Tài liệu Sử dụng bột thịt trái điều (anacardium occidentale l.) để sản xuất mì sợi giàu xơ

ĈҤ,+Ӑ&48Ӕ&*,$73+&0 75ѬӠ1*ĈҤ,+Ӑ&%È&+.+2$ 1*8<ӈ17+ӎ3+ѬѪ1*75$1* 6Ӱ'Ө1*%Ӝ77+ӎ775È,Ĉ,ӄ8ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.) Ĉӆ6Ҧ1;8Ҩ70Î6Ӧ,*,¬8;Ѫ USE OF CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.) FRUIT IN THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH FIBER PASTA &KX\rQQJjQK&{QJ1JKӋ7KӵF3KҭP 0mVӕ /8Ұ19Ă17+Ҥ&6Ƭ 73+Ӗ&+Ë0,1+tháng 08 QăP1 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ CÔNG TRÌNH ĈѬӦ&+2¬17+¬1+7Ҥ, 75ѬӠ1*ĈҤ,+Ӑ&%È&+ KHOA ± ĈҤ,+Ӑ&48Ӕ&*,$73+&0 &iQEӝKѭӟQJGүQNKRDKӑF3*6767UҫQ7Kӏ7KX7Uj &iQEӝFKҩPQKұQ[pW PGS.TS. Hoàng Kim Anh &iQEӝFKҩPQKұQ[pW761JX\ӉQ+RjL+ѭѫQJ /XұQYăQÿѭӧFEҧRYӋWҥL7UѭӡQJĈҥLKӑF%iFK.KRDĈҥLKӑFqXӕFJLD73+&0 ngày 31 tháng 08 QăP2021 WUӵFWX\ӃQ. 7KjQKSKҫQ+ӝLÿӗQJÿiQKJLiOXұQYăQWKҥFVƭJӗP 1. &KӫWӏFK *676/r9ăQ9LӋW0үQ 2. 7KѭNê 3*6767{Q1ӳ0LQK1JX\ӋW 3. 3KҧQELӋQ PGS.TS. 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HCM, ngày « tháng « QăP«« &È1%Ӝ+ѬӞ1*'Ү1 &+Ӫ1+,ӊ0%Ӝ0Ð1 Ĉ¬2 7Ҥ2 75ѬӢ1*.+2$ .Ӻ7+8Ұ7+Ï$+Ӑ& 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ /Ӡ,&Ҧ0Ѫ1 /ӡLÿҫXWLrQHP[LQEj\WӓVӵELӃWѫQ ÿӃQ3*6767UҫQ7Kӏ7KX7UjSӵKѭӟQJGүQ FNJQJQKѭJL~Sÿӥ WұQWkP FӫDC{WURQJVXӕWWKӡLJLDQWKӵFKLӋQOXұQYăQ ÿmJL~S em KRjQWKjQKÿӅWjLQJKLrQFӭXQj\. 9ӟLlòng ELӃWѫQsâu VҳFQKҩWHP[LQJӱL ÿӃQ4Xê7Kҫ\&{FӫD7UѭӡQJ ĈҥLKӑF%iFK .KRD7KjQKSKӕ+ӗ&Kt0LQKYjÿһFELӋWOj4Xê7Kҫ\&{FӫD%ӝP{Q&{QJQJKӋ WKӵFSKҭP± .KRD.ӻWKXұW+yDÿmWUX\ӅQÿҥWYӕQNLӃQWKӭFTXêEiXFKRFK~QJHP WURQJVXӕWWKӡLJLDQKӑFWұSWҥLWUѭӡQJ (P[LQFҧPѫQFiF$QK&Kӏ, Em KӑFYLrQYjVLQKYLrQ FӫDWUѭӡQJÿmÿӝQJYLrQӫQJ KӝHPWURQJTXiWUuQKKӑFWұSYjWKӵFKLӋQOXұQYăQĈѭӧFÿӗQJKjQKFQJPӑL QJѭӡL WURQJWKӡLJLDQYӯDTXDÿmÿHPOҥLFKRHPUҩWQKLӅXNӍQLӋPYjEjLKӑFTXêJLi ĈһFELӋWHPPXӕQJӱLOӡLELӃWѫQVkXVҳFÿӃQ*LDĈuQK Yj%ҥQEqÿm OjFKӛGӵDYӳQJ FKҳFJL~SHPYѭӧWTXDPӑLNKyNKăQOjQJXӗQ ÿӝQJYLrQWROӟQFӫDHPWURQJVXӕWTXi WUuQKKӑFWұS 0ӝWOҫQQӳD(P[LQFKkQWKjQKFҧPѫQ TP.HCM, ngày 31 tháng 08 QăP 7iFJLҧOXұQYăQ 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ iv 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ 7Ï07Ҳ7/8Ұ19Ă17+Ҥ&6Ƭ ĈӇWұQGөQJFiFVҧQSKҭPSKөFӫDQJjQK VҧQ[XҩW KҥWÿLӅXWUӑQJWkPFӫDQJKLrQFӭX Qj\OjEәVXQJEӝWWKӏWWUiL ÿLӅXYjRF{QJWKӭFVҧQ[XҩWPu VӧL JLjXFKҩW[ѫ6ҧQSKҭP FKӭD QKӳQJWKjQKSKҫQFyOӧLFKRVӭFNKӓHFӫDQJѭӡLWLrXGQJYj JySSKҫQ nâng cao KLӋX TXҧ NLQK WӃ %ӝW WKӏW WUiL ÿLӅX Oj PӝW QJXӗQ QJX\rQ OLӋX JLjX [ѫ WURQJ ÿy KjP OѭӧQJ [ѫ WәQJ Oj 48,6±2,1g/100g Ĉk\ FNJQJ Oj QJX\rQ OLӋX FKӭD QKLӅX KӧS FKҩW phenolic (TP&ÿҥW 7.101±119 mgGAE/100JFKҩWNK{YjFyNKҧQăQJNKiQJR[\KyD PҥQK .154±700ȝ07(J FKҩW NK{ theo SKѭѫQJ SKiS DPPH và “ȝ07(JFKҩWNK{WtQK theo FRAP). .KLJLҧPFӥUk\KҥWEӝWWKӏW WUiLÿLӅXWKD\WKӃWӯmesh (0,400mm) [XӕQJPHVK (0,149mm) Pu VӧL WKjQK SKҭP Fy KjP OѭӧQJ SKHQROLF và KRҥW WtQK FKӕQJ R[\ hóa WăQJOrQWURQJNKLFiFWKjQKSKҫQKyDKӑFNKiFNK{QJWKD\ÿәLÿiQJNӇNgoài ra khi JLҧPFӥUk\KҥWEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXWKuPjXVҳF PuVүP KѫQFiFWtQKFKҩWFѫOê và tính FKҩWQҩXJҫQYӟLPuVӧLÿӕLFKӭQJKѫQ 9ӟLWӹOӋWKD\WKӃEӝWmì EҵQJEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅX WӯÿӃQ20%, PuVӧL WKjQKSKҭPFy hàm OѭӧQJ FKҩW [ѫ, lipid, carbohydrate, SKHQROLF KRҥW WtQK FKӕQJ R[\ KyD WăQJ OrQ trong khi protein và WLQKEӝWJLҧP.KLWăQJWӹOӋEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXWKD\WKӃ[pWYӅFKӍ WLrXYұWOêPjXVҳFVӧLPuFKrQKOӋFKPҥQKKѫQÿӝ FӭQJWăQJtrong khi ÿӝNӃWGtQK ÿӝ GDL và ÿӝ QKDL JLҧP. 1JRjL UD WKӡL JLDQ QҩX WӕL ѭX FKӍ Vӕ KҩS WKX QѭӟF FKӍ Vӕ WUѭѫQJQӣ JLҧPYjWәQWKҩWQҩXWăQJNKLWăQJvà cXӕLFQJPӭFÿӝѭDWKtFKchung FӫD mì JLҧPNKLWӹOӋWKD\WKӃEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅX WăQJ 0үXPuVӧLVӱGөQJEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅX qua rây FyNtFKWKѭӟFPHVK (0,210mm) YӟLWӹOӋEәVXQJYjRF{QJWKӭFOjPPu VӧLOjWӍOӋWKD\WKӃFDRQKҩWÿҥWÿѭӧFVӵFKҩSQKұQFӫDQJѭӡLWLrXGQJ v 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ ABSTRACT To make use of the by-products of the cashew nut industry, this research focused on the addition of cashew apple powder in the production of high fibrous pasta. This product had many health and economic benefits. Cashew apple powder showed high total dietary fiber content (48,6±2,1g/100g dry matter), high total phenolic compound content (7.101±119 mgGAE/100g dry matter), and strong antioxidant activity “ȝ07(g dry matter via DPPH assay and “ȝ07(JGUy matter via FRAP assay). When decreasing sieve size of the cashew apple powder from 40mesh (0,400mm) to 100mesh (0,149mm), the pasta product had its total phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity increased meanwhile others chemical compounds remain unchanged. Also the pasta noodle got a darker color while structure and cooking quality became more closely to the control sample. Increasing the addition level of cashew apple powder from 5% to 20% led to the increase of fiber, lipid, total carbohydrate, phenolic content and antioxidant activity while the protein and starch content decreased. Furthermore, with increase of the level of cashew apple powder in the blend composition, the cooking loss increased but the optimum cooking time, water absorption index, swelling index, structure quality and overall acceptability decreased. The pasta with the addition level 10% of cashew apple powder passed through 70mesh (0,210mm) sieve was the highest incorporation in the final product to gain the overall acceptability from customers. vi 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ /Ӡ,&$0Ĉ2$1 7{L[LQFDPÿRDQQӝLGXQJWURQJOXұQYăQ³6ӱGөQJEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXÿӇVҧQ[XҩWPu VӧLJLjX[ѫWӯEӝWWKӏW´ OjNӃWTXҧQJKLrQFӭXFӫDFiQKkQW{LGѭӟLVӵKѭӟQJGүQFӫD 3*6767UҫQ7Kӏ7KX7UjNK{QJVDRFKpSNӃWTXҧWӯQJKLrQFӭXNKiF Tp. 