien luge va la hon
tang trong chinh sach doi ngocii cua Dang, dtige Dang thuong xuyen vun d
gin gin. Thue ti6n lich su chung minh r^ng, mot trong nhiTmg nhan to ea b
ddng thai cung la mot bai hoe kinh nghiem Ion cua each mang Viel Nair
phai ket hgp sue manh dan toe vai sue manh thai dai, ket hgp each mang \
Nam vai each mang the giai, Iranh thu su' giiip da cua each mang Ihe g
tmac bet va hang dfiu la cua Lien X6.
Quan he each mang Viet Nam & Lien X6 Irai quainlii^u giai do
Trong do, giai doan 1930-1954 la giai doan eo y nghla nSn tang, dien ra tu
boi canh quoc te phirc tap tru'oc va sau Chien tranh the giai thii' 11, nhat \i
nam 1945-1954, nhfnig nam cang thAng nhat cua chien tranh lanh Dong - T
Trong boi canh do, quan he each mang Viel Nam & Lien X6 V(S ea bai
thuan Igi va lien tue, lu quan he each mang tai qium he giua hai nha nuae,
anh huang khong nho den tien Irinh lich-^is,nioi nude, dac biet la phia \
Nam. Lien X6 khong chi la cai noi, cho dua linh ibcin, d6ng minh chien luc
ma tu nam 1950 con la '' cua s6 nhin ra the giai va chau Au" cua Viet Naj
Nhung hieu biet cua chung ta ve quan he each mang Viet Nam vai Lien ^
giai doan nay da nhiSu song chua ddy du, va didu quan tigng la ehua eo cOi
trinh nao chuyen khao ve giai doan nay. Viec nghien cuu quan he giua ea
mang Viet Nam va Lien X6 trong giai doan nay chSng nhung lam sang to m
thai ky mang tinh chat ban \i cua moi quan he giiia hai Dang, hai ehinh pi
va nhan dan hai nuae Viet Nam, Lien X6; chAng nhung lam sang to the
duang loi doi ngoai ciia DCS Viet Nam trong nhung nam thang trude day r
con gdp phin cung c6 mdi quan he truyin thong giua Viet Nam vdi nude N
va cac nude khac trong Cong dong cac quoc gia doc lap (SNG). Ddng thai q
do ed the se rut ra duge nhung kinh nghiem bo leh trong viec xay dung
cung CO quan he vdi nhung nude ed ci^mg he thong chinh tri - xa hoi va he
tudng trong tinh hinh hien nay, gdp phdn thuc hien dudng loi doi ngoai d
mdi cua DCS Viet Nam.
Vdi y nghla khoa hoc va thuc tien nhu tren, chung toi ebon van -
"Quail he giu'a cdch mang Viet Nahi vd Lien Xo troug giai doan 1930-195lam 66 tai luan an.
2. Lich su nghien cuu van de,
Trong kliuon klid d6 tai, mac di^i chua ed cong trlnh chuyen luan soj
tren thuc te da ed rat nhidu cong tiinh duge cong bo ed lien quan. Cd the el
lam ba loai;
2.L Trude het la cac bai viet cua lanh tu Dang va Nha nuoc hai ben; c
suu tap van ban ndi ve su hgp tac giua hai Dang va hai Nha nude cung nhu c
cong trinh nghien cuu sUu tam cd tinh chat chinh dien mdi quan he hai Dar
hai Nha nude, nhu; "Ve Lenin vd Cdch uumg thdug Mudi" ( NXB Su that, i
Noi 1980) va " Ve tinh lulu ughi vJ dai Viet Xo" (NXB Su that. Ha Noi 198
cua H 6 Chi Minh-; " Chu ngliia Lenin vd cdch mang Viet Nam" (NXB
that.Ha Noi 1960), "Cdch mang thd/ig Mu'di vdi doc lap dan tpc vd Chii tig)
xdhpi aViet Nam (NXB Su that. Ha Noi 1978), cua Le Duan; "Dai dai n
an Cdc Mac vd di theo con di(dug Mdc da vach ra" (NXB Su that Ha ^
1968), cua Trudng Chinh; "Tinh liu'u ughi Viet Xo mdi mdi xanh tiiai dai c
ben vung" (NXB Su that Ha Noi 1983) cuaPham Van Dong; "Dodn ket i
Viet Nam Id menh leuh cua trdi tint vd tri tue" (NXB Su that Ha Noi 19^
cija L.I Bregianliep; "Si(c numh vd hieu li/c cua tudi lulu ughi Viet - Xi)" (N)
Su that Ha Noi 1986) cua M.X Gidebaehdp... va mot so suu tap, hoac c6
trinh nghien cuu " Viet Nam - Lien Xo 30 nam qiuui he" (NXB ngoai giao J
Noi va NXB ngoai giao Matxcava.1983); "SiC lu/p tdc qu(jc te giua Dang cp
san Viet Nam vd Dang cong san Lien Xo- lich si( vd hien taT'^HXB Su that ]
Noi va NXB Chinh trj Matxcava.1987).
