Tài liệu Assessment of adaptive capacity of aquaculture households to climate change in cho moi district, an giang province, vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY THAI TRONG NGHIA ASSESSMENT OF ADATIVE CAPACITY OF AQUACULTURE HOUSEHOLDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHO MOI DISTRICT, AN GIANG PROVINCE, VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS i PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published. The use of other research‟s results and other documents must comply with the regulations. The citations and references to documents, books, research paper, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis. Author of the thesis THAI TRONG NGHIA ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLEDGE................................................................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................v LIST OF ABBREVIATION ................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................... viii FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................1 1.1 Research issues ...................................................................................................................1 1.2 Research questions and objectives, and hypothesis ...........................................................4 1.2.1 Research questions ..........................................................................................................4 1.2.2 Research objectives .........................................................................................................4 1.2.3. Hypothesis ......................................................................................................................4 1.3 Background of the Study....................................................................................................5 1.3.1 Concepts ..........................................................................................................................5 1.3.2 Research history ..............................................................................................................8 1.4 Study Area ........................................................................................................................16 1.4.1 Natural characteristic ...................................................................................................16 1.4.2 Socio-economic and environmental characteristics .....................................................19 1.4.3 Characteristics of climate change and natural disaster of Cho Moi district ...............23 1.4.4 Characteristics of aquaculture activity in Cho Moi district .........................................29 CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGY .........................................................................................31 2.1 Research approach ...........................................................................................................31 2.2 Research methods.............................................................................................................34 2.2.1 Secondary data ..............................................................................................................34 2.2.2 Establishing and developing a set of AC indicators .....................................................35 2.2.3 Data collection ..............................................................................................................37 2.2.4 Data analysis .................................................................................................................42 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .....................................................................44 3.1 General information about the study areas ......................................................................44 3.2 Characteristics of economy, society and environment of households .............................49 3.2.1 Economic characteristic................................................................................................49 3.2.2 Social characteristic......................................................................................................52 3.2.3 Environmental characteristic ........................................................................................53 3.2.4 Climate change adaptation characteristics ..................................................................65 3.3 Assessment of AC of aquaculture households .................................................................70 ii 3.3.1 Overall AC assessment ..................................................................................................70 3.3.2 Assessment of economic component .............................................................................73 3.3.3. Assessment of social component ..................................................................................74 3.3.4. Assessment of environmental component .....................................................................75 3.3.5. Assessment of CC adaptation component ....................................................................76 CHAPTER 4. RECOMMENDATIONS TO INCREASE LOW ADAPTIVE CAPACITY INDICATORS OF AQUACULTURE HOUSEHOLDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHO MOI DISTRICT .....................................................................................78 4.1 Overview ..........................................................................................................................78 4.2 Solutions to increase AC of aquaculture households in Cho Moi district .......................78 4.2.1 Recommendations for management solutions for the government ...............................78 4.2.2 Recommendations for increasing autonomous adaptation for households ..................81 4.3 Technological recommendation for increasing AC of aquaculture households ..............82 4.3.1 RAS introduction ...........................................................................................................83 4.3.2 RAS strengths ................................................................................................................86 Chapter 5. