PREMABLE
1. Reason to choose the title
1.1. The State-owned Farms started its establishment in 1955 and has
undergone a rather strong development process, especially in the 1960s of
the twentieth century. At that time, the State farm model was seen as an
example, a "leader" leading the Northern agriculture to advance to the
socialist production. However, only after more than 20 years of
development, the State-owned Farm model began to gradually reveal its
defects.
State-owned Farms in Western Nghe An were not outside of that
common situation. From 1956 to 2015, State-owned Farms in the West of
Nghe An underwent different stages and had successes, made important
contributions to the local socio-economic development. But like Stateowned farms all over the country, only after a period of development, it
gradually revealed limitations, weaknesses and some State-owned Farms
must also be dissolved. Existing State-owned Farms had to change the way
of management, production, and business to escape the crisis and fit the
new requirements of the real situation.
1.2. Not much attention as agricultural cooperatives, so far, studies
on State-owned Farms have not really attracted the attention of
researchers, including policies maker and practitioners. For the research on
State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An province in the period of 1956
- 2015, it was even less. Therefore, the research on State-owned Farms in
the West of Nghe An in the period of 1956 - 2015 is very necessary to
properly, objectively and comprehensively assess the achievements and
1
contributions of State-owned Farms in the West of Nghe An; at the same
time clearly see the weaknesses and find out causes. On that basis, it help
draw lessons of experience, contribute to provide scientific and practical
basis for Party and State agencies in planning guidelines and policies and
directing the implementation of socio-economic development in the
current period. For the above reasons, we selected the title "State-owned
Farms in the West of Nghe An from 1956 to 2015" as a doctoral thesis in
major of Vietnamese History.
2. Subject and scope of the research
2.1. Research subjects
The research object of the thesis is the State-owned Farms in the
West of Nghe An from 1956 to 2015, in many aspects, such as: process of
formation, production and business activities, management methods and
contributions of farms to local economic, political and defense
development in localities; thereby drawing some experience in the field of
agricultural production in general and for economic managers in particular.
2.2. Research scope
* Spatially, the Western Nghe An includes mountainous districts: Ky
Son, Que Phong, Quy Chau, Quy Hop, Nghia Dan, Tan Ky, Con Cuong,
Thanh Chuong, Anh Son and Thai Hoa Town. In those 10 districts, Stateowned Farms concentrate mainly in 2 districts namely Quy Hop and Nghia
Dan. Therefore, we mainly research State-owned Farms in these two
districts. However, the thesis has comparison of the State-owned farms in
Thanh Hoa province.
2
* Temporally, the thesis is limited to research on State-owned Farms
in the West of Nghe An from 1956 to 2015. We take the opening stage of
the research process in 1956 as the year the farms started to be established.
In 2015, it is the landmark of the end of the study for this topic because in
2015, farms in the West of Nghe An officially implemented the transition
to equitization stage.
* For content, the thesis focuses on research on factors affecting the
establishment and development of State-owned Farms; Establishment
process and organizational system of State-owned farms; Production and
business activities and management methods of farms through the two
periods of 1956 - 1986 and 1986 - 2015; The first step is to draw some
comments on the contributions of farms to the local economic, political
and defense development and to draw some experience in the field of
agricultural production in general, and for economic managers in
particular.
3. Purpose and task of the research
3.1. Purposes
The thesis clarify the process of formation, construction,
organization and operation of State-owned Farms in the West of Nghe An
in the period of 1956 - 2015. Since then, it confirms the role and
contribution of the State-owned Farms in the West of Nghe An for politics,
economy and society of Nghe An province; On the other hand, it also
points out the limitations and weaknesses and lessons learned of the model
of State-owned Farms in the West of Nghe An province, a model was once
considered a model of socialist agricultural production.
3
3.2. Tasks
- Overview of research situation related to the thesis’s title.
- Analysis of the factors affecting the establishment and construction
of State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An province.
- Clarification of the process of birth and construction of Stateowned Farms in Western Nghe An in the period of 1956 - 2015, in terms
of organization, labor force, facilities, production materials.
- Presentation of activities of production, business, product
consumption, material and spiritual life of the farm members.
- The first step is to give some comments on the role and contribution
of State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An to the economy, politics and
security and defense in Nghe An area; On that basis, some experiences are
drawn to improve the performance of State-owned farms.