•Ngoai ra, cung cin ki den mot so cong trinli tieu bieu cua cac nha
hoc Nga, nhu: "Sit trdi d(iy cua phoug trdo cdch mang (/Doug Duang vdo d
uhilng nam 30 cua theky XX' (Malxeava.1975- tieng Nga) va ^'cdch mang V
Nam nhung van dely
ludu vd thuc tien" (MatxcavaT986 - tieng Nga) c
X.A Mkhitarian; "Lich sU quan he Lien Xo- Viet Nam 19I7-1985"{
W
Quan he quoc te Matxcava.1986- tieng Nga) cua M.P.lxaep, A.X, Trecnus^
Dac biet la hai cong trinli gdn day: "Kremli vd Ho Chi Minh 1945 - 19b
(Ljch su can hien dai s6 3/1998- Tieng Nga) ciia l.V. Bukhapkin va "Ddo t
nhung nhd cdch mang Viet Nam trong cdc truang dai hpc cong sdn cua nu
Nga Xo viet vdo nlulng nam 20-30" (Viet Nam truy^n thong. Ky yen khoa h
tap 2 Matxeava.1986 - Tieng Nga) duge viet ra tren ea sd nguon tu lieu luu
Trung uang Nga va tu lieu luu tru Bg ngoai giao Nga.
7
Nhin chung, nhung cong trinh tren ed y nghla dac biet, vi nd cung c
cho chung toi nhung tu lieu gdc hoac cac quan diem tu hai phia khi nhin nh;
danh gia cac mat quan he.
2.2- Cac cong trinh nghien ciiu ve cac nhan vat, cac su kien, cac van
cd lien quan. Day la loai cong trinh dac biet phong phii va da dang. W6 c
nhan vat va su kien, tieu bieu cd cac cong trinh; "Chu tich Ho Chi Minh i
cong tdc ngoai giao" (NXB Su that Ha Noi 1990) ciia Vien quan he quoc
Bg ngoai giao; "Dd/ig chi Ho Chi Minh" 2 tap (NXB Tlianh nien Ha ^
1985) cua E.Cabelep; "Ho Chi Minh vdi Trung Quoc"{NXB Sao mdi Qua
dong Trung Quoc, 1990) cua Hoang Tranh; "Ho Chi Minh vdi ngpn cd a
lap dan tpc trong cuang llnh dau tien cua dang " (TG Lich su dang
33.5/1990) cua Le Mau Han; "Chu tich Ho Chi Minh trong thoi ky 1934-19
rpi sang them cho vdh de dan tpc hay quoc te" ( H 6 Chi Minh - anli hijng g
phdng dan toe, danh nhan van boa the gidi. Ha Noi 1990) cua D 6 Qua
Hung; "Muc tieu doc lap ddn tpc trong dud/ig loi dod/i ket quoc te cua Ho C
Minh" (TG klioa hoc Dai hoc Tong hgp Ha Noi, sd 3 +4/1992) cua Vu Duo
Ninh; "GuSng may Stalin - ngdy ihdng vd sU kien" (TG Khoa hoc Xa hoi
3,4,5/1989 - tieng Nga) cua E.Saxeneo ...V6 cac van de cd lien quan, trude 1
la nhung cong trinh chuyen khao v6 anh hudng ciia Cach mang thang Mudi
nen van boa Lien Xo d Viet Nam nhu: "Cdch mang Nga vd Viet Nam" (N]
Su that.Ha Ngil957) ciia Minh Tranh; '' Cdch mang thang Mudi vd sU tha
lap dang c(}ng san Dong Duong" (NXB Su that. Ha Noi 1957) cua Bui Co
Trung; " Td Cdch mang thang Mudi den Cdch mang thdug Tdm" (NXB V
boa. Ha Noi 1958) ciia Tran Van Giau; " Anh hudng cua Cdch mci/ig tho
Mudi doi vdi Viet Nam" (NXB Su that. Ha Noi 1962) cua Nguyen Kha
Toan; " Y hpc Lien Xd vdi y hpc vd ngdnJi y teViet
Nam" (Hoi Viet Xo h
nghi Ha Noi 1955) cua Nguy6n Xuan Nguyen; " Vd cung biet o'n Lien Xo
8
giiip Viet Nam ddo tao cdn bo khoa hpc ky tluuut" (Cach mang thang ML
nggn dude soi dudng ciia thai dai. NXB Thong tin ly luan Ha Noi 1987) i