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................87 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................89 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................94 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Economic structure value of Cho Moi during the phase of 2014-2018 ....20 Table 2.1 Set of indicators to assess AC of aquaculture households in Cho Moi ..355 Table 2.2 the number of aquaculture households was randomly chosen for data collection in Cho Moi district ...................................................................................37 Table 2.3 Parameters of water quality were directly measured at study sites ..........39 Table 2.4 The number of times to measure water samples at the study sites ...........41 Table 3.1. Average area and yield of aquaculture households at the study sites ......48 Table 3.2 Profit margin of each aquaculture type at study areas ..............................49 Table 3.3 SWOT matrix to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of each aquaculture system .....................................................................69 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Geographical location and natural condition map of Cho Moi district, An Giang .........................................................................................................................17 Figure 1.2 A structure of the working-age population (left) and structure of population capable of work in economic sectors (right) ...........................................21 Figure 1.3 Water surface of Hau river (left) and Tien river (right) in flood season .22 Figure 1.4 Flooding peaks during 1998-2019 phase were measured at upstream and downstream stations in An Giang province ..............................................................24 Figure 1.5 The map of storm and depression trajectories impacted An Giang during the phase of 1951-2015 .............................................................................................27 Figure 1.6 A landslide scene of a riverside resident along the Vam Nao river, Cho Moi district, An Giang ..............................................................................................29 Figure 1.7 Profit margin of pangasius households in the phase of 2007-2012 was proportionate with fluctuated peaks of Tien and Hau River in An Giang ................30 Figure 2.1 Cause and effect chain approach in climate change ................................31 Figure 2.2 Study framework was applied to assess AC of aquaculture households .34 Figure 2.3 Residents on floating house was interviewed for data collection............38 Figure 2.4 The methods for the water sampling at inlet and outlet point .................40 Figure 2.5 Water samples were collected at the study sites ......................................41 Figure 3.1. The three aquaculture systems located in 6 commutes are shown on maps of the study sites (red circle) ............................................................................44 Figure 3.2. Popular aquaculture systems in Cho Moi district ...................................46 Figure 3.3 Comparison of average members, labors and female labors between aquaculture types and Cho Moi district ....................................................................47 Figure 3.4 Comparison of average household income and income per capita between aquaculture systems and Cho Moi district ..................................................48 Figure 3.5 The scalability of aquaculture types at study areas .................................53 Figure 3.6 Waste treatment system of cement/rubber tank (left) and waste effluent of floating house (right) at study sites. ......................................................................54 Figure 3.7 pH indexes of 3 systems were measured at the 3 different points...........56 Figure 3.8 DO content of 3 systems was measured at the three different points .....58 Figure 3.9 Temperature value of 3 systems was measured at 3 different points ......59 Figure 3.10 COD content of 3 systems were measured at the 3 different points .....61 Figure 3.11 NH4-N content of 3 systems were measured at the 3 different points ...60 Figure 3.12 PO4-P content of 3 systems measured at the three different points .......65 Figure 3.13 Quantities of solutions by model for CC adaptation and resilience to a shortage of water, inundation in flood season and extreme events...........................68 v Figure 3.14 The result of AC assessment at different systems of aquaculture .........71 Figure 3.15 The result of overall AC assessment of households in Cho Moi district ...................................................................................................................................70 Figure 3.16 The assessment results show indicators increase/decrease AC. ............70 Figure 3.17 AC assessment of economic indicators by aquaculture systems ...........73 Figure 3.18 AC assessment of social indicators by aquaculture systems .................74 