Tài liệu Efl students’ difficulties in reading academic tasks

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY TRỊNH THỊ HUYÊN EFL STUDENTS’ DIFFICULTIES IN READING ACADEMIC TASKS Field: Theory and Methodology of English Language Teaching Code: 8140111 SUPERVISOR: LÊ NHÂN THÀNH, PhD BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN TRỊNH THỊ HUYÊN NHỮNG KHÓ KHĂN CỦA HỌC SINH TRONG CÁC LOẠI BÀI TẬP ĐỌC HIỂU TIẾNG ANH Ngành: Lý luận và phƣơng pháp dạy học bộ môn Tiếng Anh Mã số: 8140111 NGƢỜI HƢỚNG DẪN: TS. LÊ NHÂN THÀNH i STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP The work contained in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, my thesis contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. Date: Signed: Trinh Thi Huyen ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper could not have been completed without the encouragement and support from several individuals and groups to whom I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude during the stressful time of writing this paper. First and foremost, I am deeply grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Le Nhan Thanh, for his support, patience, and encouragement throughout my study. His technical and editorial advice was essential to the completion of this paper and has taught me innumerable lessons and insights on the workings of academic research in general. I have been extremely lucky to have a supervisor who cared so much about my work. My sincere thanks also go to the teachers at the Department of Foreign Languages, Quy Nhon University for the useful knowledge that they taught me during the time I attended the M.A course. I would also like to thank the teachers and students at Ly Tu Trong school for their untiring supports to this research paper. Without their passionate participation and input, the study could not have been successfully conducted. Last but not least, I owe an unpaid debt to all the generous support, love, and care from my beloved families and friends, which has given me more strength, belief, and motivation to overcome all the troubles in the whole process of this research. Finally, I offer my regards and blessing to all of those who supported me in the completion of the thesis. iii ABSTRACT Reading comprehension is an important skill in learning English because students with poor reading comprehension often face academic challenges. In order to help students acquire good reading competence at school, it is essential to find out what difficulties they face in reading comprehension tasks. Therefore, this study aims to explore difficulties that secondary school students encounter in their English reading comprehension tasks by investigating their perceptions of the causes of the difficulties. The study was conducted at Ly Tu Trong Secondary School, Gia Lai Province with the participation of 90 students. The data for this study was collected through questionnaires and 12 semi-structured interviews. Among eight groups of factors, including both linguistic or non-linguistic factors, poor grammar knowledge was perceived as the factor causing most difficulties for the students in their reading comprehension tasks, followed by lack of content knowledge, lack of vocabulary, lack of background knowledge, and lack of reading strategies. In contrast, non-linguistic factors including psychological factors, institutional factors, and physical factors were not perceived as the causes for difficulties with reading comprehension tasks. The results from the analysis of the interviews supported those from the questionnaires. They affirmed that lack of vocabulary, grammar knowledge, background knowledge, content knowledge, and reading strategies were the major causes of difficulties for the students in doing reading comprehension tasks. Based on the findings, implications for educators, school administrators, and EFL teachers are addressed, and further studies are suggested. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP ............................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. ii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1 1.1.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ....................................................... 1 1.2.RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY .......................................................... 3 1.3.AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ......................................... 4 1.3.1. Aim of the study ........................................................................... 4 1.3.2. Objectives of the study ................................................................. 5 1.4.RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................... 5 1.5.SCOPE OF THE STUDY ....................................................................... 5 1.6.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ....................................................... 5 1.7.ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY ..................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................... 7 2.1.READING AND READING COMPREHENSION ............................... 7 2.2.THE IMPORTANCE OF READING COMPREHENSION ............... 10 2.3.TYPES OF READING ......................................................................... 12 2.4.READING DIFFICULTIES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING READING DIFFICULTIES ....................................................................... 16 2.4.1. Reading difficulties ..................................................................... 