Tài liệu The path of purification – visuddhimagga

The Buddhist Publication Society is an approved charity dedicated to making known the Teaching of the Buddha, which has a vital message for people of all creeds. Founded in 1958, the BPS has published a wide variety of books and booklets covering a great range of topics. Its publications include accurate annotated translations of the Buddha’s discourses, standard reference works, as well as original contemporary expositions of Buddhist thought and practice. These works present Buddhism as it truly is — a dynamic force which has influenced receptive minds for the past 2500 years and is still as relevant today as it was when it first arose. Buddhist Publication Society P.O. Box 61 54, Sangharaja Mawatha, Kandy, Sri Lanka http://www.bps.lk Printed Hardbound Copy: A printed hardbound version of this book is available from the Buddhist Publication Society; see the “Translations from the Pali” page at the BPS online bookshop at http://www.bps.lk. 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This book is the result of the work of Mr John Bullitt of Access to Insight who initiated this digital edition, the several volunteers who helped him to convert the previous edition of this book to digital text, the other volunteers who helped the BPS with proofreading, Bhikkhu Nyanatusita, the BPS editor, who helped with and coordinated the proofreading, formatting, and typesetting, corrected the Pali, etc., and the work of the BPS typesetters Bhikkhu Sacramento Upatissa and Mr Nalin Ariyaratna who skilfully typeset the text. http://www.bps.lk http://www.accesstoinsight.org The Path of Purification Visuddhimagga http://www.bps.lk http://www.accesstoinsight.org Ciraí tiþþhatu saddhammo sabbe sattá bhavantu sukhitattá To my Upajjháya, the late venerable Pälän÷ Siri Vajirañáóa Mahánáyakathera of Vajiráráma, Colombo, Sri Lanka. http://www.bps.lk http://www.accesstoinsight.org The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga) by Bhadantácariya Buddhaghosa Translated from the Pali by Bhikkhu Ñáóamoli http://www.bps.lk http://www.accesstoinsight.org ©1975, 1991, 2010 Buddhist Publication Society. All rights reserved. First edition: 1956 by Mr. Ananda Semage, Colombo. Second edition: 1964 Reprinted: 1979 by BPS Third edition: 1991 Reprinted: 1999 Fourth edition: 2010 National Library and Documentation Centre—Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Buddhaghosa Himi The Path of Purification: Visuddhimaga/Buddhaghosa Himi; tr. by Nyanamoli Himi.- Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 2010, 794p.; 23cm.(BP No 207) ISBN 978-955-24-0023-6 i. 294.391 DDC 22 iii. Nyanamoli Himi tr. ii. Title 1. Buddhism 2. Theravada Buddhism ISBN 978-955-24-0023-6 The sponsor of this edition of the Path of Purification devoutly offers the merit to the beloved members of her family who have predeceased her, namely, her parents, Dr Harry and Mrs Mabel Amarasinghe, her husband, Joyce A. Fernando and her brothers, Dr Prasannatissa Harischandra Amarasinghe, Ananda Lakshman Amarasinghe and Dr Upali Amarasinghe, who lived happily in accordance with the Dhamma with great kindness to all, and with great social commitment and integrity. Printed by Samayawardana Printers Colombo 10. http://www.bps.lk http://www.accesstoinsight.org CONTENTS (GENERAL) Bibliography ................................................................................................................. xix Printed Editions of the Visuddhimagga ..................................................................... xix List of Abbreviations for Texts Used .......................................................................... xxi Message from his Holiness the Dalai Lama ............................................................. xxiii Publisher’s Foreword to Third Edition .................................................................... xxiv Publisher’s Foreword to Fourth Edition ................................................................... xxiv Translator’s Preface ..................................................................................................... xxv INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. XXVII THE PATH OF PURIFICATION Part I—Virtue (Sìla) CH.I DESCRIPTION OF VIRTUE ................................................................................... 5 [I. Introductory] ............................................................................................ 5 [II. Virtue] .................................................................................................... 1 0 CH. II THE ASCETIC PRACTICES ................................................................................ 5 5 Part II—Concentration (Samádhi) CH. III TAKING A MEDITATION SUBJECT .................................................................... 8 1 [A. Development in Brief] ......................................................................... 8 6 [B. Development in Detail] ....................................................................... 8 7 [The Ten Impediments] ............................................................................ 8 7 CH. IV THE EARTH KASIÓA ..................................................................................... 113 [The Eighteen Faults of a Monastery] ................................................. 113 [The Five Factors of the Resting Place] ................................................ 116 [The Lesser Impediments] ..................................................................... 116 [Detailed Instructions for Development] ............................................ 117 [The Earth Kasióa] ................................................................................... 117 [Making an Earth Kasióa] ..................................................................... 118 [Starting Contemplation] ....................................................................... 119 [The Counterpart Sign] .......................................................................... 120 [The Two Kinds of Concentration] ....................................................... 121 [Guarding the Sign] ................................................................................ 122 [The Ten Kinds of Skill in Absorption] ............................................... 124 [The Five Similes] ..................................................................................... 130 [Absorption in the Cognitive Series] ................................................... 131 [The First Jhána] ...................................................................................... 133 [Extension of the Sign] ........................................................................... 145 v [The [The [The [The Second Jhána] ................................................................................. 