Tài liệu Macmillan_english_grammar_in_context_gnv64

Michael Vince acmillan nglish rammar In Context Intermediate with key Aa~ 4l!M ale!pawJalul lxalUOJ ul JEWWEJ 4S!l6u . UEII!WJE Macmillan Education Between Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited Companies and representatives ISBN 978-1-4050-7140-6 ISBN 978-1-4050-7141-3 throughout the world (with key edition) (without key edition) Text © Michael Vince 2007 Design and illustration © MacmilIan Publishers Limited 2007 First published 2008 AlI rights reserved; no part of this pubIication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the pubIishers. Design by Bigtop Original design by Giles Davies IIIustrated by Andy Hammond, Joanna Kerr, Darren Lingard, Sarah Nayler, Andrew Selby Cover concept by GiIes Davies Cover design by Katie Stephens Cover photographs by Corbis, Digital Vision, Photodisc The authors and pubIishers would like to thank the folIowing for permission to reproduce & bbc. their material: Extracts from websites bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitsize/business co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/physics copyright © bbc.co.uk reprinted by permission of the pubIisher. Extract from www.equityschooltravel.co.uk copyright © Equity Educational Tours, reprinted by permission of the pubIisher. lnformation 'Changing cities and urban challenges' from Letts Revise KS3 Geography by A. ArnelI & A. Browne; copyright © Letts 2004, reprinted by permission of the pubIisher, Huveaux Pic. lnformation 'Energy and electricity' from Letts Revise KS3 Science by B. MacDuell & G. Booth, copyright © Letts 2002, reprinted by permission of the pubIisher, Huveaux Pic. Extracts trom 'Weather and Climate' (Usborne Science & Experiments) copyright © Usborne Publishing Limited 1992, reprinted by permission of the pubIisher. Extract horn 'Apple Computers - The Early Years' taken from http://en.wikipe~U!( you Complete the text with the affirmative, . , j ~,\, (produce) How many times a day in and out? (breathe) What a (do) .. • ~ (h ave) faster in hot weather? (grow) the heart f How long to pump blood around the body? (take) muscles g ar push? (pull) h Which vitamin ? the liver 7 Brain / Muscle Skin \) ( negative or question form of the verbs in brackets. ...dQ the body. to proteet itselP Your body harmful microarganisms entering and causing harm. The skin, for example, c (allow) microorganisms to enter. Hairs and mucus in your nose d (catch) invaders, and then you e (push) the mucus out when you cough, sneeze or blow your nose. Enzymes and acids in the body, and white blood cells also f (destroy) bacteria. g (help) antibiotics ? antibiotic drugs to fight bacterial infections, but antibiotics against viruses. This is why doctors common cold ar fiu. i (give) How k (work) Doctors h (use) i (work) antibiotics to patients with a immunization ? Immunization (ar vaccination) is another way of protecting the body, by injecting the body with dead or inactive microorganisms. After vaccination, the body I (start) to make antibodies that destroy the microorganism. Because the microorganisms in the vaccination are not dangerous, the person m (get) n (come) into contaet with a hve (dangerous) micro organism, then the antibodies o (destroy) 1 Make a list of five facts from this unit which interest or surprise you. 2 Write ten sentences about your routines and habits. iII. When they the infection before it makes them m. 6 Complete the text with the present Population a (mean) simple or present continuous forms of the verbs in brackets. the number of people who live in a particular area. MC,tU'l.S The population of the world b (not stay) the same.At the moment it c (grow) ... at an increasing rate.ln fact, scientists d (believe) that the world population will increase until 2200, and then stop growing. However, things are not the same in all parts of the world. At present in manyWestern This f (happen) . industrial countries the population e (fali) . because families are smali, and health conditions are good. In developing countries, on the other hand, the population g (rise) sharply. In Ghana, for example, most families h (have) several children. Many children in Ghana i (die) from illness, so it is important to have lots of children.They earn money for the family and j (Iook after) .. their parents in old age. 7 Complete the sentence in brackets. a Everybody with the