Tài liệu Moral lessons in some of oscar wlde’s fairy tales

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRANING TAY BAC UNIVERSITY =====o0o===== KHONG QUYNH HUONG GRADUATION PAPER MORAL LESSONS IN SOME OF OSCAR WLDE’S FAIRY TALES SON LA, 2015 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRANING TAY BAC UNIVERSITY =====o0o===== KHONG QUYNH HUONG GRADUATION PAPER MORAL LESSONS IN SOME OF OSCAR WLDE’S FAIRY TALES FIELD: ENGLISH LITERATURE SUPERVISOR: MRS. BUI THI THU HIEN M.A SON LA, 2015 Comment [1]: trang này cho lên đầu tiên nhé ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the fulfillment of my Graduation Paper, I would like to express my gratefulness to all of the people who have stood by my side and helped me enthusiastically. My special thanks would go, first and foremost, to MA. Bui Thi Thu Hien, my supervisor, for her valuable lecture and suggestions. She gave me her invaluable comments, instructions and whole - hearted assistance, encouragement as well as supplied me with helpful advice. Without the supervisor‟s help, this thesis could not be completed. I am extremely grateful to my teachers and friends, who have directly or indirectly helped me with encouragements and provision of documents related to the theme of my thesis. I am especially indebted to my family for their indispensable support and applaud during the process of writing this Graduation Paper. And last but not least, my sincere thanks would be reserved to Tay Bac Library which supplied me with the version of the book and other books related on which I did my thesis. Son La, 7th May, 2015 The researcher Khong Quynh Huong TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1 1. Rationale of the study........................................................................................ 1 2. Aims and objectives of the study ...................................................................... 2 3. Methods of the study ......................................................................................... 2 4. Scope of the study ............................................................................................. 3 5. Research question .............................................................................................. 3 6. Design of the study ............................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER II: THEORY OF LITERATURE ................................................. 4 1. Definition of Literature ..................................................................................... 4 2. Main functions of a literary work...................................................................... 4 2.1. Reflective function ......................................................................................... 4 2.2. Educational Function...................................................................................... 5 2.3. Aesthetic Function.......................................................................................... 5 3. Aspects of a fiction ............................................................................................ 5 3.1. Theme ............................................................................................................. 6 3.2. Plot.................................................................................................................. 6 3.3. Characters ....................................................................................................... 6 3.4. Settings ........................................................................................................... 7 4. British Literature in the second half of the XIX century .................................. 7 4.1. Social circumstances ...................................................................................... 7 4.2. Literature ........................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER III: OSCAR WILDE’S BIOGRAPHY ....................................... 10 1. Life .................................................................................................................. 10 2. Career .............................................................................................................. 12 2.1. Noted works ................................................................................................. 12 2.2. Writing style ................................................................................................. 15 3. The Happy Prince and Other Tales ................................................................. 17 3.1. General introduction to the book.................................................................. 17 3.2. Summary of “The Happy Prince” ................................................................ 18 3.3. Summary of “The Selfish Giant” ................................................................. 19 3.4. Summary of “The nightingale and the rose” ................................................ 20 CHAPTER IV: MORAL LESSONS IN OSCAR WILDE’S FAIRY TALES ............................................................................................................................. 22 1. Sacrifice ........................................................................................................... 22 2. To share to get happiness ................................................................................ 29 3. To be wise and clear – sighted ........................................................................ 33 4. To appreciate the others‟ efforts ..................................................................... 