148 Third Jhána] .................................................................................... 151 Fourth Jhána] .................................................................................. 156 Fivefold Reckoning of Jhána] ....................................................... 160 CH. V THE REMAINING KASIÓAS ............................................................................ 162 [The Water Kasióa] ................................................................................... 162 [The Fire Kasióa] ...................................................................................... 163 [The Air Kasióa] ....................................................................................... 163 [The Blue Kasióa] .................................................................................... 164 [The Yellow Kasióa] ................................................................................ 164 [The Red Kasióa] ..................................................................................... 165 [The White Kasióa] .................................................................................. 165 [The Light Kasióa] ................................................................................... 165 [The Limited-Space Kasióa] .................................................................. 166 [General] ................................................................................................... 166 CH. VI FOULNESS AS A MEDITATION SUBJECT .......................................................... 169 [General Definitions] .............................................................................. 169 [The Bloated] ............................................................................................. 170 [The Livid] ................................................................................................ 179 [The Festering] ......................................................................................... 179 [The Cut Up] ............................................................................................. 179 [The Gnawed] ........................................................................................... 180 [The Scattered] .......................................................................................... 180 [The Hacked and Scattered] .................................................................. 180 [The Bleeding] .......................................................................................... 180 [The Worm-Infested] ................................................................................ 180 [A Skeleton] .............................................................................................. 180 [General] ................................................................................................... 182 CH. VII SIX RECOLLECTIONS ..................................................................................... 186 [(1) Recollection of the Enlightened One] .......................................... 188 [Accomplished] ................................................................................ 188 [Fully Enlightened] ......................................................................... 192 [Endowed With Clear Vision and Virtuous Conduct] ............. 193 [Sublime] ............................................................................................ 196 [Knower of Worlds] .......................................................................... 198 [Incomparable Leader of Men to be Tamed] ............................... 202 [Teacher of Gods and Men] ........................................................... 203 [Enlightened] .................................................................................... 204 [Blessed] ............................................................................................. 204 [(2) Recollection of the Dhamma] ........................................................ 209 [Well Proclaimed] ............................................................................. 210 [Visible Here and Now] .................................................................. 212 [Not Delayed] .................................................................................... 213 [Inviting of Inspection] ................................................................... 213 [Onward-Leading] ........................................................................... 214 [Is Directly Experienceable by the Wise] ..................................... 214 vi CONTENTS (GENERAL) [(3) Recollection of the Saògha] ........................................................... 215 [Entered on the Good, Straight, True, Proper Way] ................... 215 [Fit for Gifts] ...................................................................................... 216 [Fit for Hospitality] .......................................................................... 217 [Fit for Offering] ............................................................................... 217 [Fit for Salutation] ............................................................................ 217 [As an Incomparable Field of Merit for the World] ................... 217 [(4) Recollection of Virtue] .................................................................... 218 [(5) Recollection of Generosity] ............................................................ 220 [(6) Recollection of Deities] ................................................................... 221 [General] ............................................................................................ 222 CH. VIII OTHER RECOLLECTIONS AS MEDITATION SUBJECTS ...................................... 225 [(7) Mindfulness of Death] .................................................................... 225 [(8) Mindfulness Occupied with the Body] ....................................... 236 [(9) Mindfulness of Breathing] ............................................................. 259 [(10)Recollection of Peace] ..................................................................... 286 CH. IX THE DIVINE ABIDINGS .................................................................................. 291 [(1) Loving-Kindness] ............................................................................ 291 [(2) Compassion] ..................................................................................... 308 [(3) Gladness] .......................................................................................... 309 [(4) Equanimity] ...................................................................................... 310 CH . X THE IMMATERIAL STATES ............................................................................ 