Hoang Xuan Tuy ; "Anh hudng to Idn cua van hpc Xo viet c/ Viet Natn" <
Nguy6n Hai Ha, (Cach mang thang Mudi va tinh huu nghi Viet - Xo.Ha ]
1987) ... Ngoai ra eon cd mot's>6cong trinh khac dd'cap tdi Hoi nghj Gion*
1954 v5 Dong Duang: "Truug Quoc vd cuoc chien Iranh Dong Duang Ian
nhat ^ Gioneva 1954" (NXB Thong tin ly luan, Ha Noi 1981) ciia Phrang;
Gioay O; "Nam mitoi nam ngoai giao Viet Nam 1945 - 1955" lap 1(N
Cong an nhan dan. Ha Noi 1996) ciia Luu Van Lgi... Cac ky yeu v6 G;
mang thang Mudi va cac tong ket ciia cac Bg, cac nganh d Viet Nam^ "d
mang thdug Mudi vd cdch mang Viet Nam" (NXB Su that. Ha Noi 1967); '
yen Hoi thdo khoa hpc ky nieni 80 ndni Cdch mang thdug Mudi l^
(7/11/1917-7/11/1997/', Dai hgc quoc gia Ha Ngi, 1997; "Sdch Lien Xo a
ra tieng Viet 1945-1977" (Thu muc chuyen de, Ha Ngi 1977) cua Thu v
quoc gia .. Qua cac cong trinh nay ngudi doc ed the thay duge mot each k
quat cung nhu di vao tim hieu cac mat ciia van d6.
2.3. Cac hoi ky ciia nhan chung lich sU va mot sd cong trinli kh
"Nhil/ig mau chuyen ve doi hoal dong cua Ho Chu tich" (NXB Van boa.
Ngi 1956) ciia Tran Dan Tien; "Vda di dudng vUa ke chuyen" (NXB Su I
Ha Ngi 1976) ciia T.Lan; " Chie)i dciu trong vdug vdy" (NXB Quan doi nJ
dan Ha Ngi 1990) ciia V6 Nguyen Giap; " Cdch mang khdng chien vd
song van hpc" (Hoi Lie - ky niem - 3tap) CLia Hoi Nha van Viet Nam; ''i
dien Ho Chi Minli" (Ban dich cua phdng tu lieu Klioa sii', Dai hgc Tong 1
Ha Ngi 1971) CLia Xanhtany; "Ten sao Viet Nam?" (NXB Da Nang. 1995)
L.A. Patti; "Hdi ky DdGon" 3 tap (NXB Cuu Long.1973)... "Su that ve nk
Idn xudt qudn ciia Trung Quoc vd quan he Viet - Trung"
(NXB
Nang.1996); "Nude My vd Dong Du'oiig td Rudoven den Nichxan"
(N
Thdng tin ly luan Ha Ngi 1986) ciia Pita Apula ; "Lai phdn quyet ve V
Nam" (NXB Quan doi nhan dan Ha Ngi 1985) ciia Giodep A.Amta... dei
nhieu d6 cap tdi de tai nay.
Tai Mien Nam (trude 1975) va d Nga, d Trung Quoc nhiJng nam g
day cung cd mot sd cong trinh lien quan den d6 tai.
Ta't ca cac cong trinh tren, d nhung mii'c do khac nhau da giup chung
cd mot sd hieu biet chung va mot sd tu lieu cdn thiet di dinh hudng tiep c;
di sau nghien ciiu van di.
Tuy nhien, d mot sd c6ng trinh ciia tac gia nude ngoai do nhieu nguy
nhan da cd nhfing luan diem, nhan dinh chua sat vdi thuc ti6n quan he. Gha
han, khi danh gia thang lgi ciia Hiep dinh sa bp mong 6 thdug 3 nam 19^
Ixaep, Trecnusep, trong cudn Lich su quan he Lien Xo- Viet Nam 1917-19
da ket luan rang thang lgi dd la do Chinh phii Ho Ghi Minh " dua vao su ii
ho ciia nhan dan Li6n Xo va cac nude dan chii nhan dan" (tr 58). R6 rang d
la mot ket luan khong diing. Can nlid rSng, vao thai diem dd chu'a cd nhu
tiep xuc true tiep giiia dai dien Viet Nam Dan chii Cong boa vdi Lien Xo ea
phuang di6n hai Dang lan hai Nha nude.
Them vao dd, trong mot sd cong trinli khac,cac tac gia do tiep can ^
nhi6u nguon tu lieu khac nhau va khong hieu tinh chat, khuynh hudng vien
ciia Li6n Xo cho each mang Viet Nam nhung nam Viet Nam tien hanh klia
chien chdng thuc dan Phap nen da dua ra nhi6u sd lieu, ket luan khong du
vdi thuc t6, Vi nhu, trong cudn Trung Quae vd viec gidi quyet cuoc chi
tranh Dong Duang Idn thu nhat, Gianeva yPi'^jPbrangxoa Gioay O da da
han mot muc(8 trang) de trinh bay v6 viec vien trg quoc te cho Viet Na
trong dd tac gia da dong nhat vifn trg ciia Lien Xo vdi vien trg ciia Tru
Quoc. (J trang 85 tac gia viet " ngoai ra cung trong nam dd - tiic nam 19:
500 xe Vein tai duge giao cho Viet Minh, tang khoi lugng xe van tai cho V
10
Minh len khoang 1000 xe". Ky thLic, 500 xe van tai do kliong phai la e
Trung Quoc ma la cua Lien X6( cluing toi da cd dip duih chinh tai li6u n
qua vi6e cong bd tu lieu tu phia Viet Nam tren tap ehi Lich sU qudn su sd
thang 5, 6 nam 1997). Han nua, trong toan bg cuoc khang chien chdng Phi
Viet Nam chi nhan dugctii* ULtdc ngoai(chii yeu ciia Lien Xo) tat ca 745 xe v
tai, chu: khong phai 1000 xe nhu Phrangxoa Gioay O cong bd. Them vao dc
trang 88 tac gia cho biet '' cudi thang 2(nam 1954) Trung Quoc lai giiip
trang bi cho mot trung doan phao phdng khong 37 ly, mdi khau cd 20 ph
thii Trung Qude phue vu( sau nay duge thay the bang phao thii Viet Minh
Dieu ro rang la toan bg sd phao cao xa 37 ly dd la cua Lien Xo (tham kh
Chien ddu trong vdug vdy ciia V6 Nguyen Giap), va tren thuc te cd cd v
quan su Trung Qude sang Viet Nam,song khong phai la cir mdi khau 37 ly
20 phao thii Trung Qude! Tinh hinh tuang tu, trong tac ph^m Tai sao V
Nam? trang 437 va 438 - L.A.Patti cung khong phan biet duge dau la vien I
ciia Lien Xo, dau la vien trg ciia Trung Quoc cho Viet Nam. O mot khia ca
khac, tai Trung Qude gan day da xuat ban cong trinh cua Sa Luc, Man Li
Chin Idn xudt qudn Idn cua Trung Quae, cac tac gia phii dinh hoan toan vi
trg ciia Lien Xo cho each mang Viet Nam. Song day la cong trinh viet ra \
muc dich xuyen tac sir that, cac sd lieu duang nhien khong dung vdi thuc t6
.. Nhin chung, cd rat nhieu van d6 ma khi tiep can, nghien ciin chiing
khong the khong xem xet lai theo tinh than doi mdi vdi dinh hudng cu t
han, ddy dii ban, ht thong ban.
3. Cac nguon tai lieu va hudng sir dung.
Xua't phat tu each dat va'n di va tinh hinh tu lieu nhu tren chiing toi x
dinh phuang hudng sii* dung cac nguon tu lieu trong qua trinh nghien ciiu th
hien di tai nhu sau:
11
3.1. Cac tac pha'm kinh dien ciia Chu nghla Mac- Le Niii va Ho C
Minh, cac tac phlni ly luan ciia cac lanh tu dang va Nha nirdc Viet Nam '
Lien Xo la ea sd ly luan cho de tai.
3.2. Cac van kien dang va Chinh Phii, cac hiep dinh, bai phat bieu, th
dien ciia cac nguyen thii qude gia, cac bao cao, van ban tiep xuc...ciia cac ph
doan, ca quan hai nude, cac tong ket ciia cac Bg, cac nganh cua Hoi hiru ng
Viet X6...hien dang luu tru tai Trung tam Luu tru Quoc gia 1, phdng luu tru £
ngoai giao... la nhung tai lieu gdc ciia de tai.
3.3. Cac bao chi each mang Viet Nam thai ky 1930 -1954; cac cor
trinh, tai lieu cd lien quan do Vien Lich su dang , Vien su hgc, Vien Lich ^
quan su Viet Nam cong bd la nhung tai lieu quan trgng, tin cay.