4. Document source and research methods
4.1. Document source
To complete the thesis, we rely on the following major sources of
materials:
- Original document: Government Decrees and Decrees on farm
development, reports from the Department of Farm, the Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural
Companies, the archived documents from the archive center of the
Provincial Party Committee, Nghe An Provincial People's Committee,
Department of Agriculture and Rural Development in Nghe An Province,
office of Farms in Western Nghe An.
- References: The monographic works of the authors have contents
related to State-owned farms in general, State-owned farms in the West of
4
Nghe An in particular. Besides, some research works and articles
published in magazines: Historical Studies, Military History Periodical,
Science magazine of some universities ...; thesises, dissertations and a
number of websites with contents related to State-owned farms.
- Field research materials: In the process of carrying out the thesis, we
conducted fieldwork, field surveys at State-owned Farms in West of Nghe
An to gather more materials and visit agricultural production and processing
facilities of farms.
In addition, the author of the thesis also conducted interviews with
witnesses who worked in State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An
province.
4.2. Rationale and research methods
In order to solve the scientific tasks, we base on dialectical
materialism and historical materialism; Ho Chi Minh's thought and
Party's views and guidelines on socio-economic innovation and
development
The two main methods used are historical and logical methods.
With the historical method, we present the process of establishment
and construction as well as the actual operation of State-owned farms in
the West of Nghe An province in a systematic and consecutive sequence
from 1956 to 2015.
With the logical method, we connect, chain issues, events,
phenomena and content together in a logical way to clear the content that
needs to be clarified.
In addition, we also use other interdisciplinary research methods such
as study area, economics, sociology, methods of analysis, statistics,
5
comparison, correlation, field survey and interviews of witnesses to clarify
the content of the thesis.
5. New contributions of the thesis
Firstly, the thesis is the first monographic research project which is
a relatively comprehensive and systematic research on State-owned
Farms in the West of Nghe An in the period of 1956 - 2015.
Secondly, the thesis reconstructs a fairly comprehensive and
systematic picture of the process of birth, construction and the process of
transforming the organizational management model of State-owned
Farms in the West of Nghe An region from 1956 to 2015.
Thirdly, the thesis clarifies production and business activities;
Highlighting the role and contributions of State-owned Farms in the West
of Nghe An in the period of 1956 - 2015 for the economy, society and
national defense and security in locality, on that basis, some experiences
are drawn to improve the performance of State-owned Farms
Fourthly, the thesis provides references and scientific basis for
policy making as well as the process of leading and directing the
implementation of socio-economic development of Nghe An province in
general and for the area in the West of Nghe An in particular; At the same
time, the thesis is a reference for the research, teaching and learning
about local history
6. Layout of the thesis
In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and
Appendix, the main content of the thesis is presented in 4 chapters:
Chapter 1: Overview of research situation related to the thesis’s title
Chapter 2: State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An province
from 1956 to 1986
6
Chapter 3: State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An from 1986 to
2015
Chapter 4: Some comments
CHAPTER 1
Overview of research situation related to the
thesis’s title
1.1. Studies on State-owned farms in general
So far, there have been published research projects on colonial
plantation economy, such as: "French Plantation in Tonkin 1884 - 1918"
published in 1996 (The Gioi Publisher) of author Ta Thi Thuy; The book
"Thanh Hoa Plantation in the French colonial period (1940-1945)"
(Thanh Hoa Publishing House, 2012) of the group of authors Nguyen
Trong Van, Tran Vu Tai and Nguyen Thi Hanh. In addition to the research
works, articles, there are also researches in depth on this issue; Doctoral
thesis "The changes in the Annam-Tonkin agricultural economy from 1884
to 1945" by Tran Vu Tai (2007).
Research on the State Agricultural System also attracted many
authors. In 1963, the author Tran Huu Duc published the work "Efforts to
build and strengthen State-owned farms", The Truth Publishing House Hanoi. The author Hoa Binh published the research project "Accounting
work in State-owned farms" (Statistics publishing house- 1985); Notably,
the book "Vietnam Economic History 1945-2000, Episode II, 1955-1975",
(Social Sciences Publishing house - 2005) by the author Dang Phong; The
Author Pham Thi Vuong published the article "Female labor force in
State-owned farms in North Vietnam in the period of 1955-1975" in
Historical Studies, No. 3 (479) 2016; Doctoral thesis in economic sciences
7
writing on the State-owned farm of the author Pham Quoc Doanh,
National Economics University with the title "Innovation of State-owned
farms in the current period in Vietnam" (defending in 1994).
