LI 6 ^ D A U
I . C a c Iliac , k h i noi v^ v a i t r o oua ao"! quan 'i^ ^ i u a c o n ni3ur)'i
voi con n^uoi t r o o g qua t r i n h san : a i a t , d a v i e t : iV^n son loiat
cua mjt con nguoi t a c h r a khoi xa h f i t h l cuag v6 n g h i a ahu
sy p h a t t r i ^ n oua n^on ngu n^a khons co ahung ca nhan cuag
Chung song va a o i aiing v o i ahau
^
.Ilhu vJy,iTJot each
i a n t i e p Mac da khaag dinh r a n g , a g o n agu p h a i duyo xem :cet
t r o n g moi quan h^ g i a o t i e p cua ahung a g u o i oung chung sffng.
ITguoi con aoiilTgoa ngv: v o i t i n l i each cua mft nguod r i S n g l e
l a vo nghia.Do do , c a n p h a i n s h i e n cuu agon agu o bxnh d i g n
noi nang ciia con Otii^d voi con agiroi.
Nhu raji nguoi d^u b i e t , n g o n nga t S n t&i duoi h a i
hlnh
thucrlTgoa ngu noi va ngoa agu v i e t , m a t r u o o h ^ t l a ngon nga
a o i j b o l l e txong I j c h su phat t r i e a cua l o a i n g i r o i , n g o a ngu
a o i l a c a i dl truo*c va ngoa az\J! v i e t l a c a i t h e o 3au.IA|.t k h a c ,
t r o n g qua t r i a h phat t r i e n cua moi ca a h a n , n g o n ngv n o i duyc
oinh t h a n h va phat t r i e n som han agon ngu v i e t cua chxnh 0 9 .
"^gon ngu not l a ilm t h a n h nzon ngu duqc phat Im tr^f'c t i e p . C h u c
nang co baui cua no l a t h o a man nhu cau g i a o t i e p hang ngay cua
con n g u o i .
Ugay t u nhung nan) dau t i e n cua t h e kx n a y , n h a ngon
hpe A.!!.
n^
BOGALrjBOV,trong t a c phaxn"ve n g h i e n cuu ngon ngu "
da oho r a n g , d a o n g ahu co sy khu b i ^ t r o r a n g [^aa. agon ngu
nil
va ngon agu v i e t . C o cau ngu phap cua ng3n n^
rat
n o i phy t h u f c
n h i ^ u vao hoan canh n o i nang va vao nhung nguoi dffi
tho^.Chinh
-2-
vi v ^ , c S n phai rao t a duqc "co cau ngu phap"cua agon ngu not
va t i n r a dug^c nhung dieu ki^n ma co cau ngu phap nay ph^i
thufc vao.
U^t khac,v? mglt thye t i 5 n , c a n phai xay dyag mft hg thong
mo hxnh ou phap co kha nang phan anh duiyc nhung d$c thu cua
ngon ngu giao t i e p , d e giang dgy t i e n g Vlgt cho hoc sinh Vigt
aaia cung nhu cho nguoi nuoc ngoai voi t u each agon ogu thu
hai.Do l a y g^hia va cung l a l i do can t h i e t phai t i e n hanh
nghiSn cuu de t;ai:"Phat ngon nhu l a dan vj. giao t i e p trong
tieng Vigt hifn d§,i".
2.D$c diem cua giao t i e p khau agu qiii diah d^c trung ngu phap
va ngu aghia cac don vj. cua no.Dnc trung l o ^ i b i ^ t cua cac
don v j giao t i e p l a t i n h khong day
du,du!g'c the hign bang
syr vang mjlt cac thanh phan trong no va stf vang m^t oua cac
phut^ng t i ^ n l i e n ket cac don v± v i txnh trong cac phat agon
da v i txnh.Lx g i a i nhung Ix do cho phep cac dan v i nay tSn
tax voi tu each l a do*n v i giao t i e p l a nhigm vu thu nhat cua
l u ^ an.Duti'ng n h i e n , k h i Ix g i a i khong the khong txnh den cac
djc trung ngu phap va ngu aghia cua cac don vj. nay.Hign nay,
v^ phTO'ng di^n i f l u ^ , n g u ^ i t a con chua g i a i qu^^-et t r i ^ t ds
hign tmyng "txnh lu?yc";"3ero cu phap";"vi. t r £ khong b l e u dgtt"
trong cac dan vj. giao tiep.Day l a nhung van de Ix lu§ii,nguoi
v i e t phai de c^p den khl g i a i quyet hg th^f^^ cac do*n v i giao
tifp ti?ng 7 i g t .
