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CHAPTER 1
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
UNIVERSITY OF DANANG
INTRODUCTION
1.1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
PHẠM THỊ TUYẾT QUỲNH
As linguistic devices, complex prepositions as stated by
Quirks (1998) are particularly used in types of English formaI
documents, such as, administrative or legal documents, business
contracts or treaties, formal speeches and so forth.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO
ENGLISH COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS
In the process of learning as well as teaching English, I
normally cope with the uses of these complex prepositions in
regard to some linguistic aspects as follows.
AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN VIETNAMESE
(i) In terms of semantic fields, it is really difficult to
predict the meaning of some complex prepositions in English
formal documents. In some cases, even with the help of contextual
FIELD : THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
CODE : 60.22.15
situations, the meanings of complex prepositions cannot be
decoded; for example in lieu of, in the event of.. This is because
their meanings cannot be the combined meanings of a prepositions
plus a noun and a preposition as they are constructed. In other
words, the meanings of complex prepositions in English formal
M.A THESIS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
(A SUMMARY)
documents are normally used idiomatically and in order to decode
the semantic nuances of complex prepositions in English formal
documents they should be seen in different linguistic angles.
(ii) Collocation of complex prepositions and some
SUPERVISOR: LÊ TẤN THI, Ph.D
following technical terms in formal documents are still
problematic to the researcher as well as our students. Therefore,
the exploration in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese is
Danang, 2011
our priority.
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On the basis of these obstacles and barriers in
Vietnamese so as to help them in applying in teaching, learning of
understanding linguistic features of complex prepositions in
English language skills as well as translation.
English formal documents so as to decode these complex
1.4. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
prepositions semantically, we have made up our minds to
investigate complex prepositions in terms of semantic features and
collocation in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese.
1.2. AIMS, OBJECTIVES
features of complex prepositions in formal document in English
and their equivalents in Vietnamese. Then the collocation of
complex prepositions and their following nouns in English and
1.2.1. Aims
The
In this research, we will focus on analyzing semantic
their equivalents in Vietnamese formal documents is also notified.
research
aims
at
investigating
into
complex
prepositions in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese in
terms of semantic features as well as collocation so as to apply in
teaching and learning English.
1.2.2. Objectives
- Describing semantic features of complex prepositions in
English and their equivalents in Vietnamese.
- Working out the ways for the readers to identify complex
prepositions in terms of semantic features their collocation in
English.
- Giving some suggestions for teaching and learning of
English language skills as well as translation.
1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The result of the study will assist learners and especially
teachers who are interested in this research in decoding semantic
features of complex prepositions in English. The score will be
investigated in conformity with the concerned linguistic features in
1.5. RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
a. What are the semantic features of complex prepositions in
English?
b. What are the semantic equivalents of English complex
prepositions in Vietnamese?
c. What are collocation of complex prepositions in English?
d. What are the collocation equivalents of English complex
prepositions in Vietnamese?
1.6. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 2- Literature Review and Theoretical Background
Chapter 3 - Methods and procedures
Chapter 4 - Findings and discussion .
Chapter 5 - Conclusions and implications
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CHAPTER 2
Semantics and Grammar of Adverbials”, [21, p.181-187], the
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
semantic features of some complex prepositions are mentioned
2.1. PREVIOUS STUDIES
In terms of English references, most grammarians, such as
Greenbaum and Quirk (1990), Crystal (1992), Richards Jack et al
(1999) and Biber Douglas et al (1999) introduce the use as well as
the meaning classification of prepositions in general, not complex
prepositions in particular. Richards Jack et al [22, p.286] does not
classify prepositions in different categories but he called them all,
simple or complex prepositions just Richards Jack et al (1999).
Huddlestons & Pullum et al [16, p.617-620) emphasize the
structure of complex prepositions; however they use another term
as “idiomatic and fossilised expressions headed by a preposition”.
Through these pages, these grammarians listed the most commonly
used complex prepositions in English, the use of complex
prepositions in accordance with grammatical functions such as the
syntactic orders, the ellitical forms of complex prepositions in a
sentence and so forth.
