Tài liệu Những vấn đề pháp lý về hợp đồng bảo hiểm hàng hoá xuất nhập khẩu ở việt nam hiện nay luận văn ths. luật 6 01 05

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI TRUING DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN TRAM HOMG TJ-IAMH N H O N G V A N O E P H A P LY V E H O P DONG BAG HIEM HANG • HOA XUAT NHAP KHAU 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY • NV - / . 4 L / X ^ ^ CHUYEN NGANH : LUAT KINH TE MA SO : 6.01.05 LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC LUAT Egirai hirang din: TS. TRAN DINH HAG (VIEN NGHIEN CUV NHA NlfOC VA PHAP LVAT) HaNoi 12-2000 BANG GIAI THICH CHLfCAI VIET T A T - TTR: Phirofng thuc thanh loan dien chuyen tien trong buon ban ngoai thu'cmg ( telegraphic transfer reimbursement). - GIF: Phuang thiic giao hang co sa trong buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms: Tien hang, bao hiem va cuac phi (... cang den quy dinh)- Cost insurance and freight. - FOB: Phuang thuc giao hang ca sa trong buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms: Giao len tau (... cang boc hang quy dinh)- Free on board. - CFR: Phuang thuc giao hang ca sa trong buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms: Tien hang va cuac phi (... cang den quy dinh)- Cost and freight. - CIP: Phuang thuc giao hang ca sa trong buon ban ngoai thuang theo Incoterms: Cuac phi va bao hiem tra tai (... nai den quy dinh)- Carriage and insurance paid to. - XNK: Xuat khau, nhap khau - QTC 90: Quy tac chung ve hap dong bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bfing dudng bie'n ban hanh theo Quyet dinh 305-TC/BH ngay 9-8-1990 ciia Bo truang Tai chinh ve viec ban hanh Quy tSc chung v^ bao hiem hang hoa van chuyen bang duang bien. - HDBH: Hap dong bao hiem - HDTM: Hap dong thuang mai - Quy che 581a: Quy che tam thai ve hap dong bao hiem ban hanh kem theo quyet dinh 581 a/TC/TCNH ngay 1-7-1996 cua Bo truang Tai chinh. - AFTA: Khu vuc mau dich tu do ASEAN • TNHH: trach nhiem huu han ILU: Hoi nhung nguai bao hiem Luan Don (institute of London underwriters) ICC: Cac dieu kien bao hiem do Hoi nhung nguai bao hiem Luan Don soan thao: ICC (A), ICC (A), ICC (C). Incoterms: Dieu kien thuang mai quoc te (International commercial terms) MUC lUC Loi mo dau Chirong 1: Noi dung phap ly ve giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 1 8 * Vai net ve khai niem hang hoa XNK va HDBH hang hoa XNK dirac de cap trong luan van 8 1.1 De nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 10 1.1.1. Khai niem De nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 10 1.1.2. Hinh thiic, ban chat phap ly cua De nghi giao ket hop dong bao hiem hang hoa XNK 12 1.2. Giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 14 1.2.1. Nguyen tSc giao ket 14 1.2.2. Doi tugng giao ket 18 1.2.3. Chu the giao ket 21 1.2.4. Hinh thuc, thii tuc giao ket 24 1.2.5. Hieu lire hap dong, thai han cua hop dong 27 Chuong 2: Noi dung phap ly cua HDBH hang hoa XNK 32 2.1. HDBH hang hoa XNK va nhung dac diem dac thu 32 2.1.1. Khai niem HDBH hang hoa XNK va nhung dac diem dac thCi 32 2.1.2. Nhu cau dieu chinh phap luat doi v6i quan he HDBH hang hoa XNK 37 2.2. Noi dung phap ly cua HDBH hang hoa XNK 39 2.2.1. Khai niem 39 2.2.2. Noi dung phap ly cua HDBH hang hoa XNK 40 Chirong 3: Thirc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK a Viet Nam hien nay va mot so kien nghi bu6c dau 51 3.L Thuc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK 51 3.1.1. Nguyen tSc thuc hien 51 3.1.2. Quyen va nghia vu ciia cac chu the 52 3.1.3. Chuyen nhuang, chuyen giao HDBH 55 3.1.4. Phuang thuc va noi dung boi thuang thiet hai 56 3.2. Thirc te thirc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK a nude ta hien nay va mot so kien nghi h\x6c dau. 59 3.2.1 .Thuc le thuc hien 59 3.2.2, Mot so kien nghi bu6c dau 65 a. Quan diem tiep can khi xay dung phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK 65 b. Xay dung Luat bao hiem hang hoa XNK thong nhat trong mo hinh, cau true ciia he thong phap luat dieu chinh cac quan he bao hi6m thuang mai. 66 c. Mot so noi dung ca ban can chu y khi xay dung phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK. 68 Phan ket luan 71 Danh mue tai lieu tham khao Ldl Ud DAU I. TINH CAP THIET