Dae trung " t i e t kig.Ti" l a d^c trirng co ban cua g i a ^ t i ? p
khau agu.DSc trung "du thua" cac don v i cung l a net khu bigt
quan t r g n g giua ngon ngu noi va ngon nz^ v i f t . T r o n g khau ngu
-3ti5n t a x r a t nhi^u nhung dan v i " l x s i n h " k i e u :"Chj. l a H o a > ^ a n
^Qa ?";"Con nha t o i / t o i d§.y chuga: no ha t i g n t u be";"Dung
ban / 35n^ o i ! . . . W . . . Cac phan du- nay co mang 1 ^ h i g u qua
nao do t r o n g g i a o t l S p hay kh8ng ? . . .
I^hl xem x e t c a c dan vi co h a i hay n h i e u dan v l v i
*
txnh,
•
k i e u : " C h ? t / t a o cung khong theo";"Anh r a ngoax / em t h a y d5
u o t " , d e t h a y r a n g , c h u n g co kha nang tuoag ung v o i cau phuc co
l i e n t u : " D u c h e t / t a o cung khong theo";"Sm r a ngoai ^
era t h a y ^ ^ ^
d8 u a t " . G i a x quyet cac dan v i khong co t u noi l a mft hay h a i
don vj.?TT?u t h u a n h ^ chung l a mft dan v i thx phuong t h u c nao
l a phuRyng thuc l i e n k ? t chung v o l ahau ?Day l a logii vSh de con
nhieu y k i j n Ix g i a i khac nhau.Dya t r e n co s o ngu l i g u t i ? n g
V i g t , n g u o i v i e t t h u Ix g i a i h i g n tuyag aay nhu mft dan vi
cua hg
thong g i a o t i f p t i e n g Vlgt.DBag t h o i , v o i v i g c t h u a nhgn cac to
bfgp nay nhu raft dan v j va chung rainh su t 5 n tax h i e n n h i e n oua
chung l a v i g c xac djnh cac dac t r u n g ngu phap va ngu nghxa cua
l o ^ don v i nay.D^t r a nhung nhxgm vu nhu t r e n , n g u o i v i e t huong
den h a i mye dxch co bauiduoi day :
-4Ixeu t a c a c dan vj. d | c thu cua. g i a o t i e p khau
agu.
-Lx g i a i cac dx?u k i g n tSn t a i cua chung.
3.Vxgc n g h i e n cuu khau ng,u g|Lp r a t nhieu kho khan.Khau ngu ho§it
dang aho vao cac don v j cua l o i n o i . T i e n hanh phan ctaia h§ thffng
nay khong p h a i l a v i g c lam de dang.Da khoag x t cac nha ngon agu
hpc cho rangjkhong t h a mieu t a cac don v i cua khau agu(KOZEV!IIKOVA,1971.15.;IKREaTEV.l975.115.).Song,oung co nguoi t i e n hanh
t r a c nghigm b i n g e a c h g h i cac cufc doi t h o f i va cho t h ^ : C h i co
6 doen t r o n g aS 15 dojin t u o a g ung v o i each d i n h n g h i a c u a chung
-4t a V? c i u (S.N.3IRASV.198 2 . ) .
Chung t o i cung da t i e n hanh t r a c nghifm va nh^n t h a y :
Trong 26 cu^c d o i thoaj. vol120 dogn co :
0
0
"^
+So doan tuxj*ng ung vol cau hoi :34 = 28,4 fj
-^oo dogii t u o n g ung v o l cau cau
k h i e n va niaung ca-x nxy dau khong
phai la c l u hoi.
:26 = 21,6 ^
+S^ doan l a cau t r a l e d . . . . . . . . >44 = 3^ f^ %
+3o d o ^ l a cau h o i l&x»
: I6 = 13,3 fS
Bx^u nay chung t o : S o do^m voi t u each l a cau phat* vSn
^jong pnax oao gxo^ cung l a c-j.u nox.oo ao^in l a cau pnan ung
nhung khong p h a i l a cau t r a l o i chiem mjt tx I g khong nho.
TrOTc t i n h Iixnh nay,chung t a g i a i l u y e t nhu bhe nao?
"?u
khong
roieu
t a , l x g i a i cac dan v j nay l a bo t r o n g
mft thi!PC t h e cua hg th^ng.Cac phat ngon tuo*ng ung vai
cau dan
va cau ghep,khong p h g i l a t a t cacac don v i cua Ichau ngu,cung
nhu t r o n g khSxi ngu,khong p h a i chx t o n t a x cau h o i , c a u t r a i o i
va cau ragnh I g n h s t h e o each quan nigra t r u y ^ n t h o a g . C a c doa v j
khong CO h i n h t h u c nhu each -uan nigra c i a chung t a v? cau nam
t r o n g moi quan h^ c h a t che v o l cac don v j " d a bay vao khong
k h x " , v o i "raoi truo'ng xuag quanta na con nguoi co hogit dSag t r a o
d o i " , v a o ahung t r i t h u c chung oua nhung ngi?oi dffi thogix.