present (know) acc,.Jisa';)';)c,ariaq b Although rainforests b1.OWS simple or present continuous form of the verb that the world's rainforests . (cover) (disappear) only six per cent of the Earth's land about 50% of all species of life on surface, they (contain) the planet. carbon dioxide c They also (remove) (C02) from the air and (produce) ..oxygen (02). d As they are important, e Most scientists f why (they / vanish) (agree) ? that there are two main reasons. First of all, the way of life in these forests (change) g In some forests, big companies (deforestation) (cut) down more and more trees and (cause) h In other places, another Here farmers (bum) kind of deforestation damage to the land. (happen) more and more of the forest and (use) ..the land to feed cattle. Vl Now that govemments (understand) to control these activities. the problem, they (begin) :J O :J C ..... C O 1 2 Write five true sentences about your continuing activities, with team, read, write, study and try to. u ..... C (]) Write five true sentences about yourself, people you know, your school etc deseribing changing situations. Vl Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192. G (]) !>... Q. past simple (FORM) affirmative I / You / We / They / She / He / It stopped. negative 1/ You / We / They / She / He / It did not (didn't) stop. questions Did did did When What wait? I / you / we / they / she / he / it Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci live? paint? short answers Yes, 1/ you"/ we / they / she / he / it did. No, I / you / we / they / she / he / it didn't. spelling rules • Verbs end ing in e, add -d: decide - decided • For one-syllable verbs ending one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant and add -ed: stop - stopped • Other one-syllable wait - waited • Verbs end ing vowel + consonant + y, change Note: verbs ending vowel + y add -ed: • Two-syllable verbs end ing one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant if the stress is on the last syllable and add -ed: prefer - preferred If the stress is on the first syllable, add -ed: profit • verbs add -ed: irregular verbs Many verbs have irregular -y to -i and add -ed: (see List of irregular verbs page 206) past simple forms eg drink - drank study - studied play - played - profited see -saw @ Use past simple • to talk about finished events in the past, when we think about a definite Alexander's army marched beside the river and then stopped outside the city time. • to describe the events in a story. • to describe habits and routines in the past. We usually use a time word or phrase. Leonardo painted in his studio every day. Oliver heard the 50und of a bell. Soon afterwards, the door softly opened. Subject and object questions What did Leonardo paint? Who painted this portrait? are bot h possible with past simple (see Unit 1). object question: + auxiliary did subject question: no auxiliary did Examples of time words and phrases we use wit h past simple: o - yesterday on Tuesday last night at 6.30 in 1754 in January last week an hour ago last year after that 1 Complete the sentence with the past simple form of the verb in brackets. a Aztec civilization (develop) b The Aztecs (leave) c They (believe) for a new land. d They (arrive) e They (build) f They (plant) .J~v~IQ9~J in the Valley of Mexico, 7,500 feet above sea level. their own land of Aztlan at some time during the 12th or 13th century. that Huitzilopochtli their war god (want) them to search in the Valley of Mexico during the 12th or 13th century AD. their capi tal city, Tenochtitlan, on an island in Lake Texcoco. trees on the island to make the land better, (work) (improve) the land. g When the Spanish (arrive)HH that Cortez was a returning god. hard and in 1519, Montezuma, the Aztec ruler, (think) .. h When the Spanish (see) the Aztecs' gold, they (decide) to conquer the city. Later they (kill) Montezuma, (defeat) the Aztecs and (destroy) ..Aztec religion and culture. 