Besides, there were also some research works of Soviet authors
writing about State-owned farms in general.
The Author X.I Azeva - M.I Chikhomirova writes "Production
organization in State-owned Farms and collective farms" (Hanoi
Agriculture Publishing House 1981); The "State-oned farm management"
of UN Nagimop (Hanoi Agriculture Publishing House, 1958); In 1985, I.V
Zagôrôđnhiucơ and C.G Charetxki write, "21 situations of scientific labor
organization in farms” (Hanoi Agriculture Publishing House)
1.2. Studies on State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An
province
"History of Nghe An Party Committee, Volume 2 (1954-1975)", by the
author group of Bui Ngoc Tam, Hoang Minh Truyen, Duong Van Em and
Ngo Duc Khanh (Nghe An Publishing House, 1999); "History of Nghe An
Party Committee, Episode 3 (1975-2005)", National Political Publishing
House, 2008; In 2014, the author Dinh Quang Hai published the article
"Understanding State-owned farms in Northern Vietnam in the period of
1955-1960" in Historical Studies No. 10 (462).; The “Farm History 1/5”
compiled by the author group of Le Hong Son, Nguyen Duy Dai, Le
Phuoc Huan, Nguyen The and Hoang Chinh (Nghe An Publishing House
in 2012); The “Farm History 3/2’’, of the author group of Nguyen Dinh
Dung, Nguyen Phuong, Nguyen Van Phuc, Nguyen Dinh Than and Hoang
Van Chinh (Nghe An Publishing House, 2013).
1.3. Outcomes of the research
8
The works mainly study the French plantation economy, the process
of plundering land of French colonialism for farmers to establish
plantations in all three areas: Tonkin, Annam and Cochinchine; research
projects on State-owned farms in general, focus on understanding the
formation of State-owned farms; the research works directly related to
State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An mainly research on the history
of farm development, clarify the birth, formation and development of
farms in the West Nghe An through the stages.
CHAPTER 2
State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An province
from 1956 to 1986
2.1. Factors affecting the birth and development of state-owned
farms in the West of Nghe An
2.1.1. Natural condition
Fertile soil, favorable climate, abundant water resources, abundant
crops, the West Nghe An converges favorable conditions to develop a
comprehensive economy, especially a diversified agricultural sector,
especially planting industrial plants and large-scale cattle breeding. That is
also the condition for the State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An to be
formed and developed.
2.1.2. Social and economic conditions
Basically, large plantations established by the French are
concentrated in mountainous midland districts such as Nghia Dan, Tan Ky,
Quy Chau, Do Luong and Anh Son. Nghia Dan district has the highest
9
concentration of French plantations because it has the largest area of red
soil in the province, favoring the development of breeding and trading of
industrial crops. This shows the monopoly of French capitalism in the
plantation business.
Western Nghe An has received labor forces from different regions,
such as: The South Vietnamese army forces gathered to the North to build
new socialist economic zones and labor forces in the localities which
became the main forces in the farms later.
2.1.3. The Party's policy on building and developing farms
Prior to the renovation period, the Party specifically defined the
position and role of the state farm system in resolutions of the Party
Congress, such as: Resolution of the 3rd National Congress of the Vietnam
Labor Party (1960); On January 13, 1961, the Secretariat issued Circular
No. 14-TT/TW; Resolution of the 4th National Congress of the Party in
1976; Resolution of the 5th National Congress (1982).
2.2. Formation and organizational system
2.2.1. Formation
State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An province are formed from
three sources: Nationalizing plantations of the French colonist, capitalist or
Vietnamese feudal landlords; Agricultural production federations are
gathered in the North by the Southern officials and army; Military farms
were established under the policy of moving a series of sodiers into
businessman.
2.2.2. Organizational system
The state farm organization structure basically follows the Soviet
model: headed by a director, assisting the director as deputy directors and
departments; the farms were divided into production areas, including
10
teams and groups. In general, the Soviet farm structure is more streamlined
than the farm in Vietnam. Although the organizational structure of the
farms in the whole country in general, in the Western Nghe An region in
particular at that time was still cumbersome, dispersed and unfocused, but
in accordance with the country's situation in war.
