Tài liệu Quá trình giải quyết vấn đề ruộng đất ở thái nguyên từ sau cách mạng tháng tám năm 1945 đến hết cải cách ruộng đất

no GIAO DUC VA DM) I AO DAI HOC QIJOC (JIA HA NOI TRUONG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN goMoR NGUYEN DUY TIEN QUA TRINH GlAi QUYET VAN DE HUONG DAT or THAI NGUYEN TI^SAU CACH HUANG IHANG 8 NAIVI194S m DEN HET CAI CASH limm DAT . CUVYEN NGANH : IJCH SU VIET NAM MA SO : 50315 LUAN AN TIEN S! LICH SU' Ngiidi hitdng ddwkhoa hoc: PGS.TS NCniYLN VAN THlf OAl U'jC ':..y<-. TRUNGTAMT;;(i;i U-Uy lU HA NO! - 2()(M) •«n*V,Tim«.ii'g;'i.ii«-jfcnv pwt>' rsHTurrr BANG CAC CHC VIET TAT A.T.K : An loan khu BCH • Ban Chap hanh BCHTW Ban Cha'p hanh Trung irang BNCLSD TW Ban nghien cuii lich su' Dang Tmng uoiig B/q Bnih quan CCRD Cai each ruong dS't DCCHGA Dia ehii eirdng hao gian ae CTQG Chinh tri Quoc gia DCKC Dia chu khang ehien DCT Dia ehu thirang GT Giani to GT-CCRD Giam 16 va Cai eaeh ruong dat HN HaNoi KHXH Khoa hoe xa hoi 4 1 / " m , s, Ih ( NCLS " " \ ) Mfiu, sao, thuofe Nghien euu Lieh su Nxb Pll Nha xual ban S Dien Ifch ST Sir That Tr. Trang ITLTQG Trung lam Luu Iru' Quoe gia UBKCHC Uy ban khang chien hanh ehmh VSD Van - Sir -Dia Phii Thu luong MUC LUC Trang Ma dau 4 Chuang 1: TINH HINH R U O N G DAT 6 THAI NGUYl^N TRUOC CACH J4 MANC; THANG TAM NAM 1945 L I . Val net ve tinh Thai Nguyen 14 1.2. So' hull ruong dat of Thai Nguyen truoc each mang thang 23 Tarn nam 1945 Chuang 2: QUA TRINH THUC Hlfi;N CHINH SACH RUONG DAT CUA DANC; () THAI NGUYfi:N 01/9/1945 DfiN 7/1957) 44 2.1. NhiJng cai each tung phan va qua t n n h thuc hien 44 2.2. Nhung chuyen bien ve so huu ruong dat duoi tac dong ciia 57 nhiing cai each tung phan 2.3. Nhung chuyen bien ve giai cap 65 2.4.Thi diem triet dc giam to 6 Thai Nguyen 72 2.5. Thi diem va hoan thanh CCRD 90 Chuang 3: MOT SO VAN Df^ RUI RA QUA N(,HIEN CUU QUA TRINH (,lAl QUYET VAN D(5 RUONG DAT 0 THAI NCJUYftN {Til NAM 1945 Di^^N NAM 1957) 3.1. Nhung thanh qua va sai lam cua viec giai quyet van de ruong j|5 1 L5 d a t 6 T h a i Nguyen (tii n a m 1945 den n a m 1957) 3.2. Mot vai suy nghl tii viec nghien ciVu qua trinh giai quyet van 141 de ruong dat 6 Thai Nguyen (tii nam 1945 den nam 1957) KET LUAN L55 Chi'i Ihich 159 Cdc bien ciia Iiign an 160 Tdi lieu tham khdo 162 Miic liic phii liic 182 MO DAU I. liNIl CAP THIET CIIA DE T A I I AIAN AN Ruong dal - lu heu san xual quan trong, Ihu tai san quy gia cua cu dan nong nghicp. () eac niroc nong nghicp, trong moi ihoi ky lich sir kc lij' khi xuat hien giai cap va nha nu'Oc, eac giai cap va cac thanh phrin xa hoi xual plial tir nhCrng cjuyen lo'i khae nhau da eo nhu'ng each nhln eung nhu each giai quyel khae nhau doi vol van 61 ruong dal, song nhln chung, tat ca deu tim each dC nfun lay nguon tu heu san xuat va ihu" (ai san quy gia nay, v'l no quyet dinh su "ton vong" cua giai cap mlnh.Vicc so him doi v6i ruong dat cua lirng giai cap, tung thanh phan xa hoi khong chi c6 anh hircVng (rue dien den doi song kinh (c cua dat nu6c, eung nhu eua tiding luc luong xa hoi, ma eon tao ra nhung tirang quan ehinh tri- xa hoi chung. Nha nuoc a in6i thdi ky, xuat phat tii' quyen Igi cua giai cap cam quy^n dfiu eo nhung ehinh saeh, giai phap khae nhau doi van 66 ruong dat va nhirng ehmh sach, hien phap nay lai eo tac dong tro lai den ddi song kinh te - ehinh tri eua dat nuoc. O Viet Nam, tuyet dai da so cu dan la nong dan song chu yeu bang nghe trong lua nude, ruong dat cang tro' nen quan trong va quy gia. Xuyen suot qua trinh lich sir ti^r khi vuong tri6u Ly duae thanh lap (dau the XI) tro di, nha nuoc phong kien tu ehu luon quan tam den van 66 ruong dat. Cac vuong trieu coi day U\ mot van de eo Ifnh "quoc su", luon d^ ra cac ehinh sach nhfun nam duue ruong dat, mot mat vira dc c(5 diroc nguon thu ve thuc tir nguon tu lieu san xuSit nay, vua lam nguon bong loc, luong cho doi ngu quan lai, binh Ifnh; mat khae, giai quyet mot phan nhung doi hoi cua nong dan - lire luong san xuA't