Tài liệu Giao trinh cad3d

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"N & " K "N & :; B : ' " L <- C "D 6E " $, 6* * ' $ C "D 6E -C K +' % ' " L <- C "D 6E 6a 6$^ 6." "( ;' = C "D 6E 6a 6$^ $ (% < " L +M C "D 6E F G =# ) 0 %0 " 6b- 6E K & -M c -\ # # "- 1 4 " @ "# # " ? d d # - e 11B " G " :T " D 62- "$^ 9 # fE" e5" " g C D @ " - e 11 W8X 6E K @ "# # " ? d d # - e 11B " > # "? ' = h# 6E K & -M "i" f & 6$^ +j 1 K " " - e 11 " - e 11 @+ \ 4k l mGG W8X 6E K =# %& < @ ." A A @ : QR " 4E# E- " <- Q "R:T " " # c e @: 1 " D# 62- "$^ "< ." !- e ! - " D ." n =# ' <' i" f "o :* -M $% D # $% -C - K -M "L &' ( ) *+ AB , $ ! ! "# $ = e 2- p A @G \ 1 A1 \ 1 A Q Ak1 AR c 1 ! - G# 1F & E# % && ' 5; ' ' %.6)% '6;C 6;4 '62' 6:@ <6*0 ' '6 % & 6('< 'B ' ' \: 2 ` 6= & I h" d " -M K- ? " J /B : W @-" X -M E ?" J 0B : & h# # $% e 2- + o 4- " -M ?" J SB U " ": " S -1 * ] ] "J S & *# q " J? r * I ." ] 9 p ." " ( . $,-B % && ' 5; ' ' %.6)% '6;C 6;4 '62' 6:@ <6*0 ' '6 % & 6('< 'B) ' ' Q 1 " # - " "3 A" W - 1X \ : 1 := e 6$Z " s <- "-5# ` ." $,- ? 6= B A" W - 1X \ " # := e 6$Z " s <- "-5# ` ." " ( ? 6r 5 Ut8 & *#B 4 - " -M : \1 " W u X 12 < ` & q "J ; & +s ? :=" v v & N B % && ' 5; ' ' %.6)% '6;C 6;4 '62' 6:@ <6*0 ' '6 % & 6('< 'B;C ' ' " \ -1 "3 A" W - 1X := e ? A 6$Z e B : \ -" - 1 "1 W uX 12 ." 67 : \ "-" - 1 "1 WPX 12 ." ; n ;% ' & +s ? :=" g# B % && ' 5; ' ' %.6)% '6;C 6;4 '62' 6:@ <6*0 ' '6 % & 6('< 'B;4 ' ' " \ "3 A" W - 1X := e ? A 6$Z e B : \ -" - 1 "1 W uX 12 ." 67 : \ "-" - 1 "1 WPX 12 ." ; 2' +j ." " f " % && ' 5; ' ' e o - r * n 6r %.6)% '6;C 6;4 '62' 6:@ <6*0 ' '6 % & 6('< 'B2 ' ' -1" 6r G 6r 6r " 6r n c 1 c 1-w 12 6$Z " ( 6 < n c 1 1-w 12 6$Z " ( 6 < c n u :@ < & " =#9 6= K "7 -= " -= % && ' 5; ' ' %.6)% '6;C 6;4 '62' 6:@ <6*0 ' '6 % & 6('< 'B: ' ' - 1" : 1 # - " -[ G : 1 # - " 6-[ - : 1 # - " 6-[ " W " : 1 # - "X 6-[ n 4& *# U# W # # - "X 6r ` & *# 4& 4& *# J" U# W # # - "X " - 1" " # # - " x6-[ G " # # - " 6-[ u - " # # - " 6-[ " " # # - " 6-[ P q "J U# W # # - "X - 1" # - " 6-[ G # - " 6-[ u P n " u u " n G# & N % && ' 5; ' ' %.6)% '6;C 6;4 '62' 6:@ n <6*0 ' '6 % & 6('< 'B* ' ' n " \ 1# "3 A" W - 1X := e ? A 6$Z e B : \ -" - 1 "1 W uX 12 ." 