CUA DE TAI: Mot nen kinh te on dinh va phat trien ben vUng phai la mot nen kinh te huong ngoai, mo rong va khong ngung nang cao cac quan he kinh te quoc te, trong do c6 cac quan he hang hoa XNK. Trong mot bao cao gan day ciia Bo Tai chinh trinh Thu tuong Chinh phu v6 du" an Luat kinh doanh bao hiem c6 doan viet: ... Dung truoc yeu cau phat trien manh me va toan dien ciia nganh bao hiem trong dieu kien hoi nhap quoc te, can s6m xay dung va ban hanh luat kinh doanh bao hiem lam co s6 de hoan thien he thong phap ly, cung co va nang cao vai tro cong tac quan ly Nha nuoc doi voi nganh kinh te quan trong va giau tiem nang nay. Cung tai bao cao nay co doan: ... Tiem nang bao hiem 6 nuoc ta con chua duoc khai thac het, chang han gia tri bao hiem xay dung lap dat cho cac cong trinh dau tu 6 trong nu6c moi chi dat 12% (1997) va 23% ( 1998) so voi tong von dau tu xay dung co ban; gia tri bao hiem hang hoa nhap khau chi dat 19% (1997) va 20% (1998) tren tong gia tri kim ngach nhap khau. Dac biet, trong bao hiem hang hoa xuat khau, ty trong tren con rat nho, m6i chi dat 3,8% (1997) va 5,7% (1998) tren tong gia tri kim ngach hang hoa xuat khau. Ly giai thuc trang nay, ben canh nhung nguyen nhan yeu kem ve tai chinh, cong nghe bao hiem, trinh do can bo..., cung phai ke den nhirng han che ciia phap luat trong ITnh vuc bao hiem a nu6c ta hien nay. Su thieu hut mot so van ban luat lam CO so phap ly dieu chinh boat dong kinh doanh bao hiem, trong do co ITnh \uc bao hiem hang hoa XNK, HDBH hang hoa XNK, dang tro thanh mot van de co tinh thori su. Xet mot each tong the, he thong phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK o nu6c ta hien nay con qua nhieu bat cap, han che, chua that su dap ling duoc yeu cau phat trien cua cac quan he kinh te XNK mo cua va hoi nhap nhu hien nay. Thuc te nay dang goi md cho chung ta nhieu dieu m6i me can nghien ciiu va tim toi. Theo nhiJng thoa thuan da ky ket giiJa Viet Nam va cac nuoc trong ASEAN, s6m muon gi thi mot khu vuc mau dich tu do (AFTA) cung duoc thiet lap ma theo do, cac quoc gia thanh vien phai xoa bo hoan toan hang rao thue quan va phi thue quan[49,12]. Dieu nay vijfa la ca hoi nhung dong thdi cung la nhung thach thuc 16n de Viet Nam vuan len tu khang dinh minh tren tru5ng quoc te, chi it cung la trong khu vuc. Mat khac theo lo trinh ma Hiep dinh thuang mai Viet - My vua ky ket, chi trong khoang tren du6i mu5i nam nua Viet Nam phai ma cua hoan toan thi trudng cho cac cong ty My, trong do co viec ma cua thi truang bao hiem ... Khong han che v6i cac dich vu bao hiem cho cac xi nghiep co von dau tu nuac ngoai, ngu5i nu6c ngoai lam viec tai Viet Nam, cac dich vu tai bao hiem, cac dich vu bao hiem trongvan tai, cac dich vu tu van, giai quyet khieu nai va danh gia riii ro. Cu the la: - Ba nam sau khi Hiep dinh c6 hieu luc duac lap lien doanh v6i doi tac duac phep kinh doanh dich vu bao hiem a Viet Nam. Phan von gop Hoa Ky khong qua 50% von phap dinh cua lien doanh do. - Nam nam sau khi co hieu luc ciia Hiep dinh duac thanh lap cong ty 100% von Hoa Ky. Cac cong ty cung cap dich vu co von dau tu Hoa Ky khong duac kinh doanh cac dich vu dai ly bao hiem, cac dich vu bao hiem bat buoc. Tuy nhien, han che nay se duac bai bo doi vai lien doanh la 3 nam sau khi Hiep dinh co hieu lire va 6 nam doi v6i cong ty 100% von Hoa Ky. - Doanh nghiep bao hiem lien doanh, cong ty 100% von Hoa Ky va chi nhanh ciia cong ty bao hiem Hoa Ky phai tai bao hiem tai cong ty tai bao hiem Viet Nam mot ty le toi thieu la 20% va han che nay se duac bai bo sau nam nam Hiep dinh co hieu luc. R6 rang la, ben canh nhung thuan lai ca ban, chung ta dang dung truac kha nhieu nhung thach thiJc va kho khan khi hoi nhap kinh te quoc te. Thuc te do dang dat ra cho cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach, cac nha lap phap hang loat van de biic xuc, noi com can nghien cuu va giai quyet. Viec nghien cuu va tiing buac hoan thien he thong phap luat ve bao hiem, trong do co che dinh phap luat ve hap dong bao hiem cung duac xem la mot nhu cau, doi hoi mang tinh th5i su. ^^7^^^ /^/ Y ^ V ^ ^^'^^ Y^'^'Jr- Chinh vi le do, chung toi manh dan chon de ta/ nhung van de phap ly ve HDBH hang hod XNK a Viet Nam hien nay lam de tai luan van tot nghiep thac si luat hoc. n. TINH