34 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 37 REFERENCES ABSTRACT The graduation paper concerns itself with a study of the moral lessons in Oscar Wilde‟s some fairy tales. Oscar Wilde is an Anglo – Irish playwright, novelist, poet and critic. He is regarded as one of the greatest playwright of the Victorian Era. He writers great many novels and short stories that sketch the society and human plights in vivid and realistic details. A human nature is looming in his writings. “The Happy Prince and Other Tales” (1888) is one of the finest works of Oscar Wilde, which provides valuable moral lessons for people. By exploring three fairy tales “The Happy Prince”, “The Nightingale and the Rose” and “The Giant Selfish”, researcher would like to find out how the author conveys his moral lessons to the readers. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study In the history of English literature, the English decadent literature and the Aesthetic Movement in the XIX century are known together with the name of Oscar Wilde. Oscar Wilde is a famous English writer who wrote the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray and the play Salome at the end of nineteenth century. He was not merely well known as the leader of the “Aesthetic Movement” as well as faithful apostle to the “Art for art‟s sake” but a well-known decadent writer in the second half of the 19th century English literature. His aesthetic attitude of "art for art's sake" was well received and reported by scholars and researchers, but some moralists and religious leaders said he was so immoral that they could not accept and evaluate his work. Even if it was proper that they criticized him in those days, that were the Victorian Age, researcher would never agree with such an attitude toward his work. I am sure that one's work should not be evaluated on the basis of one's behavior or character, but should be evaluated on its worth. Readers are not only fascinated by his rich and delicate vocabulary, by his lucid and expressive style but his humanistic contents of his works as well. Though Oscar Wilde used to state that he would remain faithful to the principles of aestheticism throughout his life, though the young intellectuals worshipped him as their cult and assured that each of his cells was full of aesthetic concepts, his works especially the genres laid down earlier objectively earned him recognitions as a writer of the works of realistic value. The idea of having an animal as a main character is shown in many of Oscar Wilde‟s short stories. He developed this theme as a reaction towards his age which lacked, in his view, moral as well as human values. In spite of being world famous, little is known about Wilde‟s life and works in Vietnam. Oscar Wilde‟s works, his simplicity in plots, his wonderful choice of words fascinate a lot of people. In this graduation paper, far from perfect though it is, researcher works at the moral lessons that stand in his “The 1 Happy Prince”, “The Nightingale and the Rose” and “The Giant Selfish”. The title of the graduation paper is “Moral lessons in some of Oscar Wilde’s fairy tales”. 2. Aims and objectives of the study In the light of researching Oscar Wilde‟ biography and analyzing three of five fairy tales in “The Happy Prince and Other Tales” by Oscar Wilde, The study aims at: - Finding related theories about Literature. - Drawing significant knowledge about Oscar Wilde included: his life, career and writing style. - Finding out some moral lessons through three fairy tales. - Analyzing and comparing the moral lessons based on founded information. 3. Methods of the study To carry out the study, some main research methods are applied: - Reading document The basis form of reading document is to search and read documents relating to the study. Documents would be English or its translation in order to understand deeply. - Data collection To find out the evidences in each story and synthesize them, then divide them into suitable groups. - Descriptive method Descriptive method is concerned with the description of main areas of moral lessons - Data analysis With founded data, researcher reorders and analyzes them. It is concerned with the analysis of the texts. 2 4. Scope of the study Project work is advisable to study in all works of Oscar Wilde, with all kinds. However, due to the limit of time, the researcher would focus on the fairy tales. Besides, it would be taken a long time to do the project to all fairy tales, so the researcher just devotes the research to the moral lessons in the three stories: “The Happy Prince”, “The Nightingale and the Rose” and “The Giant Selfish” in “The Happy Prince and Other Tales” (1888) 5. Research question How moral lessons are conveyed in the three short stories? 6. Design of the study The thesis is divided into five chapters, which can be generally categorized into three main parts: Introduction (chapter I), Development (chapter II, III, IV) and Conclusion (chapter V), each of which will be respectively presented as below: Chapter I deals with rationales, aims, research questions and scope of study. Chapter II discusses the theories of Literature: the brief view of literature, its functions, fiction elements, and British Literature in the second half of the XIX century. Chapter III is about the author‟s life, career, writing style and the summary of three fairy tales that researcher choose to do the thesis. Chapter IV presents the analysis. Chapter V covers the general conclusion of the whole thesis. 