Figure 3.19 AC assessment of environmental indicators by aquaculture systems ...75 Figure 3.20 AC assessment of CC adaptation component by aquaculture systems .77 Figure 4.1 The survey result of household‟s anticipation for implementing RAS to improve their current farming practices ....................................................................80 Figure 4.2 Diagram describes RAS operation ..........................................................84 Figure 4.3 The composition of a mechanical filtration system .................................85 Figure 4.4 Three layers of a bio filter are introduced to purify water quality ..........85 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATION CC AC VMD SD SDGs RCP SL RAS Climate Change Adaptive Capacity Vietnamese Mekong Delta Sustainable development Sustainable development goals Representative concentration pathways Sustainable Livelihood Recirculating aquaculture system vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The master thesis "Assessment of the Adaptive Capacity of Aquaculture Households to Climate Change in Cho Moi District, An Giang Province" was completed at the program of Climate Change and Development, Vietnam Japan University, Vietnam National University, Hanoi. I would like to thank all the teachers and staff who have fully supported and gave valuable comments to this thesis. In particular, I would like to express my deepest thanks to the two supervisors, Assoc. Dr. Koshi Yoshida and Dr. Nguyen Tai Tue who not only closely guide me on the knowledge and experience but also share the skills for me to become a professional researcher. In addition, I would like to thank some individuals and units such as An Giang Rural Development Sub-Department, Mr. Huynh Van Thai, Head of Water Resource and Climate Change Department, An Giang Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Mr. Nguyen Van Tien Head of Snakehead Farming Association of Long Kien Commune- Cho Moi District, Master Nguyen Thi Hao who have provided the necessary information and created favorable conditions for me to complete this thesis. This thesis is hugely supported by the national projects, entitled “Research, assessment the impacts of climate change, disasters, human activities for proposing solutions, sustainable development models in adjacent areas of Hau River”, code: BĐKH.39/16-20. Once again, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of those for their interest, encouragement, and motivation for me to fulfil my master's thesis. The precious things that I learned during the course of doing my thesis will help me a lot in my future research. Sincerely! viii FOREWORD Aquaculture in Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) plays important role in Vietnam, its population as well. However, many studies predicted that this area is one of the most vulnerable region by climate change and sea level rise in the world. In addition, the impacts of the upstream hydroelectric construction exacerbate the existing problems. VMD‟s aquaculture, therefore, is the most affected sectors by climate and non-climate actors. The thesis title “Assessment of Adaptive Capacity of Aquaculture Households to Climate Change in Cho Moi District, An Giang Province, Vietnam” aimed to find out adaptive capacity (AC) to reduce vulnerability of aquaculture households in VMD to climate change. A set of indicators to assess AC was created by reliable studies, current policies on coping with climate change and reaching sustainable development goals (SGDs). The set was established with 17 indicators belonging to 4 components CC adaptation (6 indicators), economy (5 indicators), society (3 indicators), and environment (3 indicators). The AC index was collected by the two activities. First, the study interviewed 60 households at 06 communes in Cho Moi district that represent the three aquaculture systems (20 households/system) to find out the score of AC1-AC15. Second, water quality measurement was conducted at the aquaculture ponds to calculate the score of AC16-AC17. The score of overall AC was totalled each individual indicator by the use of Min-Max formula. Sustainable solutions for aquaculture households were given to increase low AC indicators, especially technological solutions like recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research issues Climate change (CC) is one of the biggest challenges for human beings in the 21st century. It puts all natural-social systems at risk, particularly developing countries (Eckstein, Hutfils, & Winges, 2018; C. C. IPCC, 2014; Weiss, 2009). Global warming, sea level rise, natural disasters and extreme weather events are threatening throughout the world. In particular, Vietnam is considered as one of the most vulnerable countries by CC (Eckstein et al., 2018; Van et al., 2012; Weiss, 2009). Over the last half century, the average temperature increased by 0.62oC, while rainfall decreased in the North and increased in the South. Extreme weather events such as storms, floods, subsidence, drought and saline intrusion have yearly increased in both frequency and intensity that claimed thousands of human life and hugely damaged on sustainable development goals (SDGs) (Beilfuss & Triet, 2014; MONRE, 2016). CC is forecasted to affect many regions and socio-economic sectors in Vietnam, especially low elevation regions and densely populated areas like the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) (Duong, Phi Hoang, Bui, & Rutschmann, 2016; IPCC, 2007; A. L. Tuan, Thuy, T.H., & Ngoan, V.V, 2014; VIMHE, 2011). According to representative concentration pathways (RCP) 8.5, by the end of this century, the region's average