2.3. Activities of the farm in the period of 1956 – 1975
2.3.1. Reclamation, labor and production
In the years 1956-1965, the State-owned farms in the West of Nghe
An were built, developed and implemented political tasks assigned by the
Party and the State in peacetime. The farms were constantly reclaiming
and expanding the cultivated area with crops like perennial industrial crops
such as coffee, rubber, and other industrial crops such as tobacco, sesame,
cotton, and peanuts, food crops such as rice, corn and fruit trees such as
oranges, pineapples and tangerines. The State-owned Farms had not only
formed a specialized cultivation area, but also become a large-scale
breeding area.
In the period 1965 - 1975, the farm transferred all activities from
peace time to war time. State-owned farms in the Western Nghe An region
were important locations that were frequently destroyed. Therefore the
mission of the farms during this period was to produce, fight and be ready
to fight. During this time, the farms really became the reserve of human
strengt and assets, into fighting bases for both the South and the North.
Although the war was fierce, the farms still completed tasks assigned by
the State, many farms exceeded the plan.
2.3.2. Participate in fighting and fighting service
State-owned Farms in the West of Nghe An not only provided
material resources, but also provided human resources to the battlefield,
11
fulfilled the obligations of the great rear for the big front lines of the South
to fight the US.
In addition, in battle, the farms always uphold the spirit of selfstruggle. The location of the farms had just become the rear base of Nghe
An province, had just become the battlefields of aircraft shooting, transport
protection, evacuation places of industrial production facilities in the
province, stops of the transport road to support the South. Air defense
forces protecting localities were not only for militia, but also self-defense
forces. These forces coordinated to create a dense air defense system, fight
the enemy in all levels and fight all over the region.
2.3.3. The material and spiritual life of agricultural staff and
workers
In addition to production activities, participating in fighting and
fighting services, State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An also paid
attention to the life of farm staffs and workers in many aspects, such as:
education level, health issues, housing, arts, sports, in the context of the
country still facing many difficulties. However, taking care of material and
spiritual life for workers had specific policies and measures, many
specialized resolutions of the Executive Board, but in reality, there were
still few units that could carry out the collective work to liberate the labor
force, especially female workers, so the production capacity of making
wealth is very low.
2.4. Agricultural activities in the period of 1975 – 1986
2.4.1. State-owned farm in the West of Nghe An province before
the new task request
The victory of the General Offensive and Spring Rebellion in 1975
completely liberated the South and unified the Fatherland. But the actual
12
situation as Vietnam is very difficult: the infrastructure as destroyed;
embargoed; aid in socialist countries declined; natural disasters occurred
continuously; the supply of supplies and capital for state-owned economic
units was reduced; The state also did not have enough goods to exchange
with farmers to purchase agricultural products at the planned price.
Nationwide, the state-owned agricultural system was invested widely.
However, in general, the overall results of state-owned farms in the country
were not commensurate with the huge investment of the state.
2.4.2. The state-owned farm in the western of Nghe An recovered
production after the war
In the face of difficult circumstances, state-owned farms in the West
of Nghe An disposed of old gardens, replaced by new gardens to ensure
stable yield and effective business. Trees such as coffee, rubber, oranges
were still the main crops of the farms. The area for planting perennial
industrial crops were not reduced but expanded. Types of short-term
industrial crops such as sugarcane, waterpipe tobacco, soybean, peanut ...
were also been focused.
It can be said that in the first years after the reunification of the
country, the state-owned farms in the West of Nghe An made great efforts
in overcoming the consequences of war. However, some limitations in the
management mechanism appeared and revealed more and more clearly.
This led to the crisis of farms in the West of Nghe An and the first steps to
adapt to the new economic management mechanism across the country.
2.4.3. Difficulties of farms and management model transformation
signals
13
At state-owned farms in the West of Nghe An, although they were
considered to be more active than some other farms across the country, but
difficulties were becoming more and more severe. At farms such as Dong
Hieu Farm, Co Do Farm, 1/5 Farm in this period, perennial gardens
decreased in both area, productivity and product quality; many cattle died;
production was not effective. Food was scarce, workers ate grain noodles,
flour noodles, there were times when cassava had to be boiled to give to
workers. In daily life, houses for workers were extremely difficult.
