Tài liệu Giáo trình bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi và chuyên tiếng anh cấp thcs

Lời nói đầu C{c bạn th}n mến ! Khi c{c bạn cầm trên tay t|i liệu n|y tôi cảm thấy rất vui vì chúng ta đã tìm thấy nhau.C{c b|i thi Học sinh giỏi Tiếng Anh v| c{c b|i thi v|o Trường chuyên, lớp chọn luôn luôn l| c{c b|i thi đầy khó khăn, thử th{ch nhưng cũng đầy hấp dẫn đối với c{c em có niềm đam mê học Tiếng Anh v| muốn học Tiếng Anh giỏi để có thể sử dụng Tiếng Anh tốt trong công việc tương lai của mình. Một số em có thể chưa đạt được kết quả cao trong c{c kỳ thi Học sinh giỏi có lẽ vì c{c em chưa được cung cấp c{c kiến thức n}ng cao của chương trình học một c{ch đầy đủ, cũng có thể c{c em chưa có kỹ năng l|m b|i thi v| cũng chưa quen c{c dạng b|i thi. Chính vì thế, cuốn “Gi{o trình bồi dưỡng Học Sinh Giỏi v| Chuyên Anh cấp THCS‛ được biên sọan với mục đích giúp c{c em học sinh có thể tự mình đ|o s}u kiến thức trên nền tảng kiến thức s{ch gi{o khoa, tự mở rộng kiến thức ngôn ngữ, tự ôn luyện c{c dạng b|i thi phổ biến của c{c kỳ thi học sinh giỏi để có thể tham gia v| đạt kết quả cao trong c{c kỳ thi Học sinh giỏi v| c{c kỳ thi v|o trường chuyên Anh, lớp chọn. Cuốn s{ch cũng sẽ giúp c{c em phổ thông cơ sở tự trang bị cho mình một vốn kiến n}ng cao, để sau n|y có thể tham gia c{c kỳ thi v|o Cao đẳng, Đại học hay tham gia c{c kỳ thi Tiếng Anh mang tầm quốc tế. Cuốn s{ch bao gồm 7 chuyên đề chính được ph}n chia đúng cấu trúc của c{c b|i thi học sinh giỏi m| c{c Trường, c{c Th|nh phố, c{c Sở GD (c{c Tỉnh) hay sử dụng trong c{c b|i thi< Ngữ Ph{p, Từ Vựng, Ngữ Âm, Kỹ năng Nghe, Nói, Đọc, Viết đặc biệt có tích hợp File nghe trong gi{o trình đầy đủ giúp c{c em dễ d|ng ôn luyện gặt h{i nhiều th|nh công< T|i liệu có sự tham khảo ! Tham khảo kỹ năng viết luận thầy Nguyễn Hải Việt gi{o viên THPT tại Th{i Nguyên. Trích 1 số phần nhỏ từ c{c đề (Đề xuất)Học Sinh Giỏi v| Chuyên Anh c{c sở Gi{o Dục. C{c gi{o trình bậc đại học < Contents Page CHAPTER I : VOCABULARY Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Word Formations Confusing Words Phrasal Verbs Collocations Idioms 4 12 24 33 41 Part I Part II CHAPTER II : GRAMMARS Tenses and Sequence of Tenses Subject and Verb Concord 51 59 Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part VII Part VIII Part IX Part X Part XI Part XII Part XIII Active voice and Passive voice in English Direct and Indirect Speech in English Conditional Sentences Subjunctive Relative Clauses Modal Verbs Inversion and Emphasis in English Conectives Adjective, Adverb and Comparison Gerund and Infinitive Verbs Mixed sentence writing exercises (Advanced) CHAPTER III : PHONETICS Part I Pronunciations Part II Stress CHAPTER IV : COMMUNICATION SKILLS Theory and Practice CHAPTER V : COMPREHENSIVE READING Skill/Theory/Practice CHAPTER VI : WRITING SKILLS Part I Overview of Letter Part II Overview of a Paragraph Part III Essay Writing Overview CHAPTER VII : LISTENING SKILLS Part I Overview of Listening Skills Part II Practices 63 70 78 85 91 98 106 115 127 133 147 156 162 167 178 198 211 223 235 238 CHAPTER I : VOCABULARY PART I : WORD FORMATIONS THEORY 1. Ví trí, chức năng v| dấu hiệu nhận biết từ loại DANH TỪ(NOUN) Vị trí của danh từ trong c}u. 1. Chủ ngữ của c}u (đầu cầu, đầu Maths is the subject I like best mệnh đề) 2.Sau tính từ (good, beautiful..), She is a good teacher. Sau tính từ sở hữu (my, your, his, His father works in hospital. her,..). Cụm danh từ: a/ an the + (adv) + adj + N. 3. L|m t}n ngữ, sau động từ I like English. We are students. 4. Sau "enough" (enough +N) He didn't have enough money to buy  that car. She is a teacher. This book is an interesting book. I have a little money to go to the movie. 5. Sau c{c mạo từ (a, an, the) Đại từ chỉ định (this, that, these, those); Lƣợng từ (each, no, any, a few, a little,..) 6. Sau giới từ: in, on, of, with, under, Thanh is good at literature. at... Dấu hiệu nhận biết danh từ -ion (distribution), -ment (development), -er (teacher) , -or (actor), -ant (accountant), -age (marriage), -ship (friendship), -sm (enthusiasm), -ity (ability), ness (happiness), -dom (freedom), -ist (terrorist), -ian (physician), -hood (childhood), -ance (importance), -ence (dependence), -ety (society), -ty (honesty) TÍNH TỪ(ADJECTIVE) Vị trí của tính từ trong c}u 1. Trƣớc danh từ: (a/an/the) + (adv) + My Tam is a famous singer. adj + N 2. Sau động từ liên kết: be/ seem/ Tom seems tired now appear/ feel/ taste/ look/ keep/get/ The homework keeps me busy all the keep/ make (sb) + adj time 3. Sau "too": S+ be/ seem/look..+ too Coffee seems too hot for me to drink. +adj.. 4. Trƣớc ‚enough": S + be + adj + She is tall enough to play volleyball. enough.. 