3 CHAPTER II: THEORY OF LITERATURE 1. Definition of Literature “Literature is life”. That is what people always say about Literature. It all comes from the truth that Literature refers to anything happen in life, to human beings and animals or “just everything” that are used to convey the visions, the attitudes and the messages of writers. With the materials provided and the in – depth meaning under the surface of letters, Literature is news that stays new. It is always fresh and new every time the readers read and discover. In Literature world, the people live in a new life, their minds are broadened, and their souls are bred with meaningful and interesting ideas, mixed emotions and adventurous feelings. 2. Main functions of a literary work A literary works provides readers its author‟s vision of the world and of human life. It brings about a sense of time and an understanding of the human psychological as well as physical world in different perspectives. It is Literature that betters the life of its readers, helps them improve their social behaviors and thinking. Therefore, a literary works has many functions: Reflective function, Educational Function, Aesthetic Function, Entertaining Function, Communicative Function and etc. Among those functions, Reflective, Educational, Aesthetic Function are viewed as the most important functions of a literary works. 2.1. Reflective function Reflective function is regarded as the first and basic function of a literary work because literature is defined as a means to convey an author‟s visions of life, the object of literature is rooted from man and his real life. Each writer has his/her own method of writing and considers life and society in different aspects. For example, Hemingway used the images of a war and human fates to express his hatred to war, Jack London through his hero – Martin Eden – he wanted to show his attitudes towards bourgeois society. Moreover, “a writer should write 4 a truthful sentence” said Hemingway. Although novels, stories are imaginary, “a true good book can speak of imaginary people so vividly that they seem more alive than people we meet on the streets and can make us care more about its characters as if they were close friends” said Alice Standey. At each period of history, characters are described similarly to the prominent characteristics and personalities of people. It is, therefore, believed that the real world is reflected through literature. 2.2. Educational Function Pantopxki – a Russian writer – once said: “literature shows us different life – styles, helps us to understand the power of man’s soul, know what is right, what is wrong, what is happiness, beauty and love.” Literature plays a quite important role in forming personalities, educating and improving one‟s ideology and feelings. In addition, literature create in one‟s mind the live for the beauty of art, help them to understand law of human, of nature, of social and political awareness and therefore, to broaden their knowledge of life. Characters in a literature work are always the samples for readers to imitate positively and negatively. Literature can educate people to live more meaningfully and humanely. 2.3. Aesthetic Function Literature holds within itself Aesthetic Function, which means the function to satisfy the demand for beauty of human being. Beauty often lies in the story‟s narration, in the noble senses and feelings of characters, in the discovery of new and interesting or meaningful life. Sometimes, beauty even lies in tragedy and sorrow. It is the desire for beauty in life that makes the readers think about themselves, think about their life and their love. With its own Aesthetic Function, Literature enriches human life. 3. Aspects of a fiction When exploring a literary works, we should pay due attention to several important aspects of it, which are Plot, Character, Settings and Themes. 5 3.1. Theme Theme is the central unifying element of the story, which ties together, all of the other elements of fiction used by the author to tell the story. It indicates the pivotal ideas around which the author was writing. In order to identify a theme of a story, one must know the whole story. 3.2. Plot The plot of a story is the series created by the author to tell the story. “A plot is a narrative of event” said E.M.Foster, and is generally understood as an author‟s choice and arrangements of events on time or sequence but not compulsory for all kinds of fiction. Plot may be discussed in term of rising action, climax, and falling action. The term rising action refers to the events before a climax, while the falling action refers to the events which occur after the climax. The climax may be defined as the highest point of interest in a story and it is the point at which one (or more) of the conflicts is resolved. If there is more than one conflict in the story, there may be more than one climax. In a plot, the time – sequence is preserved, but the sense of causality overshadows it. Events and activities which are initial elements of a plot must be well – organized to attract readers‟ attentions and passion. The plot of a fiction is often based on historical events or social situations and is developed based on author‟s intention. 