Situation of crisis in all economic sectors, stifling bureaucracy led to
the situation of "outside production" in the sectors. Innovation became an
urgent task of farms, to solve problems that exist or do not exist.
CHAPTER 3
State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An from
1986 to 2015
3.1. Request to transform the management mode of management and
operation of the state-owned farms in the West of Nghe An in the
period of 1986 - 1997
3.1.1. Requirement of transformation of management mode
The Sixth National Party Congress (December 1986) was the opening of
the process of comprehensive national reform, focus and first of all
economic innovation. After the Congress, Vietnam's economy had a
change in the management mechanism, from a subsidized central planning
management mechanism which has gradually shifted to a state-managed
market economy. The above changes affected agricultural production in
general and state-owned farms in particular.
14
The transformation of state-owned farms in the whole country in
general, in the West of Nghe An in particular became a pressing issue,
both in line with practical needs, and to overcome the limitations and
promote the available strength of the farm. The transformation of farms
took place in the following areas: organizational system, management
manner and production and business practices.
3.1.2. Organization
The state farm organization system in this period compared with such
system during the subsidy period changed. The management apparatus was
compact and worked effectively. Production areas had now been replaced
by production teams for the leading board to be easy to manage. The
departments and the direct labor units coordinated the work more
effectively. The transformed organization system of farm was in line with
the new mechanism of the market economy. Besides the advantages, the
organizational system of the farm still had certain limitations, such as:
Indirect costs were large which affected the cost of products, there had
been a division of tasks among departments, but the market research had
not been clearly defined.
3.1.3. Management method of piecework
In 1989, Tay Hieu 1 Farm was the pioneer farm to implement the
Piecework project on the land of Phu Quy. Whereas the remaining farms like
the Farm 3/2, the Farm 1/5 had no change in the use of piecework method.
In 1995, after the Government issued Decree 01/CP, the farms applied
flexibly and creatively to suit the economic conditions of the farm. In
particular, Tay Hieu 1 Farm was evaluated as an early adopter of the policy.
15
The farm 3/2, although implemented later, but in the production process, the
farm applied many different ways to prioritize workers.
3.1.4. Production and business activities
Implementing the autonomy in production and business, farms in the
West of Nghe An in particular actively calculated and reviewed the
direction and tasks of production and business. Thanks to proper and
specific identification of tree and animal structure, intensive cultivation,
intensive farming and general business of "Using short-term goals as
stepping-stones towards achieving long-term goals", linking production
with processing and product consumption markets therefore, the product
production of many farms increased remarkably, ensuring consumption
activities with customers, increasing revenue to take initiative in
production and business capital..
The changes and achievements of the farms achieved during the
renovation process have made tremendous economic - political - social
significance. However, in practice, there were still problems, such as: land
use efficiency in farms was generally low; lack of capital, inappropriate
capital structure, low capital use efficiency; outdated processing
equipment and technology.
3.2. State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An in the period of 1997 2015
3.2.1. New guidelines and policies of the Party and the State on
renovation of agricultural farms
The third Conference of the 9th Central Committee of the Communist
Party of Vietnam (from 13-22, August of 2001) issued a Resolution on
"Continuing to rearrange innovation, develop and improve the efficiency
16
of the state enterprises". The fifty Conference of the 9th Central
Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam (from 18/2- 02/3/2002)
discussed and issued Resolutions, such as: Resolution on "Continuing to
innovate, develop and improve collective economic efficiency”; Resolution
"Continuing to renovate mechanisms and policies, encourage and
facilitate private economic development"
The above guidelines of the Party create favorable conditions for
farms to innovate and be concretized by the State into policies.
On March 4, 1997, the Prime Minister issued Directive 135/TTg on
building regulations on the operation of the Board of Directors and the
Control Board at State Corporations and State-owned enterprises with
establishment of the Board of Directors. On June 19, 2002, the
Government issued a Decree on transforming state-owned enterprises into
joint-stock companies.
On June 16, 2003, the Politburo issued a Resolution on arranging,
innovating and developing state-owned agricultural and forestry farms.
Decree No. 170/204/NĐ - CP dated 22/9/2004 clearly defined forms of
transformation of State-owned farms with good business practices and
poorly managed farms that suffer from losses.