dong dao va quan trong nhat cua xa hoi, tao ra su IVinh on cho dat nir6e. Sang th5i ky Phap thuoe, ti:r euoi the ky XIX tro di, ehinh saeh khai thae boc lot tan bao eua de quoe Phap ci:ing v6i viec ehiem doat ruong dat eua giai cap dia chu phong kien da lam cho sd huu ruong dat cua nong dan ngay cang bi Ihu hep. Nong dan mat ruong dal hoae khong eo ruong dat lam an da trd thanh nguon nhan cong doi dao nhung re mat cho dia chu va gi6i tu ban cong nghi6p Phap, ngay cang bi b^n cijiig hoa. Khat vong c6 ruong dat 6i lam an di lien v6i doe lap dan toe cang trd nen bu'e thiet doi v6i nong dan. TiJ' euoi nhiJng nam 20 eiia the ky nay a Viet Nam da hlnh thanh nhirng lire luang ehinh tri - xa hoi, eac dang phai khae nhau, tao ra euoe chay dua tranh gianh quyen lanh dao each mang Viet Nam. Dang Cong san Viet Nam, ngay sau khi thanh lap vao ddu nam 1930, trong Chinh cu'oiig van tat da de ra "Tif sdti dan qityen each mang va tliS dia each mang" [71, 2] vol hai nhiem vu chdng de quoe va ehong phong kien, gianh hi doe lap dan toe va dem lai ruong dat cho giai cap nong dan, trong do, nhan manh nhiem vu ehong de quoe de giai phong dan toe duae dat len hang driu, con nhiem vu ehong phong kien duoe xac dinh la nham xoa bo che do boc lot phong kien, danh do dai dia ehu, con doi v6i phii nong, trung nong, tieu dia chu ma chua ro mat phan each mang thi phai lai dung [71, 3]. Duc^iig loi diing dan nay da duae sii* ling ho to I6n eua nong dan va eac tang I6p xa hoi khae, lam nen euoe Caeh mang Thang Tam vT dai, thanh lap Nha nuoc dan chu nhan dan dau tien a Dong Nam chau A. Sau khi Caeh mang thanh cong, Nha nuoc Dan ehu nhan dan da thi hanh ngay mot loat bien i^hap nhu giam 16, tam cap nhung ruong dat eua thuc dan Phap va Viet gian phan dong nham giai quyet mot phan quyen lai cho nong dan, tao ra su phan khai va yen tam san xuat, tieh cue dong gop sue ngudi, sue cua cho each mang va khang chien. Thang 12 nam 1953, Quoe hoi nu6c Viet Nam Dan ehia cong hoa da thong qua Lngt Cat cck^h ntgng dat va thuc hien thf diem Cai each ruong dal, lien tai thuc hien triet de khau hieu "Ruong dat ve tay dan cay". Chu Iruang nay da c6 vu nong dan hang hai san xuat, dong gop ngay cang nhieu cho khang chien, gop phan lam nen thang lai eua chien euoe Dong - Xuan 1953-1954 va chien thang lich su Dien Bien Phii, ket thiic thang lai euoe khang chien ehong thuc dan Phap xam lirae. Tiep do, nham hoan thanh bu6c euoi eung cua euoe each mang dan toe dan chu nhan dan, Dang va Nha nu6c ta thuc hien Cai each ruong dat trong pham vi loan mien Bae, danh do hoan loan uy the kinh te- ehinh tri ciia giai cap dia chu phong kien, thu tieu hoan loan phuang thuc boc lot phong kien, tao da thuan lai cho each mang ea nu6e di len. Thai Nguyen la mot trong nhu'ng tinh c6 vi Iri quan trong ve chinh trikinh te a phia Bfic cua To quoc. Trong each mang dan toe dan chu, Tliai Nguyen s6m tiep nhan anh sang each mang ciia Dang. Mot so xa eua linli duae chon de xay dung ATK eua Trung irang. Gan suot thoi gian cua euoe khcing chien ehong thuc dan Phap, Thai Nguyen la tinh tu do, la mot trong nhung nai trii chan ciia cae ea quan dau nao eiia Trung uo'ng Dang va Chfnh phu. Tliang 11 -1952, hai xa Dong Bam va Dan Chii thuoe huyen Dong Hy duae Trung irang chon lam nai nghien ciiu thi diem ehii truang phong tay phat dong quan chung nong dan da'u tranh vai giai ea'p dja ehii. Tir ket qua eua dat thi diem giam to nay, Dang ta da due riit duae nhung kinh nghiem de chi dao giam to va CCRD sau nay. Tiep do, 6 xa ciia Tliai Nguyen duae Trung uang chon lam thi diem Cai each ruong dal dfiu tien trong ea nu6e. Thang 4-1954, 47 xa ciia tinh da thuc hien Cai each ruong dal dat I. Thang 10-1954, 22 xa thuc hien Cai each ruong dal dot II. Nhu vay. Thai Nguyen eo mot vi tri (/nan trong trong viec llnfc liien cdc chinlisdch thi diem ciia Dang vd Nltd nn/rc ta ve viec giai quyet van de ruong dat trong each mang dan toe dan chii. Nghien eiiu qua trinh giai quyet van de