Tài liệu Về các nhóm đối xứng không thời gian mở rộng của lý thuyết trường lượng tử

'!' BC p~ .. "'.. BOC.TRtING~HQCCEUIENNGHIEPVA D~ mtfdNGB6I HOC TONGBOP m-AMI m6 BDad a NGIm ETh'E -===================================~======== Ng1V"bv1Jn ~9 .. n ,...' ..." "" OAe EQ( J)OI DG IHONGmm GUIi MO.R(8G onA If mtJIi~ mtfdHG L~G flf !rQntit 1* an Pho" !rUn 81 Khoa h9c ToSn Ji .. ~ 1y th~et -I:a hitu 10201 .. c.1l1V"&n Dganh V~t !DImrPROBOem .IE ~.. """"-""""'::."""'" ' :. " , "', J ,'\ ',0', ..1:.1 i'i:~L. I ~i "~'li'\"~:'~"" - 1966 """"-~~" , , "t., ..' ': i' ,.."..-,1 t j t:l)\} .., I hJ 'h::hL,;,: . " f :.' "-.'t, ~ I ~ ~ ,. ~ 1 cq hoc Ul,am ~ B~.an V&tJi Ji thwet trim ~ ihoa T&t 1i -~ h9O ~6Ds h~ ... ~~ ~ IDl\IDg ~C11 phS Jib , h~~ - Chi - KiDh . .- dAn s If~1n 11690Glao - Giao 811I. PhO.tUn sl. DucmgTan P1d . - G18.o all It TUn .1. , Ng\fO'i nhen xet 11 u~ ,~en xet as , CO' qUBn nhen xet, L$ n..mc hW t(l1 ,," an se ~ ~ vao hbi . bao vi tid gOi d:~ng chlIm 1$ ¥ h9c ~Ang h9$>T.P. JIb Chi nga;y thq nibn 1989 - Co 121' t1m hiAu lu'n Tang hC1.P~~ 'gia. . a , - .. .8n Nha J4iI1h an tCl-i !lhll vien 'lrIICIng d:~ h9c phS gb Ch! I[~ va t~ ']hit vi~n Q~c . fIij fJlu lincm doi ~ khcug ihc,i glan can ~n nhat Qua 1; thUY6t tI'lZCmgluvng t& tU'C'ngdot t{nh la nhoa Poincare" .Doi me; Poincare xu§:t phat t~ quan ni~m v~t ly cho rlng khong . , .. ", .. , thai gian cua ly thuygt tuong do1 hiP la dang nhEt va d~ hll6ng, vi vb cae d~c trtmg e~h~ lll9'llg t~ khong dU?c tbay d~l khi tlnh ti~ bo~c quay h~ t9a dQ ichong then. gia.'1. .. ..""........ lfuo~ P01ncace co 10 tham so, cae vi t~ Qua no la ceo tOaD tu. 4 - xung l~g Pp.va 4-j;enXO'1110 men xung luvng ~;"V .. Nhom conformal ,.." Ie Mom . '.. ioincare d01 Dmg ch~a Mom nhu mQt Mom con. h"homconformal la nhom co 15 tham 80, cac ".. "'" , vi ill cua no bao gam 10 vi tll cua MOil. poincare V8 ngoa1 ra ", C9J1 co vi tll D wong "".. ung vc11. phep bien - ~ , d01 co den tO8 d9 T8 KjA tlJ\;1ng ling vai phep blin d~1 conformal die trllllg. Nhoc conformal Is nhom r~ .nhSt g1lt ~t bi en hinh non anh sang.. G:i.~ thUt ~t bien conformal ngb1~m :tEh1 Xf hptolD-had1"Onpbi ido. r§ng nhom d01 ntng c, neng luvng cao d~c cae truang .. ..,~"",.. ...... boae Va ferIti vao cung mpt da tuyen dot xung va do do .dan den MUng khe Dang to ldn d~ xay dlJng ly thuy't tb6ng i:1hSt c.ac: , '.. "", tllO'ng tee cua cae b,t eO' bBn. cae ly tbuySt traong .