With regard to complex prepositions, especially those being
structured as < preposition + (the/a) noun + Preposition>, they are
stated in the book entitled “A Student’s Grammar of English
Language” and its parent book “The Comprehensive Grammar of
English Language” by Quirk R. et al (1990, 1985, respectively). In
limit of some pages, these co-linguists only are briefly mapped out
the concept and classification of complex prepositions. However,
it must be, to some extent, helpful that in the section “The
here and there. Another linguist has involed in the concept of
complex prepositions is Crystal (1992). Different from Quirk et al
(1985,1990), Crystal [6, p.312] has not mentioned other
prepositions structured as
, such as
because of as complex prepositions. He has only considered
prepositions that are structured as to be complex prepositions. In conformity with
complex preposition structured with their collocation, some
complex prepositions are introduced here and there in the
dictionary entitled “Oxford Collocations”. We can find complex
prepositions collocates with their following nouns as the lexical
items being listed alphabetically in this dictionary. However, this
special dictionary only mention the collocation between complex
prepositions and their following nouns or nouns equivalents. It can
be asserted that we have not so far found any references or
previous studies that deal with complex prepositions and their
collocates used especially in formal documents.
In Vietnamese references, prepositions are usually grouped
into conjunctions. This can be found in “Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt”
(1983). However, Bùi Đức Tịnh [27, p.319-324) introduced some
syntactic, semantic features of prepositions and prepositional
phrases. He also mentioned the differences between prepositions,
between verbs and adverbs in Vietnamese language. As a student
who has studied
English as second language, I- a native of
Vietnamese language have not seen any problems in the
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collocations between Vietnamese prepositions and their following
mentioned below we will mainly lay a foundation on these
nominal collocations. In this research we are interested in the
grammarians’theory in order to solve the problems in our
collocation of Vietnamese prepositions and their following
dissertation.
nominal equivalents because, first of all, we will deal with the
translation implication then the result of this research will be
benificial references to learners from English speaking countries or
those who can speak English prefer studying Vietnamese
language. In Vietnamese references, prepositions and prepositional
phrases are disscussed generally in most grammar books. To my
best knowledge, up to now, there have been no any materials
related to the study of prepositions
in formal documents, or
prepositions collocates with their following nouns.
On the basis of the previous studies, we can come to
conclusion that the investigation of complex prepoisitions in the
formal documents particularly in terms of semantics, and in
collocation with their following nominal items have not been
discussed so far in both langusges, English and Vietnamese. It is
2.2.1. Complex Prepositions
2.2.1.1. Definitions of Complex Prepositions
As stated by Richards Jack C et al [22, p.286], preposition is
a word used with nouns, pronouns and gerunds to link them
grammatically to other words. In English, too, there are groups of
words (e.g. in front of, owing to) that can function like simpleword prepositions.
Greenbaum & Quirk (1998) state that there are two main
types of complex prepositions: (i) a simple preposition preceded
by a particle, adjective, adverb or conjunction, as with owing to,
devoid of, away from, because of, (ii) a simple preposition
followed by a noun and then a further simple preposition, as with
in charge of, by means of, at variance with, as a result of.
the reason why we make up our mind to deal with the research
Otherwise, complex prepositions, as defined by Crystal
entitled An Investigation into English Complex Prepositions
(1992), can be structurally analyzed as a sequence of two
and Their Equivalents in Vietnamese in linguistic domains such
prepositions surrounding a noun, the whole construction then
as semantic domains and collocation.
being used with a following noun phrase; for example in
2.2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
As we have just stated in the previous studies, most
grammarians introduce complex prepositions in prepositions in
accordance with your instructions.
2.2.1.2.