321 [(1) The Base Consisting of Boundless Space] .................................. 321 [(2) The Base Consisting of Boundless Consciousness] ................. 326 [(3) The Base Consisting of Nothingness] ......................................... 328 [(4) The Base Consisting of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception] 330 [General] ............................................................................................ 333 CH. XI CONCENTRATION—CONCLUSION: NUTRIMENT AND THE ELEMENTS ................................................................. 337 [Perception of Repulsiveness in Nutriment] ...................................... 337 [Defining of The Elements: Word Definitions] .................................. 344 [Texts and Commentary in Brief] ......................................................... 345 [In Detail] .................................................................................................. 346 [Method of Development in Brief] ........................................................ 348 [Method of Development in Detail] ..................................................... 349 [(1) With Constituents in Brief] ..................................................... 349 [(2) With Constituents by Analysis] ............................................ 349 [(3) With Characteristics in Brief] ................................................. 357 [(4) With Characteristics by Analysis] ........................................ 358 [Additional Ways of Giving Attention] ............................................... 358 [Development of Concentration—Conclusion] ................................. 367 [The Benefits of Developing Concentration] ...................................... 367 CH. XII THE SUPERNORMAL POWERS ........................................................................ 369 [The Benefits of Concentration (Continued)] ..................................... 369 [(1) The Kinds of Supernormal Power] ......................................... 369 vii CH. XIII OTHER DIRECT-KNOWLEDGES ....................................................................... 400 [(2) The Divine Ear Element] .......................................................... 400 [(3) Penetration of Minds] ............................................................... 402 [(4) Recollection of Past Lives] ....................................................... 404 [(5) The Divine Eye—Knowledge of Passing Away and Reappearance of Beings] ............................................................. 415 [General] ............................................................................................ 421 Part III—Understanding (Paññá) CH. XIV THE AGGREGATES ........................................................................................ 431 [A. Understanding] ................................................................................. 431 [B. Description of the Five Aggregates] ............................................... 439 [The Materiality Aggregate] .......................................................... 439 [The Consciousness Aggregate] ................................................... 455 [The 89 Kinds of Consciousness—see Table III] ................................ 456 [The 14 Modes of Occurrence of Consciousness] ............................. 462 [The Feeling Aggregate] ................................................................. 466 [The Perception Aggregate] ........................................................... 468 [The Formations Aggregate—see Tables II & IV] .............................. 468 [According to Association with Consciousness] .............................. 469 [C. Classification of the Aggregates] ................................................... 481 [Materiality] ...................................................................................... 481 [Feeling] .................................................................................................... 484 [Perception, Formations and Consciousness] ............................ 486 [D. Classes of Knowledge of the Aggregates] .................................... 486 CH. XV THE BASES AND ELEMENTS .......................................................................... 492 [A. Description of the Bases] ................................................................. 492 [B. Description of the Elements] ............................................................ 496 CH. XVI THE FACULTIES AND TRUTHS ........................................................................ 503 [A. Description of the Faculties] ........................................................... 503 [B. Description of the Truths] ................................................................ 506 [The Truth of Suffering] ......................................................................... 510 [(i) Birth] ............................................................................................. 510 [(ii) Ageing] ....................................................................................... 514 [(iii) Death] ........................................................................................ 514 [(iv) Sorrow] ....................................................................................... 515 [(v) Lamentation] .............................................................................. 515 [(vi) Pain] ........................................................................................... 516 [(vii) Grief] ......................................................................................... 516 [(viii) Despair] ................................................................................... 516 [(ix) Association with the Unloved] .............................................. 517 [(x) Separation from the Loved] ..................................................... 517 [(xi) Not to Get What One Wants] ................................................. 517 [(xii) The Five Aggregates] ............................................................. 518 [The Truth of the Origin of Suffering] ................................................. 518 viii CONTENTS (GENERAL) [The Truth of the Cessation of Suffering] ........................................... 519 [Discussion on Nibbána] ....................................................................... 520 [The Truth of the Way] ............................................................................ 524 [General] ................................................................................................... 526 CH. XVII THE SOIL OF UNDERSTANDING—CONCLUSION: DEPENDENT ORIGINATION ............................................................................ 533 [Section A. Definition of Dependent Origination] ............................ 