67 : \ "-" - 1 "1 WPX 12 ." ; P 1 +s 5 % && ' 5; ' ' %.6)% '6;C 6;4 '62' 6:@ <6*0 ' '6 % & 6('< 'B ' ' " \ " 1 "3 & 5 A" W - 1X \ " 1 := e & +s 5 A" W - 1X \ " : := e ." y" G "1 " : \ W uX 12 ." y" G "1 " 1 \ W uX 12 6$Z 1OF & ( % && ' 5; ' ' %.6)% '6;C 6;4 '62' 6:@ <6*0 ' '6 % & 6('< 'B( ' ' \@ 2 & ( ? 6k[ B d " -M K- & ( ?" J /B F- " -M E ? " J 0B 4 - " -M ? " J SB U " ": " S -1 * ] "J S Q %( )* +& * Y "D 6E 6-[ +,w * Y "D 6E 6-[ w +,w * Y "D 6E 6-[ w +,= h# \ " :y" 6-[ S "D 6E " J , % ' 6-[ " $, 6-[ " $, 6-[ " $, " $, S 5B LÖnh vÏ mÆt trong kh«ng gian 3D ,-./ * 0 ? A B dC A\ "< = ." A * . n < 9 p- ." 6$^ "< K 62- "$^ 6% 9 e o " [ Y C # # = +z 62- "$^ K A @ G \ 1 A\ \ " - 1" # - " D 6-[ " 7 i" ! ` ." # ) G # - " D 6-[ " 7 - ! ` ." # ) - # - " D 6-[ " 7 : ! ` ." # ) " # - " D 6-[ " 7 "$ !n ` ." # ) ? . i " "< " -= B - # - " D 6-[ " 7 : ! ` ." # ) e5 "-5# ? . i " 6[ e5" " g B " # - " D 6-[ " 7 "$ !u ` ." # ) e5 "-5# ? . i " 6[ e5" " g B !n !P ! ! ! ! !u ! • ) ' ? &D %!" # "E" "F "G 5; H "' C A @ 1 \ 1 A-1# WG " X = { D G " D < N 9 s y 1j i" -C -( "J # |# D -M < e = i " 6[ e5" " g C A-1# K -C = < 6$^ e i" A-1# WG " X " G " W X D "' 62- "$^ 9 i " 6[ e5" " g C Q %( 1 &/ 123 =# I< ' & H < "i " f : < ." $,- "' n < * = 6r " Y A @ 1 \ 1 1 \ 1 \ G " D < = 6> -M c ` $,G " D < = 6> -M ` $,G " D < G " n D < n 5 = < e o * 6r " Y 1j i" -C s y m / 1 "" " ? < /e o < < e = B u =# ' &H ." " s < ." " s :; = 62- "$^ A ?6$Z "< ." }# " + B ] "J A @1 \ 1 + + 1 \ +1 \ " G "# " + D 6$Z "< ." " s G " -1 \ + "D "J ] G" " W8X +> " :y" 6N " J k ? ~t F9 t FB W \ X * • g• 5 " J e o # f- K 6$Z . #i" -C s y m "-" " 1 : 1 " "-1 62- "$^ e o " ^# K " J =# &' & H ." e€ dC K "< ." e€ "' 6$Z :-( 6$^ D 9 ." K * ." e€ K = 6$Z " ) 9 12 6$Z e€ 6> :L- :-5 1 \" : A @ 1 \ 1 1 \ 1 \ " G " \- 1" \- + D 6$Z :-( G "1 \- + D 6$Z :-( n =# &H ." " J < ." $,- " & < 6$Z • ?# " + B D " + " 6> $, ? - "- + " B ch" 6E $,- ? 