Tài liệu Khóa luận a study on personal pronouns in english and vietnamese

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢN LÝ VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ HẢI PHÒNG ------------------------------- ISO 9001:2015 KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGÀNH : TIẾNG ANH Sinh viên : Lê Thị Hồng Giảng viên hướng dẫn: Th.S Nguyễn Thị Huyền HẢI PHÒNG 2020 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢN LÝ VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ HẢI PHÒNG ----------------------------------- A STUDY ON PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP ĐẠI HỌC HỆ CHÍNH QUY NGÀNH: TIẾNG ANH Sinh viên : Lê Thị Hồng Giảng viên hướng dẫn: Th.S Nguyễn Thị Huyền HẢI PHÒNG 2020 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢN LÝ VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ HẢI PHÒNG --------------------------------- NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP Sinh viên: Lê Thị Hồng Mã SV: 1312751023 Lớp: NA1801 Ngành: Tiếng Anh Tên đề tài: A study on personal pronouns in English and VietNamese NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI • Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp( về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và các bản vẽ) …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………..…………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………..…………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………… …..………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………..………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………..…………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………….…….… …………… • Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tính toán …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………..…………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………..…………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………… …..………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………..………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………..…………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………….…….… …………… • Địa điểm thực tập, tốt nghiệp …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………..………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………..………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………… …..………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………..……………………………… . CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP Người hướng dẫn thứ nhất: Họ và tên:………………………………………………………………………… Học hàm, học vị: :……………………………………………………………….. Cơ quan công tác: :…………………………………………………….……..…. Nội dung hướng dẫn: :…………………………………………….……….……. Người hướng dẫn thứ hai: Họ và tên:………………………………………………………………………… Học hàm, học vị: :……………………………………………………………….. Cơ quan công tác: :…………………………………………………….……..…. Nội dung hướng dẫn: :…………………………………………….……….……. Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày 03 tháng 08 năm 2020 Yêu cầu phải hoàn thành trước ngày 16 tháng 10 năm 2020 Đã nhận nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Sinh viên Đã giao nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Người hướng dẫn Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2020 HIỆU TRƯỞNG ACKNOWLEDGMENT This graduation paprer is the result of my continuous working time. During the process of doing it, I have faced up with many problems with reference materials, lexicology, as well as the way to express my idea. However, with the great help and enthusiasm of my teachers at Foreign Language Department of Hai Phong Private University, I have overcome these difficulties and completed my graduation paper successfully. My sincere thanks to Mrs Nguyen Thi Huyen - the Teacher of Foreign Language Department of Hai Phong Private University. I also would like to give my thanks to all lecturers in Foreign Language Department of Hai Phong Private University. Finally, I am indebted to my family and my friends for their serious support and encouragement. Hai Phong, September 2020 Student Le Thi Hong TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………..……….….. . PART I: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………. 1. Rationale……………………………………………………………………… 2. Aims of the study……………………………………………………………. 3. Methos of the study………………………………………………………….. 4. Scope of the study……………………………………………………………. 5. Design of the study…………………………………………………………... PART II: DEVELOPMENT…………………………………………………… CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND………………………….. 1. The personal pronouns …………...................................…………………… 1.1. Definition of pronouns…………………………………………………….. 1.2. Definition of personal pronouns…………………………………………… 2. English personal pronouns and their typical characteristics......... 2.1. English personal pronouns………………………………………………….. 2.2. Typical linguistic features of English ……………………………………… 2.3. Typical culture features of English………………………………………… 2.3.1.Third person personal pronouns in English and its usage problems……… 3. Vietnamese personal pronouns and their typical characteristics............... 3.1. Vietnamese personal pronouns…………………………………………. …. 