ruong dat a Tliai Nguyen giai doan tu* sau Caeh mang Thang Tam den het euoe Ccii each ruong dat a mien Bfic (ti^r nam 1945 den nam 1957) gop phan llm hieu moi quan he giua giai quyet van de dan toe va dan chu Irong euoe each mang nay; hieu them vj tri va vai tro cua tinh Thai Nguyen trong euoe khang chien truang ky ciia dan toe eung nhu trong viec thuc hien eac chii truang, ehinh saeh ciia Dang va Nha nuae ta doi v6\ van de ruong dat. Dong thdi nghien euu van de nay gop pluin vao viec lim hieu lang xa noi rieng, lich sir che do ruong dat noi chung va lam sang to nhidu vaii 66 dang dat ra doi vai nong dan, nong thon, nong nghiep trong thdi ky doi mai. D6 tai con nham gop phan vao viec nghien ciiu lich sir dia phuang ma tac gia luan an coi day la tai lieu phue vu cong tac nghien euu, giang day lich sir tai truang Dai hoc Su pham Tliai Nguyen thuoe Dai hoc Thai Nguyen truac mat va lau dai. Chfnh vl vay loi chon 66 tai: " Qua trinh giai quyet van de ruong dat a Thai Nguyen tu sau each nigng thang 8 nam 1945 den het cai each ruong ddf lam luan an tien sy. 2. LICH SLT NCHIEN CUU VAN \)t Tu lru6e den nay, van 66 ruong dal da duae Irlnh l)ay trong nhieu lac pham cua cae nha lanh dao Dang ta va ciia cac nha nghien ciiu khoa hoc lir nhien va khoa hoc xa hoi. Ve lich sii che do ruong dal ihai ky c6 trung dai va can dai, c6 eac chuyen khao ciia eac tac gia Phan Huy Le [103], Truang Huu Quynh [135], Vu Huy Phiie [126], [127] eung nhieu bai viei tren cac tap chi: Van - Sit-Dia, Nghien cit'u lich su\ Dan toe hoc,,.; eac luan an Tien si, luan van Cao hoc, luan van Dai hoc dugc bao ve lai nhi6u Vien Nghien ciiu, tai khoa Lich su eac Truang Dai hoc a nuae la nhu: Dai hoc Tong hap Ha Noi (nay la IVirang Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van), Dai hoc Su pham 1 Ha Noi. n Ve van de ruong dat Irong Ihoi ky each mang dan loc dan chu, l;ru6c het phai ke den cac lac pham cua cac dong chi lanh dao Dang la nhu Giai cap vd sdn vai van de nong ddn trong cdch nigng Viet Nam cua dong clii Le Duan [66], Van de ddn cdy cua Qua Ninh va Van Dinh (luc cac d6ng chi Trudng Chinh va Vo Nguyen Giap) [114], Cdch nigng ddn tgc ddn chu nhdn ddn cua dong chi Truang Chinh [58]... Ben canh do, c6 nhi^u lac pham ciia cac nha nghien ciiu nhu Cdch nigng ruong dat a Viet Nam ciia Trtin Phuang (chu bien), Hoang Uofc, Le Due Binh [129], Phdc qua tinh hinh ruong dat vd doi song nong ddn trit'dc Cdch mgng Thdng Tdm ciia Nguyen Kien Giang [86], Kinh te nong nghiep Dong DiiWig ciia Yve Henri [91], Ddnh gid cho dung nhung thdng Igi ciia nhiem vu phdn phong vd nhung sai Idm trong cdi cdch ruong dd't cua Van Piiong [124], Ban ve nguon gd'c tiftudng cua nhung sai Idm trong cdch mgng ruong dd't ciia Minh Nghla [118], Nong ddn vd nong thdn Viet Nam thai can dgi ciia Vien Su hoc [202]... Ve "Qud trinh gidi quyet van de ruong dd't a tinh Thdi Nguyen ti( sau cdch mgng thdng 8 den het cdi cdch ruong dd't" moi chi duae trinh bay torn luac Irong cuon sach "Cdch mgng mgng dd't a Viet Nam" do Tran Phuang chii bien [129 ], Lish su'Ddng hg Bac Thdi [108], "Lich sd Ddng ho huyen Dgi Tu" [105], Lich sd Ddng bo huyen Ddng Hy [106], "Lich sd Ddng ho huyen Phd Yen" [107], moi so bai vict c6 lien quan nhu "Cdi cdch ruong dd't- thdnh qud vd sai Idm" cua Van Tao lien lap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sdso 2-1993 [148]. Dang luu y la cac iuan van Cao hoc: " Ddng lanh dgo thi/c hien chinh sdch ruong dd't a Dgi Tu\ Thdi Ngiiven (19451954)" ciia Nguyen Trong Can [57], "Ddng lanh dgo thi/c hien chinh sdch ruong dd't trong nhilng ndm 1945-1953" ciia Vu Thi Hai duoc bao vc lai khoa Lich sii, truang Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi va Nhan van nam 1998 [89]. Hai luan van nay da phac hoa duae nhuiig net ca ban v6 vice thuc hien 8 duo'ng loi ruong da't ciia Dang trong thai ky khang chien ehong Phiip a mien Bae, trong do eo dia ban huyen Dai Ti^r, tinh Thai Nguyen. Nhln chung cac cong trinh nghien ciiu