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%ҧQJ7K{QJVӕPjXVҳFFӫDEӝWPuYjEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅX ........................................37 %ҧQJ.KҧQăQJKҩSWKXQѭӟFYjGҫXFӫDEӝWPuYjEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅX ....................38 %ҧQJҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDNtFKWKѭӟFKҥWEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXÿӃQWKjQKSKҫQKyDKӑFFӫD PuVӧL .............................................................................................................................39 %ҧQJҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDNtFKWKѭӟFKҥWEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXÿӃQPjXVҳFFӫDPuVӧL .....40 %ҧQJҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDNtFKWKѭӟFKҥWEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXÿӃQWtQKFKҩWQҩXFӫDPuVӧL .......................................................................................................................................42 %ҧQJҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDWӹOӋWKD\WKӃEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXÿӃQWKjQKSKҫQKyDKӑFFӫD PuVӧL .............................................................................................................................46 %ҧQJҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDWӹOӋWKD\WKӃEӝWPuEҵQJEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXOrQPjXVҳFFӫD PuVӧL .............................................................................................................................47 %ҧQJҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDWӹOӋWKD\WKӃEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXOrQFiFWtQKFKҩWFѫOêFӫDPu VӧL ..................................................................................................................................52 BҧQJ%ҧQJWtQK WѭѫQJTXDQFiFWtQKFKҩWFѫOêFӫDPuVӧL ..................................52 xi 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ '$1+0Ө&+Î1+Ҧ1+ Hình 1.1. 