16 2.4.2. Factors influencing reading difficulties ...................................... 17 2.4.3. Previous studies .......................................................................... 30 2.4.4. Research gaps ............................................................................. 34 2.5.SUMMARY .......................................................................................... 34 v CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 35 3.1.RESEARCH APPROACH ................................................................... 35 3.2.RESEARCH SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS ................................. 36 3.3.DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS ............................................ 37 3.3.1. Questionnaires ............................................................................ 38 3.3.2. Interviews .................................................................................... 40 3.4.DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES .............................................. 41 3.4.1. Administering the questionnaires ............................................... 41 3.4.2. Administering the interviews ...................................................... 42 3.5.DATA ANALYSIS METHODS .......................................................... 43 3.6.RESEARCH RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY .................................. 44 3.7.LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................. 45 3.8.SUMMARY .......................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ....................................... 47 4.1.RESULTS FROM THE QUESTIONNAIRES..................................... 47 4.1.1. Difficulties caused by linguistic factors ..................................... 49 4.1.2. Difficulties caused by non-linguistic factors .............................. 51 4.2.RESULTS FROM THE INTERVIEW ................................................. 57 4.3.DISCUSSIONS ..................................................................................... 60 4.3.1. Discussion of difficulties caused by linguistic factors ............... 60 4.3.2. Discussion of difficulties caused by non-linguistic factors ........ 62 4.4.SUMMARY .......................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS ........................... 67 5.1.SUMMARY OF MAIN FINDINGS .................................................... 67 5.2.RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS ............................................................ 68 5.2.1. Implications for students............................................................. 68 5.2.2. Implications for school administrators ....................................... 71 5.2.3. Implications for teachers ............................................................. 71 vi 5.3.LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY........................................................ 72 5.4.RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES ........................ 73 REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 75 APPENDICES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EFL: English as a Foreign Language FL: Foreign language L1: First Language L2: Second Language SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences vi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1. Background information of the participants .................................. 37 Table 3.2. Process of conducting the survey ................................................... 39 Table 3.3. Mean Range for Agreement Degree .............................................. 44 Table 3.4. Reliability Statistics ....................................................................... 45 Table 4.1. Students‟ perceptions towards causes of difficulties in reading comprehension tasks ....................................................................................... 47 Table 4.2. A comparison between linguistic and non- linguistic factors........ 56 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1. Quantitative data collection procedure ......................................... 42 Figure 3.2. Qualitative data collection procedure ........................................... 43 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION To establish the space for the topic and research questions for the study, this chapter starts with an overview of reading comprehension and difficulties of reading comprehension students face in the world and Vietnam context. It then describes the rationale for the study, the research aims and objects, and research questions. This is followed by the scope and the significance of the study. Finally, there is an overview of the organization of the study. 1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Nowadays, together with growth of global connection, English has recently been paid attention to as it is the language of era and science. The most important skill among the four language skills lies on reading as it can improve the overall language proficiency (Snow, Burns & Griffin, 1998; McDonough & Shaw, 2003; Krashen & Brown, 2007). More comprehensively, reading plays a central role in our educational, working, recreational and social lives. The ability to read is highly valued and important for social and economic advancement. A student may have no reading difficulty in his or her mother tongue. The problem exerts when reading is applied to a second language, as students might be lagging behind in a number of reading components, including accuracy, comprehension, and speed. As Alsamadani (2008) mentioned, lagging behind is a cognitive difficulty associated with the process of reading in another language. In other words, these difficulties are more likely to be associated with the nature of the language or even sociocultural aspects. All models of comprehension recognize the need for readers to build up a mental representation of text, a process that requires integration across a range of sources of information, from lexical features to knowledge concerning events in the world (e.g., Garnham, 2001; Gernsbacher, 1990; Kintsch, 1998). 