12 6$Z 1- B = 6> :; :-5 1 \" : A @ 1 \ 1" : " 1 \ " :1 \ " G "# " + D 6$Z • 6> < ." " J G " - "- + " D + " 6> $, > &H J & H A = 6$Z 1- ? 6$Z e€ ." B K ." $,- " % _ 5 Y C # # = +z $,- " & 1j "< I ." " -= . "7 -= KB Khèi r¾n, c¸c c¸ch céng trõ khèi r¾n + / $ B =# F% L !" M "D0 A @ G - 1 Q & E# : " " W \ : XW89898X "D 6E 6r ? " "3 & I h" B : d " W " X "D 6E 6r 62: e 2- + o d " -M K- -M E & I h" 4 - " -M & E# F & ( F " " W \ : XW89898X "D 6E 6r ? " "3 & I h" B : d " W " X "D 6E 6r 62: ." K & + o d " -M K- -M E & I h" 4 - " -M & ( & * " m -#"W " # - "X "3 ` 6= " s m -#"6= K & -#1 A" W U - 1X := e 6= " s # W - "X -M # "D 6E 6r & * n & "J " m -#"W " # - "X "3 ` 6= " s m -#"6= K & -#1 A" W U - 1X := e 6= " s " \ " W - "X -M " \ " "D 6E "3 6= " s " ( G# & N 1# " " \ 1# W89898X "3 A" WU - 1X := e u 1 & +s 5 " 1 " " \ 1# W89898X "3 k ) P & I h" I h" -C & -C A" WU - 1X \ " 1 := e ? *" [3 B A" WU - 1X \ " : := e 2 ? 5 := e 3 " & := e 2 # f- , % := e & :N J B Q F% L !" N A " O& • / & "P& & -M # f- K 6 " 5 e |# e 9 = < ` 6 5 e o 6$^ "{ y" 5 e o # f- K 6 " 5 e |# e " & Y C # -" [ 6b# " G "# D 62- "$^ 1 ‚ - F- " m -" + " -" G# - A + d" # H /-" W/X T " G " :T "1 D 62- "$^ "-5# " ! fE" 6[ e5" " g C dC " "< :M ." & -M A @G - 1m " " " G " :T "1 D ." A ! " W4 - " \ m " 1- X -M m " 1- " # W8X * "*# ? $% " & "*#9 3 " & B ! " " 6$Z ƒ G "# " D 6$Z ƒ dC + + & "s A @G - 1m " + " G " :T "1 D ." A -1 \ + "R:T " / 0 WG" " # - " \ -1X D 6-[ " 7 i" " ( " J Wm # - " \ -1X D 6-[ " 7 - " ( " J \ + "- W\ - X * o ? = 6> :%- -M ] - 6> :L- 6-[ "J B „-M e -[ 1{ " [ -C +h" " [ 6. Q-5 C " 2 -1 - 1 " 6b- 12 6$Z " [ -C :M ." e - e o :> e i" -1 - 1 " @+ \ -1 - 1 Q-5 C " 2 " 1 " 6b- 12 ." " -= " [ -C ." e |" e i" " 1 " @+ \ " 1 Q-5 C " 2 -1#1- e - :-5 K t " & I " -= 6$^ <- :… e |" e i" -1#1" @+ \ -1#1- W8X kk %( * 4* ( 5 ) + / =# ,QC4Q ?A @†G - †H - B ! |# ^# G " :T "1 D +h" " [ G " :T "1 D +h" " [ G " :T "1 ? " B O h" " [ 6$^ "< " K K +h" " [ # 7 ^# ? # 1-" B " E ,# ` +h" " [ =# *,* +$) ?A @† 1 - † G :" "B ! |# -C G 1 :T "1 G " :T "1 D = +h" " [ :> " ' ? * " [ D -M 62- "$^ " 6[ e5" " g B G "1 - 1 - " 1 :" " G " :T "1 