HINH NGHIEN CUU: Tren the gi6i, nhung nghien ciJu ca ban ve boat dong kinh te bao hiem, hap dong bao hi6m co tuf rat s6m va da dat dugfc nhung ket qua nhat dinh, dang de chiing ta tham khao, hoc hoi. Chang han co the ke' ra day cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia tien si David-Bland ve de tai Bao hiem-cac nguyen tac va thirc hanh (the principle and practice)-NXB Tai chinh 1999; Hap tac tai chinh trong cac nuac ASEAN, nhutig trien vong trong ngan hang, tai chinh va bao hiem (Vien Chau A Thai Binh Duang- Michael T. Skully); Dieu kien bao hiem do Uy ban ky thuat va dieu kien (Technical and clause committee) do Vien nhung nguai bao hiem Luan Don ( Institute of London Underwriters- viet tat la ILU ) soan thao. O nuac ta trong thcfi gian gan day, van de nay cung da bat dau thu hut su quan tam ciia cac nha nghien cuu, a nhung goc do, miic do va pham vi, muc dich khac nhau. vai mong muon lam the nao de xay dung a Viet Nam mot nganh kinh te bao hiem, mot he thong van ban phap luat ve bao hiem, HDBH thong nhat, khoa hoc. Tat nhien trong do co ITnh vuc phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK - boat dong mang tinh chien luac cua mot n6n kinh te huang ngoai. Dang chii y a day la cong trinh nghien cuu mot so van de co ban ve kinh te bao hiem ciia PGS-PTS Bui Tien Quy; van tai va bao hiem trong ngoai thuang cua PGS-PTS Nguyen Hong Dam; de tai doi mai chinh sach va hoan thien ca che quan ly Nha nuac doi voi boat dong kinh doanh bao hiem do Vu tai chinh cac ngan hang va to chuc tai chinh Ha Noi thuc hien thang 3-1995. Dieu dang noi la, bao hiem va nhung van dt phap ly xoay quanh HDBH cung da gianh duac su quan tam nghien ciiu ciia khong it sinh vien luat cac trudng dai hoc. Chang han nhu: Luan van cu nhan luat ve de tai mot so van de phap ly ve bao hiem hang hoa XNK chuyen cha bang duang bienthang 6-1998 ciia Nguyen Thu Huang - khoa Luat Truang Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi; luan van cu nhan luat ciia tac gia Dao Duy Bau Trudng Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi ve de tai phap luat hap dong bao hiem thuang mai va thuc tien ap dung 6 Viet Nam hien nay - thang 10-1999... Tuy nhien can phai noi la, nhung cong tiinh nghien cuu ke tren, do tinh chat de tai, miJc do, dieu kien, cung nhu muc dfch nghien cuu, nen cac tac gia m6i chi di sau vao tim hieu ban chat kinh te ciia bao hiem la chu yeu. Rieng cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia tac gia Nguyen Thu Huang, tuy CO de cap den khia canh phap ly ciia HDBH hang hoa XNK, nhung do pham vi ciia de tai, nen tac gia chi di sau vao tim hieii nhung van de phap ly ciia boat dong bao hiem hang hoa XNK noi chung trong qua trinh chuyen cha bang duang bien. Cong trinh nghien cuu ciia tac gia Dao Duy Bau, vai nhiem vu, muc dich nghien cuu la lam sang to nhung noi dung phap ly ciia HDBH thuang mai, nen du da co duac quan diem, each tiep can diing huang khi nghien cuu, dua ra mot so giai phap ca ban khac phuc ban che, tuy nhien, ket qua nay cung mai chi dung lai a tam khai quat chung ciia phap luat ve HDBH thuang mai. NhiJng van de phap ly ve HDBH hang boa XNK, va mot so kien nghi bu6c dau nham tiing buac hoan thien no, van la de tai con tuang doi m6i me, cha dai duac nhieu nguai quan tam nghien cuu. Cung can nhan manh la, van de phap luat ve bao hiem thuang mai, trong do CO nhiJng noi dung cua phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK, trong nhung nam gan day, da tra thanh doi tuang nghien cuu ciia khong it du an do cac to chuc quoc te thuc hien, nhu: Chuang trinh h6 tra chuyen doi kinh te a Viet Nam ciia hen minh Chau Au, trong do co van de tro giiip xay dung hoan thien luat kinh doanh bao hiem. Hoac nhu chirong trinh nghien ciru thirc trang thj trucmg bao hiem nong nghiep o Viet Nam do to chiic luong thuc the gioi (FAO) tien hanh vao cuoi nam 1999, va da dua ra 10 kien nghi doi v6i Viet Nam trong linh vuc bao hiem nong nghiep, khong ngiing hoan thien nhirng quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam dieu chinh cac quan he bao hiem, HDBH... Dieu da nhan tha'y la, nhung cong trinh nay, chua phai la nhiJng nghien cuu thuan tuy ve phap luat HDBH hang hoa XNK, dij co de cap nhung chua that su 4 tuang xiing, chua dap ling v6i yeu