1ăQJVXҩt sҧn xuҩt hҥWÿLӅu nhân (tҩn) cӫa mӝt sӕ quӕc gia trên thӃ giӟLQăm 2020 .................................................................................................................................2 +uQK&k\ÿLӅX ...........................................................................................................6 +uQK&ҩXWҥRFӫDTXҧÿLӅX ........................................................................................8 Hình 2.3. Mӝt sӕ sҧn phҭm sӱ dөQJWUiLÿLӅXÿѭӧc sҧn xuҩt ViӋt Nam ........................10 +uQK6ѫÿӗTX\WUuQKWKӵFKLӋQWKtQJKLӋP ............................................................23 +uQK6ѫÿӗQӝLGXQJQJKLrQFӭX ............................................................................25 Hình 3.3. Quy trình làm mì ...........................................................................................26 +uQK+uQKFKөSWUӵFTXDQVӵWKD\ÿәLPjXVҳFFӫDPuVӧLWKHRVӵWKD\ÿәLNích WKѭӟFKҥWEӝWWUiLÿLӅX ....................................................................................................41 +uQKҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDNtFKWKѭӟFKҥWEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXÿӃQWtQKFKҩWFѫOêFӫDPuVӧL .......................................................................................................................................43 Hình 4.3. ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDNtFKWKѭӟFKҥWEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXÿӃQFKҩWOѭӧQJFҧPTXDQFӫD PuVӧL .............................................................................................................................45 +uQK+uQKFKөSWUӵFTXDQVӵWKD\ÿәLPjXVҳFFӫDPuVӧLWKHRVӵWKD\ÿәLNtFK WKѭӟFKҥWEӝWWUiLÿLӅX ....................................................................................................48 +uQKҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDWӹOӋWKD\WKӃEӝWPuEҵQJEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXOrQWtQKFKҩWQҩX FӫDPuVӧL .......................................................................................................................50 +uQKҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDWӹOӋWKD\WKӃEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXOrQFiFWtQKFKҩWFѫOêFӫDPu VӧL ..................................................................................................................................51 +uQKҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDWӹOӋWKD\WKӃEӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXÿӃQFKҩWOѭӧQJFҧPTXDQFӫD PuVӧL .............................................................................................................................53 xii 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ '$1+0Ө&7Ӯ9,ӂ77Ҳ7 AACC: American Association of Cereal Chemists ± +LӋS KӝL FiF 1Kj KyD KӑF YӅ/ѭѫQJWKӵF+RD.