5. Trong cấu trúc: so + adj + that The weather was so bad that we decided to stay at home 6. Dùng dƣới c{c dạng so s{nh Meat is more expensive than fish. 7. Dùng trong c}u cảm th{n: How intelligent she is! How + adj +S+V! What a beautiful girl! What + (a/an) + adj +N! Dấu hiệu nhận biết tính từ -ful (helpful), -less (homeless), -ly (friendly), -al (national), -ble (acceptable), ive (active), -ous (famous), -ish (selfish), -y (foggy), -like (childlike), ic (scientific), -ed (bored), -ing (interesting), -ary (necessary), -ant (important), ent (different) TRẠNG TỪ Vị trí của trạng từ trong c}u 1. Trƣớc động từ thƣờng giữa trợ động từ v| động từ thƣờng (đặc biệt l| c{c trạng từ chỉ tần suất: always, usually,...) 2. Trƣớc tính từ: be/ feel/look.. + adv + adj 3. Sau "too": V(thƣờng) + too + adv ! 4. Trƣớc "enough": V(thƣờng) + adv + enough 5. Trong cấu trúc : V(thƣờng) + so + adv + that 6. Đứng cuối c}u (trạng từ thời gian) 7. Thƣờng đứng 1 mình ở đầu c}u/ giữa c}u v| c{ch c{c th|nh phần kh{c của c}u bằng dấu ‚,‛ They seldom get up early in the morning. I have recently finished my homework. I don't usually go to school late. She is very nice. He looks extremely unwell. The teacher speaks too quickly. The teacher speaks slowly enough for us to understand. Jack drove so fast that he caused an accident. I finished my essay last week. Last summer I came back my home country. Its raining hard. Tom, however, goes to school. Dấu hiệu nhận biết trạng từ: Adv = adj + ly (beautifully, usefully, carefully, strongly, badly) Ngoại lệ: Một số từ có đuôi ‚ly‛ nhƣng l| tính từ: daily: h|ng ng|y, early: sớm; elderly: gi|, lớn tuổi; friendly: th}n thiện, likely: có khả năng sẽ xảy ra; costly = đắt đỏ; lively = sinh động, lonely lẻ loi, lovely = đ{ng yêu, manly = nam tính; silly = ngớ ngẩn; ugly = xấu xí; unlikely: không có khả năng xảy ra; monthly: h|ng th{ng; weekly: h|ng tuần, brotherly = nhƣ anh em; comely = duyên d{ng; goodly = có duyên; homely =giản dị, lowly = hèn mọn, masterly = t|i giỏi; scholarly uyên b{c; shapely = d{ng đẹp, timely = đúng lúc; unseemly = không phù hợp. ĐỘNG TỪ Vị trí của trạng từ trong c}u 1. Thƣờng đứng sau chủ ngữ Lam Anh plays volleyball everyday. 2. Đứng sau trạng từ chỉ tần suất I usually get up late. Dấu hiệu nhận biết động từ -ate (compensate), -ain (maintain); -flect (reflect), -flict (inflict); -spect (respect), scrib (describe), -ceive (deceive), -fy (modify), -isel-ize (realize), -ude (include), ide (devide), dus (evade), -tend (extend),...  PRACTICES  Dạng b|i tập cơ bản Use the correct form of the word in brackets to complete the following sentences. 1. There are some _____________ to every grammatical rule. EXCEPT 2. The engineering sector achieved significant _____________ last year. 3. I have a _____________ of old records from my grandma. 4. He'll _____________ be coming later. 5. Eric Clapton's guitar solos are _____________. 6. It was one of the most _____________ plays I've seen recently. 7. In her time, Marilyn Monroe was a very _____________ actress. 8. It's_____________to tell whether he's lying or not. 9. He's no worldwide star, but he had very humble _____________. 10. They took _____________ of noise levels inside the building. 11. He's a really _____________ person. 12. She made several excellent _____________ in her essay on Charles Dickens. 13. Watching TV shows in English is definitely very _____________ to improve your listening skills. 14. The Internet is probably one of the best _____________ ever. 15. The boat was 16 feet in _____________. 16. Both _____________ and fluency are important when speaking a foreign language. 17. You shouldn't have said that! It was a totally _____________ remark. 18. Since the earliest times, civilisations have understood the _____________ of time. 19. Doing puzzles keeps our brains fit and _____________. 20. As well as gaining _____________, by doing puzzles we give our brains a good workout. 21. The most _____________ games have sold in the millions. 22. People have _____________ that doing puzzles is good for you. 23. It's easy to find a _____________ to the problems posed. 24. There has been an _____________ in the power of their brains. 25. Some _____________ argue that the brain gets better at a task the more it repeats it. GROW COLLECT SURE LEGEND ENJOY GLAMOUR POSSIBLE BEGIN MEASURE RELY OBSERVE USE INVENT LONG ACCURATE APPROPRIATE IMPORTANT HEALTH SATISFY SUCCESS COVER SOLVE IMPROVE SCIENCE 26. The improvement in the _____________is something that happens naturally. 27. It remains _____________ whether puzzles are actually helping to boost brainpower or not. 28. According to _____________, most people sleep less than 8 hours every day. 29. The advice passed down to our grandparents may contain some _____________. 30. A good example is the_____________between being cold and catching a cold. 31. These high-heeled shoes are _____________ for such rough terrain. 