2 Researchers mentioned that the ability to read is crucial for children‟s future academic, economic, and social success (Norton & Wolf, 2012; Olitskey & Nelson, 2003; Snow, Burns, & Griffen, 1998). A majority of children are able to learn to read with ease, and have average reading ability that is characterized by fluent word identification and adequate comprehension (Vellutino & Fletcher, 2005). However, 10% to 15% of English speaking school-aged children have reading difficulties (Shaywitz & Shaywitz, 2008; Snow et al., 1998; Vellutino & Fletcher, 2005; Vellutino et al., 2004). Reading comprehension is the process of constructing meaning by coordinating a number of complex processes that include word reading, word and world knowledge, and fluency (Harris & Graham, 2007). Readers comprehend a text when they are able to communicate with a text. They are able to draw the information from written text and interpret this information appropriately. In other words, reading comprehension is a kind of interaction between the readers and the text through written symbol in order to grasp the information from written text. The importance of reading comprehension is really realized by the government to make a policy in educational system; reading as one of the four language skills must be taught for the students in the classroom (Tran Quoc Thao & Duong My Tham, 2018) Many academics agree that reading comprehension is not simply recognizing individual words, or even understanding each individual word as our eyes pass over it. Due to the reason, exploring the difficulties students face in reading tasks is an iportant part of to understand the current problems. In the Vietnamese context, teaching and learning English is brought up as a top concern, especially in the current period of international integration 3 (Le Ha Van, 2021; Tran Quoc Thao & Duong My Tham, 2018). Therefore, English has been included in the national education curriculum and has become a compulsory subject in schools from primary school to university level. In addition, reading comprehension plays an important role in human life. Its role is realized as very substantial because it opens up new knowledge for individual. The goal is to gain information from what the writer conveys through a text, to use this information to enrich his/her experiences, and to improve his/her intellectual ability. In Vietnam, there are two reasons explaining why the young generation seems to read less and less. The first reason is that they suffer pressure from school work and the second reason is that there are many obstacles and difficulties which reduce interest of the youth in reading book. Students seem to be distracted from reading because of the outside environment such as noisy friends, noisy school, and so on. For such reasons, reading comprehension should be highly recommended in every school especially in secondary school. 1.2. RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY Learning English seems to be one of main tasks of students from kindergarten to university. In this process, they encounter a large number of difficulties. As we know, if vocabulary is at the heart of developing proficiency and achieving competency in language skills, reading is one of the most important skills helping language learners improve language proficiency in language learning and retention in every aspect. Many authors affirm that although reading is of great significance among four basic language skills, many students encounter problems in their reading comprehension (Snow, Burns & Griffin, 1998; McDonough & Shaw, 1993; Krashen & Brown, 2007). 4 As we know, the success of language learner is largely influenced by his/ her reading practice. The role of reading in language proficiency is explained by Harmer (2007) who states: “Reading is useful for language acquisition and the more they read, the better they get…Reading also has a positive effect on students‟ vocabulary knowledge, on their spelling and their writing” (p. 157). The problem is that few studies were conducted in the field of exploring issues and challenges facing secondary school students in Vietnam. In addition, the land of Gia Lai province today is the long- standing residence of the Jrai (33,5%) and Bahnar (13,7%) ethnic groups who have a few chances to study English since primary school so they usually face difficulties in every aspect of English in general and in reading specifically. In fact, we have all taught many students who do not understand whatever they read, and we struggle with ways to increase their reading and comprehension skills. Thus, the students‟ reading acquisition and reading retention need to be enhanced. Consequently, to fill the literature gap concerning Vietnamese lower secondary school students‟ difficulties with reading comprehension tasks and to find out the measures to enable them to tackle these difficulties, the study aims at exploring difficulties that lower secondary school students encounter in doing reading comprehension tasks and causes of difficulties at Ly Tu Trong Secondary School, Gia Lai. 1.3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1.3.1. Aim of the study The overarching aim is exploring difficulties that lower secondary school students encounter in doing reading comprehension tasks and factors explaining these difficulties. 