Nhu t r e n da n o i , h x n h thuc cua g i a o t i e p bang mi^ng l a
long 'ira t h a n h CT^a ngfin n^mlioag
Sa t h a n h n a y , c 6 t h e l a cua
h a i nguoi t r a o d o i tryre t i e p ( d o i t h o ^ ) , c o t h e l a cua raft
agiJoi n o i va nhung nguoi khac cung nghe ( d j e t h o e i ) va cua
nhi^u n g u o i cmig n o i v^ mft d^ t a i (dam thoijii).
Theo cac t^ac g i a Xu - v i e t ,rJiung don v j g i a o t i e p t o i tlixeu
na no dug'c t a c h r a k h o i dong l o i n o i , c o t h e duoc zera l a nhung
don v j cu phap.Trong h o j t d^ng g i a o t i e p , c h u n g khong b j co l ^ p ,
log.i t r u nhau na nhu l a mgt b© phan cua. tc hop ngon agu phuc
tap ho*n.Chung co moi quan h$ hen t r o n g bang nhung quan hg nhat
dinh.Mot rag^t,do l a nhung quan he ngGn ngu dya vao nhung qucn
hg ?u ;.'ihap pho^g phu cua cac dan v j duj'c l i e n ket;raHLt k h a c ,
do l a nhung
quan he t h u a n tuy ve ra^t n 5 i dung t r u y e n d i cac
«
«
thong bao.(lTgu' phap t i e n g I'Tga.1S60.83-^4) .Cac t a c g i a nay con
khang d j n h r P h a t ngon l a mgt chxet d o a n . . . t r o n g ingt t i n h huon^r
ngon ngu nao do th]fc hx}n chuc aSing g i a o t x e p . . . v e j^ft di"?u gx
do.(SDD.83-S4),
Quan diem moi nhat cua cac t a c g i a thufc vxgn loan lam khoa
hgc l i e n xo l a : " P h a t ngon l a don v j g i a o t i e p cua lod n o i . . .
? a a t ngon du^c xac d i n h t r o n g moi quan hg vox khax algm cau"
(Tu d i e n bach khoa ngon agu h g c . 1 9 9 0 . 5 5 8 ) . Theo quan diem cua
ngu phap chue nang t h l p h a t ngon duwc xac dinJi l a dan v^ cua l o i
noi.Uo CO t h e tuong duong vox c a u , t r o n g sy phy. t h u j c t r y c
tiep
vao ngu canli.
Trong l u a n van n a y , p h a t n^on duoc h i a u l a dan v i g i a o
tiep
cua l o i n o i . N o co t h e t u o a g ung v o i c a u - t u ; c a u rajt thanh phan; cau
don; cau dan co ohan d u ; c a u trting g x a n ; c a u phuc co l i 5 n t u va khong
CO l i e n t u . P h a t ngon gan l i ^ n vox n^
"bao nhat
canh va co vy^c dxch thong
dinh.
P h a t agon l a d o i tuan/;; cua l u ^ van t r o n g e a c h h i e u n a y .
4.De n g h i e n cuu d^c t r u n g n^
n g h i a , n g \ r phap cua cac p h a t agon,
ma d»c b i g t l a nhung phat ngon khong t u o n g ung v o i cac
quan
diero t r u y e n thi nhung phat ngon tuong ung
voi c a u - t u , c a u
mjt
cau dan 06 ohan
t h a n h
dan
Va
don
. Phat ngon dan khong doi hoi co to chuc c h | t che theo
ahung qui tac n^
du
la
p h ^ n , c a u
p h a t
n g o n
phap gi^ng nhu cau don.
Ranh gioi giua pxxat ngoa dan va cau don khong trung nhau.
Moi mjt cau don co the tach ra hang log-t phat ngon dan r i e n g
b i g t .Chang han , cau don: ''Ngay horn qua , o giang dtrong Ion
t o i da t^og CO ay,m9t quyen sach chuyen mon , bang each cho
vao
C|LP"»
CO the tach thanh cac phat ngon don duoi day :
- 1 - Anh t^ng co ^
bao gio?
-Ngay hom qua .
- 2 - Tjng o dau ?
- 5 ' g i a n g duong Ion .
- 3 - T^ng bang each nao ?
-Bang each cho vao c^p.
