Tài liệu Transportation research congress 2016 innovations in transportation research infrastructure

Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Congress 2016 Transportation Research Congress 2016 Innovations in Transportation Research Infrastructure Beijing, China June 6–8, 2016 EDITED BY Linbing Wang, Ph.D.; Jianming Ling, Ph.D.; Pan Liu, Ph.D.; Hehua Zhu; Hongren Gong; and Baoshan Huang, Ph.D., P.E. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH CONGRESS 2016 INNOVATIONS IN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE PROCEEDINGS OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH CONGRESS 2016 June 6–8, 2016 Beijing, China SPONSORED BY China Research Institute of Highway Tongji University Southeast University Harbin Institute of Technology Chang’An University University of Science and Technology Beijing Construction Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITED BY Linbing Wang, Ph.D. Jianming Ling, Ph.D. Pan Liu, Ph.D. Hehua Zhu Hongren Gong Baoshan Huang, Ph.D., P.E. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 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Transportation Research Congress 2016 iii Preface Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Transportation infrastructure plays a critical role in the economic development of a country and the daily life of everybody. Transportation researchers and engineers have always been making efforts towards the ambition of sustainable, smart and resilient transportation. The recent years have seen numerous innovations in transportation materials, design, testing and characterization, construction, operation, maintenance and rehabilitation. This ASCE Special Technical Publication contains sixty-eight fully-reviewed papers, covering the topics of pavement materials, pavement structures, geotechnical engineering, and bridge engineering. These papers were presented at the inaugural meeting of the Transportation Research Congress (TRC) held at the National Convention Center, Beijing, China, June 6-8, 2016. The TRC is jointly organized by universities, research institutes, industries, and China Highway and Transportation Society. TRC is intended to serve as an international platform for researchers, educators, practicing engineers, investors, entrepreneurs, and government officials in transportation infrastructure from all over the world. At TRC, experts will present the latest research findings, exchange research ideas, share experiences and lessons learned, showcase successful innovations and practice, identify research and educational needs and provide consultations to transportation community on a regular basis. Section 1 Materials Twenty-seven papers are included in this section, covering mix design, testing, characterization and modeling of asphalt, cementitious, and base pavement materials. Various sustainable materials, novel testing and modeling methods, and different material properties and performance characteristics are involved. Section 2 Pavement Structure Seventeen papers cover the response and long-term performance of asphalt and concrete pavements under traffic and different climatic conditions. Different preventive maintenance and rehabilitation strategies are also provided. Section 3 Geotechnical Engineering Twenty-three papers offer the latest research on the construction and behavior of tunnels, deep foundations, deep excavations, special foundations and geologies. Section 4 Bridge Engineering Two papers provides the advances in the technologies of energy harvest from bridges and health monitoring system of bridges. © ASCE Transportation Research Congress 2016 iv Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. All papers published in this ASCE Special Technical Publication were evaluated by at least two reviewers as well as the editors. All comments were adequately addressed by the authors of these accepted papers. In addition, all published papers are eligible for discussion in the Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering or Journal of Transportation Engineering and can also be considered and recommended for ASCE paper awards. The editors would like to thank all the authors who have submitted their papers to the inaugural meeting of TRC. Thanks also go to many reviewers for their time and efforts. The editors are appreciative to Laura Ciampa and Katerina Lachinova from the ASCE Construction Institute (CI), and Donna Dickert from the ASCE Publications for their great support in approving and scheduling the publication of this proceeding. Editors Linbing Wang, Virginia Polytechnic University Jianming Ling, Tongji University Pan Liu, Southeast University Hehua Zhu, Tongji University Hongren Gong, University of Tennessee Baoshan Huang, University of Tennessee © ASCE Transportation Research Congress 2016 v Contents Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Materials Research on Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixture Based on Surface Energy Theory ................................................................................................................................1 Yu Sun and Lihan Li Analysis on Moisture Susceptibility of Warm Mix Asphalt Affected by Moist Aggregate and Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycles ...........................................................................12 Jie Ji, Peng Zhai, Zhi Suo, Ying Xu, and Shi-Fa Xu Properties and Performance Evaluation Index of Lateritic Gravel from Mali in West Africa...............................................................................................................................22 Gengzhan Ji, Jinsong Qian, and Guoxi Liang The Effect of Material Composition on Abrasive Resistance of Pavement Concrete ........................................................................................................................................31 Ping Li, Ying Li, Lingyi Kong, Feili Pan, and Qiumin Wang Investigation on Inherent Anisotropy of Asphalt Concrete Due to Internal Aggregate Particles ......................................................................................................................39 J. Chen, Y. Kong, H. Wang, Y. Chen, and J. Liu Evaluation of Rejuvenator on Softening, Toughness, and Diffusion Ability for Lab-Aged SBS Modified Asphalt .........................................................................................49 Zhen Wang, Zhen Li, Gen Li, Hao Liu, and Liying Yang Research of Marshall Test Evaluation Method Based on Anti-Cracking Material .........................................................................................................................................61 Li Liu, Zhaohui Liu, Sheng Li, and Yu Xiang Preliminary Study of Using Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Catalyst in Asphalt ......................................................................................................................................69 Jianming Wei, Yanan Li, Meng Xu, Xingong Zhang, and Yuzhen Zhang Law and Corresponding Relationship between TFOT and PAV of Asphalt .........................82 Guizhao Li, Yelong Feng, Yuzhen Zhang, Cheng Liu, Fuqiang Dong, and Yuchao Lv Nanomaterials in Civil Engineering: A State-of-the-Art Review ............................................88 Lei Gao, Ren Zhen, Xiangjuan Yu, and Keyi Ren The Influence of Foaming Water Content on the Aging Characteristic of Foamed Warm-Mix Asphalt .......................................................................................................98 Fuqiang Dong, Xin Yu, Xingmin Liang, Shengjie Liu, Gongying Ding, and Bo Xu © ASCE Transportation Research Congress 2016 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Cement Asphalt Mastic Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Research ......................................................................................................................................106 Yunliang Li, Menglong He, Jiuye Zhao, Shanshan Wang, Lun Ji, Ouyang Jian, and Yiqiu Tan Laboratory Test of Expansive Soil Improved by Lime–Basalt Fiber Reinforcement ............................................................................................................................120 Yuehua Wang, Shu Sun, Wei Ye, Fulin Li, and Hanfei Ding Laboratory Research on Fatty Acid Based Biobinder as an Addition for Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt ............................................................................................127 Jiayun Zhang, Gang Xu, Minghui Gong, and Jun Yang Dynamic Shear Modulus Prediction of Asphalt Mastic Based on Micromechanics .........................................................................................................................141 Naisheng Guo, Zhichen Wang, Zhanping You, and Yinghua Zhao Creep Instability Rules of Asphalt Mixture Based on Compression-Shear Fatigue Test ................................................................................................................................156 Junxiu Lv, Xingyu Gu, Xiaoyuan Zhang, and Yiqing Dai Concrete Strength Monitoring Based on Piezoelectric Smart Aggregates ...........................165 S. Yan, J. Chen, and W. Sun The Influence of Mixing Temperature on the Performance of Hot In-Plant Recycled Asphalt Mixture .........................................................................................................173 Xuchang Ying and Songlin Ma Asphalt-Aggregate Interface Failure Mechanism and Its Characterization Methods .......................................................................................................................................182 Xin Qiu, Shanglin Xiao, Qing Yang, and Xiaohua Luo Experimental Study on the Effect of Steel Slag Powder and Fine Steel Slag on the Performance of Asphalt Mixture ..................................................................................195 Bangwei Wu, Liping Liu, Guowei Liu, and Yanjin Feng Study on the Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane Modified Emulsified Asphalt ........................................................................................................................................207 Dongwei Cao, Yanjun Zhang, Lei Xia, Yingfu Li, and Haiyan Zhang Influence of CWCPM on the Mechanical Property of Cement Stabilized Aggregate ....................................................................................................................................216 Cuizhen Xue, Aiqin Shen, Tianqin He, and Zhenghua Lv Application of 3D Fractal Dimension in Describing Surface Morphology of Aggregates ..............................................................................................................................225 Lingjian Meng, Yue Hou, Zhenyu Qian, Linbing Wang, and Meng Guo © ASCE vi Transportation Research Congress 2016 vii Experimental Research on Mix Design and Pavement Performance for Special Basalt Fiber Reinforced OGFC Asphalt Mixture......................................................233 Xudong Zha, Jieyuan Deng, and Chengjian Zhang Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Design and Text Method of Indoor Noise for Micro-Surfacing Mixture .............................242 Zhen Li, Hao Liu, Yuming Dong, and Zhen Wang The State-of-the-Art of Multiscale Mechanical Modeling Methods for Hydrated Cement Concrete ......................................................................................................251 Wenjuan Sun, Yue Hou, and Linbing Wang Effect of Aggregate Mineral Composition on Polish Resistance Performance ....................263 Zhenyu Qian, Jiangfeng Wu, Fengyan Sun, and Linbing Wang Pavement Structure Preventive Maintenance Decision Making of Asphalt Pavement Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method ..............................................................................272 Xiaoshan Liu, Haichen Yu, and Haiyao Miao Public Transport Choice Behavior Model of Short Trip under the Subtropical Climate ...................................................................................................................280 Jianmin Xu, Xiaoran Qin, and Yingying Ma The Long Term Service Performance of Non-Slip and Noise Reduction Asphalt Pavement Followed Up and Observed in the Southern Climates ...........................291 Xian-Ping Tang, Wen Yi, Xian-Feng He, and Bo Yao Research on Pavement Materials and Innovations in Intelligent Transportation Systems.............................................................................................................299 Shanglin Song, Linbing Wang, Meng Guo, Yue Hou, Zhoujing Ye, and Qian Zhao A Brief Review for SMA Pavements in China ........................................................................305 Meng Guo, Yiqiu Tan, Xuesong Du, Rui Wen, and Ming Zhang Environmental Impacts of Different Maintenance and Rehabilitation Strategies for Asphalt Pavement ..............................................................................................312 Bingye Han, Jianming Ling, and Hongduo Zhao Numeric Analysis of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete Pavement.......................................323 Yiqing Dai, Zhenyi Wang, Junxiu Lv, and Xingyu Gu Mechanical Response Analysis of Asphalt Concrete Overlay Placed on Asphalt Pavement Considering Cross-Anisotropic Pavement Materials .............................333 Yingbin Hu, Kezhen Yan, and Lingyun You © ASCE Transportation Research Congress 2016 viii Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Incorporating Life Cycle Science into Asphalt Pavement Maintenance Decision Making .........................................................................................................................341 Haoran Zhu, Haiquan Cai, Jinhai Yan, Hao Li, and Hui Li Long-Term Performance Study of Long Life Pavement Pilot Section in Jiangsu, China........................................................................................................................353 Aihua Liu, Hao Li, and Peng Zhang Research on Influencing Factors for Permanent Deformation of Soil Base of Low Embankment Highway ........................................................................................364 Wei-Zhi Dong and Fu Zhu Prototype Modeling of Pile-Type Piezoelectric Transducer for Harvesting Energy from Vehicle Load ........................................................................................................374 Yanliang Niu, Hongduo Zhao, Xueqian Fang, and Yujie Tao Real-Time Monitoring System and Evaluation Method of Asphalt Pavement Paving Temperature Segregation ...........................................................................383 Lili Zhang, Yan Shi, Zhiqiang Zhao, and Peng Zhang Study