3.3. Characters The performer of action in a fictional work called character play an important role in forming an interesting work. Character is considered the soul of a literature work and determines its vitality. Character might be anyone, any being in real life. “A character is a fictional representation of a person – usually (but not necessary) a psychologically realistic depiction” said Kirszner and Mendell. In general, characters fall on two categories: flat and round characters. A flat character, according to E.M.Foster, “can be express in one sentence”. Flat character is a minor character in a story, therefore, it is easy to describe, 6 understand and identify that type of characters. In contrast, round characters are the major ones. In a fictional work they are well – developed, complex, closely involved in and responsive to the plot. Hence, round characters are readers‟ main attentiveness in a literature work. Appearing together in a fiction, both round and flat characters must be well – organized and combined, but cannot be copied exactly all the details of real people. 3.4. Settings Together with character, setting plays an important role in forming an interesting plot. It is the times and places in which the events of the story occur. An author may base on the social or historical setting to create a plot with typical types of characters. There are two types of settings: natural setting and artificial setting. To write for children – fairy tales – for example natural setting does help so much. And artificial setting always reflects people who make them. A house or a flat, for example, tells readers about people‟s tastes, economic status. 4. British Literature in the second half of the XIX century 4.1. Social circumstances Oscar Wilde lived and worked in such an age as the so – called “The end of the century” or “Of no time”. In the second half of XIX century, all the states in every field of Great Britain such as economy, politics…,etc. were threatened. According to L. Corres in An anthology of English Literature XIX, a violent economic crisis occurred, trading business saw no progress. Economic activities in the whole country were stagnant. Meanwhile the working class movement led by Trade Unions became stronger. Strikes and the demonstration took place everywhere in Great Britain under the socialist ideas. Poverty and unemployment swept over the country. The English bourgeois did not pay attention to the miserable living condition of the common people. They launched wars in order to look for ways of imperialist expansion in search of new markets and they increased the oppression of the working class to better than their own life. They exposed all the more the deep and uncompromising contradictions. 7 The bourgeois society principles were shaken to the root. Life was full of injustice, evils, wick-less, etc. Hypocrisy seemed to be the striking feature of the English society especially of the English bourgeois. V.I.Lenin remarked: “Hypocrisy can be found everywhere but nowhere has such a terrible and subtle one as that in England”. The crisis in British economic and political life led to the crisis in England culture. Artists, poets, novelists, musicians and all the intellectuals deeply hated the bourgeois society which lacked of humanity and sundered the development of human character and intelligence. They had the cultural depression, the decadence in the spiritual life of bourgeois society, the alien ideology of bourgeois escape, when could create attempts be tended to? Oscar Wilde wrote: “We are born in war time. Where should we go in these unhappy, hopeless minutes? Nowhere but the existence of everlasting beauty are we in? That’s the only place that always brings us joy and oblivion as well”. Oscar Wilde‟s restlessness, no doubt was the hesitation of his contemporary artist, but his solution disclosed the way out of only a part of writers at that time. The last decade of the 19th century saw of new ideas which gave birth to a fresh set of force in economic - political and literary life and at the same time witnessed a reaction against many of the old Victorian ideals. - The first source of new ideas came from the growing class – consciousness of the working class aroused by the progressive – minded thinkers of the time. The growing class – consciousness of the workers made the development of the working class movement possible. - In 1883, a group of independent socialist from the middle class formed the Fabian Society. The Fabians held that a better future for the people could only be achieved on the basis of a scientific organization of society. - It was also in this period that Carl Marx (1818 – 1883) and Frederick Engels (1820 – 1895) were finalizing their system of ideas on political economy. 8 Marx presented three vital economic theories on labor value, surplus value and capitalist accumulation process. - Meanwhile, British colonial expansion was going on abroad. 4.2. Literature In English literature, N. Nikiforova considered that on the basis of such a social background, various trends of literature developed at the end of the 19th century. Broadly categorized, these trends fall into two divisions: progressive and regressive. - Belonging to the progressive trend were George Eliot, George Mercedith, Samuel Butler, Thomas Hardy… These writers continued the realistic traditions of their predecessor, the great writes of critical realism, and presented in their creative works a truthful picture of their contemporary life. - Writers belonging to the regressive trend with Oscar Wilde as their representative severely protested against the description of reality in their works. They tried to lead the readers away from life, into the world of dreams and fantasy into the realm of everlasting beauty and became the “ivory – tower” writers. They idealized the patriarchal way of life and criticized capitalism chiefly for its anti – aestheticism. At the end of the century this reactionary theory found its expression in decadent literature and art. They appreciated the outer – form and a creative work rather than value of its content. They meanwhile set up a new aesthetic conception in art, which was “Art for Art’s sake”. 