- 4 - T^ng quyen sach gi ?
-Sach chuyen roon •
- 5 - Al t^ng ?
-Toi .
- 6 - Tfng a l ?
-Co gy .
- 7 - T|ng CO ay c a i gl ?
-Quyen sach .
-7.7...
Nhu vSy, myt cau don co the t a c h r a thanh ahi^u phat ngon
don khac nhau . Song khong the coi nhScng p)&t ngon t r a l a i ( 1 ) ,
C 2 ) , ( 3 ) f ( 4 ) > ( 5 ) , ( 6 ) , ( 7 ) . . . l a nhung c4u»dOn chan chxnh .
- 9 Chxnh v l the , cac phat ngon dan khoag co hlnh thuc dSy du
cua cau don.ITo co the l a nhung l o i d6i t h o ^ co chuc nang bieu
t h j t i n h t h a i kieu :Eo oi.Giod .j. . Cha mg od . . . chu khong mang
noi dung th5ng bao ve ni|t ngu nghxa nhu
%
0
cau dan *
0
*
Tuy nhien,cau dan la phat agon dan day du ve cau true .
Cau don , voi tu each phat ng5n truoe het phai co mgt ng^i
0
digu xac dinh .ITo co the phan chia thanh DS va Thuygt - cac thanh
phan Can yeu cua phat ngon^xet t r e n l$p truong ngu-rnghia va ngu-'
dung .
De l a 'diem :aiat phat cua phat ngon de truyen di mjt thong
bao .Do do, de xt co y nghia can t h i e t hon thuyet.Trong cac phat
ngon, no co the hi txnh luyc . De thuong mang thong t i n cu ma
ahung nguoi dSl thojii da b i ? t , l a c a i da duqc bao truoc bang ngu
canh . Chxnh nho d^c diem do , de co the lam chuc nang l a cai
l i e n ket phat ngon dang xet voi phat agon truoc do .
Thuyet l a bj p h ^ mang n9i dung thong bao cho c a i d^ b i e t tuc de va l a c a i roang n§i dung chinh oua thoag b a o , l a trung tarn
thoag t i n cua phat ngon • Chxnh v l v^y^ thuyet co m^t thuong xuyen
trong phat ngon va l a dieu kign tBn t a i t i e n quy^t cua phat ngon.
2. Sq phan chia phat ngon thanh d^ va thuyft khoag co sijr tuoag
ung vol each phan c h i a ngu phap.Dieu do^trmJc het^duqc
bieu.hign
o cho :S^ phan chia phat agon thanh d§/thuy?t thuong xuyen co
txnh luong phan.TTong khi do^sy phan chia ngu phap diayc xac djnh
theo thanh phSn cau • D? hojic thuy?t co the l a m§t to hg^ gBra
myt v a i thanh phSn cau . :
7i d\i :-Con R6 dau ma chi co con 5ia t i e n chu no nhi ?
-•;c
-Dang khoc a t r e n k i a chu dau .
M|Lt khac , d? va t h u y e t co t h e l a nhung thanh phSn khac
nhau cua c a u :
+Thuyet l a v j ngu :
Vx du :-Chu n o i t h a n g Mao l a con a i ?
-Con bac i^ai ca .
+Thuy?t l a chu ngu :
Vx dft : - Con g l nhay t h e niil ?
- Con ech j .
Nhu vSy^ d? va t h u y e t kh3ng thuo'ng xuyen gan bo vcd t h a n h phan
cau.Son^r.chu ngu chu yeu co chuc nang cua d e , con v j ngu chu
yeu giir c h & n a n g cua t h u y f t . Sy phan c h i a p h a t agon t h a n h d?
va t h u y g t
l i e n qiian d^n t o chuc agu nghia cua p h a t ngon.
De t h u o n g dong v a i t r o chu t h e t a c nhan, chu t h e t r a n g t h a i
ThuySt chu yeu dong v a i t r o v j t h e hanh dqng , t r ^ n g t h a i
.
.
3.IIgu d i e u va t r i t t^^ t u l a phuong thuc chu y^u phan anh a\f
phan c h i a phat ngon t h a n h de va t h u y e t • Thoag thuong , t r o n g
ngon ng^ v i S t , trjjgig am rod vao phan cuoi cua cau . TuoT-g uag
v o i d i e u do , t r ^ t t y thong thuo'ng l a
DE -THUYET , Day l a trglt
t u t u khach Qua^. l a trglt t y cua cac phat ngoa t r u n g hoa . De
b i e u t h j sac t h a i b i e u cam khac nhau, t r ^ t t y t r e n co t h e du^rc
dao t h a n h CTHDYST - D S . T r ^ t t y n a y , duye g©i l a t r ^ t t y chu
quan •Trj.t t^f chu quan t a o r a sur t h a y doi t r ^ n g am cua p h a t
ngoxuNhu v§y^ thuyfft t h u o a g dxsjc nhSn m^nh bang t r p n g am .