cau cua thuc tien dang dat ra. Nhin chung cac tac gia chii yeu di vao nghien cuu a tam vi mo ciia kinh te' bao hiem, phap luat bao hiem nhieu han la di vao nghien cuu cu the cac noi dung ciia phap lual \c hop dong, cung nhu phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK. Cung can noi them la, trong ca cau to chuc va boat dong cua mot so truang Dai hoc nhu Dai hoc kinh te, Dai hoc Tai chinh-Ke toan, da hinh thanh cac khoa doc lap nghien cuu ve bao hiem. Du vay, v6i chu'c nang cua mot truang kinh te, cong tac hoc tap va nghien ciiu a day khong hoan toan tie'p can tu goc do ciia phap luat, khong nham muc dich xay dung, hoan thien phap luat bao hiem. Van de nay CO duac de cap nhung con a muc do ban che, chii yeu thien ve cac khai niem, thuat ngu kinh te, hieu qua kinh te ciia HDBH. Chang ban nhu each tinh toan miic phi bao hiem, cac chi phi phat sinh Trong qua trinh thuc hien hap dong bao hiem, each thong ke, danh gia muc do riii ro, thiet hai, ca sa ky thuat ciia HDBH... m. MUC DICH NGHIEN CUU: Muc dich ciia luan van la nghien cuu luan giai mot each tuang doi day dii ve nhung noi dung ca ban ciia su dieu chinh phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK a Viet Nam hien nay. Tren ca sa do, ket hgp su phan tich, danh gia thuc trang ap dung phap luat trong giao ket, thuc hien HDBH hang boa XNK, tac gia dua ra mot so kien nghi bu6c dau v6i mong muon nhung kien nghi ciia minh la tai lieu tham khao giiip ich phan nao cho cac nha nghien cuu, cac nha lap phap trong viec xay dung che dinh phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK a nuac ta trong nhung nam tai. Nhiem vu cu the la: - Nghien cuu lam sang to mot so quan diem tiep can ca ban khi xay dung phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK - Trinh bay va phan tich nhung noi dung phap ly ca ban ciia su dieu chinh phap luat ve giao ket, thuc hien HDBH hang hoa XNK a nuac ta hien nay - Dieu tra, nghien ciiu mot so vu tranh chap HDBH hang boa XNK co tinh tieu bieu va pho bie'n, tijf do doi chieu, so sanh de lam sang to mot so bat cap, ban che ciia su dieu chinh phap luat trong cac quan he HDBH hang boa XNK. - Tac gia de xuat mot so kien nghi bu6c dau nham hoan thien ca che dieu chinh ciia phap luat doi v6i cac quan he ve HDBH hang boa XNK a n\x6c ta hien nay IV. PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU: V6i tinh chat la mot loai hinh kinh te, boat dong bao hiem kha rong, bao triam len moi boat dong ciia dai song kinh te-xa hoi. Vi vay, phap luat ve bao hiem cung kha da dang va phiic tap, duac boc tach thanh nhieu loai hinh, nghiep vu bao hiem khac nhau, nhu: bao hiem xa hoi, bao hiem y te, bao hiem thuang mai. Ngay nhu trong khai niem bao hiem thuang mai, cung duac hieu la bao gom nhieu nhom nghiep vu bao hiem khac nhau tao nen: Bao hiem hang boa xuat nhap kbaiu, bao hiem xay lap, bao hiem phuang tien van chuyen, bao hiem boa hoan, bao hiem vat nuoi cay trong,... VcVi pham vi ciia mot de tai luan van thac sT, ciing nhu dieu kien, trinh do nghien cuu con ban che, tac gia chi xin tap trung nghien ciiu van de trong giai ban nhung van de phap ly ve HDBH hang boa XNK. Thuc te la, luan van chi di sau nghien cuu nhung noi dung phap ly chii yeu ciia su dieu chinh phap luat trong giao ket va thuc hien HDBH hang boa XNK, nghien cuu thuc trang ap dung nhu'ng noi dung phap ly do trong thuc tien bao hiem, tu do dua ra mot so kien nghi buac dau. V. PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU: Luan van ap dung mot so phuang phap nghien cuu nhu sau: - Phuang phap bien chiing, la phuang phap mang tinh chii dao, xuyen suot qua trinh nghien ciru. - Phuang phap so sanh cung duac xem la phuang phap ca ban cua luan van. So sanh vai phap luat HDBH ciia mot so nuac tren the gi6i, so sanh vai thuc trang ap dung phap luat ve HDBH hang hoa XNK a nu6c ta hien nay. - Luan van ciing ap dung phuang phap nghien curu dieu tra, khao sat thuc tien lam cong cu bo tra dac luc cho qua trinh nghien cuu va hoan thien de tai. Dieu tra, khao sat thuc tien thong qua cac vu an, vu viec dien hinh ve tinh tiei, phong phii ve tinh chat phu*c tap ciia tranh chap, chii yeu la cac tranh chap lien quan den HDBH hang boa XNK. - Phuang phap phan tich - tong hap ciing duac tac gia su dung v6i muc dich