tren day da phac hoa duae biic tranh loan canh v6 van de ruong dai a nuae ta tu thai phong kien tu chu cho den triro'c Cai each ruong dal. Qua Irnih giai qiiycl van dc ruong dai a dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen lu sau Caeh mang Thang Tam dcii hci Cai each ruong dat cho deii nay vfm chua c6 cong trinh nao duae cong bo. Tuy nhien nhung cong trinh nghien euu Iruo'c day da giilp cho chilng loi, phuang huang va phuo'ng phcip tiep can de tiep luc di sau nghien euu vaii dd ma chung loi dal ra. 3. MUC DiCH, (A(n MAN PHAM VI NC.MlftN CUU CUA LUAN AN Muc dicli Thuc hien de tai *'Qud trinh gidi quyet van de ruong dat ()' Thdi Nguyen tti sau each mang thdng 8 nam 1945 den het cdi ateh ruong dai '\ loi nhfim nhung muc dfch sau day: - He thong iioa eac nguon tu lieu ve van de ruong dai a Thai Nguyen til sau Ccich mang Thang Tam den het Cai each ruong dai. - Buac dfiu dung lai hue Iranh ve so huu ruong dal tren dia ban ihih Thai Nguyen ti^r sau Caeh mang Thang Tam deii hcl Cai each ruong dai (lu nam 1945 den nam 1957) - Ban them v6 nhiing thanh qua va sai Ifim cua cai each ruong dai a dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen. Dong thai nil ra mot vai bai hoe kinh nghiem ciia vice giai quyet van de ruong dai a Thai Nguyen Irong giai doan lich su duae n.izhien ciru. Gioi han "Van de rugtig deft" la mot khai nicm rong, lien quan den nhidu mat, do do trong luan an nay ehiing toi chi gidi han nghien ciiu nhung noi dung ca ban sau day: - Xem xel niirc do sa huu ruong dai eua eac doi tuang so huu (chii don di6n> dia chu, phu nong, trung nong, ban c6 nong, ruong dal cong lang xa, ruong nha Ihof), - Phuang thuc su dung ruong dat eua tiing giai tang, trong do nhan manh deii hlnh thiic phai canh thu to, thue mirofn nhan cong eua giai cap dia chii, tring I6p phu nong, - Qua Irinh thuc hien eac chfnh sach ve ruong dat ciia Dang Cong san Vict Nam va Nha nude Viet Nam Dan ehu Cong hoa, dae biet la chfnh sach Giam to va Cai each ruong dat; tac dong Ira lai ciia chfnh sach nay doi voi sa huu ruong dal va quan he giai cap a nong thon ciing nhu doi v6i euoe khang chien ehong thuc dan Phap tren dia ban ti'nh Thai Nguyen. Pham vi nghien euu Pham vi dia ban duae nghien ciiu ciia luan an la linh Thai Nguyen hien nay, trong do, lap trung a 4 huyen duae thuc hien Cai each ruong dai la: Dai Tu, Dong Hy, Pho Yen va Phii Binh. Cac huyen eon lai chi de cap a miie do can thiet lam sang ro van dc dat ra. Pham vi thdi gian duae nghien ciiu la lir khi Caeh mang Thang Tam thanh cong, nude Viet Nam Dan ehu Cong hoa ra ddi, chfnh quyCn nhan dan cae ca'p duae thanh lap (thang 9-1945) deii khi hoan thanh ca ban euoe Cai each ruong dat d cae dia phuo'ng trong tinh (thang 7 nam 1957). 4. N(,U6N TU LIEU CUA LUAN AN - Nguon tu lieu chfnh ciia luan an la cae Tu' lieu luu trCf, bao gdm cac Tliotig tu\ Chi tin, Sac ietih, So lieu thong ke, Bao cao cua cdc co' quau f)diig 10 va Nha tut'dc cdc cap dang luu lai Trung tam Luu trir Quoe gia 111, Phong Luu tru Tinh uy Thai Nguyen, Phong Luu Iru Uy ban nhan dan tinh Thai Nguyen, Ban Tuyen giao Tinh uy Thai Nguyen. Day la nguon tu lieu gdc, dang tin cay. Tuy nhien, do duae ra ddi trong bdi canh be bon ciia euoe khang chien ehong Phcip nen nhirng lai lieu nay ed nhCrng mat han che buoc ngudi sii dung phai luu y, nhat la ddi vdi eac sd lieu thdng ke. Trinh do cua ngirdi lam thdng ke liic dd cdn nh\6u han che nen eac bao cao, cae sd lieu thdng kc ciia thai ky nay nhi^u khi khong thdng nhai; cd loai tai lieu ciing mot noi dung bao cao, nhung sd lieu cua cae ca quan, tham chf cua citing mot ca quan trong hai thdi diem gan nhau eung ed su khae biet nhau. VI vay, Irong khi xir ly sd lieu thdng ke va eac bao cao, mot mat chung toi van ton trong noi dung van ban (don vi do lirdng, cac con sd duae ghi trong cac bang bicu...); mat khae, trong nhieu trudng hap, ehiing toi Ihay cd nhung sai sot nen can phai tham dinh bang each Ifnh loan lai cho phu hap hoae ddi