9 CHAPTER III: OSCAR WILDE’S BIOGRAPHY 1. Life Oscar Wilde, or better known as Oscar Wilde O‟Flahertic Fingal Wills Wilde, was born in Dublin in October 16th, 1854 in a well – to – do family. He had brilliant parents, both of whom adored wit and society and had solid accomplishment to their credit. His father, Sir William was a surgeon (a famous physician specialist) in the treatment of the eye. He also had a famous reputation in such fields as ethnology, archaeology, and literature. On the other hand, his private life created a sensation with love affairs. His mother, Mrs. Jane Francisca Elgee, who was the daughter of a lawyer, excelled in many languages, including contemporary French, German, and old Celtic. She was well known in Dublin as a graceful write of verse and prose. Oscar Wilde‟s childhood was spent under the great influence of his mother, an excellent woman. It was her who fervently followed Irish nationalism and composed poetry and spent so much time collecting folk tales. It was due to her active youth she published her burning poems under the name “Speranza” in hope that it might hasten her people to attack Dublin castle. She also wrote prose and imitative verse for the “Young Ireland” party. In her there remained the contempt for the English arrogance and insolence and she was inclined to make the narrow – minded ethical and the trivial arrogance of the English bourgeoisie change for the better since then it is sure that the disregard of bourgeois morality and the scornful attitude towards cowardice which is inherited later in Wilde‟s character has begun. And he also luckily inherited her beautiful style, his parents' literary talent, and their educational interest. His mother, Jane, was eager to have a girl for her second child when Oscar was born. She was so deeply disappointed to know that the child was a boy that she began to bring him up as a girl. Researcher is sure that such an experience in his infancy must have had a great influence on his personality. Robert Sherard, one of the most reliable Oscar Wilde biographers, insisted: "This fact must be regarded as pivotal by a 10 pathologist or a psychoanalyst (The Life of Oscar Wilde)." Sherard indicated that Oscar had become homosexual because of experiences in his infancy. We know today that there are other factors involved. Coming from intellectual origin Wilde easily came to the fullest schooling and that is why it is explained about Wilde‟s work that it is all became of his inborn luck. He has gradually obtained a wonderfully humane education. He was first educated at Port Royal School, Enniskillen from 1864 to 1871 which was famous as the "Eaton School of Ireland." He excelled in the humanities and he studied in the same class as his older brother, William. When he was seventeen, he entered Trinity College in Dublin, and met a famous professor called Mahaffy, who was an authority on Hellenism, or Greek spirit. He learned of the marvelousness of Hellenism from Professor Mahaffy, and was greatly absorbed in it. After that, he became attached to Hellenism and was eager to become intimate with a beautiful boy like Adonis who was loved by Aphrodite (Venus) or a handsome youth like Apollo, both Greek mythological figures. After entering Maudarin College, Oxford University, at the age of twenty, his inclination toward Hellenism became stronger and stronger. Two professors, Walter Pater and John Ruskin, had a great effect on Wilde during his Oxford days. Later, when he was in jail, Oscar said, "There were two turning points for me: one was that my father had sent me to Oxford University, and the other was that a severe society had sent me to jail." Oxford University was a glory for him, and it was simultaneously a passage to destruction. The biographer, Ellmann, indicated that Oxford University, in those days, was one of the most prestigious universities in the world, but it was also a very vulgar place where almost all the students indulged in dissipation. He added that the Greek and Latin classics promoted vices such as homosexuality or bisexuality. There is one other thing that is significant in Oscar Wilde's character. When Oscar left Oxford University in 1878, he called himself "a professor of 11 aesthetic" and he thought that aestheticism was the creed that would be attributed to him. 2. Career 2.1. Noted works In 1884, he married Constance Uoyd, two sons were born of the marriage. He had already published in 1881 a selection of his poems which however, only attracted admiration in limited circle. 