on the Long-Term Performance of Subgrade Structure Considering Environmental and Climatic Factors .......................................................................................396 Yanbin Ruan, Bin He, and Wanping Wu Research on RLWT and APA Rutting Loading Mode Based on Digital Image Technology ......................................................................................................................400 Cheng Wan, Qiang Yi, Bin Yang, Ke Xu, Yongjun Meng, and Hongliu Rong Self-Powered Intelligent Monitoring System for Transportation Infrastructures ..............409 Linbing Wang, Zhoujing Ye, Yue Hou, Hailu Yang, and Xinlong Tong Highway Geometric Design for Mountainous Regions Considering the Vehicle-Road Coupling Factors ................................................................................................420 Lei Yue, Yuchuan Du, and Hongyun Yao Geotechnical Experiment Study on Tunnel Crown Collapse and the Bolt Anchoring Effect in Weak and Broken Rock Mass ...................................................................................430 Q. W. Xu, W. T. Wang, P. P. Cheng, H. H. Zhu, and W. Q. Ding Study on the Optimization of Underground Continuous Wall Embedded Depth of the Super Large Pit ....................................................................................................438 Jiabing Yao, Jiangshan Fu, Xin Xu, and Shimin Wang Studies of the Effect of Seasonal Temperature Change on a Circle Beam Supporting Excavation ..............................................................................................................446 Chang Liu, Yan-Po Liu, Gang Zheng, and Ya-Long Zhang © ASCE Transportation Research Congress 2016 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Finite Element Analysis on the Influence of Unloading Effect and Rebound Effect on Load and Settlement of Single Pile ..........................................................................463 Chang Liu and Deqiang Guo Research of Prediction Method on Geology Faults of Karst Area in Southwest of Guangxi Province ..................................................................................................................472 Haibo Yao, Weidong Lv, Yansheng Geng, and Fan Wang Centrifuge Modeling of Geosynthetic-Encased Stone Columns in Soft Clay under Embankment ...................................................................................................................486 Liangyong Li, Jianfeng Chen, Cao Xu, and Shouzhong Feng The Preparation and Properties of New Subgrade Replacement Material in Discontinuous Permafrost Zone ...........................................................................................496 Dongfeng Chen, Chunyu Zheng, Jinsong Qian, and Dongxue Li Influence on High-Speed Railway Bridge Caused by Shield Tunneling in Sandy Pebble Stratum and Its Controlling Technologies ......................................................507 Panpan Cheng, Qianwei Xu, Guyang Li, and Xiaoliang Li Effect of Subway Tunnel Excavation by Drill-Blasting Method on Pipeline .......................521 Yongyan Yu, Yongtao Gao, and Zijian Du Experimental Study on Dynamic Characteristics and Associated Influencing Factors of Saturated Sand ....................................................................................530 Xiangjuan Yu, Zhen Ren, and Lei Gao Research on Mechanical Properties of Existing Station Structure While Diaphragm Wall Is Demolished during Construction ............................................................537 Xingzhu Shen, Qiang Qi, Quanxia Yang, and Shimin Wang Research about Effect of Defects of Filled Layer in Inverted Arch on the Deep-Buried and Heavy-Haul Railway Tunnel Structures and Its Reinforcement Measures ...........................................................................................................545 Shimin Wang, Qingyang Yu, Xingzhu Shen, Xiangfan He, and Jiabing Yao Three-Dimensional Calculation on Vertical Soil Displacement of Shield Tunnel Induced by Ground Loss Considering Consolidation ...............................................553 Wenjun Zhang, Mingming Jin, Huayang Lei, Heng Kong, and Caixia Guo Research on Optimization of the Stratum Reinforcement Scheme When Shield Tunnel Crossing the Fault Fracture Zone ...................................................................569 Xiangfan He, Hongzhao Feng, Feng Gao, and Shimin Wang Stratigraphic Classification Based on the Evaluated Difficulty of the Construction by Using Shield Tunneling Machine .................................................................577 Mengbo Liu, Shaoming Liao, Longge Xiao, and Chihao Cheng © ASCE ix Transportation Research Congress 2016 x Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Comparative Study on Suitability of EPB Machine in Typical Sandy Cobble Ground in China ........................................................................................................................590 