32. Colds are caused by viruses, so in the _____________ of a virus, you can't catch a cold. 33. You're too young. This film is _____________ for children your age. 34. _____________ now think that we may have viruses in our bodies already. 35. In cold weather, for example, blood vessels in the nose get smaller to stop heat escaping. _____________, this also allows the cold virus to attack the nose or throat more easily. 36. Victoria Falls in Africa is one of the most _____________sights in the world. 37. It's also an _____________ place for water sports. 38. We need you to provide an accurate _____________ of the situation. 39. On arrival, it's the noise that makes the greatest_____________. 40. The _____________ landscape is also well worth a visit. 41. There's a post office a bit _____________down the road. 42. Six months after the accident, he still has _____________ walking. 43. I can't play tennis that well because I'm a _____________. 44. Don't go there. It's _____________. 45. Read this. It'll be very _____________ for your trip to Australia. 46. I didn't find him that _____________, but my friend did. 47. The school has a _____________ for being very up-to-date with technology. PERFORM CERTAIN SEARCH TRUE RELATION SUIT ABSENT APPROPRIATE SCIENCE FORTUNATE SPECTACLE CREDIBLE DESCRIBE IMPRESS SURROUND FAR DIFFICULT BEGIN DANGER USE ATTRACT REPUTE 48. These are _____________clothes and that's why they are very expensive. 49. I left the party because it was _____________ noisy in there. 50. I had no _____________but to tell him. 51. This cloth is made from _____________ fibers. 52. If you want to take care of the environment, it's important to _____________. 53. In the next few years, _____________ will hopefully have found a cure for malaria. 54. According to the _____________, the epidemic started in Kuala Lumpur. 55. _____________from family and friends can lead to feelings of anxiety. 56. I was _____________ to understand what the problem was. 57. There will be a _____________of solo games and competitive games available. 58. Participants will later be asked for _____________ on the event. 59. It was an_____________reunion and we were all really touched when we remembered how we had met. 60. I am writing to ask for further _____________ on your Open Day. 61. This took place at the end of the _____________ century. 62. People really _____________the party. 63. Meditation is great as a means of _____________. 64. This method is a lot more _____________than the previous one. 65. Picasso was a Spanish _____________who also lived in France. 66. There has been little _____________ in the negotiations since January. 67. _____________ enough, I didn't know she already had four children. 68. His voice was_____________recognizable. 69. The only cure for _____________ is creativity. 70. This is a textile company _____________ in denim. 71. _____________is a part of life, but you have to be able to enjoy the others too. 72. Without that, I wouldn't be happy even if I was DESIGN EXTREME CHOOSE NATURE CYCLE SCIENCE SEARCH ISOLATE ABLE MIX FEED EMOTION INFORM TWENTY JOY RELAX EFFECT ART MOVE SURPRISE INSTANT BORE SPECIAL SAD RICH the _____________ man in the world. 73. The music in the festival was so loud. It was _____________! 74. I don't think my marks can get _____________ because I already study to the best of my abilities. 75. The _____________ river fish in Europe lives in Spain! 76. Passeig de Gr|cia is being _____________ so there is more room for people to walk on the pavement. 77. I can _____________ that if you study you will have no problems passing this test. 78. Nowadays there are lots of _____________ species of animals in the world, for example, the panda. 79. I was _____________ to take the driving test by my friends. 80. I see they've finally got round to _____________ the Shoreham road. 81. The teacher asked us to _____________ the main ideas in the chapter we had read in class. 82. The top manager of the shop told me that my credit card was not _____________ to pay for the jeans which cost under 20€. 83. Art in the 20th century is usually referred to as _____________ art. 84. Everybody listens to David Guetta's music. It's so _____________. 85. Butterflies are thoroughly_____________by scientists. 86. She _____________ the qualities of a good leader. 87. Many people don't understand the _____________ of life. 88. It's impossible to tell those twins apart! They are _____________. 89. He made several wrong_____________about women. 90. It was hard to _____________ between the two styles of music. 91. He hasn't finished the preparation course, so he's not_____________for this job. 92. She was _____________ by the colour of the plant. 93. At the auction, Elton John's car was _____________ at 1 million euros. 