1888 appeared “The Happy Prince and Other Tales” and this charming volume of fairy tales were followed up by a 2nd selection of fairy stories “The House of Pomegranates” (1892), acknowledged by the author to be “intended neither for the British child nor the British public”. His fairy tales were imbued with great love for humanity, immense compassion for the poor and profound sympathy with their sufferings. His only novel and meanwhile his masterpiece “The picture of Dorian Gray” was published in 1891. In the novel he touched upon many problems he seemed to be professed of. And the most important one was the reciprocal relationship between art, beauty and morality. Not only in “The picture of Dorian Gray” did he express his Aesthetic view but also in his essay “The Decay of Lying”, “The Critic as an Artist” and “Pen, Pencil and poison” which were taken together into “Intention”. In the same year tragedy in blank verse “The Duchess of Padcia” was produced in New York. His poems are elegant, charming but do not disclose any original personality, in their impertinence or their pathos, they strike us as unequally successful experiments in verse. His first articles and essays bear too obvious marks of his inordinate desire for paradox. Wilde could not help seeing the evil of contemporary life. He understood that social order was bad had to be replaced by another system. He even spoke about socialism and wrote an essay “The Soul of Man under Socialism” (1891) but the work shows the inconsistency of the author‟s conception Wilde had a very vague ideas on the subject. Socialism remained a beautiful dream to him. In his earlier work “Vera on the Nihilist” (1882) Wilde wrote about Russian revolutionaries. The melodrama is primitive and native, but is shows the people‟ belonging for freedom and happiness. With 12 intention, however, the serious bearing of what might have seemed a mere affection grows manifest. In all directions, the criticism and the analysis here are singularly far reaching. Nothing can be more intelligent. But Wilde‟s first rate success with the larger public as dramatist was with lady Windermere‟s Fan (1882) followed by “A Woman of No Importance” (1893), “An Ideal Husband” (1895) and “The Importance of Being Earnest” (1895). In his play, Wilde directs his satire against various aspect of contemporary life: marriage relations, morality and class privileges. He reveals the corruption of the upper classes. He shows the very way people can come to power in English bourgeois. The wit and brilliance of these helped them to keep the stage and they occasionally revived. Wilde‟s plays are remarkably successful and stand out through their exceptional merit against the most unrelieved mediocrity of theatrical production for a whole country. In 1893 appeared his Salome, in which the cruelty of sensual passion is studied in a realistic manner, has more unity, through his art might be more delicately shaded. Though his books made him famous not only in England he was not very satisfied. He wanted to create a work of art which comes from his own life, from himself. His elegant look an appearance. His intelligent, acute, playful speech, his active advocacy for hedonism that led to the explanation of selfishness, his almost sinful admittance to morality: all these things have brought him reputation and at the same time this was considered humiliating and doubtful. His successes as dramatist hand by this time gone away to disabuse hostile critics of the suspicions as regards his personal character which had been excited by the apparent looseness of morals which since his Oxford days has always pleased to affect, but to the consternation of his friends who ceased to credit the existence of any real moral obliquity. At last, all these things fall into oblivion of humane laws and morality and he then appeared in the place of defendant. In 1895 came fatal revelations as the result of his bringing a libel action against the marquis of Aucensberry. But is came from his ill – fated relationship with lord Alfred Douglas, which culminated his arrest, 2 years imprisonment of homosexual 13 immorality in Reaching Gaol, not far from London with hard labor for offenses under the Criminal law Amendment Act. He went bankrupt soon after. It was a melancholy end a singularly brilliant career. After his release in 1897, he left London for Paris to avoid all his ill – fame and commercial bankruptcy. He lived mainly the rest of his life in Italy and France under the name Circadian Menmot. In 1897 “Epistolary in Carrere et Vinculis” (letter from prison) was published by his friends under the Title “De Profeendis”. A year later he wrote “Ballad of reading Gaol”. His most sincere piece of writing was his swan song. It is the traditional of the old English ballads and the Ancient Mariner but with a deep – felt emotion that could arise only from the poet‟s bitter experience. While in prison he wrote an apology for his life which was placed in the hands of his executor published in 1905 – along bitter letter of recrimination to lord Alfred Douglas. He died on November 11th, 1900. He left behind a precious legacy of fairy tales, poems dramas and a marvelous novel. He too left lavish praises and severe criticism. It is obvious that his literary road is not very smooth. His fame is world – wide but rather bitter. His paradoxes hurt the citizen likings of the middle class, broke the religious concepts and principles which had been built for some ten years. It is known to everybody that Oscar Wilde‟s name ever shines on any papers of English literature as well as the history of English literature as the leader of “English Aesthetic Movement” in the XIX century and a faithful apostle of “Art for Art‟s sake” school. Many bourgeois literary critics affirmed that “Oscar – Wilde was a decadent writer to the core”. They welcomed Wilde‟s works with open hostile attitude. In the 90s of last century when his talent was in blossom many of his works became objects of ridicule, poems imitated absurdly and Oscar Wilde himself was a topic for cruel caricature. It is necessary for everybody to mention Oscar Wilde‟s paradoxes. Wilde‟s paradoxes, no exaggeration, brought perfection to his works. It differentiates him from other writers. And up till now, there has been almost no writer who outshines him in this field. It is no doubt that Oscar Wilde is a man 14