temperature could increase by 3-3.5oC, rainfall could increase by over 20% and sea level rise by 48 - 106 cm. The scenario for 1-meter sea level rise could make 38.9% of the VMD area at risk of flooding, 35% of the population of losing their houses (Hoang et al., 2018; MONRE, 2016). In the coming decades, CC in the VMD will unpredictably fluctuate. Temperature, precipitation, wind, and CC-related hazards will change in frequency, intensity, and duration (Hoanh, Jirayoot, Lacombe, & Srinetr, 2010). Frequent extreme weather events such as abnormal rains, floods, drought, changes in flow, subsidence and saline intrusion will seriously impact the area (Hoanh et al., 2010; MRC, 2009; A. 1 L. Tuan, Thuy, T.H., & Ngoan, V.V, 2014). Several models have been developed to simulate CC and its impacts on the VMD in the future. In particular, most of studies stated that CC and upstream hydropower development on the upstream Mekong River will change the hydrological regime, as well as weather patterns (Beilfuss & Triet, 2014; Chinvanno, 2011; Duong et al., 2016; Hoanh et al., 2010; Wassmann, Hien, Hoanh, & Tuong, 2004). In the rainy season, increasing rainfall combines with a rise of upstream flow will rapidly increase the flood peak and intensity that most of this region would be submerged (Plan, 2013; Team, 2018). In the dry season, dozens of studies predict that drought will become more severe. The rising sea levels together with the influence of upstream hydroelectric dams will make saline intrusion reach deeper inland. Therefore, rice production and freshwater aquaculture will be affected (Kam, Badjeck, Teh, & Tran, 2012; Kantoush, Van BINH, Sumi, & Trung, 2017). The VMD is also known as the largest granary and fishery in Vietnam. Aquaculture plays a key role in the socio-economic development and livelihoods for thousands of households in this region. According to the General Headquarter of Fisheries, this area accounted for 100% of the total area and production of Vietnam‟s pangasius sector, and 92% of the total area, and 83% of the total production of Vietnam‟s shrimp sector in 2016. Many studies demonstrated the Mekong Delta was severely impacted by CC and extreme events (Barange et al., 2018; Beilfuss & Triet, 2014; Blumstein, 2017). The coastal zones of VMD, shrimp farms, were seriously impacted by the historical drought event in the year 2016. The saltwater could reach 55-60 km in the Hau River and 45-60 km in the Tien River, being further inland 20-25 km than normal drought seasons. This event only caused 3.771 shrimp hectares to be damaged. Lately, the 2020 drought is even more damaging than the 2016 year when saltwater intrudes beyond the recent saline boundary. In contrast to coastal area, the inland region, dominantly cultivates freshwater fish like pangasius, had negative effects on aquaculture production due to unstable annual floods. At the upstream of VMD, a normal flood could bring 2 many benefits for locality and its inhabitants but the fluctuating flood peaks during the 2007-2012 phase made the profit of pangasius producers varying. For instance, the lowest flood peak recorded in 2010 at the upstream of Tien and Hau river were 320 cm and 282 cm respectively, having the profit margin of (-3,020) VND/kg while the highest peak in 2011 was 486 cm and 427 cm, having the profit margin of 3.187 VND/kg. It proves that the freshwater aquaculture depends on the duration and flow of the flood. To mitigate CC consequences, the urgent solution is to improve resilience to vulnerable sectors through increased adaptive capacity (AC) and the adoption of technical and non-technical solutions (ADB, 2009; C. C. IPCC, 2014; F. C. IPCC, 2014). (FAO, 2018) stated that CC awareness needs to be adaptable enough to cope with long-term, a sudden and unpredictable changing climate for fishery based livelihood communities. The link between CC and sustainable development (Zarfl, Lumsdon, Berlekamp, Tydecks, & Tockner) plays a key role to manage fisheries comprehensively. Assessment of AC to CC has many levels, including household, community, sector, region and national level. Specially, household level has the advantages of coping well with natural disasters in the short term and reflects the actual position, the role of broad and complex policies and institutions in responding with CC (Elrick-Barr, Preston, Thomsen, & Smith, 2014; Navy, Krittasudthacheewa, Voladet, & Thin, 2019; Thomas, Christiaensen, Do, & Trung, 2010). To date, various assessment methods of AC have used indicators that relate to household level such as human, financial, economic, natural, social and economic issues, and infrastructure (Nhuan, Tue, Hue, Quy, & Lieu, 2016; Sietchiping, 2006; Thanvisitthpon, Shrestha, Pal, Ninsawat, & Chaowiwat, 2020). However, there have not been many studies to advance the link between AC and SD indicators in the VMD. Cho Moi district, An Giang province is located geographically adjacent to Tien and Hau rivers, two main tributaries of the Mekong River. Freshwater aquaculture flourishes with a variety of aquaculture types and subjects. However, 3 the combination of CC and upstream hydropower development has caused a significant impact on this locality. The issues of local people's livelihoods are considered in a few studies (Can, Tu, & Hoanh, 2013; Kam et al., 2012). There are lacked of study to assess the impacts of CC on the aquaculture in this area. Therefore, the thesis "Assessment of the adaptive capacity of aquaculture households to climate change in Cho Moi district, An Giang province, Vietnam" has been chosen to give out solutions to the problems of aquaculture in the VMD. 1.2 Research questions and objectives, and hypothesis 1.2.1 Research questions The three specific research questions were laid out to address research issues as follows: (1) What is the method used to identify AC of aquaculture households to CC? (2) What are key factors affecting to AC of aquaculture households to CC? (3) What are sustainable solutions to increase AC of aquaculture production at household level? 