3.4. Cac hdi ky each mang, cac ban tu thuat ciia nhan chung lich su (1
ca ngudi nude ngoai)la nguon tai lieu tham khao de bd xung hoac lam phor
phii, sang td them ngi dung ciia cac su kien.
3.5. Cac sach ve lich su Viet Nam, lich su quan he qude te, ljch 5
phong trao cong san va cong nhan qude te ...duge su dung d^ khai thae bcanh cua quan he.
3.6. Mot sd tai lieu va bao chi ciia chinh quyen thuge dia ciing duge ci
nhac nghien ciiu su dung phii hgp
Han che ciia chiing toi
la ehua duge tiep xiie nhieu vdi cac tai lieu i
»
phia Lien Xo, vdi cac cong trinh nghien ciiu lich sii* quan he quoc te ciia c<
tac gia nirdc ngoai. Ngay ca trong nude, do yeu cau bao mat, nhieu tu \k
cung khdng duge phep cong bd. Chinh nhung ban che nay da anh hudng
nhieu tdi nhung phat hien mdi ciia luan an.
4. Gidi han van de va phirong phap nghien cuu.
4.1 Gidi han va'n de:
12
De tai quan he each mang Viet Nam va Lien Xd tap trung nghien ci
quan he giua hai Dang - DCS Viet Nam va DCS (B) Lien Xd^cung nhu qu;
he giua hai Nha nude (sau 1945). Trong khudn kho de tai xac dinh, luan an (
cap de'ii cac quan he dd trong giai docin 1930-1954, giai doan Viet Nam d;
tranh gianh doc lap va khang chien chdng thuc dan Phap xani luge, trong k
Lien Xo xay dxxng Chii nghia xa hoi, tien hanh cuoc chien tranh ai qude vi d
danh bai phat xit Diic va quan phiet Nhat Ban, hd trg phong trao dau tranh gi
phdng dan tge^thiic day su ra ddi ciia phe Xa hdi chii nghla. Trong qua trii
dd, quan he each mang Viet Nam va Lien Xo da anh hudng gi den lich sii h
nude? Tra Idi cau hdi nay, phan ehinli ciia luan an de cap chu yeu tdi cac qui
he ve chinh trj^tu tudng va to chiic; ve ddi ngoai va ngoai giao; ve anh hLi'di
ciia "Con dudng Xo viet" va "Kinh nghiem Xo viet" a Viet Nam. Cac quan 1
ve kinh te, van boa, khoa hgc ky thuat sau khi cd quan he ngoai giao do lie
sii quy djnh chi chiem mot phan nhd trong luan an.
Thuc te quan he giiia each mang Viet Nam va Lien X6 giai doan nay
chi phdi bdi mot sd nude: Trung Qude, Phap, Anh, My va thong qua mot sd
chiic qude te nhu : Qude te cong san, Qic thong tin quoc te... Luan an khdi
di vao nghien ciiu cac quan he nav ma chi kliai thae nhiing tac dong nhieu m
ciia cac quan he nay tdi quan he giua each mang Viet Nam va Lien Xd. Troi
bdi canh each mang Viet Nam thuc hien chien luge each mang dan toe di
chii (1930-1954), luan an gianh mot muc do viia phai cho quan he Lien Xo v
chinh quy^n thuge dia va bii nhin d Viet Nam, coi dd nhu mot ddi chiing :
sanh de lam sang td van de nghien cuu.
4.2. Phuang phap nghien cuu:
Phuang phap duy vat bien chiing va duy vat ljch su, phuang phap logii
ljch su la nhung phuang phap chii yeu duge su dung trong qua trinh iighi(
ciiu van de. Mot sd phuang phap nghien CLIU chuyen nganh khac nhu mo t
13
lien he, so sanh ciing d\xgc sii dung trong cong tac xii ly tu lieu, dam bao
chinli xac, tinh khoa hgc ciia qua trinh phan tich va ly giai cac su kien troi
lich sir quan he hai ben. Ngoai ra, phuang phap he thong boa cung duge lu;
an sir dung de lam ro qua trinh phat trien ciia cac mat trong quan he.
5. Dong gop nidi ciia luan an.
5.1. Ke thu'a thaiili qua ciia nhung cong trinli cd trude va tren ea ;
nhung tu lieu tap hgp duge qua cai nhin ddi mdi, luan an se dung lai mot ca<
he thong va day dii ban bii'c tranh ljch sii va su hinh thanh phat trien ciia qu;
he giu'a each mang Viet Nam va Lien Xd giai doan 1930-1954.