chieu vdi cac bao cao, cac sd lieu ciia cac nganh cd lien quan trong citing thdi diem dd. - Nguon tai lieu Ihii' hai la lai licit dien dd. De hieu them thuc te cae van de cd lien quan deii ruong dai trong Ihdi ky nay eung nhu dc tham dinh lai mot sd vail de ma cac tai lieu luu tiu khong ndi ro, hoae cae lu lieu cd nhung mau thufin, ehiing tdi da di khao sal tai moi sd lang xa da thuc hien Cai each ruong dat, gap gd mot sd cu gia cao tudi, nhan ehiing lich sii dc vua bo sung vira tham dinh cae lai lieu luu tru. - Luan cin cdn ke thira cac ket qua nghien ciiu cd lien quan dcii 66 lai luan ciji lir Irirdc deii nay. 5. CO sO LY LUAN VA PHUUNCJ IMIAP NCJIULN CUU Co sa ly luan Ca sd ly luan ciia luan an h^i nhung luan die'm ca ban eiia chii ngliTa Mac-Lenin \'6 viec giai quyci van 66 ruong dat, nong dan trong each mang vd san, la tu lirdng Hd Chf Minh va quan diem eua Dang Cong san Viet Nam vc II vail de ruong dat va nhung quan diCm doi mdi ciia Dang trong each nhln nhan, dcinh gici v6 viec giai quyei van 66 ruong dat trong each mang dan toe dan chii. Phiiong phap nghien ciiu Luan an van dung phuang phap duy vat bien ehiing va duy vat lich sir de xem xet, danh gia cac su kien, hien tuang cd lien quan den vaii dc ruong dat d Thai Nguyen tii' sau Caeh mang Tliang Tam deii het Cai each ruong dat. Tac gia coi day la "sai chi dd" xuyen suot qua trinh nghien euu de xay dung luan an, Luan an sii' dung phuang phap nghien ciiu Ijch sir va Id gfc la ehii yen. Cac khfa canh lien quan dcii vaii 66 ruong dai d dia ban va thdi diem duoc nghien euu dirge trinh bay theo cac giai doan lich sii' va dirgfc xem xet, danh gia dua tren quan diem lich sir cu the; ddng thdi eung dugc dat trong mdi quan he ed tfnh he thdng, tiic la phai xem xet ruong dat dudi nhieu gdc do cd mdi quan he huu ca vdi nhau; giua bdi canh chung ciia phong trao each mang ca nude vdi nhung net dae thti ciia tinh Thai Nguyen. Luan an sir dung phuang phap thdng ke, phan tfeh, ddi chieu, pliuong phap so sanh lich sii', Irong dd, vice phan tfeh cae sd lieu thdng ke, cae bao cao long ket dugc coi trong. Ngoai ra, luan an cdn su' dung phucmg phap dien da dan toe hoe. Nhu da trinh bay trong muc ''Nguon tu' lieu cua luan an", dae thii eiia de tai la sir dung nguon tai lieu ehinh la cac bao cao va cac sd lieu thdng ke, nen ed nhieu chd efin dugc lam rd. Vi vay, ehiing tdi da tieii hanh khao sat thuc dia d mot sd dia diein, vira dc suu tam them tu lieu ma eac bao cao, cac sd lieu thdng ke khong phan anh dfiy dii, id net; vira de thani dinh lai cac tu lieu va sd lieu ma cac bao cao, cac sd lieu thdng ke da phan anh. 6. DONG GOP CUA LUAN AN - Luan cin la cong Irlnh dau lien nghien ciiu cd he thdng \'an 66 ruong dat d tinh Thai Nguyen tir sau Caeh mang Thang Tam deii het Cai each ruong dat {{{I Ihcing 9 nam 1945 deii giua nam 1957) - Tir viec he thdng hoa eac nguon tai lieu, luan an lam \6 qua Irlnh giai quyet van de ruong dat d tinh Thai Nguyen trong giai doan lich SU' tir sau Caeh mang Thang Tam den het Cai each ruong dat tren 3 phuang dien chii yeu: sd hil'ii ruong dat, phifong thifc khai thdc ruong dat cua cdc giai cap, cdc tang lo'p vd ddc biet Id viec thit'c hien chu fru'Ong chinh sdch Cdi cdch ruong dat ciia Ddng va Nha nu'd'c la a Thdi Nguyen- ket qud vd y ngliTa ciia chung. Qua dd, luan an neu len mot each khai quat viec giai quyet van 66 ruong dat d Thai Nguyen trong thdi ky dugc nghien ciiu, giiip ngudi doc, can bg va nhan dan tinh Thai Nguyen hieu them euoe each mang ruong dat d Thai Nguyen trong tien trinh lich sir. 7. BO c u e CUA LUAN AN Luan an gom phan Md dau, Ket luan, noi dung luan an dugc ca\i true lam 3 chuang 9 liel va 158 trang khong ke phan danh muc tai lieu tham khcio. Ngoai ra, cdn cd phan phu luc v6 mot sd van 66 cd lien quan deii luan an. 13 Cluiang 1 TINH HINH RUONG DAT 6 THAI NGUYEN T R U 6 C CACH MANG THANG 8 NAM 1945 Ll. VAI NET \t TINH THAI NGUYEN 1.1.1. Dia ly hanh chinh Thai Nguyen la mot trong 13 linh mien