Chihao Cheng, Shaoming Liao, Lisheng Chen, and Zhe Zhou Numerical Analysis of Highway Tunnel Fire under Semi-Transverse and Transverse Ventilation Systems................................................................................................604 Bin Xue, Jianzhong Pei, Jiupeng Zhang, Yanwei Li, Rui Li, and Linghao Zhou Mechanical Behavior of SSPC Segment Used in Launching and Arrival of Shield Machine in Soft Ground ................................................................................................614 Wenjun Zhang, Gaole Zhang, Huayang Lei, Mingming Jin, and Atsushi Koizumi Research on Settlement in Full-Face Excavation Model Test of Shallow Buried Tunnel Based on ADECO-RS ......................................................................................627 Shi Tan, Wenqi Ding, Cheng Liu, and Chao Duan Brief Introduction of Synchronous Grouting Model Test Based on Quasi-Rectangular Shield Tunnel ............................................................................................640 Chao Duan, Wenqi Ding, Tianchi Zhao, Tao Tang, and Peinan Li Study of the Formation and Supporting Principle of Filter Cake in Slurry Shield Tunneling by Particle Flow Code .................................................................................648 R. Jia, F. L. Min, W. Zhu, and W. J. Zhang Chamber Pressure Optimization for Shield Tunneling .........................................................662 Zhouxiang Ding, Peng Wang, and Siyuan Wang Bridge Engineering Theoretical Modeling on Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Bridges Considering Roadway Surface Irregularities ..........................................................................673 Z. W. Zhang, H. J. Xiang, and Z. F. Shi The Health Monitoring System Design for Bridge Based on Internet of Things .....................................................................................................................................685 Xinlong Tong, Zhoujing Ye, Yinan Liu, Hailu Yang, Yue Hou, and Linbing Wang © ASCE Transportation Research Congress 2016 1 Research on Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixture Based on Surface Energy Theory Yu Sun1 and Lihan Li2 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 1 Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Transportation Engineering, Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China, P.O. Box 201804 (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected] 2 Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Transportation Engineering, Tongji Univ., Shanghai, China, P.O. Box 201804. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT According to surface energy theory and adhesion-peeling model, Wilhelmy plate method and sessile drop method are respectively used to test the surface free energy parameters of asphalt and aggregates so that adhesion work and peeling work can be calculated. ER is an evaluation product based on adhesion work and peeling work, which can reflect the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture because of its good correlation with macroscopic index. The higher ER is, the better the mixture performs. Results show that short-term aging, contrary to long-term aging, improves the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture; soaking will decrease the anti-stripping ability; freezing has no effect on moisture susceptibility, but additional high temperature thawing process will reduce the resistance to water damage. Anti-stripping ability of asphalt mixture is improved with the increasing of surface roughness; an increase in surface water and clay content is detrimental to moisture susceptibility. 1. INTRODUCTION Because of its short construction period, improved driving comfort and safety, asphalt pavement has become more and more popular. However, moisture induced damage (Huang, 2006; Wang, 2010) of asphalt pavement can seriously lower its service performance. Water comes into the interface of asphalt and aggregates, which makes asphalt fall off from aggregates, and then asphalt mixture becomes loose, resulting in pit and groove under the traffic loads. Besides the external factors including load and water, moisture induced damage also depends on the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture. At present, many methods and indexes (Hansen, 1991; Brown, et al. 1972; Lynn, et al. 1993; Ronald, et al. 1994; James, 1991) have been put forward, such as water-boiling method, soaking method, and freeze thaw split test. However, these methods and indexes all evaluate the performance from the macroscopic aspect, ignoring the process and mechanism of moisture damage. Some researchers found that surface energy theory (Cheng, 2002) and its test methods can well explain the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture. According to the surface energy theory, the