94. The _____________ took place next door at 2 am. 95. The main _____________ of this painting are its bright DEAF HIGH LARGE WIDE SURE DANGER COURAGE WIDE SUMMARY VALIDATE MODERNIZE COMMERCE CLASS EXAMPLE SIMPLE IDENTITY GENERAL DIFFERENCE QUALIFY CAPTIVE VALUE ASSASSIN CHARACTER colours and its sense of perspective. 96. _____________ is important in a relationship. STABLE 97. Despite his _____________ with that type of vehicle, he had FAMILIAR an accident because a cat made him crash into a tree. 98. At the best moment of its empire, Rome DOMINANT had _____________ over all the Mediterranean. 99. Nowadays almost everything can be _____________ thanks COMPUTER to the use of technology. 100. I wish I had the _____________ to do that. STRONG  Dạng b|i tập n}ng cao Complete the passage using the correct form of the words in the capital letters. Exercise 1 To neighbors, Mr Stewart is a dull man who speaks very_________(1)and whose only form_________(2)is his job. And to a certain extent it's true, since Mr Stewart finds his job very_________(3)He is an antique dealer and goes to work_________(4)every day. He handles some very_________(5)pieces sometimes, which can make his job_________(6)as there have recently been quite a few _________(7)at antique shops. So not _________(8), Mr Stewart decided that his own business needed some extra _________(9)After having an alarm system put in, Mr Stewart doesn't feel _________(10)secure but he does feel more protected. (1)POLITE (2)ENTERTAIN (3)INTEREST (4)HAPPY (5)EXPENSE (6)DANGER (7)ROB (8)SURPRISE (9)PROTECT (10)COMPLETE Exercise 2 You may know that Asian, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cultures have _________(1)used garlic in their dishes. What you may not know is that garlic was also thought of as a _________(2)medicine by many ancient civilisations. Today, _________(3)in the field of nutrition have come up with new_________(4)which is indeed quite surprising. Apparently, not only is garlic good for you but it also helps overcome various _________(5)The main _________(6)to eating garlic is of course bad _________(7)Cooking it reduces the strong smell and eating parsley, which is a _________(8)deodoriser, also helps minimise the smell. So, it's time we took the benefits of g arlic_________(9)Why not add it to some of your _________(10)dishes! (1)TRADITION (2)VALUE (3)PROFESSION (4)INFORM (5)ILL (6)ADVANTAGE (7)BREATH (8)NATURE (9)SERIOUS (10)FAVOUR Exercise 3 Being a _________(1), I often have to go on strange assignments. So when my editor told me to do a story on one of the _________(2)health spas in Switzerland, I was only too happy to go and take it easy for a week or two. However, when I got there and saw the programme, I began to panic. I had to go on a diet and participate in a _________(3)of exercise classes. My _________(4)turned to rage when they insisted I go to bed very early so as to get up at 6:00 a. m. and eat breakfast in a _________(5)which looked like a greenhouse. I must admit that they ran an excellent _________(6)Anyway, you can imagine how happy I was to (1)JOURNAL (2)FAME (3)VARY (4)ANGRY (5)BUILD (6)ORGANIZE (7)NEIGHBOUR (8)INVITE (9)AMUSE see my familiar _________(7)when I finally arrived home. A few months later, I received an _________(8)rom the same clinic for a week's worth of free treatment. My family thought it rather _________(9)when they saw the_________(10)look on my face. (10)FRIGHT Exercise 4 My father was a police _________(1), my mother a _________(2)Their _________(3)to move to a small town when I was a child changed my life. It was a very _________(4)place and of course living there meant that I had much more _________(5)to go wherever I pleased. The people were _________(6)but I missed my close friends, my school and the_________(7)city I had lived in. As I grew up, I realized that there wasn't much for a young person to do there, except rush into _________(8). When I left, my parents were sad, but they realized that staying there would only make me _________(9)The big city I live in now is not very far away, so I can visit my parents _________(10)and have the best of both worlds. (1) INSPECT (2) TEACH) (3) DECIDE (4) PEACE (5) FREE (6) FRIEND (7) NOISE (8) MARRY (9) MISERY (10) FREQUENT Exercise 5 The economic crisis facing many countries today, has created serious _________(1)problems. _________(2)young people, willing to work, are confronted by many _________(3)when trying to find a job. Filling in countless _________(4)forms and hearing that they are _________(5)for the job because they don't have the right _________(6)can be disheartening. Finding a job seems just _________(7)However, their _________(8)shouldn't affect them nor make them give up. There is no straightforward _________(9)other