3.2. Typical linguistic features of VietNamese………………………………… 3.3. Typical culture features of VietNamese…………………………………… 3.3.1.Vietnamese third person singular pronouns and some principles in use… 3.3.2.Breaking the Rules to Preserve the Functions…………………………… CHAPTER II: SOME SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE ENGLISH – VIETNAMESE PRONOUNS AND USING IT………… 1. Similarities in noun Formation, Using Affixation………………………… 1.1. Similarities in Compounds……………………………………………… 1.2. Similarities In Conversion And Word Inversion………………………. 2. Differences between the English - VietNamese pronouns 2.1. Vietnamese pronouns 2.1.1 True pronouns 2.1.2 Kinship terms 2.1.3. Non-kinship terms used as pronouns 2.2 English pronouns…………………………………………………………… 2.3. The true systems pronouns………………………………………………… 2.3.1. English personal pronouns……………………………………………...... 2.3.2. VietNam personal pronouns:……………………………………………. . a) Transreferential pronouns in Vietnamese ……………………………...... b) Pronominalized nouns…………………………………………………… c) Pronominalized and other nouns used transreferentially………………… d) Use of different pronoun systems in Vietnamese……………………….. CHAPTER III: EXERCISE This chapter helps students understand how to use pronouns in English and Vietnamese and flexibly apply them in the life and learning. PART III: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….. PART 1: INTRODUCTION • 1. Rationale: Nowadays, English is considered as an international language which is a means of communication in many fields of science, technology, culture, education and economy. It plays a very important role in helping different nations to understand each other and get great cooperation. In Vietnam, in recent years, the study of English has been gaining momentum firstly because it is an international language and secondly because it is also seen as a mean to promote mutual understanding and cooperation between Vietnam and other countries. English is most widely taught at schools and universities. In learning English, learners have a lot of difficulties in vocabulary, pronunciation and so on especially grammar. Like all other languages, English grammar has a number of parts of speech including personal pronouns. Personal pronouns are known to be one of the first and easiest parts of speech taught in 1" English lesson. However, the fact shows that while learning English, especially Vietnamese, Vietnamese students and foreign ones have great difficulties in using and translating personal pronouns. To serve the teaching of teachers to students as well as to help everyone including those who have been and are preparing to study abroad to understand more about the language and culture of foreigners, I decided to deal with “personal pronouns in English and VietNamese”. • 2. Aims of the study As the title of the thesis suggests, the study aims at fulfilling the following objectives: • - To help students at Hai Phong Technology and Management University understand clearly the importance of culture, language and communication in the English and VietNamese • - Avoid the culture shock between English and VietNamese language • - To provide suggestions to help teachers can draw students’ attention when teaching English personal pronouns. • 3. Methods of the study • - Consulting grammar books and web pages for definitions and concepts of pronouns, especially personal pronouns . • - Analyzing data and giving a lot of examples to make the study more understandable . • - Dicussing and analyzing some common factors effecting on translation • 4. Scope of the study • The study focuses on personal pronouns in English and VietNamese. Knowledge of English grammar is very immense ,so the study cannot cover all about personal pronouns and factors effecting on translation. In the study, the author has decided to give some the addressing term and cultural differences in English and Vietnamese. • 5. Design of the study • It includes 3 main parts: • - The 1st part is Introduction. It provides the general information about the paper including Rationale, Aims of the study, Methods of the study, Scope of the study and Design of the study • - The 2nd part consists of 3 main chapters: Chapter I:THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This chapter addresses a review of the personal pronouns, the English and VietNamese personal pronouns and their typical characteristics. Chapter II: SOME SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE ENGLISH – VIETNAMESE PRONOUNS AND USING IT This chapter emphasizes similarities and differences in noun Formation, Using Affixation of English and Vietnamese personal pronouns and provides some suggestions using to teach personal pronouns to students. Chapter III: -The 3rd part is Conclusion which gives an overview of what the study has been presented and the base for further research in this aspect. PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND • The personal pronouns • Definition of pronouns A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns refer to either a noun that has already been mentioned or to a noun that does not need to be named specifically. The most common pronouns are the personal pronouns, which refer to the person or people speaking or writing (first person), the person or people being spoken to (second person), or other people or things (third person). Like