5.2. Tii" dien bien ciia qua trinh ljch sii, luan an riit ra nhung nhan x
bude dau ve ca sd, dac diem ciia quan he each mang Viet Nam - Lien Xo
nhung kinh nghiem trong viec xay dung va phat trien quan he hai ben. Va d;
cung la ddng gdp quan trgng nhat ciia luan an.
5.3. Trong khuon klid de tai, luan an da tap hgp duge nhieu c6ng trii
cd lien quan, suu tam duge nhieu tai lieu, trong dd cd nhieu tai lieu lan d;
tien duge cong bd.
6. Ket cau ciia luan an.
Luan an gdm 206
trang, vdi phan Md dau, Ba chuang, Ket luan
Danh muc tai lieu tham khao. Ngoai ra cdn ed them phan Phu luc ciia luan ai
14
Chuoiig
BirOCKHOl DAU CUA QUAN HE
1.
GIITACACH
MANG VIET NAM VA
LIEN XO.
l.L Nhung anh hudng dau tien ciia Cach mang thang Mudi va Nh
nude Xo viet vdi each mang Viet Nam.
Viet Nam d xa nude Nga. Nhieu the ky trude Cach mang thang Mud
Viet Nam nam ngoai khu vuc cac lgi ich dia ehinh trj ciia Nga. Bdi vay, ma
du trong ljch su phat trien van boa van minh, giua hai dan toe da tung dien i
nhung cuoc tiep xiic tii rat sdm, song trude Cach mang thang Mudi, hai luid
Viet - Nga hau nhu khdng cd quan he gi ve kinh te, ehinh tri va van hda.
Vao giua the ky thii 19, nude Nga la mot de qude "nha tCi CLia cac da
toe" trong klii Viet Nam dang la ddi tugng xam Urge va no djeh ciia chii nghi
thuc dan Phap. Tieng siiiig xam Urge ciia thuc dan Phap dien ra giua liie che d
phong kieii Viet Nam dang khiing hoang tiim trgng. De bao ve quyen lgi ic
ky, giai cap phong kien Viet Nam dai dien la Trieu dinh Nha Nguyen da cho
con dudng dau hang de qude hon la di vdi nhan dan bao ve Td qude. Tu m(
qude gia doc lap, thong nliat va ed chii quyen, Viet Nam bien thanh thuge dj;
bj chia cat lam ba (Bac ky, Trung ky. Nam ky) va sat nhap vdi La*
Campuchia trong cai ggi la " Lien bang Ddng Duong".
Cudi the kyl9, sau khi ket UiLic can ban giai doan chinh phue va bir
djnli vu trang, thuc dan Phap bat tay vao kliai thae thuge dja Viet Nam.
Chinh sach thuge dja ciia Phap d Viet Nam la mot chinh sach hep hdi va b^
thii...Mot mat, mudn khai thae de bde lot lam giau va do dd da lam cho gi
cap cong nhan Viet Nam ra ddi va chii nghla tu ban Viet Nam xuat hie
Nhung mat khac lai sg giai cap cong nhan Viet Nam manh len va tu ban Vi
Nam canli tranh cho nen kini ham su phat trien ciia cong nghiep d Viet Na
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ndi rieng; lan at che do phong kieii cu ciia Viet nam, ddng thai duy tri ea s
ciia che do dd va lgi dmig mot sd hinh ihiic bde lot phong kien" [29,55] nliai
thu dirge nhieu lgi nhuan tdi da cho bgn tu ban ea map Phap.
Chinh sach cai trj phan dong cua thuc dan Phap da dem lai nhiing ha
qua nang ne, tao nen nhiing bieii ddi sau sac ve kinh te, xa hoi va giai cap
Viet Nam; lam cho nen kinh te Viet Nam phat tri^n que quat, mat doe lap v
phu thuge vao kinh te '' chinh qude" ; cac giai ca'p trong xa hoi bj phan ho
sau sac.
Giai cdp dia chit phong kie?i Viet Nam cau ket chat che vdi de qude, lar
tay sai cho chiing, ra sii'c bde lot ndng dan va kim ham luc lugng san xiu
trong nude. Tuy nliien, do chinh sach cai tri phan dong ciia Phap, mot sd di
chii da cd nhiing hanh dong phan irng, phan Idn la dja chii viia va nhd.