Ǥ AOAC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists ± +LӋSKӝLFiF1KjKyDKӑF SKkQWtFKFKtQKWKӭF DNS: 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid DPPH: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl FRAP: The ferric reducing ability of plasma - .KҧQăQJNKӱVҳW FӫDKX\ӃWWѭѫQJ IDF: Insoluble Dietary Fiber - &KҩW[ѫNK{QJKzDWDQ SDF: Soluble Dietary Fiber - &KҩW[ѫKzDWDQ TDF: Total Dietary Fiber ± &KҩW[ѫWәQJ TPA: Texture Profile Analysis - 3KkQWtFKFҩXWU~F M40: %ӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXTXDUk\PHVKPP M70: %ӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXTXDUk\PHVKPP M100: %ӝWWKӏWWUiLÿLӅXTXDUk\PHVKPP xiii 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ &+ѬѪ1* 0ӢĈҪ8 &KҩW [ѫEDR JӗP cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, gums FKҩW QKҫ\ Fy QJXӗQ JӕFFKӫ \ӃXWӯWKӵFYұW NK{QJEӏWLrXKyDYjKҩSWKXӣUXӝWQRQOrQPHQPӝWSKҫQ KRһFKRjQWRjQӣUXӝWJLj[1]Ĉk\OjWKjQKSKҫQWKӵFSKҭPSKLGLQKGѭӥQJQKѭQJUҩW FҫQWKLӃWFKRTXiWUuQKWLrXKyD&KӃÿӝGLQKGѭӥQJNK{QJÿiSӭQJÿӫ KjPOѭӧQJ[ѫ FҫQWKLӃWNKRҧQJJQJj\ӣQJѭӡLWUѭӣQJWKjQKFyWKӇOjPWăQJQJX\FѫWăQJ cân KRһFPҳF FiFFKӭQJEӋQKPmQWtQKQKѭ WLӇXÿѭӡQJtype XQJWKѭUXӝWNӃWKD\EӋQK WLPPҥFK [2, 3]. 0uVӧLOjORҥL OѭѫQJWKӵFUҩWWK{QJGөQJYjFyVӭFWLrXWKөOӟQ WUrQWKӃJLӟL7KHRWәQJ NӃWFӫD7әFKӭFPuVӧLTXӕFWӃQăP2019, 16,WULӋXWҩQPuVӧLÿmÿѭӧFVҧQ[XҩWWKӏ WUѭӡQJWLrXWKөFKӫ\ӃXOjFiFTXӕFJLDWKXӝF&KkX0ӻYj&KkXÆX[4]. 7X\QKLrQPuVӧLFKӍFKӭDPӝWOѭӧQJFKҩW[ѫKҥQFKӃNKRҧQJ,9±1,9 g/100 g mì [5]. ĈӇFҧLWKLӋQOѭӧQJFKҩW[ѫQKLӅXORҥLQJX\rQOLӋXJLjX[ѫNKiFQKDXÿmÿѭӧFQJKLrQ FӭXÿӇWKD\WKӃPӝWSKҫQEӝWPuWURQJVҧQ[XҩWPuVӧL [2, 6, 7]. 7uPNLӃPPӝWQJXӗQ QJX\rQOLӋXWLӅPQăQJJLjX[ѫEәVXQJYjRPuVӧLOjPӝWQKXFҫXKӃWVӭFFҫQWKLӃW Theo tәng kӃt cӫa HiӋp hӝLĈLӅu ViӋW1DP9,1$&$6QăP0, ViӋW1DPÿm[Xҩt khҭu khoҧng 350 ngàn tҩn hҥWÿLӅu nhân, vӟi tәng trӏ giá 3,6 tӹ USD. 1Jѭӧc lҥi, phө phҭm cӫa ngành công nghiӋp này là WUiL ÿLӅu gҫQ QKѭ NK{QJ ÿѭӧc sӱ dөng. Tҥi các Yѭӡn trӗQJÿLӅu, công nhân chӍ thu lҩy hҥWYjWUiLÿLӅu bӏ bӓ lҥi sӁ nhanh chóng bӏ Kѭ hӓng trên mһW ÿҩt. Vӟi khӕL Oѭӧng chiӃP ÿӃn 90% khӕL Oѭӧng tәng quҧ thu hoҥch, OѭӧQJWUiLÿLӅu thҧi ra sӁ rҩt lӟQĈk\OjPӝt vҩQÿӅ P{LWUѭӡng cҫn giҧi quyӃt [8, 9]. HiӋn nay chӍ mӝWOѭӧng nhӓ trái ÿѭӧFWKXPXDÿӇ chӃ biӃn mӝt sӕ thӵc phҭm, làm thӭc ăQJLDV~F 1 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ Hình 1.1. 1ăQJVX̭t s̫n xṷt h̩WÿL͉u nhân (ṱn) cͯa m͡t s͙ qu͙c gia trên th͇ giͣi QăP Nguӗn: Data Player 7UiLÿLӅu là mӝt thӵc phҭm giàu GLQKGѭӥQJJLjX[ѫYjFiFFKҩWFyKRҥWWtQKVLQKKӑF caoFyNKҧQăQJFKӕQJYLrPFKӕQJR[\KyD« [10, 11]. 'ӵDYjRnhu FҫXWKӵFWӃ FӫD VҧQSKҭPPuVӧLFQJYӟLQJXӗQQJX\rQOLӋXGӗLGjRJLjXFiFKӧSFKҩW3KHQROLFFKҩW FKӕQJR[\KyDQKѭWUiLÿLӅXFK~QJW{LTX\ӃWÿӏQKWKӵFKLӋQÿӅWjL³1JKLrQFӭX EӝW WKӏWWUiLÿLӅXÿӇWKD\WKӃPӝWSKҫQEӝWPuWURQJVҧQ[XҩWPuVӧLJLjX[ѫ´0өFÿtFKFӫD QJKLrQFӭXOjWұQGөQJQJXӗQSKөSKҭPWUiLÿLӅXGӗLGjRÿӇӭQJGөQJYjRTX\WUuQK VҧQ[XҩWPuVӧLQKҵPWҥRUDVҧQSKҭPJLjX[ѫWӕWFKRVӭFNKӓHYjÿѭӧFQKLӅXQJѭӡL WLrXGQJFKҩSQKұQ 1ӝLGXQJQJKLrQFӭXJӗP QӝLGXQJchính:  