5 1.3.2. Objectives of the study To achieve this aim, the objectives of this study are as follows: 1) To examine the difficulties that EFL students encounter in English reading comprehension tasks, and 2) To investigate EFL students‟ perceptions of causes of the difficulties that they encounter in their English reading comprehension tasks. 1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This study considers the following research questions: 1) What difficulties do EFL students encounter in their English reading comprehension tasks? 2) What do EFL students consider as causes of the difficulties that they encounter in their English reading comprehension tasks? 1.5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The research was carried out with the participation of 90 EFL students who were students at Li Tu Trong Secondary School, Thang Loi Ward, Pleiku city, Gia Lai province to find out students‟ difficulties in doing reading tasks and their perceptions about causes of these difficulties. 1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Concerning the aforementioned research objectives, this study hopefully can give some contributions as follows: In theory, the study will be beneficial in building a knowledge base of lower secondary school students‟ perceptions of the difficulties they face in academic reading tasks at school. The research is intended to shed light on students‟ perceptions of the difficulties of students in doing reading comprehension tasks and which factors explain these difficulties. Therefore, 6 the research findings will provide important insights into looking at the reading comprehension tasks as an effective instructional means in the teaching- learning process, which helps students overcome common problems in long- reading process of many tasks at school. In practice, a better understanding of the difficulties that students face may serve a guide for different stakeholders, including policy- makers, decision- makers, educators, and teachers to make learning reading become more effective, informative, applicable and enjoyable. Finally, the findings of this research can act as a useful source of reference for future researchers who are interested in the field of reading comprehension tasks in English teaching- learning process. 1.7. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY The research consists of five chapters. Chapter 1, introduction, gives a brief introduction about the background of the research, rationale, aim and objectives, research questions, scope, and significance as well as the structure of the thesis. Chapter 2, literature review, provides a fundamental overview of literature surrounding reading comprehension tasks and difficulties students face in teaching foreign languages as well as connects relevant studies to this study. Chapter 3, methodology, describes methods of the research, participants, instruments, and procedure of data collection as well as data analysis. Chapter 4, findings and discussion, illustrates and analyzes the data collected to provide the answers to the research questions. Chapter 5, conclusion and implications, summarizes the results of the study and gives some implications and suggestions for further research. 7 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the arguments and concepts of EFL reading comprehension and related issues like reading and reading comprehension, reading difficulties, and factors attributed to reading difficulties. This review critically analyses key approaches and views about EFL reading comprehension in line with the research objectives set by this study. This chapter also aims to identify any gaps within the literature that motivates the researcher to perform the current study. 2.1. READING AND READING COMPREHENSION The proliferation of reading comprehension research has generated many definitions and provided many interesting ideas on which many authors seem to agree. In the past and present, authors define reading comprehension based on their beliefs about the process of reading. Thus, the definitions of reading comprehension lie either under the bottom-up approach or under topdown approach to reading. Some linguists such as Gough (1972) and Carroll (1964) regarded reading as a passive decoding process (bottom-up): graphemes are perceived as forming words, words as forming sentences, and sentences as forming paragraphs and so on. Grabe and Stoller (2002) also indicate that reading comprehension is processing words, forming a representation of general main ideas, and integrating it into a new understanding. Another definition of reading is mentioned by Clapham (2009, p. 11) where reading is viewed as “the ability to make sense of written or printed symbols. The reader uses the symbols to guide the recovery of the information from his or her memory and subsequently uses this information to construct a plausible interpretation of the writer‟s message”. 