~~iu d6i ximg co mpt as t:!Dh chat 1; tbUI SO'phin Q g1~11 1'0 rit so vGi cae l;tbuygt kbong siiudO't %ling tm:m.g ang, ob , t, .. ~t beng 80 ta1 . vacuum tr1~t Ji, .~ '. . .. J- dhuan hoa h~, tat ca cae gian db vong ~ %Un« t1eu, trung binh Tacuum CU~ tenxa n!ng luvng tr1ft tieQ v.v HIe ~Iu cae 1i tbuyft 81~u dS1 J ~Dibg~ ~S Db1'~. ohq A-~a1-C1.i'-'~,'t 1;12,,",D&b1,. .. rO r~g v".4'11 Jf;Q-ch* c&. chaing II:i.Dh.Uu.~S1 .' Tlj,.g . . . quA1;12110 1. qlq 1uft Quathe glat 12.1,octbb, ~~8 ,. giG gh 4'~Dh'~ DUt't h1,D r~h ~1't1 cgng trbh 11 thl1ye1: Db'. 11&. hf .1,~o dd1 =g -v6i tbltC 11~1i. c~ vit 1i h~t Ilguds. ta olio rh8' s1iu 461 x.ing ta 161 thc1a' - 'th,. chi h1fn 11&~Ii dU1 Db(t cbo mic v~ d'a' J18l1gt4J. aliA 11 tbu1it th5ug Dbgt ~wng taer' Steu d~1.g' si' BP dit m§t - trft -1:\1.0 do trons ph~ hOt, bOb chI ad t12ams6 tdl y cqA 04C 1; thuy't tbSD8 Dhlt,-s1&u d61 ~g co tb~ .~~~ quy3t ~ dUVc kIlla oph thu1'1: 'boD« Db't thuft' Qua vh cft h1e:tuc07 ~~~. 1i 1cfn (gred unU"1c:atj.on)-, V.V.. .0$0 1inttyet1:12&Dg .«, t~ . t,*o 121fl14.1 ~4t ~" ~iiu hS~ (supergraY1'ty), sUI1 day Csuperatring) .. ... f1" thee y t,aoDg 81@a dQ1%Qbg; diu . 1f "flu d\P1C ":~Id1ai . ,BAn luin in J)gbteD oaia, DJQ'tsS 'vCn cD ~gquaDh c&c Dbol\401 ~g .; r~, n01 trill. Saa etay '1. w.t#.~ cae v~ . 4:8 d1 8a11DgbUn o. .-. cae, ~~t qa&'.h c~ tl<; ~~I. -' .-. ~ 8*t hlnh th1io lup 8f.eu 'th~ gtp V$ 81h 1;ruWg 0u1 8iiu 481 JOing~ r~ng k't hgp -vthCt81 xUb' trong 30(2). DUngpb~})thalli '0 120. ttt{~ bcrp s1.~u-~*1Ii.2t vin 4pg phllmig phap 0$0 MAtt U3n cA. .t1~-~ .clc~ . Salam. do gt.a di tbll d. qQ.yllift b161 4A~t~y d~ c.. cic 'toe ~{, 81&u t~6 J)hep'14111 4&1cd 8U~ 4&1~ rJ:, ~~ .~t den cis tnyen do cae 401 12014~t me lip. rJJDrQ11gsu (2). %81818.11 tratmg If . 2 tt'O11g 818u c!~1 x.mg tAng quit, - ett~ l'QQgsQut. WghUno~ cae "1 11811he gLaa c&o~ phb o. ~ cang -Dba t:rutmg 1;hAJJhpJIb dft vG1 gta tbuy't 't1'pS th41 ftOU\l1l 1141 b1ea 81~ 461 =s .) r~ng. tao gt8. tha 4Il11Ooio It' th~ glia do hlJa tUQ'Ag!paD_t 411. owl 0&0 tN(,q tb$mr pItIia.trong sUa. bvo.s. .. 4- 2 t6acfi-t. . . '. -> -'.