NӝLGXQJĈiQKJLiFKҩWOѭӧng nguyên liӋu;  Nӝi dung 2: Thí nghiӋm khҧo nghiӋm ҧQKKѭӣng cӫDNtFKWKѭӟc hҥt bӝWWUiLÿLӅu ÿӃn chҩWOѭӧng mì sӧi;  Nӝi dung 3: Thí nghiӋm khҧo nghiӋm ҧQKKѭӣng cӫa tӹ lӋ thay thӃ bӝWWUiLÿLӅXÿӃn chҩWOѭӧng mì sӧi. 2 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ &+ѬѪ1* 7Ә1*48$1 2.1. Tбng quan vЧ FKҩW[ѫWURQJWKӵFSKҭP 2.1.1. Ĉ͓QKQJKƭDYjSKkQOR̩LFK̭W[˯WK͹FSḴP ĈӏQKQJKƭDYӅFKҩW[ѫYүQFKѭDÿѭӧFWKӕQJQKҩWYjSKѭѫQJSKiSSKiWKLӋQFNJQJFKѭD ÿѭӧFFKXҭQKyD 7KHRWUX\ӅQWKӕQJFKҩW[ѫÿѭӧF[iFÿӏQKWKHRFiFWKjQKSKҫQKyDKӑFQKѭFHOOXORVH hemicellulose, pectin và lignin. 1ăP&RGH[ÿmF{QJEӕ ÿӏQKQJKƭDYӅFKҩW[ѫ là ³polymer carbohydrate FyWӯPѭӡLWLӇXSKҫQ WUӣOrQYjFKѭDEӏWKӫ\SKkQEӣLHQ]\PH QӝLVLQKWURQJUXӝWnon FӫDQJѭӡLYjWKXӝFFiFPөF sau:  Các polyme carbohydrate ăQÿѭӧc xuҩt hiӋn tӵ nhiên trong thӵc phҭm.  Các polyme carbohydrate WKXÿѭӧc tӯ nguyên liӋu thӵc phҭm bҵng các biӋn pháp vұt lý, enzyme hoһc hóa hӑFYjÿѭӧc chӭng minh là có lӧLtFKVLQKOêÿӕi vӟi sӭc khӓe.  Các polyme carbohydrate tәng hӧS ÿm ÿѭӧc chӭng minh là có lӧL tFK VLQK Oê ÿӕi vӟi sӭc khӓH´ *ҫQÿk\ÿmFyQKӳQJJӧLêUҵQJFiFoligossacharide EӅQ FNJQJQrQÿѭӧFFRLOjFKҩW[ѫ &iFWKӵFSKҭPWӵQKLrQJLjX[ѫFyWKӇNӇÿӃQKҥWQJNJFӕFnguyên cámUDXFӫYjTXҧ NK{&KҩW[ѫFyWKӇÿѭӧFEәVXQJWKrPYjRWKӵFSKҭPWURQJTXiWUuQKVҧQ[XҩW /ѭӧQJWLrXWKөNKX\ӃQQJKӏFӫDFKҩW[ѫWKӵFSKҭPOjJFKRFKӃÿӝGLQKGѭӥQJ calorie PӛLQJj\ [12, 13]. &KҩW[ѫWKӵFSKҭPWKѭӡQJÿѭӧFFKLDWKjQKKDLORҥLOj[ѫNK{QJWDQYj[ѫKzDWDQ  ChҩW[ѫNK{QJWDQ,')OjFKҩW[ѫNK{QJWKӇ ÿѭӧc tiêu hóa hoһc hҩp thө bӣLFѫ thӇ FRQQJѭӡi và khôQJKzDWDQWURQJQѭӟc. IDF gӗm mӝt sӕ thành phҫn cҩu trúc cӫa thành tӃ EjR QKѭOLJQLQ cellulose, hemicellulose,... Nguӗn cung cҩp IDF phә biӃn là các thӵc phҭm nguyên hҥt, nguyên cám, các loҥi hҥt, các loҥi quҧ hҥch và vӓ trái cây, các loҥLÿұu sҩy khô, cҧi bҳp, cӫ cҧi, cà rӕt,.... ChҩW[ѫNK{QJKzDWDQ Fyÿһc tính thҭm thҩXQѭӟc trong ruӝWWUѭѫQJOrQWҥRÿLӅu kiӋn cho chҩt bã thҧi dӉ thoát ra ngoài. 3 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ  ChҩW[ѫKzDWDQ6')6')Ojnhóm các sӧi không thӇ ÿѭӧc tiêu hóa hoһc hҩp thө bӣLFѫWKӇ QJѭӡLQKѭQJFy khҧ QăQJKzDWDQPӝt phҫQWURQJQѭӟc bao gӗm pectin, các chҩt keo và chҩt nhҫy. Nguӗn cung cҩp chҩW[ѫKzDWDQWӕt nhҩt là các loҥi trái cây, các loҥi rau xanh, vӓ quҧ hӑ cam chanh, bã táo và quҧ dâu tây, cám kiӅu mҥch, ÿҥi mҥch, cám gҥo, vӓ hҥt, các loҥi ÿұu sҩy khô, các sҧn phҭm tӯ ÿұu nành v.v. ChҩW[ѫKzDWDQNKLÿLTXDruӝt sӁ tҥo ra thӇ ÿ{QJ làm chұm quá trình hҩp thu mӝt sӕ chҩWGLQKGѭӥng vào máu YjFNJQJOjPWăQJÿӝ xӕp, mӅm cӫa bã thҧi tiêu hóa [14, 15]. 