Giai cap tu sdn Viet Nam do bj Phap chen ep nen mai sau chien tran
the gidi thii iiha't (1914-1918) mdi thanh hinh vdi tu each la mot giai ca'p. Gii
ca'p nay bao gdm hai bg phan: Tu sdn mai bdn va Tu sdn ddn toe. Khac vdi t
san mai ban cd quyen lgi gdn lien vdi de qude, tu san dan toe Viet Nam do \
thuc dan Phap chen ep nen cd tinh than dan toe dan ehi!i, song khuynh hudn
cai luang la chinh, tren thuc te, tu san dan toe la mot liic lugng ciia cac
mang.
Giai cdp tieu tu sdn Viet Nam bao gdm nhieu tang lap khac nhau nhu
tieu thuang, tieu chii, thg thii cong, tri thiic, sinh vien...dja vi kinh te rat ba
benh lai bj de qude va phong kien khiiih re nen ed tinh than dan toe dan ehi
hang hai each mang. Mot bg phan ciia giai cap nay (tri thuc, sinh vien) cd 1
tudng doc lap dan toe, dan chii tu do, thiet tha mong mudn bao ve truye
thong van boa Viet Nam nen thudng la luc lugng cham ngdi cho cac phon
trao yeu nude.
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Giai (^dp ndng ddu Viet Nam chiein tren 90% dan sd, ho bj ba tdng Idp
bde Idt nang n^. Cbmh sach cai trj phan ddng ciia thuc dan Phap da d^y ngudi
ndng dan Viet Nam vho con dirdng b^n cung boa khdng Idi thoat, mdt sd ndng
dan phai bo lang que, hoac di Ihm phu trong cac thudc dia khac ciia Phap;
hoac vho cac h^m mo, ddn diln trd thhnh cdng nhan. Phdn Idn ndng dan Vi61
Nam phai b lai l^ng que keo dhi kie'p sdng tdi tam. Do dja vi kinh te', giai ca'^p
ndng dan Viet Nam Ih mdt luc lugng each mang hiing hau, I^l ngudi ddng
minh ciia giai cA'p cdng nhAn.
Giai cdp cdng nhdn Viet Nam ra ddi ciing vdi sU xAm nhap cua chu
nghTa fit ban Phap vao Viet Nam. Cho den cudi nhung nam 20, sd lugng cdng
nhan Viet Nam cd khoang 22 van ngudi, chiem tren 1% dan sd. Mac dii s6
lugng ft, trinh dd van boa ky thuat cdn han che, song do dia vi ljch sir, kinh te
quy dinh, giai ca'p cdng nhan Viet Nam khdng chi \h ngudi dai bi^u tmng
thanh nha^t cho cudc da\i tranh giai phdng dan toe v^ xa hdi d Viet Nam m^
cdn \h ngudi duy nha'^t cd kha nang tap hgp rdng rai cac luc lugng d Viet Nam
trong cuoc da\i tranh chdng de'qudc va phong kie'n.
Ngay tir khi mdi ra ddi, giai c^p cdng nhan Viet Nam da tham gia vao
phong trao yeu nude. Song trirdc Cach mang thang Mudi, phong tr^o cdng
nhan Viet Nam cdn ye\i dt. Ho chua h^ cd f thiic giai cS'p ro ret; chua h^ cd td
chiie rieng; chua trd tbhnb mdt luc lugng chfnh trj ddc lap; cdn bi xe le ra
trong phong trao dan tdc.
Tu' mdt xa hdi phong kien lau ddi, dudi ach cai tri ciia Phap, Viet Nam
trd thanh xa hdi thudc dja. Chinh sach cai tri phan ddng ciia thuc dan Phap da
lam cho nhung mau thuSn trong xa hdi dd nghy cang trdm trong, trong dd mAu
thuan giua dan tdc Viet Nam vdi thirc dan Phap xSm luge ng^ly c^ng md rdng
vh trd thanh mau thuan chi!i yeu ciia xa hdi Viet Nam thudc dja.
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Dudi ach cai tri t^n bao ciia thuc dan Phap, nhan dan Viet Nam da nhi^u
kin ndi day da'u tranh girinb ddc lap, song ta't cri cac cudc da'u tranh dd diu hi
dim trong mau. Cach mang Viet Nam diing trude ngo cut, chim trong dem tdi
nhu khdng cd dirdng ra.
Trong bdi canh tren, fhdng 6 nam 1911 Hd Chf Minh vdi ten ggi Ih
Nguyen Ta't Tlianh ra nude ngohi tim dudng ciiu nude. Hd Chf Minh da di
nhidu nai, d^ tam xem xet tinh hinh, nghien eiiu \f luan vh kinh nghiem cac
cudc each mang di^n hinh tren the' gidi nhu each mang tu san My (1776), each
mang tu san Phap (1789). Qua thuc tiln xa hdi My vh. xa hdi Phap sau ban
100 nam each mang thanh cdng, Hd Chf Minh ke't luan cdch mang Viet Nam
khdng the di theo con dudvg each mang tu sdn My vd each mang tu sdn Phap.