8 On the other hand, other linguists such as Goodman (1976) and Smith (1971) argue that the process of reading is a “top-down” one in which the reader starts with a general idea (schema) of what should be in the text. This is derived from the previously acquired knowledge by the reader who uses this schema in perceiving and in interpreting graphic cues. Hudson (2007, p. 38) also gives a definition that associates reading with a top-down approach where it is claimed that “reading is a selective process. It involves partial use of available minimal language cues selected from perceptual input on the basis of the reader's expectation”. Klingner et al. (2007) also argue that as a process of constructing meaning, reading can be achieved through dynamic instruction using the following aspects: the reader‟s prior knowledge, the information suggested by the text, and the context of the reading situation. Reading involves at least two people: the writer and the reader. The reader has to decode the writer's words to understand his/her message and construct meaning from text. Definitions of reading often include the concept of understanding or comprehension. A number of researchers such as Lipka and Siegel (2012), Russell (2013), McLean (2014), Turkyılmaz et al. (2014) and Akyol et al. (2014) emphasize that the main goal of reading is comprehension. Reading without comprehension is pointless. Grabe (2009, p. 14) states that “reading is centrally a comprehending process”. Readers read to understand what is intended to be conveyed in writing. Ahmadi et al. (2013, p. 238) refer to reading comprehension as “the ability of readers to understand the surface and the hidden meanings of the text using metacognitive reading strategies”. Reading comprehension is “the process of unlocking meaning from connected text” (Zoghi et al., 2010, p. 439). According to Yogurtcu (2013, p. 376), “the process of reading comprehension provides a link between thinking, textual content, and the reader‟s level of 9 readiness, expectations and objectives of reading”. Reading comprehension from a psychological viewpoint as mentioned by Rivers (2000, p. 70) is “a problem-solving behavior that actively involves the reader in the process of deriving and assigning meaning [...] drawing on contextual information [...] Readers decode print semantically and syntactically”. In line with this definition, Russell (2013, p. 7) asserts that “it requires the reader to develop an efficient system for solving problems during reading. The reading process requires intentional thinking and reflecting”. In other words, to understand a text efficiently requires the reader to be critical and reflective. Snowling and Hulme (2005) identify three levels of understanding in the comprehension process: word level, sentence level and text level. Browne (2004) explains that word-level skills include phonic and graphic knowledge and words recognition, sentence-level skills include grammatical knowledge, and text-level skills include contextual understanding. According to Nuttall (2005, p. 21), every sentence used in a text has four kinds of meaning: “conceptual, propositional, contextual and pragmatic”. The conceptual meaning is “the meaning a word can have on its own”; the propositional meaning is “the meaning a sentence can have on its own”; the contextual meaning is “the meaning a sentence can have only when in context”; and the pragmatic meaning is “the meaning a sentence has only as part of the interaction between writer and reader”. Each one of these levels of meanings is important to guarantee reading comprehension. Brantmeier (2003, p.4) claims that there “is not one true comprehension, but a range of comprehension”. Day and Park (2005) classify reading comprehension into six different types of comprehension that can work together in parallel and/or in a linear fashion: literal comprehension, reorganization, inference, prediction, evaluation, and personal response. 10 Literal comprehension is understanding the direct meaning of the text, which means that any answers to questions coming from a text would be explicitly outlined in the reading. Reorganization occurs when readers find various pieces of information from a reading and combine them for additional understanding. In this way, readers still use literal comprehension, but it is applied to several areas of text in order to answer more specific questions related to the text. Inference requires learners to go a step beyond literal understanding and to combine and use their own knowledge in order to come up with answers to implicitly stated information. Prediction combines a reader‟s prior knowledge with his or her understanding of a passage in order to guess what happens next; but it must be supported by the text in order to be valid. Evaluation requires a learner to have a general knowledge of the topic of a text and an understanding of the reading material so as to give judgment or opinion about the text. Personal response is an open-ended type of comprehension used by readers in order to provide their feelings about the topic. To sum up, reading comprehension is the process of extracting idea within a text to get the overall understanding of a text rather than to get the word by word meaning. The comprehension depends very much on the reader, text and situation, where prior knowledge is crucial to give impact on building the meaning on this process as it is constructed within the reader‟s head (Woolley, 2011). 2.2. THE IMPORTANCE OF READING COMPREHENSION English is widely recognized as the universal language across the world. It is also significant for students‟ academic success (Azeroual, 2013) and has become essential in higher education (Najeeb, 2013). Reading is associated with academic success (Logan et al., 2011; Dabarera et al., 2014)