533 [Section B. Exposition] ............................................................................ 539 [I. Preamble] ....................................................................................... 539 [II. Brief Exposition] ......................................................................... 540 [III. Detailed Exposition] ................................................................ 547 [(i) Ignorance] ................................................................................... 547 [(ii) Formations] ................................................................................ 548 [(iii) Consciousness] ........................................................................ 563 [(iv) Mentality-Materiality] ............................................................ 579 [(v) The Sixfold Base] ...................................................................... 583 [(vi) Contact] ..................................................................................... 586 [(vii) Feeling] ..................................................................................... 588 [(viii) Craving] .................................................................................. 589 [(ix) Clinging] ................................................................................... 590 [(x) Becoming] ................................................................................... 593 [(xi)–(xii) Birth, Etc.] ........................................................................ 597 [Section C. The Wheel of Becoming] .................................................... 598 [(i) The Wheel] .................................................................................. 598 [(ii) The Three Times] ...................................................................... 600 [(iii) Cause and Fruit] ...................................................................... 600 [(iv) Various] ...................................................................................... 603 CH. XVIII PURIFICATION OF VIEW ................................................................................. 609 [Defining of Mentality-Materiality] ..................................................... 609 [(1) Definition Based on the Four Primaries] .............................. 609 [(2) Definition Based on the Eighteen Elements] ....................... 612 [(3) Definition Based on the Twelve Bases] ................................. 612 [(4) Definition Based on the Five Aggregates] ............................ 613 [(5) Brief Definition Based on the Four Primaries] .................... 613 [If the Immaterial Fails to Become Evident] ........................................ 614 [How the Immaterial States Become Evident] ..................................... 614 [No Being Apart from Mentality-Materiality] ................................... 616 [Interdependence of Mentality and Materiality] .............................. 618 CH. XIX PURIFICATION BY OVERCOMING DOUBT ........................................................ 621 [Ways of Discerning Cause and Condition] ...................................... 621 [Neither Created by a Creator nor Causeless] .................................... 621 [Its Occurance is Always Due to Conditions] .................................... 622 [General and Particular Conditions] ................................................... 622 [Dependent Origination in Reverse Order] ........................................ 623 [Dependent Origination in Direct Order] ........................................... 623 [Kamma and Kamma-Result] ............................................................... 623 ix [No Doer Apart from Kamma and Result] ......................................... 627 [Full-Understanding of the Known] .................................................... 628 CH. XX PURIFICATION BY KNOWLEDGE VISION OF WHAT IS THE PATH AND WHAT IS NOT THE PATH ...................................................................... 631 [The Three Kinds of Full-Understanding] ......................................... 631 [Insight: Comprehension by Groups] ................................................. 633 [Comprehension by Groups—Application of Text] ......................... 635 [Strengthening of Comprehension in Forty Ways] ........................... 637 [Nine Ways of Sharpening the Faculties, Etc. .................................... 639 [Comprehension of the Material] ......................................................... 639 [(a) Kamma-Born Materiality] ....................................................... 640 [(b) Consciousness-Born Materiality] .......................................... 641 [(c) Nutriment-Born Materiality] ................................................... 642 [(d) Temperature-Born Materiality] .............................................. 643 [Comprehension of the Immaterial] ..................................................... 644 [The Material Septad] ............................................................................. 645 [The Immaterial Septad] ......................................................................... 652 [The Eighteen Principal Insights] ........................................................ 654 [Knowledge of Rise and Fall—I] ........................................................... 657 [The Ten Imperfections of Insight] ...................................................... 660 AND CH. XXI PURIFICATION BY KNOWLEDGE AND VISION OF THE WAY ................................................................................................. 666 [Insight: The Eight Knowledges] ......................................................... 667 [1. Knowledge of Rise and Fall—II] .............................................. 667 [2. Knowledge of Dissolution] ....................................................... 668 [3. Knowledge of Appearance as Terror] .................................... 673 [4. Knowledge of Danger] .............................................................. 675 [5. Knowledge of Dispassion] ....................................................... 678 [6. Knowledge of Desire for Deliverance] .................................... 679 [7. Knowledge of Reflection] .......................................................... 679 [Discerning Formations as Void] .......................................................... 681 [8. Knowledge of Equanimity about Formations] ...................... 684 [The Triple Gateway to Liberation] ...................................................... 685 [The Seven Kinds of Noble Persons] .................................................... 688 [The Last Three Knowledges are One] ................................................ 