Vi ca hai cudc each mang dd d^u " \k each mang tu ban, each mang khdng
de'npc^i" [20,32].
Nhu vay tmdc khi Cach mang thang Mudi thanh cdng v^ anh hudng
quye't dinh de'n each mang Viet Nam, mac du da cd nhung nd luc Idn lao, song
chua mdt nhh yeu nude nho ciia Viet Nam nhin thS'y anh sang giai phdng dan
tdc khdi ach dd hd ciia Phap. Giira liic dd Cach mang thang Mudi Nga bung
nd. Gidng nhir mat trdi chdi Igi, Cach mang thang Mudi chie'u s^ng khap nam
chau, thiic tinh hang tram trieu qudn chiing bj dp biic bde Idt tren tohn the' gidi,
md ra con dirdng giai phdng dan tdc vh xa hdi cho ca loai ngudi.
Ngay sau khi Cach mang thang Mudi thanh cdng, xua^t phat ti^r ban cha't
ciia nha nude Xd vie't, Chfnh phu Nga da tuyen bd iing hdi v6 di^u kien phong
trho da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc, coi do la va'n d^ cd tinh nguyen tac dam bao
cho sir tdn tai cua che' do Xd viet.
Nghy 24 thang 11 nam 1918, trong bhi " Khdng duge quen phuang
Ddng" dang tren bao Sinh boat ddn tpc, Stalin vie't: " Nhiem vy cua chu nghTa
cdng san la lam thiic tinh gia'c ngii hamjia_^ cua cac dan tdc phuang Ddng bi
€>Ai H O : : QUOC •.;.!.-NA N 6 I " * ;
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ap biic; la da'y len tinh thdn each mang giai phdng de cam boa cdng nhan vr
ndng dan nhung nude dcr, phat ddng cudc dA'u tranh chdng chu nghTa de'quoc
va do dd, lam cho chii nghTa de qude the' gidi m^'t "h.^u phirong" mh xira na}
chiing van cho \h vung chac nbA't... Ne'u ta khdng thuc hien dugc nhiem vu nh}
thi khdng thd ed sir thang lgi cudi citing ciia chii nghTa xa hdi, khdng th^ ngh'
de'n su tohn thang ciia ta ddi vdi chii nghTa de qude" [71,50].
Vdi chfnh sach ddi ngoai tfch cue, Cach mang thang Mudi da nhanl
chdng tac ddng tdi ddi sd'ng chfnh trj toan edu. Do anh hudng cua Cach man^
thang Mudi, phong trao each mang the gidi phat trie'n manh me ban bao gic
bet.
Thang 3 nam 1919, theo sang kie'n ciia Lenin, Qud'c te' III - Qude t^
cdng san (QTGS) duge tbc^nh lap tai Matxeava. Di theo con dirdng cua Lenin
QTGS tuyen bd img hd vh giiip da phong trao da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc. Ti
thang 7 den thang 8 nam 1920, tcai dai hdi III, QTGS da thdng qua Sa thdo Idi
thi? nhdt nhil'ug ludu euang ve vein de ddn tpc vd tluwc dja cua Lenin. Luar
cirong gdm 1 I di^m quan trgng, trong dd va'n dd dan tdc va thudc dja da dugc
QTGS va Lenin nhin nhan "nhu la su md rdng ciia nguyen tac lien minh cong
ndng tren quy md toan the'gidi" [101,10].
Trong Luan cuang, Lenin dat va'n dd dan toe di ddi vdi va'n dd thudc dia
khang dinh quydn tu quye't ciia cac dan tdc thuge dja khdng phan biet mhu da
nhiem vy cua cac nha each mang d " chfnh qud'c" va thudc dia la phai doar
ke't vdi nhau trong cudc da'u tranh chdng chii nghTa de'qudc. Lenin nhtfn manl
rang vdi nhOng nude each mang thanh cdng nhu nude Nga, phai ddng vai trc
thanh tri each mang the' gidi; phai cd nhiem vu giup dd cac nude khac latr
each mang. Cach mang thudc dja khdng chi cd nhiem vu giai phdng nude
minh khdi ach dd hd cua nude ngoai mh can phai da'u tranh chdng lai bgr
phan ddng (rong nirdc vi chiing la ddng minh ciia chii nghTa d€ qud'c; phai chi
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