-. - .Uu xk1 dl1 Ii ;; Xh1o .at blim thvc lup 81eU kbong glan bar80111e Va t1'llCmgg1a1 t:Ccb cu8 nm)1Iitac gi8 (;olperin. OgievetvA cOns 8¥ - blM tbiic lufn c!1tVCtbw nhin 18 raOta day-c a~ "'~cblt Chi nb't cac li thu;ret sleu dol xUng';' r§.t:g 2 cbUa 481=g trong SU(2). JIbe, hlnb tbde lufn ~;rtcac bn>ermul'tiplet cU: s1eu dO1 . JJ. 2 chzqe 110 1;. bO1. cac s1€u tralmg tU1 t:Coh - cie 8ieu truang kboag bt rUg ~Qc d01 bb1 cae di'u klin hincbe cO t:Cnh ch!t ap dlt. Do do.' vcn eac sUu tr~g' gial ticb. co tb' 8P dpg phuong pbap Jibu steu tm~g. tAng ngquat P 1a 'tIt ~ ole Ph~p bign d~1 tw98d~ co dvng: , ~ ~- V , Mom ' I\~xv +.p (I.1) 'trong do 11 1.119.trfn c~ pbep b1Sn d~l Loren ~,\, 1e Yecta tbh uSn 4- *98 dQ. Ibom Po1Acue t6ng qUt la htPP~ Jabomcon cui P @1I ~e phep bi en d~1 (1.1) ..61. ~etl\. va ~~1. 1h,6Ephil Vf1l n8ng u.~o' T:i.en ~ # ~ bS::t bib cue MOlD Po1Jtcare hfP ki h1fu tllO'ng dot eua lith uygt lU911« ';0 " ... tLlO'!lg dQi tum d. phat b1E!11Mil 8au: ,"V()1. phep 'tie Po~nca" treng ~..' u~ 1;a htp, . v.cta 1 thai ., Ci>" cue ahOmcJo. bien cfAl thee bl~u c1dn .,. Pi" .. , cae , Uh t,c la Dboll 10 them eS, Vi t~ 1i. 4 vi ta tb;m tUn va 6 vi t&i quay. ,-, tit . clol .f,\" .., ..' dall 40 -c,agi8 trinh bBy dQi 80 cac vi tll. cue JIhOm rQincare, , cue , phUO'J1gPh~p pn6n 1091 ~e bl~u dien ,." A."',,- .." dQl so nhC)1,P,1h ~ cae gia tr:1, rieng 2.- Cae Sp!nCf Loren t Cee spina ' bit ~. , $ian Teet a phllC he 1 - '" en 1 ~U ' th\1c . h1tn Cbs cIQ.J t .11& ,cua cae -.as 1 II1r , .. . . A la cae yeu to cue lchuJ18 ~. o1eu ~'" d,i<311 . <:<:"80' t cue , ,.. pbu v~m nang cue.. n}:),QIt;Loren r.Ung L...,. ) ( 2, C) (Dbom nhq~ SL'.A , " ...'", CO hal khong gietn bieu d1e1l khac May 't~g ~ v(;i ha1 bi~u d1'In 1Ih.ang.'t IIO'Agduong cue SI,{ 2. C) , do 40 cO .hat 10fl spinal 8pinO' oh1ral-'t~1 'i~!-;6 khaaS- ~-d;i;)'~ sp1nO'Ohiral phs1 (oh! 84 cO eft..). Cae eptAO' ha1. thUh ."phlD .. ". do <111110" 891 11 cae spina \Yeylvi (flu Ueu cSuve 'fe,l 3 . duzag de .a h nO't1"1D6. DW1 pbip nstJJch If~ toe. 4~. spina m cbi e6 k!16Dg ob«. tren ct1\1,ln thanb ~tDa '9'c7tchI ,88 cO ch& da!\ va , n~ 1,t."£I~Tiftpbep btln ~~1 00 t{Db e1tft l!-6 c!uO1. dfDg lI't phep blln. f1'otncaft v~ . IIIlOm \ 'boa Dg,1. Sa'1 do :m1t hip ~ Jajorua). J.- BbOID819'1 461 ~t i)j .;. rOag !tho. 441 ~ 'oincban" cSlu DgWt1;a *l~ Dbo. G obaa Dbo. Poincare,,;" UJO1; , do1 ","X!.ZUghong Dbom t (spina. cl61-xtiag trong. cac. cI~ ,. d ..,.,., Iuy Dbien cO tl1l d1 D hOD*c c8c11ad ~ . .., '- , .. ut .... cac %1<1108 G Idt'angpb81 la cac nM. Lt. thm.S,.m:mg - 1& "" ~ ;. cae Mom Lie phan biG (graded). Mn cOM cac" Y1 ~.