689 [Insight Leading to Emergence] ........................................................... 690 [The Twelve Similes] ............................................................................... 692 [The Difference in the Noble Path’s Factors, Etc.] .............................. 695 [9. Conformity Knowledge] ............................................................ 698 [Sutta References] .................................................................................... 699 CH. XXII PURIFICATION BY KNOWLEDGE AND VISION .................................................. 701 [I. Change-of-Lineage, Paths, and Fruits] ........................................... 701 [The First Path—First Noble Person] .................................................... 701 [The First Fruition—Second Noble Person] ........................................ 704 [The Second Path—Third Noble Person] ............................................ 705 x CONTENTS (GENERAL) [The Second Fruition—Fourth Noble Person] .................................... 706 [The Third Path—Fifth Noble Person] ................................................. 706 [The Third Fruition—Sixth Noble Person] ......................................... 706 [The Fourth Path—Seventh Noble Person] .......................................... 706 [The Fourth Fruition—Eighth Noble Person] .................................... 707 [II. The States Associated with the Path, Etc.] ..................................... 707 [The Four Functions] .............................................................................. 721 [The Four Functions in a Single Moment] ......................................... 721 [The Four Functions Described Separately] ....................................... 723 [Conclusion] ............................................................................................. 728 CH. XXIII THE BENEFITS IN DEVELOPING UNDERSTANDING ......................................... 730 [A. Removal of the Defilements] ............................................................ 730 [B. The Taste of the Noble Fruit] ............................................................ 730 [C. The Attainment of Cessation] .......................................................... 734 [D. Worthiness to Receive Gifts] ............................................................ 742 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 745 Index of Subjects & Proper Names ........................................................... 749 Pali-English Glossary of Some Subjects and Technical Terms ............... 774 TABLE I THE MATERIALITY AGGREGATE ....................................................................... 788 TABLE II THE FORMATIONS AGGREGATE ........................................................................ 789 TABLE III THE CONSCIOUSNESS AGGREGATE .................................................................. 790 TABLE IV THE COMBINATION OF THE FORMATIONS AGGREGATE AND CONSCIOUSNESS AGGREGATE ................................................................................... 792 TABLE V THE COGNITIVE SERIES IN THE OCCURRENCE OF CONSCIOUNESS AS PRESENTED IN THE VISUDDHIMAGGA AND COMMENTARIES .............................................................. 793 TABLE VI DEPENDENT ORIGINATION .............................................................................. 794 xi (DETAILED, CONTENTS PARAGRAPH NO.) BY TOPIC AND PART I — VIRTUE 1. Purification of Virtue Para. Page CHAPTER I — DESCRIPTION OF VIRTUE I. Introductory ............................................................................................... 1 II. Virtue ......................................................................................................... 1 6 (i) What is virtue? ................................................................................ 1 6 (ii) In what sense is it virtue? ............................................................. 1 9 (iii) What are its characteristic, etc.? ................................................. 2 0 (iv) What are the benefits of virtue? .................................................. 2 3 (v) How many kinds of virtue are there? ........................................ 2 5 1. Monad .................................................................................................. 2 6 2.–8. Dyads .............................................................................................. 2 6 9.–13. Triads ............................................................................................ 3 3 14.–17. Tetrads ........................................................................................ 3 9 Virtue of the fourfold purification ..................................................... 4 2 18.–19. Pentads .................................................................................... 1 3 1 (vi), (vii) What are the defiling and the cleansing of it? .......... 1 4 3 CHAPTER II — THE ASCETIC PRACTICES PART II — CONCENTRATION 2. Purification of Consciousness Para. Page CHAPTER III — TAKING A MEDITATION SUBJECT Concentration ................................................................................................... 1 (i) What is concentration? .................................................................... 2 (ii) In what sense is it concentration? ................................................ 3 (iii) What are its characteristic, etc.? ................................................... 4 (iv) How many kinds of concentration are there? ........................... 5 (v), (vi) What are the defiling and the cleansing of it? ................ 2 6 (vii) How is it developed? (Note: this heading applies as far as Ch. XI, §110) ............... 2 7 A. Development in brief ............................................................................. 2 7 B. Development in detail (see note above) ............................................ 2 9 The ten impediments ............................................................................. 2 9 The good friend ...................................................................................... 5 7 xii CONTENTS (DETAILED) Meditation subjects, etc ........................................................................ 5 7 Temperaments ........................................................................................ 7 4 Definition of meditation subjects .................................................... 1 0 3 Self-dedication ..................................................................................... 1 2 3 Ways of expounding .......................................................................... 1 3 0 CHAPTER IV — THE EARTH KASIÓA THE EIGHTEEN FAULTS OF A MONASTERY ....................................................2 The five factors of the resting-place .......................................................... 