2.1.2. /ͫLtFKFͯDFK̭W[˯WK͹FSḴP ĂQQKLӅXFKҩW[ѫÿmÿѭӧFFKӭQJ PLQKOjJL~SQJăQQJӯDKRһFKӛWUӧÿLӅXWUӏFKӭQJ WăQJPӥ WURQJPiXEӋQKWLPPҥFKWăQJKX\ӃWiSEpRSKuPӝWVӕEӋQKXQJWKѭUӕL ORҥQWLrXKyDYjWLӇXÿѭӡQJ [16]. &өWKӇFiFQJKLrQFӭXGӏFKWӉKӑFFKRWKҩ\UҵQJYLӋFăQÿӫFKҩW[ѫWKѭӡQJ[X\rQOjP JLҧPQJX\FѫPҳFEӋQKWLPPҥFKvành YjWLPPҥFK&+'FKӫ\ӃXWK{QJTXDYLӋF JLҧPPӭFOLSRSURWHLQ WӹWUӑQJWKҩS (LDL). &iFFKҩW[ѫKzDWDQFyNKҧQăQJJLҧPQӗQJ ÿӝFKROHVWHURO/'/WURQJKX\ӃWWKDQKPjNK{QJҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQQӗQJÿӝlipoprotein Wӹ WUӑQJFDR+'/ 1JKLrQFӭXFӫD0H\HUYjFӝQJVӵ+RSSLQJYjFӝQJVӵÿӅXÿѭDÿӃQNӃW OXұQFKӃÿӝGLQKGѭӥQJJLjX[ѫJL~SJLҧPQJX\FѫPҳFEӋQKWLӇXÿѭӡQJORҥL,, ĈLӅX Qj\ÿѭӧFOêJLҧLGRFKҩW[ѫFyNKҧQăQJOjPJLҧPWӹOӋKҩSWKө glucose YjFKҩWEpR JL~SQJăQQJӯDWăQJFkQÿӗQJWKӡLWăQJWҧLFiFFKҩWGLQKGѭӥQJFyOӧLYjFKҩWFKӕQJ R[\KyDWURQJFKӃÿӝăQXӕQJ. &KҩW [ѫ UҩW TXDQ WUӑQJ WURQJ YLӋF ÿҧP EҧR Vӵ WLrX KyD Yj EjL WLӃW WKҧL GLӉQ UD EuQK WKѭӡQJĈLӅXQj\FKӫ\ӃXOjGRNKҧQăQJWăQJWUӑQJOѭӧQJ phân FӫDFKҩW[ѫ khi hút QѭӟF YjOѭӧQJYLNKXҭQWăQJOrQWӯTXiWUuQKOrQmen [ѫ. .KLÿypKkQOӟQ YjPӅPKѫQ JL~S WăQJ NKҧ QăQJ ÿҥL WLӋQ GӉ GjQJ Yj JLҧP WKӡL JLDQ YұQ FKX\Ӈn qua ÿѭӡQJ UXӝW, ÿLӅX Qj\ Fy WKӇ JL~S QJăQ QJӯD KRһF JLҧP WiR EyQ &iP lúa mì WKѭӡQJ ÿѭӧF FRL Oj WLrXFKXҭQvàngNKLQyLÿӃQNKҧQăQJKӛWUӧEjLWLӃW [12]. 4 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ 2.1.3. 0͡W V͙OR̩LFK̭W[˯SK͝EL͇Q 2.1.3.1. Cellulose Cellulose là carbohydrate PjFѫWKӇNK{QJFyNKҧQăQJWLrXKyDNKiEӅQNK{QJWDQ WURQJQѭӟFPjWUѭѫQJOrQGRKҩSWKөQѭӟF&HOOXORVH ÿѭӧFWuPWKҩ\ӣOӟS YӓQJRjLFӫD FiFORҥLWUiLFk\FҧLFӫFiFTXҧFyKҥFK, FҧL [DQKFjUӕWFk\KӑÿұXÿӛ YjQJNJFӕF QJX\rQKҥt. &K~QJFyWiFGөQJUҩWWӕWWURQJYLӋFQJăQQJӯDEӋQKWUƭYLrPUXӝWNӃWFKӭQJWiREyQ YjORҥLEӓFiFFѫFKҩW Jk\XQJWKѭFKRUXӝWNӃW[17]. 9LӋFEәVXQJCellullose YjRNKҭX SKҫQăQVӁJk\FҧPJLiFchóng noWURQJGҥGà\FKҩW[ѫWKѭӡQJFyGҥQJJHO YuYұ\Oàm FKұPTXiWUuQKKҩSWKөFKҩWGLQKGѭӥQJFӫDKӋWLrXKyDQrQFNJQJJk\FҧPJLiFno lâu QKӡÿyJLҧPQKXFҫXăQFӫDQJѭӡLEӋQK [18]. 2.1.3.2. Pectin 3HFWLQ[XҩWKLӋQGѭӟLGҥQJ³FKҩW[ѫKzDWDQ´WURQJWUiLFk\UDXFӫFiFORҥLPӭWWKҥFK, YjJҫQÿk\OjWURQJFiFORҥLWKӵFSKҭPít calo QKѭPӝWFKҩWWKD\WKӃFKҩWEpR7URQJ UXӝWnon, pectin và các polysaccharide WҥRJHO NKiFOjPWăQJÿӝQKӟWYjWiFÿӝQJÿӃQ TXiWUuQKWLrXKyDYjKҩSWKX Pectin FyWiFGөQJFҫPPiXWKѭӡQJÿѭӧFӭQJGөQJWURQJQJjQK GѭӧF%rQFҥQKÿy SHFWLQFzQFyYDLWUzWURQJYLӋFÿLӅXWUӏJLҧPFkQӣQJѭӡLEpRphì GRNpRGjLWKӡLJLDQ WLrXKyDWKӭFăQWURQJUXӝWJL~SWăQJKҩSWKXGѭӥQJFKҩWWURQJWKӭFăQQKӡÿyWҥR FҧP giác no bөQJ NpR GjL JLҧP QăQJ OѭӧQJ ăQ YjR 0һW NKiF SHFWLQ Fy WiF GөQJ Kҥ cholesterolKҥ/'/ÿӗQJWKӡLOjPWăQJ+'/, JLҧPQKҽWuQKWUҥQJWăQJPӥYjÿѭӡQJ trong máu [19]. 2.1.3.3. Oligosaccharide 2OLJRVDFFKDULGH Oj FDUERK\GUDWH Fy PӭF ÿӝ WUQJ KӧS WKҩS Wӯ  ÿӃQ  ÿѫQ Yӏ monosaccharide. &K~QJ EDR JӗP gluco-, iso malto-, galato-, xylo-, inulo- và fructo-oligosaccharide. &iF ROLJRVDFFKDULGH WKӵF SKҭP ÿѭӧF VҧQ [XҩW KRһF EҵQJ FRQ ÿѭӡQJ WKӫ\ phân polysaccharide WKӵF YұW EҵQJ acid KRһF ÿѭӧF FKX\ӇQ KyD Wӯ FiF ORҥL ÿѭӡQJ QKӡ enzyme transglycosylase. 