Differences
between
Simple
and
Complex
Prepositions
general. Among them, Quirk R. et al (1985, 1998) and Biber
2.2.1.3. Differences of Complex Prepositions and Conjuncts
Douglas et al (1999) have discussed complex prepositions
2.2.1.4 Differences of Complex Prepositions and Disjuncts
concerning the notion, classification in more detail. In the sections
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2.2.2. Semantic Classification of Prepositions and Complex
Prepositions
2.2.2.1. Prepositions and Complex Prepositions Denoting
Reason
2.2.2.2. Prepositions and Complex Prepositions Denoting
purpose
2.2.2.3. Prepositions and Complex Prepositions Denoting
means
2.2.2.4. Prepositions and Complex Prepositions Denoting
Concession
2.2.2.5. Prepositions and Complex Prepositions Denoting
reference
2.2.3. View Points of Prepositions in Vietnamese
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order to identify the syntactic categories that follow Vietnamese
prepositions. For examples, the Vietnamese prepositional phrase ‘de
thay the cho’ is constructed as ‘preposition plus a verb’. It is the
complexity of the syntactic categories in Vietnamses collocate with
the preceding prepositions in Vietnamese that we made up our mind
to deal with the meaning of the collocation between English complex
prepositions with their following collocates and their equivalents in
Vietnamese. The syntactic of English complex prepositions and their
following collocates as well as their equivalents in Vietnamese are
not taken into consideration in this thesis and will be discussed for
further studies.
2.2.4. Collocation
2.2.4.1. Definition of Collocation
According to Crystal [6, p.71] Collocation is the habitual co-
In Vietnamese language, there are some different points of view
occurrence of individual lexical items, such as auspicious and
of prepositions. Some grammarians name prepositions as linking
occasion. The potential of items to collocate is called their
words that comprise prepositions and conjunctions Tran Ngoc Them,
collocability. Another notion is that collocation is a combination of
(1985); Diep Quang Ban [29, p.132-144]. The reason why
words in a language, that happens very often and more frequently
prepositions and conjunctions are categorized in the same word class
than would happen by chance: “Resounding success” and “Crying
because it is difficult to distinguish prepositions from conjunctions in
shame” are English collocation, Hornby [2, p.281].
some circumstances in Viernamese Nguyen Van Thanh [32, p.662].
However, other grammarians such as Bui Duc Tinh [27, p.319-324]
consider prepositions as typical syntactic category in Vietnamese.
Syntactically, Nguyen Van Thanh [32, p.660-727) states that
“Prepositions is used to link with noun, pronoun and numerals ”. He
also confirms that conjunctions should be considered at sentence
levels, especially at complex sentences. It is really problematic in
Similarly, Richards [22, p.62] assert that collocation is the
way in which words are used together regularly. Collocation refers
to the restrictions on how words can be used together, for example
which prepositions are used with particular verbs, or which verbs
and nouns are used together. For example, in English the verb
perform is used with operation, but not with discussion:
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E.g. The doctor performed the operation.
This is fascinating book and contains a wealth of
historical details.
The committee performed a discussion.
2.2.4.3. Types of Collocation combination
2.2.4.2. The importance of Collocation
With respect to the paramountancy of collocation, Runcie
2.2.5. Formal Documents
Moria [19, p.vii] states that collocation runs through the whole of
2.2.5.1. Definition of Formal Documents
the English language. No piece of natural spoken or written
A formal document is a document adhering to tranditional
English is totally free of collocation. For the student, choosing the
standards of correctness. A formal document is usually sent when
right collocation will make his speech and writing sound much
an entity is communicating with other external entities.
more natural, more native-speaker-like, even when basic
intelligibility does not seem to be at issue. A student who utters
strong rain may make himself understood, but possibly not
without provoking a smile or a correction, which may or may not
The writer also emphasizes that perhaps even more
than
the
foregoing
ideas,
language
that
2.2.5.2. Differences between of Formal Documents and
Informal Documents
Formal documents are different from informal ones in the
matter. He will certainly be marked down for it in an exam.
importantly
[59]
is
collocationally rich is also more precise. This is because most
single words in the English language – especially the more
way that a informal document is a document that is not officially
recognized or controlled. Eg. When an employee sends a weekly
status to his direct manager. Usually informal documents are
common within the same entity.
common words – embrace a whole range of meanings, some quite
[59]
distinct, and some that shade into each other by degrees. The
In terms of the use of complex prepositions in formal
precise meaning in any context is determined by that context: by
document, according to Quirk et al [21, p.304] stated that “Legal
the words that surround and combine with the core word by
English is notable for complex prepositions, the following being
collocation. A student who chooses the best collocation will
among those found mainly in legalistic or bureauratic usage: in
express himself much more clearly and be able to convey not just a
case of, in default of, in lieu of, on pain of, in respect of ”
general meaning, but something quite precise. Compare, for
example, the following two sentences:
E.g. This is a good book and contains a lot of interesting details.