1 9 The lesser impediments ............................................................................... 2 0 Detailed instructions for development .................................................... 2 1 The earth kasióa ............................................................................................. 2 1 The two kinds of concentration ................................................................. 3 2 Guarding the sign ......................................................................................... 3 4 The ten kinds of skill in absorption ......................................................... 4 2 Balancing the effort ....................................................................................... 6 6 Absorption in the cognitive series ............................................................ 7 4 The first jhána ................................................................................................ 7 9 Extending the sign ..................................................................................... 1 2 6 Mastery in five ways .................................................................................. 1 3 1 The second jhána ........................................................................................ 1 3 9 The third jhána ........................................................................................... 1 5 3 The fourth jhána ......................................................................................... 1 8 3 The fivefold reckoning of jhána .............................................................. 1 9 8 CHAPTER V — THE REMAINING KASIÓAS The Water Kasióa ............................................................................................. 1 The Fire Kasióa ................................................................................................ 5 The Air Kasióa .................................................................................................. 9 The Blue Kasióa ............................................................................................. 1 2 The Yellow Kasióa ......................................................................................... 1 5 The Red Kasióa .............................................................................................. 1 7 The White Kasióa .......................................................................................... 1 9 The Light Kasióa ........................................................................................... 2 1 The Limited-Space Kasióa .......................................................................... 2 4 General ............................................................................................................. 2 7 CHAPTER VI — FOULNESS AS A MEDITATION SUBJECT General definitions ......................................................................................... 1 The bloated ....................................................................................................... 1 2 The Livid .......................................................................................................... 7 0 The Festering .................................................................................................. 7 1 The Cut Up ...................................................................................................... 7 2 The Gnawed .................................................................................................... 7 3 The Scattered ................................................................................................... 7 4 xiii The Hacked and Scattered .......................................................................... 7 5 The Bleeding ................................................................................................... 7 6 Worm-infested ................................................................................................. 7 7 A Skeleton ........................................................................................................ 7 8 General ............................................................................................................. 8 2 CHAPTER VII — SIX RECOLLECTIONS (1) Recollection of the Buddha ................................................................... 2 (2) Recollection of the Dhamma ............................................................... 6 8 (3) Recollection of the Sangha .................................................................. 8 9 (4) Recollection of virtue ......................................................................... 1 0 1 (5) Recollection of generosity ................................................................. 1 0 7 (6) Recollection of deities ........................................................................ 1 1 5 General .......................................................................................................... 1 1 9 CHAPTER VIII — OTHER RECOLLECTIONS AS MEDITATION SUBJECTS (7) Mindfulness of death .............................................................................. 1 (8) Mindfulness occupied with the body .............................................. 4 2 (9) Mindfulness of breathing ................................................................. 1 4 5 (10) The recollection of peace .................................................................. 2 4 5 CHAPTER IX — THE DIVINE ABIDINGS Loving kindness .............................................................................................. 1 Compassion .................................................................................................... 7 7 Gladness .......................................................................................................... 8 4 Equanimity ...................................................................................................... 8 8 General ............................................................................................................. 9 1 CHAPTER X — THE IMMATERIAL STATES The base consisting of boundless space ................................................... 1 The base consisting of boundless consciousness ................................ 2 5 The base consisting of nothingness ......................................................... 3 2 The base consisting of neither perception nor non-perception ........ 4 0 General ............................................................................................................. 5 6 CHAPTER XI — CONCENTRATION (CONCLUSION): NUTRIMENT AND THE ELEMENTS Perception of repulsiveness in nutriment ................................................. 1 Definition of the four elements .................................................................. 