5 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ Oligosaccharide FyQKLӅXWiFGөQJVLQKOêWK~Yӏ2OLJRVDFFKDULGHFyWiFGөQJQKѭFKҩW [ѫÿӕLYӟLFѫWKӇFRQQJѭӡLFyNKҧQăQJFҧLWKLӋQP{LWUѭӡQJUXӝWJLҧPcholesterol và triglyceride KX\ӃWWKDQKYjEuQKWKѭӡQJKyDOѭӧQJÿѭӡQJ WURQJPiX+ѫQQӳDYu ROLJRVDFFKDULGH Fy WKӇ KRҥW ÿӝQJ QKѭ FKҩW WKD\ WKӃ ÿѭӡQJ KRһF FKҩW EpR FK~QJ Fy WLӅP QăQJ WURQJ QJjQK F{QJ QJKLӋS WKӵF SKҭP ÿӇ VҧQ [XҩW FiF ORҥL WKӵF SKҭP Qăng OѭӧQJWKҩS[20]. 2.2. 7әQJTXDQYӅÿLӅX &k\ÿLӅX, tên khác là ÿjROӝQKӝWYӟLGDQKSKiSNKRDKӑFOjAnacardium occidentale Linn, là mӝt loҥi cây công nghiӋp dài ngày thuӝc hӑ Xoài (Anacardiaceae). Tên WKѭѫQJPҥi tiӃng Anh là Cashew tree. Cây ÿLӅXWKѭӡQJ UұPUҥStWSKkQQKiQKYjWiQUӝQJFyWKӇÿҥW FKLӅXFDRYjFKLӅXUӝQJ ÿӃQ ,6 m /i Fk\ FKӫ \ӃX ӣ FiF FөP QJӑQ Fy KuQK EҫX GөF WKX{Q dài KRһF KuQK WUӭQJ GjL Wӯ -20 cm, UӝQJ Wӯ - FP Yj Fy QKLӅX lông. +RD ÿLӅX có 5 cánh màu KӗQJKѫLYjQJFөPE{QJ OjKӛQKӧSÿӵF, cái và OѭӥQJWtQKFyNtFKWKѭӟFFөPNKRҧQJ 15-25 cm [21]. Hình 2.1&k\ÿL͉X Phân loҥi khoa hӑc cө thӇ QKѭVDX:  *LӟL7KӵFYұWPlantae)  1JjQK7KӵFYұWFyKRDAngiospermae) 6 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ3KѭѫQJ7UDQJ  /ӟS+DLOiPҫPWKұWVӵ (Eudicots)  3KkQOӟS+RDKӗQJWҥP) (Rosids)  %ӝ%ӗKzQSapindales)  +ӑĈjROӝQKӝWAnacardiaceae)  Chi: ĈjROӝQKӝWAnacardium)  LoàiĈjROӝQKӝWA. occidentale) &k\ÿLӅXWKѭӡQJVLQKWUѭӣQJӣQKӳQJTXӕF JLDWKXӝFNKXYӵFFұQ [tFKÿҥRQѫL có QӅQ QKLӋW YjÿӝҭPFDR+LӋQQD\FyTXӕFJLDWUӗQJÿLӅX WUrQWKӃJLӟLҨQĈӝOjQѭӟFFy GLӋQWtFKÿLӅXOӟQ QKҩWWKӃJLӟLGүQÿҫXYӅVҧQOѭӧQJÿLӅXWK{ và QKkQÿLӅX FKӃELӃQ 2.2.1. 1JX͛QJ͙F± xX̭W[ͱFk\ÿL͉X &k\ÿLӅu có nguӗn gӕc tӯ %UD]LOYjÿѭӧc trӗng rӝng rãi dӑc theo bӡ biӇQSKtDĈ{QJYj Ĉ{QJ%ҳc cӫa quӕc gia này. Vào thӃ kӹ XVI, ck\ÿLӅXWKѭӡng chӍ có tác dөng che phӫ và chӕng xói mòn cho ÿҩt. 6DXÿyQJѭӡi Bӗ ĈjR1KDÿm ÿѭDFk\ÿLӅu tӯ %UD]LOÿӃn Châu Á và Châu Phi. Ӣ &KkXÈÿLӅXÿѭӧFÿѭDÿӃn Goa (ҨQĈӝYjRQăPÿӃn &RFKLQQăP&k\ÿLӅu phát tán nhanh chóng ra toàn bӝ bӡ biӇn phía Tây và phía Ĉ{QJ 1DP Fӫa ҨQ Ĉӝ, mӝt sӕ QѭӟF Ĉ{QJ 1DP È Yj Pӝt sӕ ÿҧo nhӓ ӣ Thái Bình 'ѭѫQJGRFiFWiFQKkQQKѭFKLPFKyFGѫL, khӍ YjFRQQJѭӡi. 1JRjLUDFk\ÿLӅXFNJQJÿѭӧFÿѭDÿӃn trӗng tҥi Bҳc Úc và mӝt sӕ QѫLӣ Bҳc Mӻ. Ngày nay, diӋn tích trӗQJÿLӅXÿmWUҧi rӝng trong ranh giӟLYƭWX\Ӄn 30° BҳFYƭWX\Ӄn 31° Nam và trӣ thành mӝWFk\ăQTXҧ nhiӋWÿӟi quan trӑng có tiӅPQăQJNLQKWӃ rҩt to lӟn [21]. 2.2.2. *LiWU͓NLQKW͇ ViӋc buôn bán hҥWÿLӅu bҳWÿҫXYjRÿҫu nhӳQJQăPҨQĈӝ OjQѭӟc tiên phong trong viӋc chӃ biӃn và kinh doanh loҥi hҥt này ӣ quy mô công nghiӋp, và hiӋn là nhà sҧn xuҩt hҥWÿLӅXKjQJÿҫu thӃ giӟi, tiӃp theo là ViӋt Nam và Brazil. Còn ӣ ViӋt Nam, Fk\ÿLӅXÿѭӧc trӗng chӫ yӃu ӣ các tӍQKĈҳN1{QJĈҳk Lҳk, Bình 'ѭѫQJ %uQK 3Kѭӟc, QuҧQJ 1JmL /kP Ĉӗng, Bình ThuұQ ĈӗQJ 1DL« 7URQJ ÿy BìQK 3Kѭӟc chiӃm 50% tәng sҧn phҭP ÿLӅu cҧ Qѭӟc. Tӯ QăP  9LӋt Nam trӣ 7