D = +h" " [ " ' ? * " [ D -M 62- "$^ " 6[ e5" " g B =# CQ I+*I) ?A @† 1 - † k " 1 "- B # |# G " :T "1 D +h" " [ +K B "< " ( # N -I - +h" " [ n =# CQ I+RI+I ?A @†1 - † k " \ k mU mUm G " " \- 1" 1 " \ 1 - 1 D +h" " [ G " :T "1 \ G " :T "1 ? " B G "" 1 1 " \ 1 - 1 D +h" " [ G " :T "1 ? " B " - " \ 1 - 1VW X 0? " B 8 - . SB , / 6 ) + / =# H ' K "s < c -\ - " \ " ? Ukc B " \- " - 1t8 ! - U - 1 - WG " \- 1" :T "X D < m " - 1 W8X := e * : "s - U - 1 WG " X D < "-5# . i " m 1 : #- e 11 " \ \- " =# ) H' +=" < c -\ \ ? Ukc B " \ A-1" t 8 88889 A-1" t 8 8888 ! - A-1" - c " WG " \- 1" - X D < G ": 1 1 \ c." 6$^ " WRlX 5 ." D e o 6g " WRlX " m " : 1 1 \ -1" W8X e " $, m " " 1 \ -1" W 8 8888X e " $, d # WG " X D < "( ." 6$^ D d # WG " X d " ? +=" * "i" f = < ` ." D B D * "' y" +h" " [ A @1 - 1 11 " 1 " :T " D +h" " [ G- - # : R:T " S -1 - @ /0 0S S/ W # - "1X D 6-[ ." # ) 6- ] = { D e = /090S9S/ ." # ) y" 1 1 +,- ." # ) /090S9S/ ! - " /0 # 6-[ K ." y" 6- ] S -1 = 6> 6-[ ." # ) y" 1j 6- ] 6-[ " 7 i" +K " ) * +,- 6$Z " ) ] 6-[ " ( - @ ." # ) y" 1 1 +,- 6-[ & ! - " +- @ # 6-[ ." # ) y" 6- ] Q " 1- 1 W! - " 11\" # X D # N 2 -I 6-[ ." # ) 62- 7 6- ] = { D R:T " ." 62- 7 6$^ = 6> :L- 62- "$^ -M d 1" ." 62- 7 6$^ = 6> :L- C A " $, 6* S -1 = 6> " J S :; 6-[ 9 ." # ) 62- 7 6- ] 6-[ " 7 i" +K " ) * +,- 6 < " ) - @ ." 62- 7 " ) * +,- # $% & ` v 1b -C K +K 6- ] 6-[ 6$^ = 6> :L- s y ! - " +- @ # W89898X /0 ." 62- 7 1 1 +,- ." # ) /0 +K 6- ] 6-[ 6$^ = 6> :L- s y ! - " +- @ # W89898X 0S9S/ "$% "{ /0 62- "$^ ] " J :i" e‡ =# % '5; ] c -\ A # "" " A G " :T " D 62- "$^ ! : R:T " d 1" S -1 - @ / -1 0 -1 S -1 # - "1X = 6> 6-[ "J ] = { D R:T " " J ] 6$^ = 6> :L- 62- "$^ -M d 1" " J ] 6$^ = 6> :L- C " " A " $, 6* - @ "J ] 1 1 +,- # $% & ` v 1b -C K +K 6- ] 6-[ 6$^ = 6> :L- s y ! - " +- @ - "-1 W89898X / -1 " J ] 1 1 +,- " J / +K 6- ] 6-[ 6$^ = 6> :L- s y ! - " / -1 W89898X 0 -19S -1 "$% "{ / -1 ] 62- "$^ " E" 62- "$^ e = A # "" G " :T "1 D 62- "$^ G# -\ 1" 1 # - " D 6-[ ˆ " 7 i" G# -\ 1" 1"- "- # - " D 6-[ 6 " 7 i" G# -\ 1 # - " D 6-[ ˆ " 7 G# -\ 1"- "- # - " D 6-[ 6 " 7 G# -\ 1 # - " W "- X D 6-[ ˆ " 7: G# -\ 1"- "- # - " W "- X D 6-[ 6 " 7 : n =# 5; @ "< f = 62- "$^ " e o c -\ A # "A G " :T "1 D 62- "$^ l-[ & E# U " ! ?U !B " : \ @1 ? B W X 12 K : \ 1 ?