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2.2.6. Concepts of Vietnamese Equivalents and their
CHAPTER 3
Equivalents in Vietnamese
In our thesis, we include two concepts that are related to our
research such as “Vietnamese Equivalent” (of English complex
prepositions), and “their Equivalents in Vietnamese”. Vietnamese
Equivalent means that the meaning of a Vietnamese preposition
that are equivalent to that of an English complex preposition as
stated in the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary [2, p.493] “something
equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc”. And “their
Equivalents in Vietnmese” implies that the equivalent uses or
forms of English complex prepositions in terms of linguistic
features, such as semantic, collocation. This is because, as having
METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
Qualitative approach and description were used as main
research methods in the study. The data collected were counted
qualitatively analyzed. The descriptive method is used to describe
and analyze the semantic features and collocations of complex
prepositions in English. And the study also utilizes the method of
contrastive analysis to find out the equivalents between the two
languages concerning aspects of complex prepositions.
3.2. DATA COLLECTION
been stated, there exist no complex prepositions in Vietnamese.
The data used in the study will be mainly collected from
Also, according to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary [2,
formal documents such as: agreements, treaties, contracts,
p493] “Equivalent” means that a thing, amount, word, etc. that is
degrees, ordinances, circulars or other related documents.
equivalent to sth else.
The data also come from 100 complex prepositions in formal
written texts in English and the same number in Vietnamese.
3.3. DATA ANALYSIS
Firstly, general and specific semantic features of complex
prepositions of English are presented in turn.
Secondly, complex prepositions of English and their
following
collocation
are
presented
through
clear
and
understandable examples.
After presenting the semantic features, collocations of
English complex prepositions, the discussion of findings is carried
out to find out similarities and differences of complex prepositions
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in English and their Vietnamese equivalent in terms of sementic
ordinances, circulars in both languages in paper as well as online.
and collocation. Futhermore, the results serve as the foundation
Furthermore, any quotation in this thesis is clearly shown with
for discussing the ways the English and the equivalents in
bibliography in which the authors, the publishers, the publication
vietnamese conceive of complex prepositions in general.
year are exactly quoted.
Suggesting some solutions for teaching, learning and
In conformity with validity, English complex prepostions to
translating complex prepositions of English.
have been collected satisfy the demand of the set-up criteria. The
3.4. PROCEDURES
samples, as mentioned-above, in both languages have been
extracted from reliable sources of fomal documents which are
The steps involved in the study are as follows:
• Defining theoretical basis on which this research is done.
• Collecting
the
complex
prepositions
in
currently used in administration as well as on the internet.
Particularly, the semantic classification of complex prepositions is
English
based on the context in which they are employed. Then their
agreements, treaties, contracts, decrees, ordinances, circulars or
equivalents in Vietnamese in terms of semantic features and
other related documents and their equivalents in Vietnamese.
collocation are taken into consideration. Last but not least, the
• Classifying the data into groups on the basis of the
semantic features in each language.
• Analyzing the semantic features and collocations of
complex prepositions in English and their equivalents in
Vietnamese.
• Discovering linguistic performance of each way to
express complex prepositions in English and their equivalents in
Vietnamese.
• Suggesting some implications for teaching and learning
languages as well as translation.
3.5. RELIABLITY AND VALIDITY
As regard to reliability, the data are collected from the real
formal documents, such as agreements, treaties, contracts, decrees,
collected data are analyzed in accordance with the theoretical
background being designed in Chapter 2.
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CHAPTER 4
4.1.18. Complex Prepositions Denoting Absence
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.19. Complex Prepositions Denoting heading
4.1. SEMANTIC
FEATURES
OF
COMPLEX
PREPOSITIONS IN ENGLISH
Semantically, Complex prepositions in English function
diversifiedly, expecially in formal documents. Their semantic
nuances make such document more formal and communicative.