niii phfa Bae eua Viet Nam, cd dien tich tu nhien 3541,5 km^ each trung tam thii do Ha Noi 80 km v6 phfa Bac; giap cu vdi cac linh: Bae Can (phfa Bae), Bae Giang (phfa Dong Nam), Lang San (phfa Dong Bae), thanh phd Ha Noi (phfa Nam), Vinh Phiie, Tuyen Quang (phfa Tay va Tay Nam). Vdi vi tri dia ly nhu vay. Thai Nguyen la cau ndi giua dong bang song Hong vdi cac tinh mien nui phfa Bac: Tuyen Quang, Bac Can, Lang San. Thai Nguyen cd hai doan Quoc Id chay qua: Quoe Id sd 3 chay theo hudng Bae - Nam, tu* cau Da Phiie (Phd Yen) den cau O Ga - Phii Luang, giap gidi vdi tinh Bac Can); Quoc Id IB chay theo hudng Tay Nam - Ddng Bac tir Cclu Gia Bay (thanh phd Thai Nguyen) den e^u Md Ga (Phu Thugng- Vd Nhai). Ngoai ra Thai Nguyen cdn cd hai tuyeii dudng sat: Thai Nguyen- Ha Ndi; Thai Nguyen- Kep eung nhi6u tuyeii giao thdng ndi tinh va lien tinh nhu dudng qua Dai Tir len Tuyen Quang; xudi Ddng Hy, Phii Binh v6 Bac Ninh, Ha Ndi... rat thuan Igi cho viec giao luu giua cae dia phuang trong tinh va vdi eac thih ban. Thai Nguyen theo sach Dir dia chi ciia Nguy6n Trai la phen dau thir hai ve phuang Bac [191, 238]. Dja danh Thai Nguyen xual hien tir dau thdi Ly (dau the ky XI). Khi dd Thai Nguyen la mot chau, ngang cap Id. Deii nam 1226, nha Tran doi Ihaiili 14 trail Tliai Nguyen, tuang duang vdi phan dat eiia 2 tinh: Tliai Nguyen, Bac Can va mdi phan linh Cao Bang ngay nay. Thdi thuoe Minh (1407-1427), vao nam VTnh Lac thii' 5 (1407), Iran Thai Nguyen doi thanh phii Thai Nguyen, true thuoe ly Bd Chfnh, lanh 11 huyen. Nam thii' 6 (1408) thang lam phu, nam thii* 17 nhap huyen Tu Nong vao huyen An Dinh, huyen Dong Hy vao huyen Phii Luang, huyen Dai Tii' vao huyen Tuyen Hoa. Nam 1428, vuang trieu Le dugc thanh lap, Le Thai To chia dat nude thanh 5 dao: Tay Dao, Ddng Dao, Bfic Dao, Nam Dao va Hai Tay Dao. Thai Nguyen thuoe Bac Dao. Dudi dao la Iran, Id roi deii phii, huyen, chau va euoi ciing la xa. Nam Quang Tliuan thu 7 (1466), Le Thanh Tdng ddi thanh Thai Nguyen thi^ra tuyen. Nam 1467 nha Le tieii hanh 6\6u Ira dia hlnh, dia gidi eiia eac dao, xay dung ban dd Hong Due va hoan thanh vao nam 1469, xac dinh chat die han lanh tho va bien gidi dat nude, doi Thai Nguyen thanh Ninh Sdc thira tuyen. Deii nam 1483 ggi la xir Tliai Nguyen vdi 3 phii, 7 huyen va 6 chau [69, 147]. Thai Nguyen theo saeh Ten lang xd Viet Nam dau tlieky XIX, gdm 2 phii (Phii Binh va Thdng Hoa), 1 I huyen, 2 chau, 79 tdng, 379 xa, thdn, phudng, trang, md, phd [201, 78-821 Nam 1831, Vua Minh Menh chia ca nude thanh 29 tinh, dudi linh la phii, huyen, chau, long va xa. Thai Nguyen la mgt tinh gdm 2 phu Phii Binh va Tlidng Hoa. Nam Minh Menh Ihii 16 (1835), Chau Dinh, 3 huyen (Van Lang, Dai Tir va Phii Luang) dugc tach ra lap thanh phu Tdng Hda. Deii liic nay Thai Nguyen gdm 3 phu, 9 huyen va 2 chau, dugc chia nhu sau: - Phii Pliu Binh gdm 5 huyen: Tu Nong (nay la huyen Phii Binh), Pho Yen, Dong Hy (nay la Ddng Hy)^ Binh Xuyen (nay ihude VTnh Phiic) va Vu Nhai. 15 - Phii Tdng Hoa gdm 1 chau, 3 huyen: Chau Dinh (nay la huyen Dinh Hoa), huyen Dai Tir, Phi'i Luong, Van Lang (nay la vinig bfic song Cong lliudc huyen Dai Tir). - Phil Thdng Hod gdm 1 huyen, 1 chau: huyen Cam Hoa (nay la dai huyen Na Rl, viing Phii Thdng ciia Bach Thdng va huyen Ngan Scm tinh Bac Can) va chau Bach Thdng (nay la dal cae huyen Bach Thdng, Chg Ddn, Chg Ra linh Bac Can). Dcii cudi the ky XIX, theo Dai Nam nhat thdng chi. Thai Nguyen gdm 3 phii, 9 huyen, 2 chau, 81 long, 371 xa, thon, phudng [69, 147-1531. Sau khi danh chiciii va binh dinh Thai Nguyen, dc cai tri va dan ap cac ciidc ndi day ciia nhan dan ta, ngay 20 - 10- 1890, thuc dan Phap cfil huyen Rinh Xuyen ciia phu Phii Binh de nhap vao Vinh Yen; cac huyen cdn lai ciia phii Phu Binh va phii Tdng Hoa lach khdi linh Thai Nguyen de gop phfin tao nen Tieu quan khu Thai Nguyen (mdi trong ba lieu quan khu thuoe Dao quan binh I Pha Lai thanh lap ngay 9- 9- 1891) 1130, 356-365J; chau Bach Thdng tcicli ra