4 . T r o n g t i e n g V i g t , t r a t t y t u dong v a i t r o quan t r j n g . Thanh
Dh^
^11 quan trong ,thuong du^c dao len dau phat ngon , con nhung thanh
phan xt quan trgng, nhung nji dung da duyc biet do ngu canh,
du;*c day rajt each ty niiien xudng pti^
7i
cv.8i cua phat ngon .
du : -U5ng di em !
-irSn^ /"khong uflng dtnjrc . ( Khong uffng du^'c vx nong.)
Trong g i a o t i e p , thuong co nhung trg.t t y t u dge t h u duoi
day :
+Gac danh t u , danh ngu , duqo d^t t r u o c djng t u chx phffi:
-Xe cua t o i / quan Han cu dung •
-Tay a a i cua t 5 i / t o i bo l§d .
- T r a n Due Thua / t a o b i e t
.
+Troag p h a t ngon co h a i d^ng t u (ho|.c doan ng^ ) , djng t u
thu i a i CO t h e du^'c dao l e n t r e n de tang them sac t h a i b i e u cam:
- LSy chBng / con khong muSn .
- Cuoi may / no muSn .
- Ga con cho t h a n g khong xu dxnh tiSi / ma Ihong t h e .
+Gac pho t u t h u o n g duyc dua l e n dau phat agon t r o n g chuc
nsng t h u y e t de t a o du^c y n g h i a b i e u can , khang djnh t h a i dq
cua ns^i
not :
-NhSt d:^nh / con Ihong t i e p no dau .
+ ]^Igoai r a , eon co t h e t h ^ sy chuyen d o i g i u a cac danta
t u va dgix t u CO dBng n g h i a b i e u v | t
:
- T o i ^ g u y e n Hoai Nam day .
- rlguyen Hoai Nam - t o i day .
Nhung h i g n t u y n g da dtojrc t r x n h b t y a t r e n , c h i l a nhung
khuynb huong r i e n g cua khau ngu .No hoan t o a n khong co
b a t bu§c •
tinh
5. Cac phat agon tBn tgl
trong ra^t ng:u canh
nhSt djnh . Go
nhung phat ngon ma ca ngu phap Ian ngu nghia bj chi ph^i hoan
toan boi ngu canh . Ngoai n^
canh , y nghia cua phat ngon khong
0
duqc xac djnh.Chung t o i gyi nhung phat ngon nhu t h e l a
n g o n
n g u
p h 4 t
c a a h .
Trong g i a o t i e p thuo'ng :cuat hign nhung don v j k i e u :
a)-Gon nha t o i / t o i dgy chung no ha t i g n t u be .
Phat ngon nay dBng n g h i a vox phat ngon k i e u :
b ) - Toi dgy con nha t o i ha t i g n t u be .
Phat ngon (fc)
ngon (h)
, phat
tuong ung v o i cau dan chan ciixnh .So vox phat
ngon ( a ) cc du myt thanh phan d:8ng chuc nang:
" Gon nha t o i VChung t o i ggi cac phat ngon logii nay l a p h a t
n g o n
don
^ o
o h ^ n
-. u •
IThu v | y , p h a t ngon co cac don v j ngoai t h a n h phan nong c^t
chung khong tham g i a vao phat ngon vox t u each t h a n h phan cau
duqc ggi
la p h a t
n g o n
dan
o 6
o h 'Z a
d u.
T r e n day l a nhung k h a i nxgm xuat p h a t v a nhung d^c t r u n g
CO ban cua phat ngon don .Duoi day l a sq cy t h e hoa nhung
d^e
diem do
I I . D a c tri?n,3 chung cua n:iat :icon h o i , p h a t nzon
t r a loi,^
That ngon cau kliiehj-iTu^'c jh^i^ lojix tHeo muc dxch : i a o t i e p .
Co t h e c h i a cac phat ngon r a cac logd sau :
1. P h a t ngon hoi .
1.1 Moi mot phat agon cc nqt
ahigra vy giao tifp khac nhau.Gan
cu vao nhigm vy, giao tiep ,chung duyc phan chia thanh nhung
e|p dS / thuyet khac nhau .a^t phat ngon co cung mgt rao hlnb
-13 cu phap va duyc lap d^ bang cung m^t sS dan v j tu vyng , co
the CO d e / t h u y ? t khac nhau.Shang hgm , cung rajt phat ngon :
- Anh Thua
cuoi c6 Doc.