lam ro: + Y nghia, vai tro ciia he thong phap luat HDBH hang boa XNK trong lien trinh phat trien, hoi nhap kinh te. + Thuc trang phap luat, thuc trang ap dung phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK hien nay a Viet Nam. + Quan diem tiep can khi xay dung va hoan thien che dinh phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK. Ngoai ra, trong luan van nay tac gia con sii dung mot so phuang phap khac vai dung y minh boa ro ban nhung luan diem, luan cu da trinh bay, nhu: phuang phap thong ke- doi chieu, phuang phap bieu bang, liet ke,... VL BO c u e CUA LUAN V A N : V6i muc dich, nhiem vu va pham vi nghien ciiu nhu tren, luan van duac chia thanh ba chuang v6i Idi noi dau va phan ket luan. Chuang 1 trinh bay noi dung phap ly ve giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK. Chuang 2 trinh bay noi dung phap ly ciia HDBH hang boa XNK va Chuang 3 la noi dung phap ly ve thuc bien HDBH hang hoa XNK va mot so kien nghi buac dau. r/ CHUONG 1: NOI DUNG PHAP LY VE GIAO KET HDBH HANG HOA XNK * Vai net ve khai niem hang hoa XNK va HDBH hang hoa XNK diTdc tac gia de cap trong luan van: Trong luan van nay, khai niem hang hoa XNK dugc hieu la hang boa dich chuyen qua Men gioi tren ca sa cac HDKT, HDTM giua cac doi tac kinh te vai nhau. Va theo each hieu thong thucfng cung nhu thong le quoc te thi, khai niem hang boa XNK gan lien v6i boat dong trao doi, mua ban hang boa giua trong nuac va quoc te v6i tinh chat kinh doanh-thuang mai. Noi de'n hang boa XNK. cac chuyen gia kinh te trong ITnh vuc ngoai thuang thuang de cap den nhung khai niem ca ban nhu: kim ngach xuat khau, kim ngach nhap khau, can can thanh loan, tham hut can can thanh toan vang lai, thi trudng hang boa XNK... Nhu vay can phai phan biet v6i nhirng truing hap co hang boa dich chuyen qua bien gi6i (nhap khau hoac xuat khau), nhung khong nam trong pham tru khai niem hang boa XNK ma luan van nghien ciiu, bai le, do la nhu'ng boat dong bat hap phap nhu buon lau, tron thue... hoac do la nhu'ng boat dong mang tinh chat quan be dan su, nhu: cho, tang, vien tra... Hay noi each khac hang boa qua bien gi6i thuoc loai nay khong nam trong noi ham khai niem ciia hang boa XNK nhu trong luan van de cap. Va thuc te cQng cho thay, so lugng hang boa thuoc loai nay cung khong nhieu, chiem mot ty le qua nho neu dem so sanh chiing vai so lugng hang boa XNK v6i tinh chat kinh doanhthuang mai hgp phap. Van de a day la, se khong loai truf truang hgp sa hiru chii ciia loai hang boa do mua bao hiem khi hang boa qua ciia khau, nhung quan he do thuoc pham vi dieu chinh ciia phap luat dan su, mang ban chat phap ly ciia mot hgp dong dan su thong thuang. Tuy nhien tren thuc te van khong loai trii su can thiep ciia mot so quy dinh phap luat trong linh vuc bao hiem hang boa XNK; cung nhu cac dieu u6c, tap quan quoc te, ke ca phap luat nu6c ngoai doi vai viec ky ket, thuc hien va giai quyet tranh chap phat sinh tii hgp dong bao hiem hang boa mang ban chat 8 phap ly dan su do. Chang ban nhu hinh thiic ciia hgp dong bao hiem, giam dinh hang boa, boi thudng thiet hai, thong le quoc te ve van chuyen hang boa XNK... Noi tom lai, HDBH hang boa XNK ma luan van de cap dugc xac dinh ro la loai quan he hgp dong kinh te. CQng xin noi them, a nu6c ta hien nay, ngay ca khi Bo luat Dan su 1995 dugc ban hanh, do ranh giai phap ly de xac dinh pham vi dieu chinh ciia hai he thong phap luat kinh te va phap luat dan su con thieu tinh ranh mach cho nen van con nhieu y kien khac nhau xung quanh vi tri ciia HDBH, trong do co HDBH hang boa XNK, la hgp dong dan su hay hgp dong kinh te? Va tren thuc le da xay ra mot so truang hgp, ciang mot vu tranh chap HDBH nhung dugc giai quyet a ca hai toa an kinh te va dan su[39]. Tuy vay chiing ta van phai thira nhan la, dii Bo luat Dan su da danh ban mot muc rieng quy dinh ve HDBH ( 14 Dieu, tii 571 den 584), song, suy cho ciing, v6i tinh chat la mot Bg luat co tinh phap dien hoa cao nen nhu'ng quy dinh do chi mai diing lai a cac nguyen tac chung nhat ve che dinh HDBH noi chung. Duang nhien la, neu khong co cac van ban phap ly huang dan thi hanh cu the thi nhung quy dinh do cua Bo luat Dan su khong the khong tranh khoi nhiJng kho khan, liing tiing cho cac duang su khi ap dung va thuc thi phap luat, nhat