(thu9c pha. biG 0 '9'4 cI!IIJO&91 14 cae ~" CUB Dboll P01noare Vi t-i ch~n) dua them cae 1f1 t~ $piDC1(Ct. . Q. Hth* pban ~o 1 .:.' dJ.J9'C~1 18 cac vi 1;~ Ie). Dt1' as ma rQng, "It .. ..9 ".' "" g8m oa giao bon tit .. pttan g1ao hoeD tu. lChoa tmmg tJD8 'tCi'1 ct;1 aO nay dll9'C ~1 1.8 nbO:mdeu dB! xUrig; 8 " """ dOi Dmg. phan ~-" slc¥ . ~.. ", , hum bay ct.i 8 6 vi tl.: cua nholn s1€\.< , b .. ""~' . " 1001 oac leudieD uat tha quy cue d~l EO' .."" v . . ,.~ bi & c1 .., vaG eu ten cua del 80 nay co net d~c Di~t Sau do tac"l1i , 401 xung. "1a ca'; boson va cac :fermion n~m trong cims m9t sUu da. tUJ.I~;J va cO cims 11116:1 luvng. .. "'~ III\lC nay . 4.- ~ieu khBn~~~ - s~i~ t.rsmpg: ..Lrongt;Leu teie gie. trlnh 1187hbh tbalC 1. ~81eukhiiDg gian Y8 s1Cu tmang dot vc11 slall doi %Ung III1nl11a1 vat 1 vi t{, splnO' (N.1)StEIl kbang sian ls kbqg1an m& rSiDg cb.m cac t08 d9 khong thO1. g1an thOng thuDon.s . va c&e toe d Q spinO' ph8n €1ao been. BUu traang ls cac 'tzuOng ne dpm trang SUIl ][bong gian. Hlnb th&ic 1ujn. slau tuyen slell lofD b(t .Ugp tbeo dol' traOng cho phep mOt~ 89n gbe %Iing. 1.egrangian b(t bLh n cac guy tIc Fe7Dng& ngii 8:!.e~ truoemg. ~. .~ bien, . 1i tbQet cae eta nh1'u cO th~ phat b1~u trio 5.-, Jgom con1'orMl: .111Jbomconforlla1 cu8 kh6ng thO1 glaD ,~ d01 't98 d9 bao g~m: .. 18 Dhomcac ~ep ~~ - cac phep bi&n-a&l cue Mom Foincare, - Phep Mill - . ~> 0 Phep bl.Sn etAl eon1'orma1 dIe trung , dA! co din toa .~~ %~ % .. ~ . or.1{xl (~ D .. dQ ][bong thCn. g1an -~ x2), tT(-x} . (I.2) 1-=.-c2x2 (I. 1) lIhom conformal co 15 them 86. cac v1 tu. 141'i1,&\'" ~ , I \ va K}\. ' Sau do tae gi~ trlnh 18y d,1 86 cao vi tal, gisi b8y thIGhvat Ii oao pbep'b1fn et~l (I.2) ya (I.3>,.tr1nh , phuO'Ag phap II Jt cae bieu I- dien cam 8inh cas Maclcey, Salam de L a .,. .. III II' ao dtnb quy lut~ bi.u do! cna toen hr tmcmg doi YC1 cae , !It_" ., phep billU.l 401 cua ahom confer_l. II A 6 - ~O. auperooafo~, 1IItOa ~omu. 1a .. . .. 0- .ahOa 00a1'01"881 .. oa- cia- DI too thimll do1 .& kla .. ~ .~ T1 ~ 8p1AO'. ta pb8t t1tb yao 481 a8 .. .."".. ooafo1'1l812 n tw fI.c'" mOtvi. tll vo haons cae hi tl..m bop YJ _0 .tJtb cf41 84 8UpU'OOllfOr8alII. ap1DG'S~. . JJI/ . trinh -7. Cb .. U. sIiu WI XIfBGJ! ROBO d:r YCh~I .' ~.~ (2f -. 1.- C"'Q nhna at an ~. 