2 Complete the sentence with the past simple form of the verb in brackets. Then decide if each sentence is True or a b c d e f g False. Check the factual answers on page 208. Greek actors (wear) WQr~ masks and special boots. TrL.l1:Spartan children (take) baths only two or three times a year. The philosopher Socrates (drink) poison and died. Alexander the Great's army (go) as far as China. Heron of Alexandria (make) a kind of jet engine. The Roman Emperor Caligula's name (mean) 'Happy Soldier'. Roman mathematics (have) no zero. h Most Roman girls (get) Roman soldiers (pay) The Romans (know) 3 married at the age of 18. for their own equipment and food. how to make soap and cement. Seven of the sentences (including the example) contain historical errors. Guess which ones are wrong and rewrite them with a negative past simple form. Check the factual answers on page 208. a Alexander the Great married Cleopatra . ...AI~x:el'1.d~c ..lh~ ...G.cl:-tll..diJl'1..\l..Merrlj ..CIe.QptllriJ.... b Nelson Mandela became President of South Africa in 1994. c Leonardo da Vinci invented the Internet. d Confucius the Chinese philosopher died in 1900. e Marco Polo stayed in China for five years. f The ancient Romans used steam engines in their battles. (1) Q. g Genghis Khan invaded Italy and captured Rome. h Christopher Columbus reached America by accident. William Shakespeare wrote Don Quixote. E lI'l +' lI'l CO Q. G) 4 Complete the question for each answer. The Industrial a When Revolution in Britain J.iJ±~?JVlJ.~~±[iel'R?Y91~±i9Vl~epp?t1,JVl13[i±eiVl"... ? The Industrial Revolution lwppened during the second half ofthe 18th cen tury in Britain. b How .. ... ? Work changed with the building oflarge factories. c What......... '0 ••••••••••••••••••• • •••••••• ? The first factories produced iron, steel, and textileso d What.., .. ........ ? lV'ew technology encouraged the production of more ships, and railway equipment. e What power ......., ? ,.. Factories used steam power. f What . . ? These factories required lots of coal for the steam engines. ? g Where MamLfactumos constructed their factories close to coal mines. . h Why .... ? They decided to do this because it was expensive to transport coal. What . ......? Factories also needed limestone and iron ore, for the manufacture Where ..... . .0 of steel. "O •• Industry in the UK developed near the coal fields of South Wales, the Midlands, north-east England and central Scotland. 5 Rewrite each statement about the playwright William Shakespeare as a yes I no question. a He came from a rich family. Q .....QjJ ..he.- ...cOMi:.-..±rOI1A..a ..rjdL+tlMjlij ... ? A No, not rea/ly. His father was a glove maker. b He grew up in London. Q ? A No, in Stratford upon Avon, a sma/l town about 160 km (rom London. c He went to school. Q ? A Yes, we think so. d He knew Latin. Q ......? A Yes, he learnt Latin at school, and some Greek as we/l. e He got married. Q ? A Yes, he was only 18 when he married Anne Hathaway, aged 26. f They had children. Q A Yes, a daughter Susanna, and twins, a boy Hamnet and a girl Judith. ? ? g He began writing plays in Stratford. Q ? A We don/t really know. We only know that after 1592 he was an actor and writer in London. h He wrote 37 plays all by himself. Q ? A Well/ we know he wrote two plays together with John Fletcher. Some people think that all his plays were really written by somebody else. He made up all the characters and plots of his plays. Q ? A Actually no. He borrowed lots of ideas (rom other writers. This was quite usual in his time. He became rich and famous. ? Q A He certainly became quite rich/ and his plays were popular. But he only became really famous in the 18th cen tury and later. Complete the text wit h the past simple affirmative, negative or question forms of the verbs in brackets. Louis Pasteur 1822-1895 As a young man, Pasteur a sludiecd he b (become) at the Ecole Normale in Paris. Then at the age of just 32, a professor at the University of Lille. In 1856, Pasteur c (receive) ..a visit from a man called Bigo who d (own) e (make) a factory that alcohol from sugar beet. He f (have) a question for Pasteur: why g (the alcohol / tum / to acid?) h (hap pen) , they ? When this i (not can) use it and j (throw) ..it away Bigo k (ask) At first, Pasteur I (not know) Pasteur to find out the reason for this. .. . , but when he m (examine) ..the alcohol under a microscope, he n (find) ..thousands of tiny micro-organisms. p (cause) He o (believe) that they the problem. q (milk, wine and vinegar / behave / in the same way?) .. ...1 Other scientists r (disagree) s (make) with him, and newspapers fun of him. However, Pasteur t (continue) with his work, he u (invent) .. methods of testing his theory and v (prove) .. that he was right. Later he w (work) doctors and x (develop) anthrax and rabies. together with two vaccines for diseases