4.1.1 Complex Prepositions Denoting Purpose
4.1.2. Complex Prepositions Denoting Reference
4.1.3. Complex Prepositions Denoting Process
4.1.4. Complex Prepositions Denoting Quantity
4.1.5. Complex Prepositions Denoting Completion
4.1.6. Complex prepositions Denoting Means
4.1.7. Complex Prepositions Denoting Condition
4.1.8. Complex Prepositions Denoting Concession
4.1.9. Complex Prepositions Denoting Payment
4.2.
SEMANTIC
EQUIVALENTS
OF
ENGLISH
COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS IN VIETNAMESE
4.2.1. Semantic
Equivalents
of
English
Complex
Prepositions Denoting Reference in Vietnamese
4.2.2. Semantic
Equivalents
of
English
Complex
Prepositions Denoting Foundation in Vietnamese
4.2.3. Semantic
Equivalents
of
English
Complex
Prepositions Denoting Replacement in Vietnamese
4.2.4. Semantic
Equivalents
of
English
Complex
Prepositions Denoting Reason in Vietnamese
4.2.5. Semantic
Equivalents
of
English
Complex
Prepositions Denoting Condition in Vietnamese
4.2.6. Semantic
Equivalents
of
English
Complex
Prepositions Denoting Process in Vietnamese
4.2.7. Semantic
Equivalents
of
English
Complex
4.1.10. Complex Prepositions Denoting Replacement
Prepositions Denoting Purpose in Vietnamese
4.1.11. Complex Prepositions Denoting Exchange
4.3. ENGLISH COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS AND THEIR
4.1.12. Complex Prepositions Denoting Foundation
COLLOCATIONS
4.1.13. Complex Prepositions Denoting Representative
In regard to collocation, prepositions in English and
4.1.14. Complex Prepositions Denoting Addition
Vietnamese in fomal documents can be collated to the following
4.1.15. Complex Prepositions Denoting Reduction
nouns or noun phrases which they combined with. In reality,
4.1.16. Complex Prepositions Denoting Reason
during the teaching and learning English, we can see that students
have a lot of difficulties in using not only the English prepositions
4.1.17. Complex Prepositions Denoting Progress
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and their Vietnamese equivalent correctly but also the collocation
English complex prepositions can be structured with nouns, noun
of prepositons in English and Vietnamese.
equivalents, such as noun phrases, gerunds. By contrast, the
4.3.1. English Complex Prepositions of Reference and Their
only nouns but also verbs. With reference to the semantic
Collocations
4.3.2. English Complex Prepositions of Purpose and Their
collocation, we have also introduced the English complex
prepositions typically employed in the formal document together
Collocations
4.3.3. English Complex Prepositions of Process and Their
Collocations
with their collocated elements in Table 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6. In
addition, the Vietnamese equivalents of
the English complex
prepositions are also mentioned in these Tables so as to help
4.3.4. English Complex Prepositions of Condition and Their
Collocations
4.3.5. English Complex Prepositions of Other Meanings and
Their Collocations
4.4. VIETNAMESE
Vietnamese prepostions used in formal can constructued with not
PREPOSITIONS
AND
THEIR
COLLOCATION IN FORMAL DOCUMENTS
Semantically, on the basis of the collected data, the
semantic domains of complex prepositions used in English formal
are diverse than those in Vietnamse ones. In accordance with our
research, we find 19 nuances complex prepositions in English;
otherwise, there are only in 7 equivalent nuances in Vietnamese
prepositions. The equivalent meanings of
English complex
prepositions that cannot be found in Vietnamese prepositions are
quantity, completion, means, concession, payment, exchange,
addition, reduction, progress, absence, and heading.
With regard to collocation between English complex
prepositions and the following units of language
and their
equivalents in Vietnamese, we can come to a conclusion that
learners implicate in translation.