la trong nhirng truang hgp ma ngay ban than nhung quy dinh ciia phap luat kinh te, hgp dong kinh te cung con chua day dii, thieu su dong bo va ro rang. Bai vay cho nen, trong luan van nay, viec tac gia xac dinh noi ham ciia khai niem hgp dong kinh te' ap dung cho cac HDBH hang boa XNK cung chi mang nghia tuang doi va co the chap nhan dugc. Han nira viec xac dinh nhu the cung la tao dieu kien giiip tac gia nghien ciiu, luan giai mot each ky luang ve nhung noi dung phap ly ma de tai luan van dang dat ra. Nhung van de phap ly ve HDBH hang boa XNK ma luan van de cap chi gi6i ban trong pham vi ma tac gia xin tam ggi la "Nguyen tac lanh th6'\ Hay noi each khac, HDBH hang boa XNK, dii ngudi mua bao hiem la ben Viet Nam hay phia nuac ngoai, phai ky ket v6i mot doanh nghiep bao hiem duac thanh lap va hoqt dong theo phap luat Viet Nam, 9 Cu the la: - Doi vol loai HDBH hang hoa xuat khau, la nhung trudng hgp nguai ban hang (phia Viet Nam) mua bao hiem , hoac ngu5i mua hang (phia nuac ngoai) mua bao hiem tai mot doanh nghiep bao hiem trong nuac. - Doi vol HDBH hang hoa nhap khau, la nhirng truang hgp ma nguai mua hang ( phia Viet Nam) mua bao hiem tai mot doanh nghiep bao hiem a Viet Nam. Nhung trudng hgp ngudi mua hang, mua bao hiem ciia mot doanh nghiep bao hiem a n\i6c ngoai, hoac nguai ban hang (phia nuac ngoai) mua bao hiem tai mot doanh nghiep bao hiem nuac bg, sau do chuyen nhugng HDBH do cho ngu5i mua hang la phia Viet Nam, khong thuoc pham vi nghien ciiu ciia de tai luan van nay. Luan van nay chi de cap va nghien ciiu trong pham vi nbiJng van de phap ly ciia HDBH hang hod XNK goc, tuyet nhien khong de cap den nhirng kbia canh phap ly ciia hgp dong tai bao hiem cho ciing loai hang boa XNK do. Tlico quy dinh hien hanh ciia phap luat bao hiem Viet Nam, nguai mua bao hiem cung khong CO quyen true tiep kien ddi boi thu&ng hay bat ky khieu nai nao doi vai doanh nghiep tai bao hiem\li,2] 1.1. De nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK / . / . / Khai niem Trong quan he phap luat ve HDBH hang boa XNK noi rieng va quan he phap luat HDBH thuang mai noi chung, nhu cau dugc biet nhiJng thong tin quan trong lien quan den HDBH cho doi tugng bao hiem ciia cac doanh ngiep bao hiem (ngudi bao hiem) la bet siic can thiet va no mang tinh dac thii ciia loai quan he phap luat nay. Theo quan diem ciia ngucfi bao hiem, bg can dugc nguai yeu cau bao hiem cho biet ve cac yeu to, miic do ciia riii ro; ten, dja chi, doi tugng dugc bao hiem v.v... Tren ca sa nhirng thong tin do, nguai bao hiem se quyet dinh co tham gia giao ket va thuc hien HDBH hay khong, neu quyet dinh thi mii'c phi, dieu 10 kien bao hiem... se dugc ap dung ra sao, riii ro dugc bao hiem, riii ro loai trCr trach nhiem bao hiem la the nao... Chinh vi nhirng le do, ngu5i mua bao hiem phai co trach nhiem cung cap mot each day dii, chi tiet nhirng thong tin ma minh biet ve doi tugng bao hiem hoac theo nhQng yeu cau chi dan ciia ngudi bao hiem. Mat khac ciing phai thira nhan rang, de nghi bao hiem, hay con ggi la dan yeu cau bao hiem la ca sa phap ly quan trong de xac dinh gia tri hieu lire ciia HDBH hang boa XNK, coi do nhu la mot phan bat buoc ciia cau thanh HDBH cho hang boa XNK a nuac ta hien nay. Dan yeu cau bao hiem la hinh thiic pho bien nhat de nguai bao hiem co the nhan dugc nhirng thong tin can thiet lien quan t6i riii ro se dugc bao hiem. Doi vai nghiep vu bao hiem hang boa XNK, ngudi yeu cau bao hiem se dien vao dan yeu cau bao hiem nhiJng noi dung theo mau va nop cho nguai bao hiem. Cac dan nay CO the thuc hien true tiep vai ngudi bao hiem (cong ty me), hoac thuc hien thong qua moi giai bao hiem, trung gian bao hiem. Do tinh chat da dang ciia hang boa XNK cho nen yeu cau ve thong tin cua nguai bao hiem xoay quanh doi tugng dugc bao hiem cung rat phiic tap, dai ngan khac nhau. Tuy nhien nhin chung cac mau dan yeu cau bao hiem cho hang boa XNK ap dung a nuac ta hien nay thudng thong nhat trong mot so noi dung cu the, pho bien, va dugc chia lam ba phan chinh: - Phan ghi nhan - Phan cam ket - Phan canh bao • Phan ghi nhan - The hien quan diem, y chi giua cac chii the, nguai mua bao hiem va ngucfi bao hiem ve su thiet lap mot quan he HDBH cho hang boa XNK nao do trong mot khoang thc/i gian thich hgp. • Phan cam