‰‰‰B W X 12 E" : \ + 1 ? B W X 12 "N A-1" : "@ @1 ? B e f = K A-1" : "@ 1 ?‰‰‰B e f = E" A-1" : "@ + 1? B e f = "N l-[ +s " s U " ! ?U !B " : \ -" 1 12 62- "$^ " \- W u8X * U " " :T "1 1 " #- V W0X ] 62- "$^ " # - " \ = 6> -[ " 7 i" ` " J G # - " -1 \ " "= 6> -[ " 7 - ` " J =# c -\ TB Nguån s¸ng trong vÏ 3D 8 9 :( $ dC - " - @U d- " F% &U E Š @ "< ˆ 1= ,d- " 1= ˆ 1= = e-[ ˆ 1= ! - " - " ˆ 1= "… G# " - " ˆ 1= -5 " # < +A-1" " - " ˆ 1= ? = 1= ." " Z-B cJ = e-[ D- 1= k " 1-" 6-[ r $Z 6E 1= G 1" 1" " 6b- K 1y ˆ 1= *" [" 6b- +> " 9 ] 91 |# ˆ 1= VW 0 %F &U E 0% d- " "( ˆ 1= k " 1-" $Z 6E 1= c -\ = 6> +> " ˆ 1= m " - " "- W "X +> " ˆ 1= :; C + 9 W 0 %F &U E 0% "$^ "{ ˆ 1= # - " - " l = :-C" 4 "1# " +Y 1= \\ +Y 1= Z c -\ m " - "" "W "X +> " J "-( m " - " "- W "X +> " ˆ 1= nVW 0 %F &U E < "$^ "{ ˆ 1= # - " - " c -\ m " - " - "RW "X +> " J "-( m " - " - "URcW "X +> " ˆ 1= g" 1 " = 1= ." " Z- / i" -( E# E- " " e-[ -Z " E# " <- :( $,n # 9 " " g" # - "7" D +Y " ( :f 6ˆ " 5 -,- Q-;2 9 :( < = & P Y C - @ $ "N & C G : X0 "Y &U E - @U G D @ ˆ- 6." "( " J 1 D "( "N & " v 1b - @ ? " -( D "( ˆ 1= "$% 7 +,- "N & K ? D Rl +' <' v 1b 1 " D e-[ 1 2 i K B D "i" f ˆ 1= B ZB 0 *1 ( 23 ! = >& D +K y +h" -C ( = 62- "$^ - @U c " " " h" -C . 6> K : c -\ 1v 6b- " i" ` +h" -C @ "< +h" -C ,A # - " "< +h" -C ,- "' +h" -C * 1_ 4E# 1" = e-[ i" -C G " D i" -C * 1_ ‹y i" -C 62- "$^ "" D 62- "$^ 2 y i" -C Q k D 62- "$^ " K Q y " ,# Q[ 2 ' = @ " $ +-C = i" -C * 1_ ! +- @ " $, i" -C c " - -1" 1= i" -C d-: -1" e-[ i" -C k # " D +h" -C m # " :b i" -C +K " $ +-( F% " D #& B Q'1 \ .&D # 0 #- " B :- " " 6b- $Z 6E = 1= o" $Z U \ "" 6b- $Z 6E 1= # f < U 11 " 6b- 6E = 1# " 6b- 6E " 1 2" U \ "" 6b- 6E # f -5 ? r "= J +,- e-[ ! " " B Q # # =# f # +K +h" -C B r " [ -C e e-[ "o :* # " 9# " " %F- ? Y u c -\ +K c " - "( i" -C r 12 ` = " i" - \D f :-" # K ` +h" -C Q = C p" ^ ] 4 5 , 0 *1 ,-= ?