1.2.2 Research objectives To answer the aforementioned research questions, the three objectives of the research were formed: (1) Establish a set of indicators to assess AC to CC at the household level relied on the relationship between CC and SD (2) Identify factors that would increase/decrease AC based on the expected results of AC assessment (3) Propose appropriate solutions to improve the household's AC in Cho Moi district, An Giang province for sustainable aquaculture development. 1.2.3 Hypothesis Aquaculture production inherently depends on the water quality of the Mekong River affected by climate change and human-made actors. 4 1.3 Background of the Study 1.3.1 Concepts Climate Change “Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forces such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use”. (IPCC, 2014). Another definition is defined by UNFCCC as “The UNFCCC thus makes a distinction between climate change attributable to human activities altering the atmospheric composition, and climate variability attributable to natural causes”. Climate change is also manifested by increasing the intensity, frequency and volatility of extreme weather events such as heat, prolonged cold weather, drought and saltwater intrusion, storms and tropical depressions, floods, etc. Climate change threatens all existing social systems and ecosystems, especially lowlands and coastal areas (Nhuan, 2016). Vulnerability Vulnerability is the degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed, the sensitivity and adaptive capacity of that system (IPCC, 2007). Adaptive Capacity 5 IPCC defines adaptive capacity (AC) as “The ability of systems, institutions, humans, and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences. (USAID, 2009b) defines that AC to CC is a society's capacity to change in a way that makes it better equipped to manage risks or sensitivities from the impacts of climate change. AC is a concept derived from ecological science to describe the ability of a system to maintain or restore function in case of external impacts (Martin-Breen & Anderies, 2011). AC is a combination of all the strengths, attributes, and resources available to an individual, community, society, or organization that can be used to prepare and implement actions to reduce adverse effects and damage or take advantage of opportunities. Adaptive capacity refers to the ability to anticipate and change structures, functions, or organizations to better respond to the disaster (Tran et al., 2015). Current AC is an important condition for establishing and developing an effective CC adaptation strategy (Brooks & Adger, 2005). AC is also seen as the opposite of vulnerability, as a key component of vulnerability assessment (Brooks & Adger, 2005; IPCC, 2007). AC consists of three main pillars: natural resilience, social resilience and the ability to transform challenges into opportunities. AC depends on factors such as human, infrastructure, finance, social capital, nature, information technology, institutions and equity (Nhuan, 2016). AC is uneven and dispersed on a global scale (IPCC, 2007). AC is heterogeneous in a society. Many studies show that human capital and social capital are the two determinants of AC not less than other factors such as income and technology level. However, the two types of capital mentioned above are very uneven for different strata in society. 6 Adaptation measures AC is expressed through activities and measures of adaptation to reduce vulnerability. There are many different types of adaptation measures (technology, finance, information, institution, etc.) and are implemented at different levels (individuals, households, communities, industries, regions, and nations). Adaptation measures were categorized by (USAID, 2009a) as follows: - Based on the timing of adaptation strategies: + Preventive adaptation: is the adaptation measures carried out before the impacts of CC occur in order to proactively prevent possible damages. + Reactive adaptation (reactive adaptation): the adaptation measures are taken after the impact of CC has occurred to reduce the damage. - Based on policy considerations when implementing adaptation strategies: + Autonomous adaptation: adaptation measures are conducted in a "spontaneous" and "reflective" way (mainly of the private sector) in order to cope with actual impacts of CC underway without policy intervention. These are usually temporary adjustments and usually occur in the short term. + Planned adaptation: adaptation measures are planned and take careful consideration of public sector policies to adapt to anticipated CC. Planned adaptation is, therefore, often a proactive, strategic adjustment to address climate risks in a way that meets society's goals at best and often takes place over the long term. - Based on the subject of adaptive strategies: + Private adaptation: adaptation measures are carried out by individuals, households, and businesses. 7 + Public adaptation: Adaptation measures are carried out by government agencies at all levels. 