ket - La nhung thong tin do ngu5i yeu cau bao hiem cung cap: Hoan toan diing su that trong gi6i ban toi da nhirng gi ma nguai do biet va tin tuang. Cam ket la noi dung quan trong, can thiet lam thoa man cac yeu cau cua nguyen tac trung thuc tuyet doi trong quan he HDBH hang boa XNK. 11 • Phan canh bao- Quy dinh nhirng yeu to phai khai bao va nguy ca gap phai nii ro, thiet hai ganh chiu, neu nguai mua bao hiem khong khai bao day du ve nhung thong tin ma ngudi bao hiem yeu cau. Neu dan yeu cau bao hiem hang boa XNK dugc trinh bay hgp ly va nguai bao hiem chap nhan dan do, ket hgp phi bao hiem dugc thanh toan (hoac co thoa thuan trong hgp dong), mot HDBH hang boa XNK se dugc thanh lap, thong qua hanh dong cap dan bao hiem, hoac true tiep ky ket HDBH giira nguai mua bao hiem va ngucfi bao hiem. Tii nhirng phan tich neu tren, chiing ta co the dua ra mot dinh nghia tuang doi chinh xac ve khai niem Dan de nghi giao ket HDBH hang boa XNK nhu sau: Don de nghi giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK la van ban trong do chiia dung nhu'ng noi dung ve su cam ket, ghi nhan va canh bao giiia nguai bao hiem va nguai mua bao hiem ve viec chuan hi cho qua trinh giao ket, thuc hien HDBH sau do. 1.1.2. Hinh thiccy ban chat phap ly cua dan de nghi giao ket hap dong Theo thong le chung ve boat dong bao hiem hang boa XNK, dan de nghi bao hiem phai dugc lap thanh van ban, co tinh bat buoc doi vcVi bat cu cbii the nao. truang hgp nao, va la mot phan tat yeu cau thanh nen HDBH cho cung loai bang boa XNK da neu trong dan. Ngay tai Dieu 9, Quy tac chung ve bao hiem hang boa van chuyen bang duang bien ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh 305-TC/BH, ngay 9-8-1990 ciia Bg truang Tai chinh ( sau day ggi tat la QTC 90), cung de cap kha chi tiei van de nay: '' Khi CO nhu cau bao hiem, ngu5i co nhu cau phai lam giay yeu cau bao hiem trong do ghi ro cac dieu khoan sau day...". Xet ve ban chat, y nghia phap ly, dan de nghi bao hiem la bang chung ve viec xac nhan HDBH da dugc thiet lap, neu nguai bao hiem dong y lai de nghi do, thong qua viec cap dan bao hiem. Va nhu vay, dan yeu cau bao hiem tra thanh mot phan tat yeu ciia HDBH cho hang boa XNK, ke ca truang hgp cac ben giao ket HDBH bao cho hang boa XNK do, vai thai ban thong thuang la mot nam. Trong nhirng tru5ng hgp nhu vay, mac dii giira cac chii the da co mot ban HDBH 12 ky kei true tiep, vai tuang doi day du nhung thong tin quan trong lien quan den quyen, nghia vu phap ly ciia cac ben; quyen, nghia vu doi v6i hang boa dugc bao hiem..., nhung yeu cau hoan chinh, bo sung dan de nghi bao hiem van dugc dat ra cho tiing chuyen hang cu the, trong khoang th5i gian quy dinh. Neu nguai mua bao hiem khai bao cham tre, ngu5i bao hiem chi thira nhan bao hiem neu nguoi mua bao hiem chiing minh dugc su cham tre do la do nguyen nhan khach quan, ngoai kha nang kiem soat ciia minh. Tuy nhien, dieu kien bat huge la khong dugc cham qua ngay tau bat dau den cang da hang cuoi ciing ghi tren dan bao hiem. Truang hgp tru6c khi xep hang, nguai mua bao hiem chua biei thong tin ve phuang tien van chuyen thi co the giri giay yeu cau bao hiem dua tren ca sa L/C va hgp dong mua ban hang hoa. Ngay sau khi nhan dugc thong bao ve 16 hang da dugc xep len tau, nguai mua bao hiem phai giii giay yeu cau bo sung cho nguai bao hiem, trong do ghi ro nhiing noi dung nhu sau: - Ten hang boa dugc bao hiem - So lugng, trgng lugng va gia tri CF hoac FOB ciia moi chuyen hang... - Ten tau, ngay khai hanh, cang di, cang den, ngay va so van dan. Van de dat ra a day la, lieu viec dieu chinh ciia phap luat doi vai quan he mang tinh chat ''tien hgp dong" nhu tren co dem lai hieu qua thiet thuc trong thuc tien nang dong, canh tranh quyet liet ciia thi trudng bao hiem hang boa XNK nhu hien nay. Co nhieu y kie'n thira nhan la, viec can thiep ''qua s6m" cua phap luat trong quan he HDBH hang boa XNK , da tao ra khong it kho khan, bat Igi cho cac chu the khi tham gia giao ket, thuc hien hgp dong. Thuc te khong phai liic nao nguai mua bao hiem cung co the dap ling day du nhirng yeu cau mang tinh thii luc nhu lap dan yeu cau bao hiem bat buoc nhu quy dinh ciia phap luat. Mat khac cung CO y kien lai thay rang, viec dieu chinh cua phap luat nhu vay la rat can thiei, bao