CO the thoa man nhung cau hoi khac nhau :
- 1 - Chuygn gx the ?
- Anh Thua cuoi co Dgc .
- 2 - Quax / a x cuoi co Dffc the nlil .
- itnh Thua cuoi co Dfle .
- 3 - L§. nhx / Axih Thua cuoi co Doc a ?
- Anh Thua cuoi co D5e •
- 4 - Anh Thua co vy ma l§.i cuoi co DS'c a ?
- Anh Thua cuoi co BSc •
Nfi dung thoag t i n , trorr^ phat ngon t r a l o i (1) , thong
bao V? mft ay kign day du .Dc l a m$t thong bao hoan toan moi
d5i voi nguod hoi .Con nhung _aat ngon sau do thSng bao v§
0
.
0
•
•
nhung thong tin khac nhau .
Nguod hoi , trong phat ngon (2) , da bi?t co D5c 1 ^ chong
nhung muffn giai dap cai chua biet la : riguod cuoi co DJfc la
ai ? Thong tin ma anh ta c ^ oiet chi la mjt 09 p h ^ trong
phat ngon tra loi .
Ilguoi hoi , trong phat ngon (3) da bietrHlnh nhu <^nh Thua
cuoi CO Dffc .Anh ta rauon khang dinh t£nh chfah xac cua thoag tin
•
do .
Nguod hoi , trong phat agon(4) , muon khang djnh
l^i sy
nghi ago cua ralnh : TIguod cuoi co Dffc co phai la anh Thua khong
( vl ant ta biet Tran Due Thua da co vy ) .
Vx nhung lx do ncu nghxa nliu da neu tren ma trong cau true
cua phat ngon tra lod , co thl co nhung bien the khao nhau :
+Phat ngon tra loi thu nhat bat buje phai la cau day du
thanh phan .
+Phat ngon tra loi thu hai co hai bien the cau true :
-Anh Thua cuoi co Dffc
- Vang / Anh Thua .
-i-Phat agon tra loi thu ba co the co nhieu bien the :
- Anh Thu'a ovxfl co DCc •
- Vang / anh Thua •
- Tang .(Dung v ^ ; Chxnh the ; Qui. v|y ..•)
+Phat ngon tra loi thu tu co cac dang khac nhau :
- Anh Thua cuoi co DCc •
- Vang / anh Thua .
- Vang / ( Dung v ^ ; Chxnh the ; Qua
v$y . . . )
Hhung dieu phan txch t r e n day chung to :
a- Sy tac d^ng giua ngu nghxa
va cau t r u e l a het sue chjlt
che .
b - Phat ngon hoi va phat ngon t r a l o i co quan hg m|.t t h i ? t
voi nhau •
Tuy nhien^vigc phan chia phat ngon thanh d? va thuyet khong
phai l a vo hgin .Iiloi kieu cau do mo hxnh cu phap cua nlnh va sy lap
day tu vyng cua no, co mjt sS luyng huu hg.n cac bien t h e , chung
duyc to chuc de thyc hign nhifm vy giao t i e p .Do do , no co qui
tac nhat djnh .Can cu vao phat ngon t r a l o i , t a eo the co cac
l o ^ phat ngon hoi sau day :
1) Phat ngon hoi sy kign day du . Trong l o § l nay nguod hoi
hoan toan chua b i e t gi*v? sy kign da xay r a . Ho thuong huong '2~n
-15 .
noi dung toan the cua phat ngon tra lod .
2) Phat ngon hoi sy kign by p h ^ . Trong loji nay , nguoi
hoi neu ra cai chua biet co tfnh chat bv p h ^ cua sy kign va
huong d^n rojt b§ p h ^ thong tin chua trong phat ngon tra loi .
3) Phat ngon hoi tinh thai day du • '^ong
IOJLX
nay , nguoi
hoi biet m§t each dly du sy kign nhung chua ro rang , chxnh xac.
Ivlyc dxch cua phat ngon nay la ::ac d^nh tinh
dung dan cua thong
tin da co .
4) Phat ngon hoi txnh thai bj p h ^ • Trong lo§i nay , n^uoi
hoi nghi ngo nyt og p h ^ cua thong tin da co .luyc d:xch cua no
la xac dinh l^ii txnh dung dan CUB. h§ phgn thong tin nay .
1.2. *rong tieng Vigt , phat ngon hoi khong chx di txm cai khong
ro ma chung con nhung chuc nang gian tiep khac.:
Xet ve hlnh thuc, phat ngon hoi tBn t^d duoi hai dang :
+Phat ngon hoi dung tu hoi .