1.3.2 Research history In the America CC and variability impact across the continent. The extent of the damage depends on the different types of weather from tropical to cold in various regions, and other factors like topography, economy, ecosystem, governance structure, and culture. The diversity and complexity of this area are and will affect vulnerability, risk, impact, and AC (F. C. IPCC, 2014). (Wall & Marzall, 2006) assessed community-level AC in rural Canada. The authors argued that improving capacity derived from both internal and external factors can increase the long-term sustainability of rural areas. The method of assessing AC at community level is given based on the literature review on sustainability to find out its application results. The set of indicators and common variables is selected according to the specific event and the type of adaptation. The research uses the basic framework and profiling tool („amoeba‟) to describe latent AC in the community. The researchers classified AC indicators into 5 components, including society, people, institutions, nature, and economy. The study concludes that the indicators used in this study cannot be replicated in other rural communities but the framework and profiling tool makes sense for future studies. (Simoes et al., 2010) study aims to improve AC for smallholders in semi-arid regions in Northeast Brazil. This area is home to many poor people, who are most affected by CC. The authors presented several specific initiatives to enhance AC of the Pintadas rural community. Developing comprehensive methods is a basic step to help smallholder farmers adapt to CC. The integration between AC and adaptation strategy was introduced in order to develop an effective adaptation method to help farmers escape poverty and reduce the impact of CC. The conclusion highlights the need for a study of community vulnerability and practical experiences. 8 (Selm, Hess, Peterson, Beck, & McHale, 2018) study conducted in North Carolina, US to assess household AC in the test area. Because household-level AC will affect resilience at the community level, it is necessary to have systematic measurement tools. The authors used scales and tools to measure proactive AC aspects of urban households. Applying a 4-capital livelihood approach: social, human, physical and financial, the study collected data from 200 households and checked the effectiveness of scales and measuring instruments by analysing the main components. The results of the study identified the effectiveness and practicality of this approach when determining three main parameters: financial capital, political awareness and access to resources to measure AC in different households. The findings match with other studies when selecting AC indicators related to income inequality and political awareness. However, the research emphasizes that this study should only be applied to urban areas because of the complexity in the relationships between livelihoods, financial, physical and human. In Asia CC has strongly impacted the region by increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heat waves, drought, floods and tropical storms. CC has increased the adverse conditions for the region. The risks of water shortages, stagnant agriculture and food insecurity, forest fires, coastal degradation, and human health are threatening the region. Therefore, improving AC is an urgent priority for Southeast Asia in the context of future climate change that is irregular and unpredictable. Building resilience covering areas such as policies and institutional framework, information and knowledge, social resources has been identified as priorities in the near future (ADB, 2009). (Defiesta & Rapera, 2014) paper identifies to determine the AC level of farmer households in the Philippines to find suitable adaptive solutions. The set of indicators were based on previous studies related to AC and vulnerability including 5 indicators of human resources, physical, financial, information and diversity. 9 Differences in each resource of information, material and financial were the cause of the changes in AC. These three indicators determined the AC of the household to high or low. Meanwhile, the author also found that farmers with high AC have implemented various adaptation measures. (Thanvisitthpon et al., 2020) developed a framework for assessing household flood adaptation in urban areas of Thailand. The set of AC indicators used for evaluation includes 06 components: economic resources, social resources, awareness and training, technology, infrastructure, institutions and policies. Statistical methods and structural equation models were applied to build suitable indicators and components. This information was collected from household interviews in urban flood areas. The study showed that if there are improvements in economic resources and infrastructure, AC will be high. The framework of this study can serve as a basis for assessing urban flood adaptability, and integrated flood risk management and assessment. (Thathsarani & Gunaratne, 2018) develops a set of AC indicators that respond to CC at the community and family level in Sri Lanka. The authors highlight that AC is constantly changing in each region, each community, and each group. A five-asset scales: economic, social, human, natural and physical scales were used to measure AC. Many households were interviewed to collect the data. Using the Weighted Principle Component Analysis (WPCA), Multiple Factor Analysis for Mixed Data and inter-household analysis to analyse household data. Research results showed that the types of assets were proportional to AC, including social, physical and economic. In contrast, humans were the type of property that was inversely related to AC. Poor households, regardless of geography, had fewer resources. The study offered recommendations to improve AC for households with less assets. In Africa 10