than _________(10)and persistence. (1)EMPLOY (2) ENERGY (3) DIFFICULT (4) APPLY (5) SUIT (6) QUALIFY (7) POSSIBLE (8) DISAPPOINT (9) SOLVE (10) PATIENT Exercise 6 There are a myriad of lifestyle issues affecting the youth of today. Such is the pressure heaped on many school-goers to achieve academic excellence by their parents that these _________ (1) expectations are causing children to become hopelessly depressed. Indeed, some, in their_________ (2) to escape and their sense of guilt at being unable reach the levels of success demanded of them by their _________ (3) parents, either rebel in what is _________ (4) to a cry for help, or, worse still, engage in _________ (5). It is no coincidence that suicide rates, expecially amongst young males, have been rising steadily for some time now. These are tough times to be a teen. Then there are those who get hooked on the internet; the _________ (6) world becomes their reality. For these teens, their social circle shrinks _________ (7) until, at last, their friendship sphere is limited solely to their online _________ (8). Not alone do they commonly suffer from sleep _________ (9) on account of their destructive addiction to game play and net-surfing, their behaviour may become so _________ (10) and peculiar over time as to be considered _________ (11) . And while they sit at their computer screens hidden away in splendid isolation from the real world, (1) REAL (2) DESPAIR (3) PUSH (4) AMOUNT (5) HARM (6) VIRTUE (7) DRAMA (8) BUD (9) PRIVATE (10) ERR (11) SOCIAL (12) ROCKET such is the lack of exercise they get that their calorie intake far exceeds what is necessary for them to maintain a stable weight. In essence, due to their sedentary lifestyle, their weight _________ (12) until such time as they become morbidly obese. Exercise 7 The standard of television programming produced in this country is in terminal decline. The _________ (1) has become a meaningless term confined in its _________ (2) to _________ (3) days when adult content felt the full force of censorship and was not allowed to appear on the box until after 9:00 p.m. Nowadays, however, it seems anything goes any time. And, truth told, whatever anything is, it seldom 'goes' for much longer than a half hour or so at any rate before it is interrupted by a commercial break. And don't even get me started on those appalling _________ (4) most of the networks run right the way through the night, one after another, for up to thirty minutes at a time. lt is truly painful. Terrestrial television is now, as far as I am concerned, a laughing stock. All the quality has been bought up by the satellite networks, with their big-money weight behind them, but even here _________ (5) are slim. In protest at the dire state of things, I have become a converted _________ (6). I look to the web now to find good content. There, I can find just enough _________ (7) of quality programmes to prevent myself from falling into utter despair and pining for the good old days of _________ (8). (1) SHED (2) APPLY (3) GO (4) INFORM (5) PICK (6) NET (7) RUN (8) YEAR Exercise 8 In January 2001, the _________ (1) Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued its latest report on climate change. Climate models worked out by giant super-computers had become far more reliable since the previous report in 1995 and allowed them to _________ (2) the earlier projections for global warming. Their conclusions were that something very serious is happening and that it cannot be a natural process. The 1990s was the hottest decade for 1,000 years and the Earth is warming faster than at any time in the last 10,000 years. According to the report, human activities are _________ (3) to blame for the temperature rise. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and, due to deforestation, there are fewer trees to absorb this gas and recycle it back into oxygen. Methane _________ (4) have also gone up dramatically because of increases in rice culture and _________ (5), both of which generate methane from _________ (6) vegetation. These greenhouses gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere and cause the temperature to rise. In the worst case, the resulting melting of ice-caps and glaciers would cause sea levels to rise by up to 88 cm, endangering the homes and _________ (7) of tens of millions of people who live in low-lying regions. Unfortunately, there is far greater _________ (8) among the world’s scientists over the issue than among politicians. As long ago as 1990, the IPCC recommended a 60% reduction in carbon dioxide _________ (9), as the basic level required to return the planet’s climate to a healthy level. (1) GOVERN (2) PRAISE (3) EQUIVOCATE (4) CONCENTRATE (5) CATTLE (6) COMPOSE (7) LIVELY (8) UNANIMOUS (9) EMIT (10) ACT Governments globally failed to _________ (10) these proposals. Now that the dangers have been reaffirmed by the latest report, it is high time that governments took an active interest in exploring alternative, renewable energy sources. Exercise 9 People intuitively recognize the importance of self-esteem to their psychological health, so it isn't particularly remarkable that most of us try to protect and enhance it in ourselves whenever possible. What is remarkable is that attention to self-esteem has become a(n) _________(1) concern, at least for Americans, who see a favorable opinion of oneself as the central psychological source from which all manner of positive outcomes spring. The corollary, that low self-esteem lies at the root of individual and thus _________(2) problems and _________(3), has sustained an ambitious social agenda for decades. Indeed, campaigns to raise people's sense of self-worth abound. Consider what transpired in California in the late 1980s. Prodded by State Assemblyman John Vasconcellos, Governor George Deukmejian set up a task force on selfesteem and personal and social responsibility. Vasconcellos argued that raising self-esteem in young people would reduce crime, teen pregnancy, drug abuse, school _________(4) and pollution. At one point, he even expressed the hope that these efforts would one day help balance the state budget, a prospect predicated on the observation that people with high _________(5) earn more than others and thus pay more in taxes. Along with its other activities, the task force assembled a team of scholars to survey the relevant literature. The results appeared in a 1989 volume _________(6) The Social Importance of Self-Esteem, which stated that "many, if not most, of the major problems plaguing society have roots in the low self-esteem of many of the people who make up society." In reality, the report contained little to support that assertion. (1) COMMUNE (2)SOCIETY (3) FUNCTION (4) ACHIEVE (5) REGARD (6) TITLE Exercise 10 Pop art was a(n) _________(1) art style in which _________(2) objects such as comic strips, soup cans and road signs were used as subject matter, and were often incorporated into the work. The pop art movement was largely a British and American cultural phenomenon of the late 1950s and ‘60s. Art critic Lawrence Alloway, referring to the prosaic _________(3) of its painting and sculpture, named the movement pop art. It represented an attempt to return to a more objective and _________(4) accepted form of art after the dominance in both the United States and Europe of the highly personal abstract _________(5). The art form was iconoclastic, rejecting the _________(6) of the ‘high art’ of the past and the _________(7) of other contemporary avant-garde art. Pop art became a cultural institution because of its close reflection of a particular social situation and because its easily _________(8) images were immediately exploited by the mass media. Although the critics of pop art describe it as sensational and nonaesthetic, its proponents saw it as an art that was democratic and not _________(9), bringing together both connoisseurs and untrained (1) CONVENTION (2) COMMON (3) ICON (4) UNIVERSE (5) EXPRESS (6) SUPREME (7) PRETEND (8) COMPREHEND (9) DISCRIMINATE (10) FAVOUR inexperienced viewers. Even though public reaction to pop art was _________(10), it found critical acceptance as a form of art suited to the highly technological, mass media-oriented society of western countries. PART II : CONFUSING WORDS  STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 THEORY BẢNG PHÂN BIỆT CÁC TỪ GÂY NHẦM LẪN THƢỜNG GẶP. TỪ DỄ NHẦM NGHĨA Uninterested /ʌn’ɪntərestɪd/(a) Lãnh đạm, thờ ơ, không quan t}m, không chú ý, không để ý Disinterested /dɪ’sɪntrəstɪd/(a) Vô tƣ, không vụ lợi, không cầu lợi Formally /’fɔ:məli/(adv) (một c{ch) chính thức Formerly /’fɔ:məli/(adv) Trƣớc đ}y Considerable /kən’sɪdərəbl/(a) Rất lớn, to t{t, đ{ng kể Considerate /kən’sɪdərət/(a) Ân cần, chu đ{o; cẩn thận, thận trọng Appreciable /ə’pri:ʃəbl/(a) Có thể đ{nh gi{, thấy rõ đƣợc; đ{ng kể Appreciative /ə’pri:ʃətɪv/(a) Biết thƣởng thức, biết ơn Forgettable /fə’getəbl/(a) Có thể quên đƣợc Forgetful /fə’getfl/(a) Hay quên Expectation /,ekspek’teɪʃn/(n) Sự trông chờ, sự hy vọng (của một ngƣời) Expectancy /ɪk’spektənsi/(n) Sự chờ mong, hy vọng (thƣờng liên quan đến khoảng thời gian đƣợc dự kiến để điều gì diễn ra) Respectable /rɪ’spektəbl/(a) Đ{ng kính trọng; đứng đắn, đ|ng ho|ng; kh{ lớn, đ{ng kể Respective /rɪ’spektɪv/(a) Riêng của mỗi ngƣời/vật; tƣơng ứng Respectful /rɪ’spektfl/(a) Thể hiện sự tôn trọng, tôn kính, lễ phép Comprehensible /,kɒmprɪ’hensəbl/(a) Có thể hiểu đƣợc, có thể lĩnh ngộ Comprehensive /,kɒmprɪ’hensɪv/(a) Bao qu{t, to|n diện Beneficent /bə’nefɪsənt/(a) Hay