2 7 Development of concentration—conclusion ....................................... 1 1 8 (viii) What are the benefits of concentration? (see Ch. III, §1) . 1 2 0 CHAPTER XII — THE SUPERNORMAL POWERS The benefits of concentration ....................................................................... 1 The five kinds of direct-knowledge ............................................................ 2 xiv CONTENTS (DETAILED) (1) The kinds of supernormal power ......................................................... 2 (i) Supernormal power as resolve ....................................................... 4 6 (ii) Supernormal power as transformation ................................... 1 3 7 (iii) Supernormal power as the mind-made body ....................... 1 3 9 CHAPTER XIII — OTHER DIRECT-KNOWLEDGES (2) The divine ear element ........................................................................... 1 (3) Penetration of minds ................................................................................ 8 (4) Recollection of past life ........................................................................ 1 3 (5) The divine eye ......................................................................................... 7 2 General .......................................................................................................... 1 0 2 Part III — Understanding (Paññá) The Soil in which Understanding Grows (Chs. XIV through XVII) Para. Page CHAPTER XIV — THE AGGREGATES A. Understanding ......................................................................................... 1 (i) What is understanding? ................................................................. 2 (ii) In what sense is it understanding? ............................................. 3 (iii) What are its characteristic, etc.? ................................................... 7 (iv) How many kinds of understanding are there? ........................ 8 (v) How is it developed? (ends with end of Ch. XXII) ................. 3 2 B. Description of the five aggregates ..................................................... 3 3 The materiality aggregate .................................................................... 3 4 The consciousness aggregate ............................................................. 8 1 The feeling aggregate ........................................................................ 1 2 5 The perception aggregate ................................................................. 1 2 9 The formations aggregate ................................................................. 1 3 1 C. Classification of the aggregates ...................................................... 1 8 5 D. Classes of knowledge of the aggregates ....................................... 2 1 0 CHAPTER XV — THE BASES AND ELEMENTS A. Description of the bases ......................................................................... 1 B. Description of the elements ................................................................. 1 7 CHAPTER XVI — THE FACULTIES AND TRUTHS A. Description of the faculties ................................................................... 1 B. Description of the truths ...................................................................... 1 3 1. The truth of suffering .................................................................... 3 2 2. The truth of the origin of suffering ........................................... 6 1 3. The truth of the cessation of suffering ...................................... 6 2 Discussion of nibbana .................................................................. 6 7 xv 4. The truth of the way ....................................................................... 7 5 General .............................................................................................. 8 4 CHAPTER XVII — THE SOIL OF UNDERSTANDING (CONCLUSION): DEPENDENT ORIGINATION A. Definition of dependent origination ................................................... 1 B. Exposition ................................................................................................ 2 5 I. Preamble ............................................................................................ 2 5 II. Brief exposition ............................................................................... 2 7 III. Detailed exposition ....................................................................... 5 8 (1) Ignorance .................................................................................. 5 8 (2) Formations ................................................................................ 6 0 The 24 conditions ................................................................. 6 6 How ignorance is a condition for formations .............. 1 0 1 (3) Consciousnes ........................................................................ 1 2 0 (4) Mentality-materiality .......................................................... 1 8 6 (5) The sixfold base .................................................................... 2 0 3 (6) Contact .................................................................................... 2 2 0 (7) Feeling ..................................................................................... 2 2 8 (8) Craving ................................................................................... 2 3 3 (9) Clinging ................................................................................. 2 3 9 (10)Becoming (being) ................................................................. 2 4 9 (11–12) Birth, etc. ......................................................................... 2 7 0 C. The Wheel of Becoming ..................................................................... 2 7 3 i. The Wheel ...................................................................................... 2 7 3 ii. The three times ............................................................................. 2 8 4 iii. Cause and fruit ............................................................................ 2 8 8 iv. Various ............................................................................................ 2 9 9 3. Purification of View CHAPTER XVIII — PURIFICATION OF VIEW I. Introductory ............................................................................................... 1 II. Defining of mentality-materiality ........................................................ 3 1. Definitions of mentality-materiality ............................................ 3 (1) Based on the four primaries ................................................... 3 (a) Starting with mentality ..................................................... 3 (b) Starting with materiality .................................................. 