1 "Zm'Ia' ~ ..' JIbc)a aia. do1 DD8 -~ ... ... *'., t nnh bay acbuung I la 110'*g aptDCt be Dltft cua nhOm 461 " II'" *'.6' mag Po1ncar.. ~ &91 Dbo. 40 18 81eu 481 11 1 (I ki h1.jQ 86 ...1 1a; spina). cO thi .0. r9ag at cao Dho. 81eu clSl ~g all;. Jl vi tu. &pUla (Ii> 1). ]flu 117 »ft tg sp1Da @ 18 bilu d11a fXI8b c~ clSI xUng t1"ODgSU(]I) ta 00 cfel s4 81811 ., *' . ~ . '~. *' dot XIIIIg110'rOag ...t hVJ»IIOt each kb&tg tIa thl8mB dol ~ khong thCtt g!.8D va 4ft =a . hong Sf (]f). . ~. . 'fruimg h9P 40'!1 paD JIbI t oua 818u QU~D1Dg..., rOD& .. 18 trWl1g h9P steu cI41 Dug wb rpng kIt hgp Wi {-1 (ZZ+ zZ-+'J exp[Hit"S + S~}]J( exp(1~ .eJCp[i(~Q 1-GvJ~(o)cxr[-i(qG+G.¥J]" expr..i(~S ...S-iJj exp[i( zZ + trong do ta tlr spinO'. Sco( !! Qco(~ .lJ...- ~f voc.::' .vo( da 4n , 8.!! CK. .A.- , v~::. va de r; h1fu Teo cae.Q zZ+)Je-xp(-i.)(J'4~J h1iu Bau d~ phan biit - -6-';'i, ~ - Q",2.2" -Q.x -Q..< , = (leo)=- tp(O /0 1 2 vI - -2 -1 QJc " Q... 0<.- ~ -&"" ~ , dAi d~T ,,'U "' '"~"""- '~~-~.'--'--'-'-'- u..;.7) . ,0,0,0,0) biSn (II.6) 2tX E -f1,;.,,-. ~=("$.,f)-'~"ZI'f/"Z) J.- Qpy .,1ait (II.5) . , (II.S) oftUAe4e .fa t:' .. }Jam trm7p~ toRn 1;~ dot TM MC n" p. ruoarw T~ sUD. dot' ""7I'1D'ilia , ..'rt)J1' SU (2) : hep big~ aA1 eU4 "" i .. nAIIJ""f' 'f/Ii."> I""""" . t;r',I"..f,-'!..J.Ij!.:'nU~ij "c' "'r\"""\ f'~"\,.~.,i ! . 0 I ""1 \' N,'. "", .Ili. ! 11i\.,:It.:~:h')'.\..t" ~...,~-, ":.~ :"'.. ; L ", " J 1"'f Tat ~_Uu irWq 80 4Pah Db" (II.5) bi'n d~l -81 day OU~,tell tras luft ~ 'b1h d&1 [SOl.' ( S~ s6 = -, ~ J = -i ~ (II.9) ' 1> ~~ , (11.10 + (CT~~)~ ~ - ( t) oa/4'. .~] = i,,~. 1 -i~ () .it /o("I"T' ~ = (Q~lt] = i~~ l -(?o-Jt)Oc~cp-2i~~~ ~~ = ' [ Z+, ~] = D~ dm +(~1t7} of i* i * ()ML'h-Zi~ oc. / ) (11.11) [Q-.,1J . [Z ,t1 ., : ' 30' ,Q~ ,Z [~ ' p J t. 00 till rUt ra q\:.y d51 Tas. cao phep .T '" ;, %- (11.12) ~ J (11.13) . (II.14) . (I1.15) quy 1ujt b13n d~1 cua sUu traOong 2. ~t) ( - i(t}~" CJq~- ~~f~" i5)t'r - i (Q5t~rr>-rr . -"V - 0 rh ) ( ) J + i (~~v{}.;z. + I t1-~\I~ az, r 'J 12 '- ling v61. cae vi tll ~vaJ:-: ~ - 3rz"ft - ~~~II'l)~ + (JUG) - T(+fC.!n'i-'l!.\T (~-L +;;- a_ VT", ;J= L { , . ~ fIV u~ + i[(it-~"if) +($f)}(),M "'1: (* -- -( -2: * - '12 I 1 'i) '? i. J.. r J :-'£~.: ..)] ~tr -7rz)~ + (Ih4..6.) - ' (11.17) . - [T2, 1>1== {TZ + - '?~)+ (iJ~ -~: 7~- ~I(-&f.z - (~'1 - 7~~)~ + ~ (~~+7?):z +~(*+rr?):z-J 3 t1\ (T ,TJ - 1> fT3 - -t - v~if)~,M +1 (-e-~~ . TIl' kha1 7C~0l "'p (II.18) \ 3 -~ + 2-(~z;&.+ -&a~ -~ d - 0 '\ ~ - ?ail J + At - (&'l).