khdi phii Thdng Hoa tao thanh mot bd phan cua Tieu quan khu Lang San; huyen Cam Hoa tach khdi phii Thdng Hoa la bo phan ciia Tieu quan khu Cao Bang. Nhu vay, lir Ihang 10- 1890 deii thang 9- 1892, tinh dan sir Thai Nguyen bi xoa bd, sap nhap vao cac dia ban khae nhau dal dudi quyen quan ly eiia gidi cam quyen quan su Phap. Thang 10-1892, thuc dan Phap lap lai tinh Thai Nguyen gdm phii Tdng Hoa, phii Phii Binh, chau Bach Thdng va huyen Cam Hoa, dat dudi quy6n cai tri ciia mdi vien mot cong sii' [56, lOj. Tu day cho deii Caeh mang Thang Tam va trong khang chicii chdng Phap, dia ly hanh chfnh ciia tinh Thai Nguyen khong cd gl thay ddi. 16 Hoa binh lap lai, thang 8 - 1956 thanh lap Khu tu tri Viet Bfic, Thai Nguyen la mot trc^ng sau tinh (C^io Bfnig, Hfic Can, Lang Scrn, Hiai Nguyen, Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang) va trd thanh thii phu ciia Khu tu tri Viet Bac. Trude yeu Cclu ciia sir nghiep each mang, ngay 21- 4 - 1965, Qude hoi nude Vict Nam Dan chii Cong hoa quyet dinh hgp nhat Tliai Nguyen vdi Bfic Can thanh tinh Bfic Thai. Deii 29 - 12 - 1978, Qude hoi khoa VI ra Quyet nghi sap nhap 2 huyen Ngan San va Chg Ra vao linh Cao Bang. Ngay 11- 4- 1985, Hdi ddng Bo trudng (nay la Chfnh phii) ra Quyet dinh sd 113 QD/HDBT thanh lap thi xa Song Cdng (gdm 1 thi Iran va 3 xa ciia huyen Pho Yen va Ddng Hy cat sang). Nham dcip ling yeu cTiu phat Irien kinh le- xa hdi trong thdi ky ddi mdi va dc thuan lien han ve mat quan ly cac don vi hanh chfnh, ngay 6 - 1 1 - 1996, ky hop thii* 10 Qude hdi khoa IX ra Nghi quyet ve phan dinh lai dia gidi hanh chfnh mot so tinh. Bfic Thai dugc tach thanh 2 tinh: Bac Can va Thai Nguyen (til'ngay 1-1- 1997). Tinh Thai Nguyen dugc tai lap gdm 1 thanh phd Iriic thuoe tinh (thanh phd Thai Nguyen), 1 thi xa (thi xa Song Cdng) va 7 huyen: Phii Luang, Dai Til', Dinh Hoa, Ddng Hy, Phii Binh, Phd Yen va Vd Nhai vdi 177 phudng, xa, thi trail. 1.1.2. Dieu kien tu nhien Dia hlnh Thai Nguyen chia lam 3 viing: - Vung phfa Tay va Tay Bfic ciia tinh bao gdm cac huyen: Dai Tii', Dinh Hoa va cac xa phfa Tay eiia huyen Phii Luang la viing niii rirng hieni trd, dia hlnh cilia cat manh. Xen giua eac dai niii la eac khu ruong nhd doe, hep. - Viing phfa Ddng gdm hai huyen Ddng Hy va Vd Nhai, do cao trung binh 500-600m, dja hlnh phiie tap, vdi nhung khdi niii da vdi to Idn d Than 17 i y^M/^-iE' Sa, Thirgng Nung, Nghinh Tudng, dae biel la khdi niii da vdi Phuang Giao d phfa Ddng Nam huyen Vo Nhai 66 so va hiem trd, lao ra nhidu thung lung hep va sau. Trong Idng niii da voi d cac huyen Vd Nhai va Dinh Hoa cd nhieu hang, ham rdng, Irong chicii tranh cd the lam kho clnia hang hoa, vu khf hoae lam nai irii chan thuan tien. - Viing Iriing du gdm cac xa phfa Nam cua huyen Phii Luang, phfa l a y huyen Ddng Hy, thanh phd Thai Nguyen, thi xa Song Cdng va cac huyen Phii Binh, Phd Yen ddi niii Ihap xen Ifin vdi ddng bang. DiCu kien tu nhien ciia ba \ iing tren day da tao cho Thai Nguyen the nicUih Irong ciufin su khi chieii tranh xay ra, dd la sir hd Irg Ian nhau, kci hop Ifiii cdng va plidng ngu; va trong ht)a hlnh dd la the manh phat tricn kinh Ic kci hgp giua nong - lam nghicp. D\6u kien lir nhien, vi Irf dici ly ciia linh da phan hoa khf ban no^i day Ihaiih 3 viing: Phfa Tay nong va miia nliicni, phfa Ddng lanh va ft mua; phfa Nam khf hau cd Ifnh chai trung gian chuyen tiep giua phfa Ddng va phfa Tay, giua cac tinh mien niii ddng bac va ddng bang Bac Bd. Khf hau lliai Nguyen khdng khae nghiet, sir phan hoa Ihco do cao khdng Idn, moi viing trong linh d6u cd he sinh thai dam bao cho con ngirdi sinh sdng. Dal Tliai Nguyen chii yeu la dai Feralfl, dat da vdi va dat ruong. Dat ddi rat thuan tien cho viec Irdng che va ca phe. Viing ddi cdn thuan Igi cho vice chan nudi dai gia siic, tao ngudn phan bdn cho cay trdng [79, 39]. Day la dieu kien thuan Igi cho viec thanh lap eac ddn dien trdng cac loai cay cdng nghicp. Trong Idng dat Thai Nguyen cd nhieu khcxing san quy