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CHAPTER 5
Secondly, in case that the meaning of complex prepositions cannot
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
be listed in the dictionay, we have to identify the meaning of
LIMITATIONS – RECOMMENDATIONS
English complex prepositions on the semantic fields of the central
nouns. This means that the nuances of
complex prepositions
depend upon the logical notion of the central nouns in the context
In the four previous chapter, we have answered the questions
in which complex prepositions are used. Thirdly, on condition that
about semantic features and collocations of complex prepositions
both the meanings of English complex prepositions cannot be
in English, and have mentioned semantic and collocation
referred to dictionaries and the meanings of central nouns in their
equivalents of English complex prepositions in Vietnamese. From
structure do not bind those of the whole complex prepositions, the
the result of the investigation in this chapter we will emphasize the
contextual cicumstances will be the main factor to predict the
following points as the conclusions and the implications for
sense of complex prepositions in formal documents. Particularly,
language learning and teaching.
in case that the meaning of complex prepositions can be found in
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
dictionaries but the nuances of the central noun in complex
prepositions cannot be identified then, only the context and the
In compliance with semantic nuances of complex prepositions
meaning of complex prepositions in the dictionary can help.
in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese, it can be stated
that the central noun normally plays a more important role in
identifying the meaning of complex prepositions in English
formal documents than the preceding and following prepositions
in these structure. However, in some cases, the meaning complex
prepositions in English cannot be identified from the meaning of
central nouns. From the result of the study in semnatic areas, the
meanings of English complex prepositions in formal document
can be identified as follow. First of all, if the meanings of English
However, in any cases, the context; i.e. the situations in
which English complex prepositions are employed must be
considered as the most paramount factor so as to predict their
meanings. Or in other words, in order to identify the meanings of
English complex prepositions in formal documents, we not only
pay attetion to their meanings extracted from the dictionary but
also examine them in the context and we have to combine all the
factors to predict their meanings as adequately as possible.
complex prepositions can be looked up in the dictionary, we can
With respect to English complex prepositions and their
refer the meaning of complex prepositions in the contextual
collocation in formal documents, it can be asserted that complex
situation to its most suitable meaning in the dictionary so as to
prepositions can be syntactically constructed with nouns or noun
choose the right definition for the language use in the document.
equivaletns
such as noun phrases, gerunds; otherwise, in
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Vietnamese, such equivalents to English complex prepostions can
not only in formal documents but also in the text books, or any
be not only nouns but also other categories. Due to the complexity
other materials in which complex prepostions are used. More
of syntatic catergories in Vietnamese and the limitation of this
importantly, the study on the collocation between complex
thesis, syntatic categories of the equivalents to English complex
prepostions assist learners of English to use language skills,
prepostions in Vietnamese are not mentioned in our research.
particularly writing, speaking better and better.
Semantically, certain English complex prepositions must collate
As regard to translation, the result of the study also play an
with certain following nominal elements. For example, the English
inportant role in improving and fostering skills of translation, in
complex preposition in accordance with or n conformity with can
particular the translation of concerned complex prepostions and
collate with the noun provision but the English complex
their collocation in formal documents. It should be emphasized
preposition under the terms of may not, according to our collected
here that the research provides learners of English not only
data, although all of them are complex preposition that are used
capacity of the English – Vietnamese translation of complex
denotes reference. Please refer to Table 4.2 p.50.
prepostions but also their Vietnamese-English translation as well.
In line with those who come from English speaking countries
or can speak English as a second language in the era of
5.3 LIMITATIONS
globalization and intergration refer to study Vietnamese could
Owing to the restriction of time and the shortage of reference
have the same difficulties as the Vietnamese people learning
materials related to the field under investigation as well as the
English in especially using collocation. As a result, the
constraints faced by the researcher, it goes without saying that
introduction of the collocation equivalents of English complex
there must exist mistakes in this thesis and it has not reached a
prepostions
in Vietnamese must be pratical solutions. The
satisfactory depth as it should. Due to the limited knowledge of
outcome from our research can be beneficial not only for
the researcher in Vietnamese linguitics in addition to the
Vietnamese students who study English but also for foreigners
complicated classification of prepositions in particular and other
from English speaking countries who learn Vietnamese.
syntactic categories in general in Vietnamese; therefore, we
encounter some problems in the study.
5.2 IMPLICATIONS
In terms of teaching English language as a second language,
5.4. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
the result of our study can, to some extent, help students of
In order to continue our study of complex prepositions in
English understand the semnatic features of complex prepostions
Engslish, we will investigate cohesive features of complex
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prepositions in formal documents. We will also invest time
dealing with another type of complex prepositions such as
according to, owing to, due to and so forth, also in terms of also
semantic and collocation so as to apply in our teaching as well as
translation.