adhesion between asphalt and aggregates mainly depends on their wetting function. When the asphalt diffuses and wets the surface of aggregates, some energy will be released, which depends on the intimate contact and mutual attraction of asphalt and aggregates. It is easier for water to intrude into the asphalt-aggregate interface because the adhesion between water and aggregates is lager, which will lead to the water damage of asphalt pavement. Therefore, surface energy theory and its test methods are used in this paper to evaluate the adhesion and peeling characteristics of asphalt mixture. Furthermore, moisture susceptibility and its influence factors can be explored according to the parameters of surface energy. © ASCE Transportation Research Congress 2016 2 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Theory of adhesion between asphalt and aggregates Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 2.1.1 Cohesiveness of asphalt Cohesiveness of asphalt is the ability of creating relative displacement to resist the deformation under the external force, which is produced by both asphalt and aggregates. Although the cohesiveness is not as large as the interlocking and the adhesion, it still plays an important role in the moisture susceptibility. Research shows that the larger the viscosity is, the higher the cohesiveness is, accompanied with improved moisture susceptibility (Lai, 2004; Yan, 1997). According to surface physical chemistry (Zhu, 1996), homogeneous asphalt can be divided into two new surfaces, and the work done by external force is defined as cohesiveness work, which is denoted by G . G  2 (1) 2 2 Where G is cohesiveness work, mJ/m ;  is surface energy of asphalt, mJ/m . 2.1.2 Adhesion between asphalt and aggregates According to surface energy theory, adhesion between asphalt and aggregates mainly comes from energy interaction, which is formed by asphalt wetting aggregates. When the asphalt diffuses and wets the surface of aggregates, some energy will be released, which depends on the intimate contact and mutual attraction of asphalt and aggregates. According to thermodynamics, the energy can indicate the stability of the whole system. The more energy is released, the stabler the system is, which means the adhesion and thus the water stabilty are better. When asphalt mixture is immersed into water, it is easier for water to intrude into the asphalt-aggregate interface because the adhesion between water and aggregates is lager, forming asphalt-water interface and water-aggregate interface, which results in the peeling of asphalt. Dr. Lytton et al. from Texas A&M University show that surface energy can characterize the adhesion of asphalt mixture, and it is also feasible to predict the anti-stripping ability of asphalt (Lytton, 2002). 2.2 Parameters of surface energy According to surface physical chemistry (Teng, 2009), the surface energy  of liquid or solid can be calculated with Van der Waals parameter  LW and acid-base interaction parameter  AB , while  AB consists of acid parameter   and base parameter   , and their relationship is shown in Eq. (2).    LW   AB ;  AB  2    Where  LW is Van der Waals Force between molecules (including orientation force, induction force and dispersion force);  AB is Lewis acid-base force (including ionic bond and covalent bond);   and   are electron acceptor and electron donor, respectively. © ASCE (2) Transportation Research Congress 2016 3 2.3 Adhesion and peeling model Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 2.3.1 Adhesion model of asphalt and aggregates Adhesion work refers to the decrease of interfacial free energy caused by adhesion of asphalt to aggregates. Fowkes thinks that the adhesion work of an interface is the sum of all adhesion work cause by interaction among molecules. Combined with Van der Waals theory and Lewis acid-base theory mentioned in surface physical chemistry, adhesion work can be expressed by Eq. (3) when minor force is ignored (Xiao, 2007). (3) Was  WasLW  WasAB Where Was is adhesion work; a means asphalt; s means stone; as means the interface of asphalt and aggregates; WasLW is the adhesion work caused by Van der Waals force; WasAB is the adhesion work caused by Lewis acid-base force. By substituting the surface energy parameters into Eq. (3) combining with the adhesion process, the adhesion work can be calculated by Eq. (4). The larger it is, the better adhesion performance is.  