+Phat ngon hoi dung agu digu .
I'Tgoai ra , phat ipgon hoi con dug^c cau to-o bang sy tuong tac
y nghxa giua cac don vj tu v^jng trong phat ngon .:
- Anh mnSn noi toi t6 cao cgng
san 4;ruoc quoc t^ ?
Cac don vj kieu : Go le , chac ... cung eo kha nSng cung voi ngu
digu cau thanh phat ngon hoi .:
- Ghac ong d ^ su vua long ?
- Co le , tong thong cung hai long ?
IThung cau hoi nay thuong la nhung cau hoi l§.x . Chung du^^c
to chwc de khang dinh y nghi ago cua nguod d6i
- Theo anh thl nguod M T bo cu§c ?
thogl :
6
3 3 i k h i , c £ c lie)^ t u c^lng tham g i a vao v i g c du
tjio pii^t
pioat ngon h o i :
- Con nhung cau h o i t o i da n o i vod anh ?
- Hay t a l e n dBi ?
Trong tieng Vigt , phat ngon hoi con duyc su dyng voi chuc
nang gian ti?p duoi day :
1) Ghe.o khi r4n ngt .
Da khong li
tac gia
de cgp toi chuc nang nay cua phat n.^on hoi ,
Sonz h day , can nhan m^inh rang : Phat n^on hoi ^trong cac truong
h^'p nay phan anii thu b^c cua quan Jzg xa hji • ITguoi cap du5x,
con cai , hgc tro khong the su d^^ng phat ngon kieu duoi day dCfi
voi b3 mg , cap tren , thay giao.:
- Sao ? khoe ca chu ?
2) Yeu cau .
^
- Go vao duyc khCng day ?
Thu§c ve l o g i nay , p h a t ngon ;:oi co t h e co h l n h thuc phu djnh:
- Chang Le , Le khong den nha anh duqc sao ?
3) 3ac bo .
P h a t ngon h o i vox chuc nang bac bo tBn t a i duoi n h i e u hlnh
thuc khac nhau :
+Lap I j d phat agon d i t r u o c , t a o t h a n h phan de :
-A- Thoi Mo» / t h a cho no .
- 3 - Tha g l ? danh cho t i g t giffng V i g t g i a n d i
.
+Phat ngojj. l a l o i c h ^ i nhu d i n h g i a t r i chan l x cua phat
ngon d i t r u o c :
-A- Con da bao U dung lo .
-B- Dlu ? ^ CO lo dau ?
+Phat ngon hoi Ijd mang niyc dxch bac bo voi y nghia khang dinh
gian t i e p :
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9
-A- luua thuc an cho Vigt minh phai khong ?
-B- Vigt luinh a dau ra ma mua ?
+Trong m9t chuox gBm nhJ.'^u phat ngon co the co phat ngon hoi
nhara myc dich
bac bo n^x dung hojc thai d9 cua ngi?ox d?x thoai :
- Do khon ngn / Cha may dun^^ la thang gt§c // May con phan
nan noi gl ?
4) Phe phan , che trach , mang rao.:
IT^i dung phe phan .mang rao thuvng huong den nguoi dSi t h o ^ trwe
tiSp.IIo CO the kem theo than tu , tyc tu , ho^c nhung to hjp
CO txnh bieu cam cao :
- Du rag Ong Ly / ong Ian gl kl v|y ? Di khong bao 1 ^ ragt
tieng .
- Troi oi / lam sao em tan nhin thS ?
5) De dpa , thach thuc •
•
Shat ngon lo^i nay, co the duyc no dau bang danh tu ggi ten,
nhara tang cuong txnh bieu cam cua phat ngon va huong nguwi nghe
chu y vao no.:
- Ty / t ^ sao may ^^hung bang long no ? khong bang long no
thl bang long ai ? Hay la phai long phai b? thang nao rBx ? Thang
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^
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%
I
TuSn , no bo bua me thuffc gi?ng cho may phong ?
Cac d§l tu chi ngoi kieu: Tao , may ,«•• cac danh tu kieu:
Con , cai , thang , dua ,... thuong d^sqc au dang trong cac phat
ngon kieu nky :
- Con k i a / May khong dxsqc mat net / / Ivlay khong coi mg may
uu
-13 - May t o t i n h k i e u ay p h a i khong ? Tao s e t r a ibi
kieu
may t h e o
oua t a o .
3 i e u tlxj t h a i dS bye dgc cam phan nguoi h o i co t h e dung thu
phap l § p :
- Sao ? Sao ? Ai cho phep cac anh r u t ? Ai cho phep ?