£... ~:Z of-(-&if)03%J r 2-aUIl 2. 1 . "1-= At-I . . (II.19) trutmg 0(' !>. =2: II-IrA. Ie '".",P.m!n!pt 1 ~) 10:> ..., Is cae toa .~ sp1Da BajOftDa Ya Dt 'trung ti1lab')sng o. ~ gl.a ibilt bat 108 cO hi t1u;c sa" 461 vb1 ball ba1 411. ou1 ,. cae b1(a . , = (~,~,'l)P(y,t"5)lo) (ot +f(~-i~,."e- -i:~JI"'l) ,(+-'t),Ct- ~y~(y,o.o)J~" (; PhuoJag trlu.., , " (11.24) db ifa ":-) ,hll'aDg U:bIa ..R 461 Ted cac t1'W'Ag thUhplah: /. \ ~ k-~ 1 i«t ... ~". 1ft!Pi! P!a! ,;. - .. .'" 1oIlY t h UBkhu .aaag cach can UIUlg b, 80 hvO'Ccua nhau cas cac t98 G9 spinata tbR dl19"=cae h~,th1iC' g;1i1s eic ~\>- .. A ... ~- A : 0.1 -- (n.26) 15 . ~.5) . ( "\1.0. A(I), / (I) ~ ::- . "r8lp(;c) ()(1);, ') ' l.t{~);S(X?I= -\,4\~(~t(,,91 < "IJI) A (II.2'O = < r:()()A(x'» , , < A (~) 'f~'~ (x') > = < A(x) ,:(":")> (II.29) (II.)O) / 1 (II.)4) (A(x) A~)(x/i'; = < 1:1.,::) A ()v) I (II.)5) 1:rcmgdo 'ta 'dB.Jri hifu: eofc,o) :: A (K) - J (J'.) indlS1 xUng trong 0(2) (hey U(1) }. . 1'~~g .'." &Sng vTt81e.u. kbang glen harmonic ls: dUng mOt . 8ieu t~ tf (:rn.2). d~ng then. dim V80 bien so g1aJ1' COIl '" d~c'btft a mc1i d~trlnh bsJ' 1i ., .. thuy't dLrcY1dQIlgbi~p bi4n sri(2). Caa bilin so a:1i.phsi lien hi cac bi~\1 di~n.. U(1) vM c8eb1~1i. dien o~ sr;(2); 40 ls cae tQa d~ harsonic ~g,~t.chl ~ <1: ~!ij6 80: St;{2), j: : chI s8 U{1)). cae t~~ d§ bar.onio laeac YO'huang Loren Va 18 cae y~u 'to' ch~n . Sf! "'--it...'" .. .. . .. , 1 J( .cue u.i,8~ ~-~msn~ ,/,U.JO'cacbien so harulOn:!.c, 00 the cbuyen tu. b1~1t !'",Ii.- SU(2) thaxm bdu di~n U(1): '.,. ." 'f'- = 'Yi u; '\f+:i;1f~!"'f, Va DgII9'C 1011" # t'c "f' , = 1.4+1'\f~ .. - .. . u-"f' -t , f~. . . . + 3a~ do ~3cg1a trJ.nh Day cae tJ.nn ehft cue 111 ,quy 'V'lphb. t {oh pi18n t'heo u. . .. tLeh".., mAt t{ ~H CO'sa ~ BO'J!'i~1 VB Bien t:rvenw gi81t:lCh.l8 cO'.a bao g'Omcae t9a d9: 2., j ,. -- - 18 -of- -+" - -- :t l'x.a 1 -&~ 1 -&~ ' -&~ ,1t~ -' Uj "} < en!.2) , r ~I /It. . i , M , -+ - . = '6:. u.~ -,~-V-. 0(.' Stillkbang glen /4 S l )(A ribg ' .+ ~CII. ' - con Ten cac tQ& d~: +l it:, nO 1& k!n dol Wi va ct. - ~ . ...Q..1; -v~ :=' -e-fut.f . ' - 2.r( ...uri»J) lAc,L$j) , "" = )(r U -J .do1 s1e\l d51 Ding Sa", ihOnggiaD can gist t{ch. got 1& slell cac pb.p (III.J) M;n 31h ~1UOna :zac dtnh trone; 81 en kh3ng g:t8lt cen gi81 -t{ch d!lllC sgl 18 siill ~mOoag g:tal tich: ' ~ J; tlf' + -+'" ':t (x...,-& 1" , U-) = ~ ~ (i) :: .:t.