nouns, personal pronouns can function as either the subject of a verb or the object of a verb or preposition: "She likes him, but he loves her." Most of the personal pronouns have different subject and object forms: • Definition of personal pronouns A personal pronoun is a short word we use as a simple substitute for the proper name of a person. Each of the English personal pronouns shows us the grammatical person, gender, number, and case of the noun it replaces. I, you, he, she, it, we they, me, him, her, us, and them are all personal pronouns. Personal pronouns are the stunt doubles of grammar; they stand in for the people (and perhaps animals) who star in our sentences. They allow us to speak and write with economy because they enable us to avoid repeating cumbersome proper nouns all the live-long day. Example: Archbishop Desmond Tutu was born in 1931 in South Africa and Bishop Desmond Tutu rose to international fame in the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Bishop Desmond Tutu in 1984. Bishop Desmond Tutu has written seven books and has cowritten or contributed to many others. With personal pronouns, this paragraph becomes much easier, and much less annoying to read. Example: Archbishop Desmond Tutu was born in 1931 in South Africa and he rose to international fame in the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to him in 1984. He has written seven books and has cowritten or contributed to many others. • The English personals pronouns and their typical characteristics • English personals pronouns We have both subject pronouns and object pronouns: Subject Object I Me You You He Him She Her It It We Us You You They Them We use subject pronouns as the subject of a verb: I like your dress. You are late. He is my friend. It is raining. She is on holiday. We live in England. They come from London. Be careful! English clauses always have a subject. His father has just retired. > He was a teacher. (NOT Was a teacher.) I'm waiting for my wife. > She is late. (NOT Is late.) The imperative, which is used for orders, invitations and requests, is an exception: Stop! Go away. Please come to dinner tomorrow. Play it again, please. If there is no other subject, we use it or there. We call this a dummy subject. We use object pronouns as the object of a verb: Can you help me, please? I can see you. She doesn't like him. I saw her in town today. We saw them in town yesterday, but they didn't see us. and after prepositions: She is waiting for me. I'll get it for you. Give it to him. Why are you looking at her? Don't take it from us. I'll speak to them. • he, she and they We use he/him to refer to men, and she/her to refer to women. When we are not sure if we are talking about a man or a woman, we use they/them: This is Jack. He's my brother. I don't think you have met him. This is Angela. She's my sister. Have you met her before? You could go to a doctor. They might help you. Talk to a friend. Ask them to help you. • you and they We use you to talk about people in general, including the speaker and the hearer: You can buy this book everywhere. = This book is on sale everywhere. You can't park here. = Parking is not allowed here. We use they/them to talk about institutions and organisations: They serve good food here. (they = the restaurant) Ask them for a cheaper ticket. (them = the airline) especially the government and the authorities: They don't let you smoke in here. They are going to increase taxes. They are building a new motorway. They say it’s going to rain tomorrow. • It We use it to talk about ourselves: • on the telephone: Hello. It's George. • when other people cannot see us: It's me. It's Mary. (Mary is knocking on the door.) We also use it to talk about other people: • when we point people out for the first time: Look. It's Paul McCartney. Who's that? I think it's John's brother. • when we cannot see someone and we ask them for their name: Hello. Who is it? (someone answering the phone) Who is it? (someone about to answer the door) • Typical linguistic features of English In linguistics, a pronoun (abbreviated pro) is a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase. It is a particular case of a pro-form. Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the parts of speech, but some modern theorists would not consider them to form a single class, in view of the variety of functions they perform cross-linguistically. An example of a pronoun is "you", which is both plural and singular. Subtypes include personal and possessive pronouns, reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative and interrogative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns. Examples: • I love you. • That reminds me of something. • He looked at them. • Take it or leave it. • Who would say such a thing? The use of pronouns often involves anaphora, where the meaning of the pronoun is dependent on an antecedent. For example, in the sentence That poor man looks as if he needs a new coat, the antecedent of the pronoun he is dependent on that poor man. The adjective associated with "pronoun" is "pronominal". A pronominal is also a word or phrase that acts as a pronoun. For example, in That's not the one I wanted, the phrase the one (containing the prop-word one) is a pronominal. 