l|m phúc, hay l|m việc thiện 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Beneficial /,benɪ’fɪʃl/(a) Có ích, có lợi Complimentary /,kɒmplɪ’mentəri/(a) Ca ngợi, mời, biếu Complementary /,kɒmplɪ’mentəri/(a) Bổ sung, bù Farther /’fɑ:ðə(r)/ (a) Xa hơn (thƣờng để chỉ khoảng c{ch vật lý) Further /’fɜ:ðə(r)/ (a) Xa hơn (dùng để chỉ khoảng c{ch vật lý cũng nhƣ khoảng c{ch kh{c nhƣ không gian, thời gian; có thể chỉ mức độ); thêm v|o đó Sensible /’sensəbl/(a) Biết điều, hợp lý, nhận thấy Sensitive /’sensɪtɪv/(a) Nhạy cảm, dễ bị tổn thƣơng, truyền cảm, thông cảm Responsible /rɪ’spɒnsəbl/(a) Chịu tr{ch nhiệm; đ{ng tin cậy Responsive /rɪ’spɒnsɪv/(a) Đ{p lại, phản ứng nhanh nhẹn Successful /sək’sesfl/(a) Th|nh công Successive /sək’sesɪv/(a) Liên tiếp, kế tiếp Classical /’klæsɪkl/(a) Cổ điển, thuộc về truyền thống l}u đời Classic /’klæsik/(a) Kinh điển Deadly/’dedli/(a) Chết ngƣời; cực kỳ, hết sức Deathly /’deθli/(a) Nhƣ chết Continual /kən’tɪnjʊəl/(a) Liên tục nhƣng có ngắt quãng Continuous /kən’tɪnjʊəs/(a) Liên tục, không ngừng Economical /,i:kə’nɒmɪkl/(a) Tiết kiệm (thời gian, tiền,...) Economic /,i:kə’nɒmɪk/(a) Thuộc về kinh tế Specifically /spə’sɪfɪkli/(adv) Đặc biệt (dùng để chỉ một việc gì đó đƣợc thực hiện vì một mục đích đặc biệt n|o đó) Especially /ɪ’speʃəli/(adv) Đặc biệt (dùng để chỉ một điều gì đó m| bạn nói đến có sự đặc biệt nhiều hơn thứ kh{c) Terrible /’terəbl/(a) Khủng khiếp, rất tồi, rất ch{n, không ra gì Terrific /tə’rɪfɪk/(a) Tuyệt vời 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Favourite /’feɪvərɪt/(a) Đƣợc yêu thích, yêu thích nhất Favourable /’feɪvərəbl/(a) Thuận lợi, tỏ ý t{n th|nh Awful /’ɔ:ful/(a) Đ{ng sợ, khủng khiếp, mang tính tiêu cực Awesome /’ɔ:səm/(a) Đ{ng kính sợ (miêu tả sự ngạc nhiên, thú vị, mang tính tích cực) Historical /hɪ’stɒrɪkl/(a) Thuộc lịch sử (thƣờng mô tả c{i gì đó liên quan đến qu{ khứ hoặc việc nghiên cứu lịch sử hay c{i gì đó đƣợc thực hiện ở qu{ khứ) Historic /hɪ’stɒrɪk/(a) Có tính chất lịch sử (thƣờng đƣợc dùng để miêu tả c{i gì đó rất quan trọng đến độ ngƣời ta phải ghi nhớ nó) Imaginary /ɪ’mædʒɪnəri/(a) Tƣởng tƣợng Imaginative /ɪ’mædʒɪnətɪv/(a) Gi|u trí tƣởng tƣợng Imaginable /ɪ’mædʒɪnəbl/(a) Có thể tƣởng tƣợng đƣợc Restful /’restfl/(a) Tạo không khí nghỉ ngơi thoải m{i, yên tĩnh Restless /’restləs/(a) Luôn luôn động đậy, không yên, bồn chồn Industrial /ɪn’dʌstriəl/(a) Thuộc công nghiệp Industrious /ɪn’dʌstriəs/(a) Cần cù, siêng năng Dependent /dɪ’pendənt/(a) Dựa v|o, ỷ lại, phụ thuộc Dependable /dɪ’pendəbl/(a) Có thể tin cậy đƣợc Every dayfadv) Mỗi ng|y (trong một thời kỳ, giai đoạn), rất thƣờng xuyên Everyday(a) Thông thƣờng, lệ thƣờng, hằng ng|y Effective /ɪ’fektɪv/(a) Có hiệu quả (đƣợc dùng để nói về việc tạo ra/đạt đƣợc kết quả nhƣ mong muốn) Efficient /ɪ’fɪʃnt/(a) Có hiệu suất cao (m{y móc cao), nũng suất cao (con ngƣời), dùng để chỉ c{ch l|m việc tốt m| không phí thời gian, công sức, tiền bạc 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Principle /’prɪnsəpl/(a) Nguyên lý, nguyên tắc Principal /’prɪnsəpl/(a) Chính, chủ yếu Later /’leɪtər/(adv) Sau n|y, một thời điểm ở tƣơng lai Latter /’lætər/(n) C{i sau, ngƣời sau (trong số 2 ngƣời) Illicit /ɪ’lɪsɪt/(a) Tr{i phép, lậu, vụng trộm Elicit /ɪ’lɪsɪt/(v) Moi ra Entrance /’entrəns/(n) Lối v|o, cửa v|o; quyền, khả năng của ai để đi v|o nơi n|o Entry /’entri/(n) Sự đi v|o; qu{ trình ngƣời/vật trở th|nh một phần của c{i gì đó Drastically /’dræstɪkli/(adv) Một c{ch mạnh mẽ, quyết liệt Dramatically /drə’mætɪkli/(adv) Đột ngột Package /’pækɪdʒ/(n) Gói đồ, kiện h|ng, hộp để đóng h|ng Packaging /’pækɪdʒɪr)/(n) Bao bì Percent /pə’sent/(n) Phần trăm Percentage /pə’sentɪdʒ/(n) Tỷ lệ phần trăm Desert /’dezət/(n) Rời đi, bỏ đi; sa mạc Dessert /dɪ’zɜ:t/(n) Món tr{ng miệng Felicitate /fə’lɪsɪteɪt/(v) Khen ngợi, chúc mừng Facilitate /fə’sɪlɪteɪt/(v) Tạo điều kiện dễ d|ng Heroin /’herəʊɪn/(n) Heroin, thuốc phiện Heroine /’herəʊɪn/(n) Nữ anh hùng Compliment /’kɒmplɪmənt/(n) Lời khen ngợi, lời chúc mừng Complement /’kɒmplɪment/(n) Phần bổ sung, số lƣợng cần thiết Intensive /ɪn’tensɪv/(a) Tập trung, s}u, nhấn mạnh, cực kỳ kỹ lƣỡng Extensive /ɪk’stensɪv/(a) Rộng, rộng lớn Foul /faʊl/(n) Hôi, bẩn Error /’erə*r+/(n) Sai sót, sai lầm Sometime /’sʌmtaɪm/(adv) Trƣớc kia, nguyên 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Sometimes /’sʌmtaɪmz/(adv) Đôi khi, đôi lúc Beside /bɪ’saɪd/(prep) Bên cạnh Besides /bɪ’saɪdz/(adv) Ngo|i ra, hơn nữa, vả lại Advisory /əd’vaɪzəri/(n) Tƣ vấn Advisable /əd’vaɪzəbl/(n) Nên, đ{ng theo; khôn ngoan Suggested /sə’dʒestɪd/(a) Đƣợc gợi ý Suggestible /sə’dʒestəbl/(a) Dễ bị ảnh hƣởng Ingredient /ɪn’gri:diənt/(n) Th|nh phần (thƣờng trong đồ ăn) Component /kəm’pəʊnənt/(n) Nh}n tố cấu th|nh (thƣờng dùng trong m{y móc) Wound /wu:nd/(v) bị thƣơng trong 1 cuộc chiến, đ{nh nhau (bị thƣơng bởi