such as OJ Q. 1 2 Write five sentences about a famous historical figure from your country. E Write ten true things that you did, using the time words and phrases on page 14. +-' Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192. Q. Vl Vl ro G past' continuous, used to do (FORM) affi rlTiative' I / She/ He / It was You / We / They were reading. negative I / She / He / It was not (wasn't) were not (weren't) You / We / They looking. questions and short answers Where What I / she / he / it you / we / they Was Were was were he they waiting? watching? waiting? wearing? Yes, I was. you were. No, I wasn't. you weren't. @D Use past continuous • for a continuing unfinished action in the past. When Sue arrived at 930 am, four people were waiting continuing past action PAST , outside the office. '~. completed past event ~ ..~~-~~, were waiting PRESENT arrived • for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past action. While we were doing the maths test, the fire alarm went off • for activities as background description. The rainforest was fuli of saunds. Birds were calling from the trees and thousands of insects were buzzing and humming. • for two continuing events happening at the same time. While Cortes was ta/king to the emperor; his army was taking over the palace. while, when • Use while with past continuous for the time the event was happening. • Use when with past simple for actions. • We can use other more descriptive time phrases instead of when. At the moment the earthquake struck, most people were going about thelr normallives. habits in the past For deseribing habits and states in the past, it is more natural to use used to + verb than past continuous, especially when we make contrasts with the present. We do not mention the exact date. Used to is unchangeable, and has only a past tense form. Question: Did you use to? Negative: didn't use to Rainforests used to cover a third of the Earth, but naw they are getting smaller. Once people didn't use to worry about this problem. What games did you use to play in the playground at school? G Note: we also use past People once thought simple (+ frequency adverb) to describe habitual actions in the past. that the Sun travelled round the Earth 1 Underline the correct form. a While he took / was taking a bath, Archimedes discovered / was discovering the principles of density and buoyancy. b When Edouard Benedictus, a French scientist, worked / was working in his Iaboratory, he dropped / was dropping a glass bottle which had same pIastic inside - and invented / was inventing safety glass. c Columbus arrived / was arriving in America while he tried / was trying to reach the Far East. d AIexander FIeming discovered / was discovering penicillin by accident while he looked / was looking at some old experiments. e While Hiram Bingham climbed / was climbing in the mountains of Peru in 1911, he discovered / was discovering the Iost city of Macchu Picchu. f While Isaac Newton sat / was sitting under an appIe tree, an appIe (ell / was (alling on his head, and he understood / was understanding gravity. g While Dr Harry Coover tried / was trying to invent a new kin d of pIastic, he made / was making a very soft substance which stuck / was sticking things together. It was SupergIue. h While he observed / was observing the Moon through his teIescope, Galileo realized / was realizing that it had mountains and craters. Maeehu 28 2A Use the prompts to make a question. The answers are in Exercise 1. Picehu Complete the sentence with the past continuous form of the verb in brackets. The sentences refer to Exercise 1. a Where / Edouard Benedictus / work when he f Edouard Benedictus (not try) .. invented safety glass? ....lNh&r&.w,:;:{s ..~JQu,:;:{rJ.J;3&I'l.&diclus ...wQrtil'l.q ...wh.&I'l. h.&..iI'l.V&l'l.l&d ..s,:;:{:f&l?j ..q(,:;:{SS.... . . ? b Where / Columbus / try to go when he reached America? to invent safety glass . g AIexander Fleming (not hope) .. o "'O ? to discover penicillin. h Hiram Bingham (not Iook for) .. the Iost city of Macchu Picchu. Isaac Newton (not sit) .. ? an experiment to discover a kind of glue. ? ::J O C in his study when he understood gravity. Dr Harry Coover (not conduct) .. e What Galileo / Iook at / through his teIescope? ~ ~ ::J ? d What / Dr Harry Coover I'hope to invent? OJ Vl c Where / Isaac Newton / sit according to the story about gravity? B "'O +-' C O u +-' VI ro Q.. G