nhu than, vang, quang, Ihiec, ehl...; cac md sfit, bac, vang, chi, kem ti^r lau da la ngudn hap dan ddi vdi nhifiu nha khai khoang trong va ngoai nude. Theo Dgi Nam iduft thdng chi, chi Ifnh rieng khoang thdi gian tri vl ciia 4 trieu vua: Gia Lonu, 18 Minh Menh, Thieii Iri, Tu Dii'c, ca linh cd 139 md dugc khai thae (trong d(') cd 4 md chi) till md ehl d Quan T\\6u - Thai Nguyen la md Idn. Day la mot trong nhung cdng trudng khai md cd quy md, tap trung hang tram cdng nhan. Luc lugng lao ddng d eac ham md thdi dd gdm ca binh Ifnh va dan phu, san xuat theo che do lao dich, ciidiig biic vdi ti^n cdng rai tliap. Ngoai ehl, till trii" lirofng ciia sat, than, quang nai day cOng klia Idn va can thiet cho viec phat tricn n6n cdng nghiep eiia dat nude. Van theo Dai Nam nhat thdng chi, thdi Nguyen, thuc md vang d Vd Nhai (cac md Kim Hi, Thufin Nang, Bao Nang) la 53 lang/1 nam; thue sfit d eac md Phd Yen, Ddng Hy, Phii Luang la 10.400 can [69, 171]. Vdi nhung 6\6\\ kien tren day. Thai Nguyen la tinh giau tidm nang de phcit tricn nong nghiep (trong dd the manh la trdng cay cong nghiep tren viing ddi), lam nghiep va cdng nghiep. Thai Nguyen ndi liciig vdi dae san la che Tan Cuang, ed gia tri kinh te cao trong viec xuat khau va tieu thu trong UU(lQ. 1.1.3. Dieu kien xa hoi Thai Nguyen tir lau la dia ban cu' tii ciia nhieu ddn toe, Theo Bao cao tdng ket CCRD vao nam 1953 dan sd Thai Nguyen cd 212.796 nhan khfiu, bao gdm Kinh: 154.645 ngudi; Tay: 28.952 ngudi; Niiiig: 8.478 ngirdi; Trai Dai: ^.058 ngudi; San Chf: 5.444 ngudi; Man: 3.658 ngudi; Hoa Kieu: 3.320 ngudi; Cao Lan: 146 ngudi; Ngai: 73 ngirdi; Meo: 9 ngirdi; Thdng: 6 ngudi; Nhai: 6 ngudi; Thai: 1 ngudi [43,21. Theo thdng ke nam 1997, dan sd loan tinh la 1.018.786 ngudi, thudc 8 dan tgc: Kinh, Tay, Nung, Dao, San Dlu, San Chay, ITnidng va Hoa |59, 12|. Ddng nhai la dan tgc Kinh (cdn ggi la ngudi Viet) chieiii 75,47% (769.226 ngudi). Day la dan tgc mang ngudn gdc ban dia, chiciii sd lugng ddnu nhai. Dan tgc Kinh gdm nhieu bd phan hgp thanh: dan ban dia, dan duoc liiycn md viio lam cdng trong cae md, ddn dien, cd bd phfin lii ngUdl di cU tu cac viing ddng bang len. Dia ban cu trii ciia ngirdi Kinh rdng khfip tir viing trung du phfa Nam deii cac vimg niii rirng hco lanh phfa Bfic, trong dd tap trung nhieu d thanh phd Thai Nguyen (171.203 ngudi) va cac huyen: Phd Yen (128.401 ngirdi); Phii Binh (126.965 ngudi); Ddng Hy (68.815 ngirdi); Phii Luang (55.560 ngirdi); Dinh Hoa (35.958 ngirdi); thi xa Sdng Cdng (35.013 ngirdi); Dai Tir (22.272 ngirdi) va Vd Nhai (125.479 ngirdi) [59, 12]. Ngudi Kinh cd kinh nghiem san xuat va kha nang tiep thu nhanh cac tieii bd khoa hoc ky thuat. Td chiie xa hdi ciia ngudi Kinh rat chat che, tu nong thdn deii thanh thi mang net dae thii lieu bieu cho eo' cau xa hoi Viet Nam. Xuat phat tir dae diem cu Ini, ngudi Kinh cd truyen thdng trdng liia nude, lam nong nghicp va cae nghe thii cdng. Dan tgc cd sd ngirdi ddng thu hai la Tay (108.946 ngirdi) bang 10,68% dan sd loan tinh [59, 12], cd mat d Thai Nguyen tir rat lau ddi, cu trii rdng khfip Irong pham vi tat ca cac huyen, song ehii yeu d nhung huyen mien niii, viing cao: Dinh Hoa, Phii Luang, Dai Tir, Vd Nhai, sdng bang nong nghiep la chfnh. Hg cd trinh do phat trieii kinh te - xa hdi kha cao. Ciing tieiig ndi vdi ngudi Tay la dan tgc Niing (52.220 ngudi) bfing 5,12% dan sd loan tinh [59, 12]. Ngudi Niing cd nhieu nhdm: Nung Phan Sinh, Niing Chao, Niing Inh. Pham vi cu trii ciia ngudi Niing gan nhu ngirdi Tay, d tat ca eac huyen, thi trong tinh, song tap trung ddng nhat la d Ddng Hy, Vd Nhai va Dai Tii'. Ngoai ra. Thai Nguyen cdn cd 24.997 ngirdi San Dlu, sdng bang nghe trdng liia nude d cac viing niii Ihap va ddng bang; 21.825 ngirdi Dao sdng tren viing niii cao va 41.572 ngudi thuge eac thanh phan dan tgc khae: Hmdng, Hoa... [59, 12], sdng rai rac d khap cac dia phuang Irong tinh. Mdi dan tgc d6u cd von van hoa mang ban sfic rieng, rat phong phii, da dang. 20