súng, dao, hoặc vật gì đó) Injure /’ɪndʒə(r)/(v) Bị thƣơng vì tai nạn Confident /’kɒnfɪdənt/(a) Tin tƣởng, tin, tự tin Confidential /,kɒnfɪ’denʃl/(a) Kín, mật Invent /ɪn’vent/(v) Ph{t minh, s{ng chế Discover /dɪs’kʌvə(r)/(v) Ph{t hiện, tìm ra, kh{m ph{ Ignore /ɪg’nɔ:r/(v) L|m ngơ, bỏ qua, không chú ý tới Neglect /nɪ’glekt/(v) Không quan t}m, lơ l| Found /faʊnd/(v) Th|nh lập, s{ng lập Found /faʊnd/(v) Qu{ khứ đơn v| qu{ khứ ph}n từ của động từ ‚find‛ Lie - lied - lied(v) Nói dối (động từ nguyên mẫu v| qu{ khứ, qu{ khứ ph}n từ) Lie - lay - lain(v) Nằm xuống (động từ nguyên mẫu v| qu{ khứ, qu{ khứ ph}n từ) Lay - laid - laid(v) Để, đặt c{i gì (động từ nguyên mẫu v| qu{ khứ, qu{ khứ ph}n từ) Prolong /prə’lɒŋ/(v) Kéo d|i (ngoại động từ) Last /lɑ:st/(v) Kéo d|i (nội động từ) Drop /drɒp/(v) Rơi, nhảy xuống, giảm xuống (nhiệt độ, gió, mực nƣớc,...) 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Reduce /rɪ’dju:s/ (v) Giảm, hạ (ngoại động từ) Rise /raɪz/(v) Gia tăng về số lƣợng (l| nội động từ) Raise /reɪz/(v) Gia tăng, n}ng một c{i gì từ vị trí thấp lên vị trí cao hơn (l| ngoại động từ) Finally /’faɪnəli/(adv) Cuối cùng, để kết luận( đƣợc dùng để giới thiệu một điểm, một mục cuối cùng hay hỏi một c}u sau cùng) Eventually /ɪ’ventʃʊəli/(adv) Rốt cuộc, cuối cùng (để nói về những gì xảy ra trong giai đoạn cuối của một loạt sự kiện, v| thƣờng l| kết quả của chúng) A while Một khoảng thời gian (cụm danh từ) Awhile /ə’waɪl/ Một l{t, một chốc (phó từ) Reward /rɪ’wɔ:d/(n) Phần thƣởng, thƣởng (dùng để đền bù hay công nhận sự nỗ lực, sự đóng góp, sự vất vả của một c{ nh}n; dƣới hình thức tiền hay đƣợc thăng chức) Award /ə’wɔ:d/(n) Trao thƣởng, giải thƣởng (dùng để trao trong những dịp quan trọng, một minh chứng th|nh tích, sự xuất sắc của một c{ nh}n v| đƣợc hội đồng thông qua, thƣờng dƣới hình thức huy chƣơng, giấy chứng nhận, danh hiệu, cúp,...) Forget /fə’get/(v) Quên, bỏ quên Leave /li:v/(v) Bỏ lại, để lại, bỏ quên (ở một nơi n|o đó, có địa điểm cụ thể) Persuade /pə’sweɪd/(v) Thuyết phục ai đó l|m gì vì hợp lý Convince /kən’vɪns/(v) Thuyết phục ai tin v|o điều gì đó Expand /ɪk’spænd/(v) (L|m cho) trở nên lớn hơn về kích cỡ, số lƣợng, hoặc tầm quan trọng 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Extend /ɪk’stend/(v) L|m cho c{i gì đó d|i ra hơn, thêm rộng hơn, lớn hơn. (thƣờng l| nghĩa đen, nhƣ c{i nh|, c{i h|ng r|o, con đƣờng, hay một khu vực,...); kéo d|i hiệu lực Assurance /ə’ʃɔ:rəns/(n) Đƣợc dùng để chỉ ‚bảo hiểm nh}n mạng‛ (life assurance). Khi tham gia hệ thống bảo hiểm n|y, bạn đều đặn nộp tiền cho công ty bảo hiểm. Khi bạn qua đời, th}n nh}n của bạn sẽ lĩnh đƣợc một số tiền. Insurance /in’ʃɔ:rəns/(n) Hợp đồng do một công ty hoặc tổ chức xã hội, hoặc nh| nƣớc l|m để đảm bảo đền bù, mất m{t, thiệt hại, ốm đau,... bằng việc bạn đóng tiền thƣờng kỳ. Stationary /’steɪʃənri/(a) Đứng yên, để một chỗ, không thay đổi Stationery /’steɪʃnənri/(n) Văn phòng phẩm Immigrate /’ɪmɪgrənt/(v) Nhập cƣ Migrate /maɪ’greɪt/(v) Di trú (ngƣời, chim) Poster /’pəʊstə(r)/(n) Áp phích lớn, tờ quảng c{o lớn Porter /’pɔ:tə(r)/(n) Công nh}n khu}n v{c, ngƣời trực ở cổng Drought /draʊt/(n) Hạn h{n Draught /drɑ:ft/(n) Gió lùa Unnecessary /ʌn’nesəsri/(a) Không cần thiết (thừa), không có lý do, vô cớ Needless /’ni:dləs/(a) Không cần thiết Shadow /’ʃædəʊ/(n) Bóng của ngƣời hay vật Shade /ʃeɪd/(n) Bóng m{t, bóng r}m Sink /sɪŋk/(v) Chìm ({p dụng cho cả ngƣời, động vật v| đồ vật) Drown /draʊn/(v) Chết đuối, chết chìm ( dùng khi nói về sinh vật). 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 Lend /lend/(v) Cho mƣợn, cho vay Borrow /’bɒrəʊ/(v) Vay, mƣợn từ ai Mend /mend/(v) Thƣờng đƣợc sử dụng để diễn tả sự sửa chữa trên những chất liệu mềm, những vật liệu hữu cơ dễ sửa chữa hoặc những sự vật hiện tƣợng mang tính tinh thần Repair /rɪ’peər/(v) Dùng khi một phần n|o đó của một vật hoặc hệ thống cần đƣợc sửa chữa Disuse /dɪs’ju:s/(v) Sự bỏ không dùng đến Misuse /mɪs’ju:z/(v) Dùng sai Recognize /’rekəgnaɪz/(v) Nhận diện (bằng việc nhìn bằng mắt), ph}n biệt, nhận ra ai đó Realize /’rɪəlaɪz/(v) Cảm nhận, nhận biết, nhận thức đƣợc, hiểu ra Climate /’klaɪmət/ (n) Khí hậu, miền khí hậu Climax /’klaɪmæks/ (n) Cực điểm, tột đỉnh Satisfying /’sætɪsfaɪɪŋ/ (a) L|m h|i lòng, l|m thoả mãn (nói về một việc/đồ vật n|o đó đ{p ứng đƣợc nhu cầu v| yêu cầu của bạn v| quan trọng nhất l| cảm gi{c của bạn khi l|m việc/dùng vật đó. Bạn thấy ho|n to|n thỏa mãn/h|i lòng). Satisfactory /,sætɪs’fæktəri/ (a) Vừa lòng, vừa ý; thoả mãn (chỉ một việc/vật n|o đó khi mức độ h|i lòng của ngƣời nói đối với việc/đồ vật đó chỉ dừng ở mức tạm chấp nhận đƣợc, họ không có gì để than phiền nhƣng cũng không thích thú gì với việc/vật đó). Sacred /’seɪkrɪd/ (a) Thần th{nh, thiêng liêng Scared /skeəd/ (a) Bị hoảng sợ Doggy /’dɒgi/ (n) Chó m{, khốn nạn Dogged /’dɒgɪd/ (a) Bền bỉ, ngoan cƣờng