5 (2) Based on the eighteen elements ............................................ 9 (3) Based on the twelve bases .................................................... 1 2 (4) Based on the five aggregates ............................................... 1 3 (5) Brief definition ......................................................................... 1 4 2. If the immaterial fails to become evident ................................. 1 5 3. How the immaterial states become evident .............................. 1 8 4. No being apart from mentality-materiality ............................. 2 4 5. Interdependence of mentality and materiality ....................... 3 2 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 3 7 xvi CONTENTS (DETAILED) 4. Purification by Overcoming Doubt CHAPTER XIX — PURIFICATION BY OVERCOMING DOUBT I. Introductory ............................................................................................... 1 II. Ways of discerning cause and condition .......................................... 2 1. Neither created by a creator nor causeless ................................ 3 2. Its occurrence is always due to conditions ............................... 5 3. General and particular conditions .............................................. 7 4. Dependent origination in reverse order ................................... 1 1 5. Dependent origination in direct order ...................................... 1 2 6. Kamma and kamma-result ........................................................... 1 3 7. No doer apart from kamma and result ..................................... 1 9 III. Full-understanding of the known ..................................................... 2 1 5. Purification by Knowledge and Vision of What Is and What Is Not the Path CHAPTER XX — PURIFICATION BY KNOWLEDGE & VISION AND WHAT IS NOT THE PATH OF WHAT IS I. Introductory ............................................................................................... 1 The Fifth Purificdation ........................................................................... 2 The three kinds of full-understanding .............................................. 3 II. Insight ......................................................................................................... 6 1. Comprehension by groups ............................................................ 6 2. Strengthening of comprehension in forty ways .................... 1 8 3. Nine ways of sharpening the faculties ..................................... 2 1 4. Comprehension of the material ................................................... 2 2 (a) Kamma-bommateriality ......................................................... 2 7 (b) Consciousness-born materiality ......................................... 3 0 (c) Nutriment-born materiality .................................................. 3 5 (d) Temperature-born materiality ............................................. 3 9 5. Comprehension of the immaterial .............................................. 4 3 6. The material septad ........................................................................ 4 5 7. The immaterial septad ................................................................... 7 6 8. The eighteen principal insights ................................................. 8 9 9. Knowledge of rise and fall—(I) ................................................... 9 3 The ten imperfections of insight ............................................. 1 0 5 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 1 3 0 6. Purification by Knowledge and Vision of the Way CHAPTER XXI — PURIFICATION OF THE WAY 1. 2. BY KNOWLEDGE AND VISION Introductory ............................................................................................... 1 Insight: the eight knowledges .............................................................. 3 Knowledge of rise and fall—II .............................................................. 3 Knowledge of dissolution .................................................................... 1 0 xvii 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Knowledge of appearance as terror .................................................. 2 9 Knowledge of danger ............................................................................ 3 5 Knowledge of dispassion .................................................................... 4 3 Knowledge of desire for deliverance ................................................. 4 5 Knowledge of reflexion ......................................................................... 4 7 Discerning formations as void .................................................... 5 3 Knowledge of equanimity about formations .................................. 6 1 The triple gateway to liberation .................................................. 6 6 The seven kinds of noble persons ............................................... 7 4 Tha last three knowledges are one ............................................ 7 9 Insight leading to emergence ..................................................... 8 3 The twelve similes .......................................................................... 9 0 The difference in the noble path’s factors, etc. ..................... 1 1 1 Conformity knowledge ...................................................................... 1 2 8 Sutta references ............................................................................ 1 3 5 7. Purification by Knowledge and Vision CHAPTER XXII — PURIFICATION BY KNOWLEDGE AND VISION I. Change-of-lineage, paths and fruits ................................................... 1 II. The states associated with the path, etc. .......................................... 3 2 1. The 37 states partaking of enlightenment ............................... 3 3 2. Emergence and coupling of the powers ................................... 4 4 3. States to be abandoned .................................................................. 4 7 4. Four functions in a single moment ........................................... 9 2 5. Four functions separately .......................................................... 1 0 4 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 1 2 9 The Benefits of Understanding CHAPTER XXIII — THE BENEFITS IN DEVELOPING UNDERSTANDING (vi) What are the benefits in developing understanding? ............ 1 A. Removal of the defilements .................................................... 2 B. The taste of the noble fruit ...................................................... 3 C. The attainment of cessation ................................................. 1 6 D. Worthiness to receive gifts... ................................................ 5 3 CONCLUSION (EPILOGUE) xviii