@ " -5" 6." - @ AA - - @ A " G " :T "1 D 62- "$^ " A-1" !R- "1 ! S F-1" d-# 4- R\\ H W /-"X = { D : > [ & W <' |" e i" 4HH " L +M & -5 1 1 n , <% ` :… 6-M +' K :% = 6> +> " J "-( +K 6-[ & m " " " # - " W 9 9wX m " # - " W 9 9wX u )$ ' ] 6-[ & ] J "-( ? J "-( . 6> K 89898 5 $ = 6> :L- " ‡ D !R- "9 "B - m " \ /0 # W8X * ] "' ." # ) /0 ? # < +- :-5 6b- "' O8 65 O8B d{ D " \ m " - /0 # \ / -1 W8X * ] " ." # ) /0 ?" "' " J # < +- :-5 6b- "' P8 65 P8B $ ' ] J "-( ] 6-[ & ? +,- e f = e o 6b- B - m " \ /0 # W8X * ] "' ." # ) /0 ? # < +- :-5 6b- "' O8 65 O8B d{ D " \ m " - /0 # \ / -1 W8X * ] " ." # ) /0 ?" "' " J # < +- :-5 6b- "' P8 65 P8B P; "' " 6b- e f = "' J "-( 65 6-[ & 9 6ˆ " Z[ ] & -5 # 2- f @ " " -1" WXe f = * " [ = 6> :; " $, +,- " > "' 8 5 u ? u u N e f = -C "<- B O 7%% " 6b- "-( { 2 e ? . 6> K 8 B & -5 # 2- f T 1" 1 " W 8 888 X "-( { * " [ = 6> :; " $, +,- " > "' 8 5 u ? u u N "-( { -C "<- B 8 )= 0 = 6> ." y" " $, +K 1 ? " ) * +,- # $% & B 6[ -,- < # < +& Q e " WR\\X \ = 6> ." y" " $, Q ." y" 1 \\ e o Y ." y" m WA-1" \ " "X W X e f = " "' J "-( > $% 5 ." y" -I 6-[ & +K J "-( 9 " > 3 5 1 J "-( *" [ Y " $, 6[ r P m ." ( ] Q dC "o :* - @ G G A t8 ? G A t ? G A t ? G A t ? y" 2 u u u u " $, 2 e e ] "& ?f E $^ 5 ] P8 B e-[ G "o K = :M ." B "o :* ." 9 e o " [ -C = < m 4- - "B "o :* ." 9 < * K M 4d- B -2 C B ? . 6> B ." * K +j 9 < * K M O ^B " 6 0 *1 + = >? '? ? - @ U U B D "( ` " = 1 L J G " U Q 6 C !# \ ? - @ U ! \ 1B +' <' @0' er ?U 9# " 9# " +' <' %0 % G " 1 K "% = = :M ." ## c " = +h" -C 5 * G @ "< :* ?e-[ # " 9 # " " B U = " o "- +M 6$^ - +K \- 6Œ 7 d- " 1 6E # * 6<- ` = :-[ "$^ ˆ 1= G " n * { 6<- = :M ." N K "% = Kn 2% ' 40 % A-1 : e\ 1 e I ." e i" " :* % Q e\ -1 ." 6$^ j $^ -M K ." " $, 9 $^ <‹ K "o 6$^ K ` = < "( ! K "o $^ " ˆ- i# " J U B o "o :* Z- - "o "-+ = e- 6ˆ ˆ K ." 1 " " = " ." $," = " ( "' #- n +' <' • "$^ ? -2 " { % B 0 %"'<& ' \ 1 "i" -C s y 1 " :T " # |# D e - " { -C C # @- @ #- e # @- @ " D +Y = 6> :; h" 6[ Ge-# e o i" -C E# E- " <- e - D- C ;' % D %- e5" i" 6[ "o :* - @# "1 & "o :* ; " v 1b -C K 8 = 62& I