- Co bao ax an cap ? Ai an cap ha ?
G'ling di vc'i k i e u p h a t ngon log^i nay con co t h e co cac phat
ngon mgnh I g n h
cau Idiien :
- Oon khoc a ? Ira ngay ! Ira !
6) Phan anh su np-.^c nhl^n
OFhl P.^~^X^ .
P h a t ngon t r o n g t r u o n g h9'p nay l a phat ngon thy dgng, b i e u
t l i j sy nz^o
n h i e n triroc van de duqc neu r a
.:
- A - Bac s i Hgo / x i n cam an ong da cuu aSng t o i
.
- B - Toi u?
0
*
X
'
Phat ngon bieu thj sy ngac niaien, co the l$p Ijiira^tby
phan ho^c toan b© phat-ngon truoc
:
(a) -A- Toirauffnlam c6 dau !
-B- Go dau ?
'
(b) -A- Gon trai co ay len soi n^ng !
-B- Con trai co ay len soi n^ng ?
Tren day la nhung chuc nang gian tiep cua phat ngon hoi
con V? djc trung ngu phap va ng]x nghia cua chung se du^c khao
sat
trong tung logl don vj cy the
2. Phat ngon tra lod •
o nhung phan tiep theo .
,
-1? Phat ngon tra lod co the dufc phan logd theo cau true ho^c
theo phat ngon hoi . Can cu vao 4 l o ^ phat ngon hoi da neu o
tren , co the co 4 lo^i pliat n^on tra lod tuvng ung :
1) Phat ngon tre lod sy kign day du . Phat ngon lo^i nay
ham chua nhung thong tin day du, thuong co txnh dgc l^p cao tuc
xt phy thujc vac ngu caak .:
Vx dy : - Ghuygn gl the ?
- .Inh Thua cuoi co D^c .
2) Pliat n^on tra lei sy kign bg ph^
. Phat ngon nay thoa man
ngx dung co txnh chSt by p h ^ ma ngu'od hoi con chua biet :
vi dy :-Ai cuoi co DCc the nhji ?
-Anil Thua .
3) Phat agon tra loi txnh thai day du . Day la phat ngon
thoa man nhu cau cua phat ngon hoi tinh thai day du • ITo khang
dinh ':inh chat dung dan hay kliong dung dan cua thong tin trong
phat ngon hoi . Cac phat ngon lo^d nay,khong nang nqi dung thong
tin moi ma chi mang thong tin txnh thai : Khang djnh ho^c phu
djnh ngi dung
cxxa phat a^£on hoi .
Chxnh vl nhung lx do ngu nghia noi tren , phat agon tra loi
txnh thai co the co cau true day du :(Anh Thua cuoi co BGc ) ;
cau trueraiorjng :( Vang , Anh Thua ^uoi co DCc , hai nguoi co
tinh 7 voi nhau tu lau rBi ); ho|c la cau true tCi thieu :(vang).
4) Phat agon tr^ lod tinh thai bg ? h ^ . Day la phat ngon
thoa man nhu cau cua phat ngon hoi tinh thai b9 p&gn • No khSng
'
•
djnh ho^c phu dinh nqi
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0
dung co tinh chSt by p h ^ duqc neu ra .
- Anh
Thua co V9' ma 1 ^ cuoi co DCc a ?
- Vang / anh Thua .
2 . 2 . Trong nhieu t r u o n g Iiijp , phat ngon t r a lod co the bao ham
nhung t h o n g t i n b a t buyc . ilo dug*c xac dinh bed t f n h tuo^ng ung
cua p h a t ngon t r a l o i
dCi v o l phat ngon hoi va
b o i kha nang
0
h i e u b i e t cua nguoi t r a lod t a i t h o i diem noi • I^goai r a , no
CO t h e du^c mo xing
k i e u : - Vang , anh '^hup. :^uod co BCc/ Hai
ngu^i CO txnh y v o i nau t u l a u rox raa « Dieu do co n:;hia l a ,
niiung thong t i n nam ngoai yeu cau cua nguod h o i duvc dua vao
n £ i duiig cua phat ngon t r ^ led . Co the goi nhung phat ngon k i e u
nay l a p h a t a.i'un
mo r $ n g . T r a i 1 ^ , t r o n g cac phat ngon t r a
0
lod, CO the CO phat ngon tra led tCi thieu . So sani:: (1) va (3)
voi cac phat ngon khac :
- Ai dinh vo cCc d^
Trang ?
1) Trang . (con )
2) GCc van con nguyen dSy chu .
•
3) Gon khong biet .
4) Trang danh vo oCc luc
rang uong nuoc •
5) Ty nhien *rang danh rox cCc -
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