dam su on dinh, chat che ciia mot HDBH hang boa XNK khi da dugc thiet lap, la can cii phap ly quan trgng de cac ben thuc hien tot nhat quyen va nghia vu phap ly ciia minh trong quan he hgp dong. 13 Du con nhieu quan diem chua thong nhat ve van de nay, nhung chiing ta van phai thong nhai v6i nhau ve gia tri phap ly, ban chat phap ly ciia dan yeu cau bao hiem a mot so diem ca ban nhu sau: - Dan yeu cau bao hiem la ca sa phap ly va la mot phan tat yeu ciia cua HDBH. Dieu nay cho thay cac chu the co nhu cau de nghi bao hiem cho hang boa XNK phai rat than trgng tru6c khi dien vao dan nhiJng thong tin ma ngudi bao hiem muon biei. - Dan yeu cau bao hiem la bang chiing phap ly quan trgng ve viec the hien thien chi ciia nguai mua bao hiem ve viec xac lap va thuc hien mot HDBH trong tuang lai. - Dan yeu cau bao hiem la ca sa phap ly de nguai bao hiem thuc hien nghia vu ciia minh doi vai tai san, hang hoa XNK ciia nguai mua bao hiem khi ho chap nhan lai de nghi yeu cau bao hiem theo nhirng noi dung da dugc ghi nhan va cam kei. 1.2. Giao ket HDBH hang hoa XNK 1.2.1 Nguyen tac giao ket Nguyen tac la tu tuang chi dao, la khuon mau chuan muc co tinh bat huge thuc hien doi v6i bai ky chii the nao khi tu dat minh vao moi quan he ciia nhiing nguyen tac do. Trong ITnh vuc boat dong bao hiem hang boa XNK, viec dieu chinh CO tinh nguyen tac doi v6i cac quan he ve hgp dong co mot y nghia bet sue quan trong, gop phan bao ve quyen, Igi ich hgp phap ciia cac chii the khi tham gia cac quan he bao hie'm hang boa XNK von di luon ham chiia trong minh nhu'ng riii ro, bai chac, rat de dan den pha san doanh nghiep neu nhu khong co cac bien phap dieu chinh kip thai. Bao dam tinh nguyen tac trong giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK la bien phap gop phan ban che, khac phuc thiet hai, riii ro co hieu qua cao nhai cho cac chii the. Noi den nguyen tac giao kei HDBH hang boa XNK, tru6c hei chiing ta phai tim hieu it nhieu ve nhiing noi dung ca ban cua nguyen tac bao hiem thuang mai. 14 mot van de co tinh chai xuyen suot, chi phoi moi boat dong bao hiem, trong do co cac quan he giao kei hgp dong, thuc hien hgp dong. - Nguyen tac sang loc: Trong bao hiem thuang mai, tru6c nhii'ng nhu cau, tinh chai bao hiem ngay cang da dang, phiic tap, ngudi bao hiem cung buoc phai diing truac nhieu loai doi tugng bao hiem khac nhau, vai nhirng miic do, tinh chai rui ro bao hiem ciing rat khac nhau. Vi the, nguyen tac sang Igc doi tugng bao hiem la doi hoi mang tinh nguyen tac dat ra va rat dugc coi trgng trong boat dong bao hiem thuang mai. Van de lua ebon, sang Igc nii ro khong chi vl Igi ich ciia nguai bao hiem ma con gan lien vdi quyen Igi ciia ca phia nguai mua bao hiem, dong thai tranh cho bg nhirng chi phi qua cao trong nhiJng truang hgp bao hiem ma thiet hai la "tai yeu" se xay ra. Hay noi theo ngon ngu* nghiep vu bao hiem, do la riii ro "qua xau". - Nguyen tac phan tan, phan chia rui ro: Su da dang ciia cac nhu cau bao hiem, su phiic tap ciia cac rui ro bao hiem trong thuc te, cong vai gia tri tai san bao hiem ngay cang Ian, khien ngu5i bao hiem co the rai vao tinh trang mat kha nang thanh toan bai cii liic nao. De tranh hi rai vao tinh trang "mao hiem" trong kinh doanh bao hiem, nguai bao hiem, hay noi each khac, boat dong bao hiem thuang mai phai ton trgng va quan triet nguyen tac phan tan, phan chia riii ro cho nhirng nguai bao hiem khac. Cac nghiep vu bao hiem thuc hien nguyen tac nay co the ke ra day la: Phan tan riii ro bang hinh thiic dong bao hiem, tai bao hiem, va tham chi la ca phuang thiic tu bao hiem cung dugc phat buy hieu qua mot each toi da. - Nguyen tac bao hiem rui ro mang tinh ngdu nhien. Ban chai kinh te ciia bao hiem la ban che, phong ngira va san se riii ro thiet hai, chii khong phai la bien phap kinh te de ngu5i mua bao hiem Igi dung, chiem doat tai san ciia nguai khac, hoac nhu CO tinh day nguai bao hiem vao the chac chan phai boi thudng thiet hai. Chinh vi the, nguyen tac bao hiem nhiing riii ro mang tinh ngau nhien- nghia la rui ro dugc bao hiem co the xay ra tren thuc te hoac ciing co the khong xay ra. Dieu nay ca nguori mua bao hiem va ngu5i bao hiem deu khong the biei truac va cung khong he mong muon dieu do la co that. Noi dung phap ly ciia bai cii HDBH nao cung 15