(ZA'U)' (III.4) . SUa. 1;mdng g:t:l t:Cch (III.4) khan~ P:-;9 thu;c -a-, t';. DUIg "t!ci1 1](1) Is. q. S1en tro~ g181 t[ch va 1101chan.s ~ cO 1d1e! ~ rJ.ln ~('f) ]! (~/LI) = th4nh phh nha sau I FCII' ~ '\U(q--t) -'1-~-('i-" (XA,u) + ~ TO( ("p. 1"') ~ t7Ot'1 ("A .IA' T (..+-&'1-) N\(4'?,,-. ,LI) + (i"'~+)N(1-2}~.Ll1+( (-e-"t.+)-ft+"'.1.(4-1)" '\ + .. :;;Ho- \~,IAJ (iJ+-e--f") ( i+.e:+'-a."!';;"(1-3) / ~ ("AI") + ( i't-~+) 3> (4t"'4t'St./ 14) . , .. cae truong thl1~. e+!T"".&'"f\;:r-~KA,~I) -t ... (III.5) ...a- .. khat trien(III.5) tts8Dh puan trong 118)41 cac ~a 4~ khOu& thOotg!sn . pi}\1 xA' C~)J1vea cac t9a d~ h8Z"1lOG1cuf ..at tballli phln de} 101 co khat tr1~n th~o cac t9s d~ harmnic, v!. dv. dot vO1 P{q)c.XA' uZ): - . -to .., 00 .L 'P()q ~ ( ) %",1&"'::0 cac t~ (i... .f );; 'ft"'" \ ...J..) U.+ (~) . '1". feil'" 1n'tq ;11 %" va 18 Me 11111.1d1;. bit :1-~-J ' ...Ll 1.1. ("f"'f.1 -J' . (III.6) n ;}n)(xA) cbl conphv. kit. QI.1Yl1oan toM .do1 1! :mng cuaSU(2) wi gia:t t!cb.ch~ Tah~ isosp1n .n + q/2. Bhl! Tir, ~ 1.soeptn. m§i; 8~~U tmODg Dhlen t;mag tbfc t.; chi ~ ~iil 1$1 c~ 18OS'pU1~~ Dhlit, cac 18ospm cOn 41 ~ . '/, , ~c tv do b6 ~rv ho"c C8Cbjc t\1' do sause. o8c , .3.- Mq ~ ca~ t/.'We~.muJt1-nlet c~ !d~1il d&i. ~r"2 si€cu t=~~ gi~i t!ch: chUB 1aoftoublet TQ huOng 'fi ( if' <'>.! .S~) tren ~. 188ii!u q+ (ZA TO kbOiluvng. tmo.ng giai tfcb vobucmgj', 7~U8 D1rao S1.eu 'tzvGong gLS1 'ttcb 'turJJl& pbac cO tfen Den 18. + 'I Ho--S1;ell-~8D4 ' ui) .Hyperuw:tiplat iaos1:nglet H7Pft1IIIlltip1et 1.eosingletsp1,na ~"'g : cba iaotrtplet vo buC7ng ;(1.3) va iaoa:1nglet spiDO' 'leyl hen vo kh51. larzng. lith trag gi;1 tlc'h :tacmg aing J1 sieu. nvOng giSt t{ch thvoc cO t:lab -t ;(1) b~ng 0:, (.I.J(ZA,t#).- S1.en t~ .~ g1al t{oh v *CZA-U %) , ." tU'O'llg mg vCri hypermult:1plet trm:m;g c:huan chiIa :l.8os1.Dg1et vo huang ph~c C, 1aodou'b1et ap1na .jo~ X va 1aos1Aglet Ie '-~ctC' Tjt'\ . T1rC'ng Ung v-71 Ii thu7ft cfldn thOng th.a7ng. V++(z.A.~ u:t) dU'~ ch9D- 14 thl;c. . ' ' P"! .'"I~Acec, , h ..aJII -t I~~, ~n ), Ri "i. ~ CoB 4.- C,",eh~ than ' --A .. vi II. i ".- !ch , t. rllO'1'l~ iron;:! si~n~.. tracm{l '. : CSC s1 ell t mcmg ~ gi~1' t {cbkhorg ~ rant; btt~ bO1. cae cn'l1 k1~n I1p ch')'do '"" '.' . , II .'." do do1 VO'l. cb !.mg. ta co the ap d\.U1gphucmg phsp noll 0' my.c 4 , ~ .. .. .. ', .. chU'O'tlg II dol vo1. Bien tra - Xem thêm -