2.3. Typical culture features of English It is always a hard job whenever we are supposed to talk about culture as culture is not simply what we can see, what we can touch or read. Under a very deliberate analysis and discussion, Tran Ngọc Them concluded that “Culture is reciprocal system of material and spiritual values created and accumulated by human beings through their daily activities in the context of mutual interaction between people to the society and environment” (translated). Accordingly, culture is all things related to human beings, and English culture has something to do with English people, their living environment. I presumably propose the following features that are reflected by the third person personal pronouns in English and VietNamese: • Third person personal pronouns in English and its usage problems We use third person personal pronouns to substitute people or things being spoken about. In English, it can be characterized by case, gender, and number (Quirk,1987) . The following table will illustrate the point: Table 1. Third person personal pronouns in English (Source: www.WeblearnEng.com) Number Gender Case Singular Plural Nominative/ Subjective Accusative/ Objective Masculine He Him Feminine She Her Neuter It It For both They sexes Them Grammatically, case is the form of the noun or pronoun built up by means of inflexion, which indicates the relations of the noun or pronoun to the other words in the sentence. In other words, case is a characteristic of a noun or pronoun determined by the function it performs in a sentence. Personal pronouns have two sets of caseforms: nominative (or subjective) case and accusative (or objective) case. For the third person (as mentioned on Table 1): He, she, it, they are used as nominative case. Him, her, it, them stand for accussative case. The nominative case is needed when a personal pronoun is used as subject of finite verb and as a predicative nominative (subject complement). Meanwhile, the objective case is used when the personal pronoun is direct or indirect object of the verb and object of preposition. We should be careful not to confuse personal pronouns in the nominative and accusative case: + subject of finite verb = nominative case Incorrect: Him and her went to the party. Correct: He and she went to the party. + object of verb= accusative Incorrect: Tom wants to meet you and they. Correct: Tom wants to meet you and them. + object of preposition= objective case: Incorrect: Is there any relationship between you and she? Correct: Is there any relationship between you and her? In standard written English, the personal pronouns in the predicate nominative are the same as they would be in the subject. Most native speakers do not speak in this way, but it is grammatically correct. This nonminative case follows a linking verb to rename the subject: e.g. The winner was her. (socially accepted) The winner was she. (grammatically accepted) Sometimes, we also use nominative case for pronouns that follow forms of the verb be and describe the same person or thing as the subject. e.g. It’s her, not him. (socially accepted) It’s she, not he. (grammatically accepted) • Vietnamese personal pronouns and their typical characteristics: • Vietnamese personal pronouns English Vietnamese I Tôi You Bạn He Anh ấy She Cô ấy It Nó We Chúng tôi They Họ How to address a person: you and I in Vietnamese • Tớ + cậu How to address one another in a very friendly way: English Vietnamese When I You Tớ sweet form of addressing oneself; common between friends in school; more common between girl friends Mình slightly more humble and honest form of addressing to oneself Cậu goes together with tớ/mình • Tao + mày How to address one another in a very impolite manner: English Vietnamese When I Tao during a fight; very rude; when you look down on someone; 'bad parents' would use this word to talk to their children; also common between friends; more common between guy friends than girl friends You Mày goes together with tao • Anh/chị + tôi How to address one another in a more respectful way: English Vietnamese When I Tôi adults use it (in-laws, neighbours, strangers, colleauges), when real age is not known or inconvenient to ask about the age You Anh respectful way to address another adult; anh for male persons and chị for female; used in official settings (letters, government forms) Chị Bạn very friendly, only used persons your own age or younger since the literal meaing is 'friend' • Family in Vietnamese This is a table with the most common personal pronouns in the Vietnamese language. You have to note here that the "I" and "you" are interchangeable. That means if you talk to your father, you use "con" for "I" and "bố" for "you". Your father however, uses "bố" for "I" and "con" for "you". I Literal translation You Literal translation When Con Child Bố Father only with your own father Con Child Mẹ Mother only with mother Em Younger sister/brother Anh Older brother for your older brothers, older cousins and any male person that is older than you but in the same generation Em Younger sister/brother Chị Older sister for your older sisters/cousins and any female person that is your own