In particular, Decree 135/2005/ND-CP, dated November 8, 2005 on
the allocation of agricultural land, production forest land and land for
aquaculture in state-owned forestry farms.
Resolution No. 30 - NQ/TW dated March 17, 2014 of the Politburo
on continuing to arrange, innovate and develop and improve the
operational efficiency of agricultural and forestry companies.
3.2.2. Change in organizational system
17
In 1997, the farms in the West of Nghe An began to transform model
to suit the practical situation. Farms had been transformed into two stages:
from State-owned Farms to State-owned Companies, then transferred from
State-owned Companies to One-member Limited Liability Company. Due
to changes in organizational structure, the company's functions and duties
also changed. The company's mission was not merely to perform two
functions as in the previous period. Now companies are trading in coffee
and rubber in accordance with state plans.
3.2.3. Change in management model
After transforming into companies, the management methods of the
farms changed. Companies flexibly applied the piecework policy through
each stage. The management and use of land was put into order, raising the
sense of responsibility of contracted households. After having contracted
forms according to Decree 135, the farms under the Coffee - Rubber
Production Investment Company changed the form of piecework.
Agriculture and Industrial Company 3/2 applied Decree 135/CP (2005)
later than Nghe An Rubber Coffee Production and Export Investment
Company, in 2008 the company began to apply. The Company 3/2 did not
allocate the entire land to workers like Nghe An Rubber Coffee Production
and Export Company, but still retains the land to organize production as a
pilot model and apply the scientific and technical achievements.
3.2.4. Production and business activities
The production and business activities of state-owned farms in the
West of Nghe An changed through two periods: the period of 1997 - 2010
and the period of 2010 - 2015. The process of transforming from stateowned farms to one-member limited liability companies of state-owned
farms in the west of Nghe An met a number of practical requirements, but
there were still many issues to be studied and solved. The farms after
18
merging with the company had a clear assignment; the investment capital
in the farms was much richer; In the mode of production and business, the
company flexibly used the methods of piecework and investing in
scientific and technical factors, so the production and business efficiency
of the company also developed more in terms of both output and revenue.
It can be said that in the current period, companies have continued to
inherit and promote the management experience, cultivation techniques
and plant varieties from the state-owned farms in the French period in Phu
Quy area. But the real production and business efficiency is not high;
brand problems of products not yet on the market; weak product
management; low product quality; production scale in small direction;
advantages of land resources have not been fully exploited.
3.2.5. Life of agricultural staff and workers
In 1997, the state-owned farms in the West of Nghe An faced many
difficulties in the process of changing management forms, but still created
favorable conditions for their officials and employees to develop family
economy, to do housing, gardening, breeding, participating in building
social welfare works.
The material and spiritual life of officials and workers of state-owned
farms in the West of Nghe An in this period had basically been more
developed than the previous period. However, the life of workers had not
been developed comprehensively, there were still certain limitations.
19
CHAPTER 4
SOME COMMENTS
4.1. As for origin
State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An were formed from three
different sources. This is a distinct feature of state-owned farms in the
West of Nghe An region compared to farms in some northern provinces.
Typically, in Thanh Hoa province, most farms were formed primarily from
the nationalization of French colonial plantations and some military farms
such as Yen My Farm, Van Du Farm, Phuc Do Farm.
4.2. In the field of production and business
State-owned farms in the West of Nghe An were the relatively
complete production units, producing many different products through
stages. This is a distinctive feature of Western Nghe An farms compared to
farms in Thanh Hoa. In the period before the renovation period, Thong
Nhat farm, Sao Vang farm, Thach Thanh farm produced short-term
industrial plants including sugarcane, pineapple, long-term industrial
plants with only rubber. Since 2000, the strength of farms in Thanh Hoa
mainly produces pineapples and sugarcane.
State-owned farms in the west of Nghe An in the renovation period
achieved certain results in the field of production and business. In addition
to the achieved results, the production and business activities of the farms
in the west of Nghe An still have certain shortcomings: not strictly
managing the reclamation and new plantation and taking care of the plants;
some contracted owners failed to implement the garden care process
seriously, affecting the quality and yield of the garden.
20
- Xem thêm -
.DOC 
24 
37 
114 