Was   2  aLW  sLW  2  a s  2  s a  (4) 2.3.2 Peeling model of asphalt and aggregates Water intrudes into the interface of asphalt and aggregates instead of asphalt film with the repeated action of wheel load. Peeling means that asphalt is separated from aggregates and two new interfaces are formed, that is asphalt-water and water-aggregate. The energy released in this process is defined as peeling work. It includes the part of Van der Waals force and the part of Lewis acid-base force, which can be expressed by Eq. (5). LW AB (5) Wasw  Wasw  Wasw Where Wasw is peeling work; asw means the process of peeling. By substituting the surface energy parameters into Eq. (5) combining with the peeling process, the peeling work can be calculated by Eq. (6). The larger it is, the worse ability of antistripping is Wasw  2  aLW  sLW  2  aLW  wLW  2  sLW  wLW  2  a s (6)  2  s a  2  a w  2  w a  2  s w  2  w s Index of moisture susceptibility based on adhesion-peeling model According to adhesion-peeling model, adhesion work and peeling work will both increase with the increasing of surface energy parameters and the moisture susceptibility depends on both of them. Bhasin (Bhasin, 2006) from Texas A&M University has put forward the indexes to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture based on adhesion and peeling work through comprehensive experiments, which are shown in Eq. (7)~(8). (7) ER1  Was / Wasw ER2  Was  G  / Wasw (8) Where Was is adhesion work; Wasw is peeling work; G is cohesiveness work. ER2 (ER for short) is used in this paper because of its consideration for cohesiveness work. © ASCE Transportation Research Congress 2016 4 3. TEST MATERIALS AND SCHEME Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 3.1 Test materials Asphalt used in the tests includes A-70#, SBS, high viscosity asphalt, 15/25#, A-70# adding 12% PR.S, 12% rock asphalt and 12% Baoli. Aggregates used in the tests include basalt, diabase, limestone, sandstone, and granite. The indexes of basic performance are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Asphalt A-70# Table 1. Properties of Asphalt 25°C Penetration Softening point 15°C Ductility 135°C Viscosity (0.1mm) (°) (cm) (Pa.s) 64.3 48.2 >100 0.754 SBS 47 61.6 49.5(5°C) 2.014 70#+rock asphalt 19.5 64 7.2 2.091 High viscosity 25.6 84.8 80.9 3.218 70#+PR.S 16 70.3 4.4 3.095 15/25# 21 62 0.4 2.787 70#+Baoli 19.2 90.3 14.4 3.302 Aggregates Table 2. Properties of Aggregates Apparent density (g/cm3) Water absorption (%) Basalt 2.916 2.3 Diabase 2.789 1.8 Limestone 2.717 1.4 Sandstone 2.651 4.1 Granite 3.027 0.9 3.2 Test scheme Wilhelmy plate method (Little, et al. 2006) and sessile drop method (Ardebrant, et al. 1991) are respectively used to test the surface energy parameters of asphalt and aggregate. By substitution of the parameters into Eq.(4) and Eq.(6), the adhesion and peeling work can be calculated, and then ER can be obtained to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture. The influence factors are also analyzed and the simulation conditions are explained as follows. Thermal aging: 163°C TFOT is used to simulate short-term and long-term aging, and the duration is 5h and 29h (5h+24h), respectively. Soaking: the asphalt samples are soaked in water for 1d, 3d, 5d, 7d, 14d, 28d, and then dried before test. Freezing: the asphalt samples are frozen for 16h at -18°C, and soaked in the water at 25°C, and then dried. © ASCE Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Transportation Research Congress 2016 Thawing: the frozen samples are soaked in the water for 0.5h at 60°C, and soaked in the water at 25°C, and then dried. Surface roughness: the basalt is polished with waterproof abrasive papers of 180#, 240#, 320#, and then cleaned and dried. Surface clay content: the aggregate is buried for some days in the dust particles whose diameter is less than 0.075mm, and then brushed until its clay content meets the requirement. Surface water content: the clean aggregate is soaked in the distilled water for 1d, dried at 25°C, weighed every minute, and tested immediately after its water content meets the requirement. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Relationship of ER and TSR To explore the relationship between macroscopic index and ER based on surface energy theory, freeze thaw split tests of 70# and SBS asphalt mixture are undertaken. The type of the mixture is AC-13 and the results are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Relationship of ER and TSR. There is good correlation between ER and macroscopic index (Figure 1). ER is incrased with higher TSR. Thus it is feasible to use ER to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture. 4.2 Influence factors based on surface energy of asphalt 4.2.1 Types of asphalt The surface energy  of different asphalts and the parameters of basalt mixture are shown in Table 3. The moisture susceptibility of 70#+Baoli is better than that of high viscosity and 70#+PR.S, and the performance of 70# is the worst. The trend of ER is the same as the surface energy of asphalt. When the aggregate is determined, the larger  is, the better moisture susceptibility is. © ASCE 5 Transportation Research Congress 2016 6 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Table 3. Parameters of Different Asphalt and Basalt Mixture γ Adhesion work Peeling work Cohesiveness work Types of asphalt (mJ/m2) (mJ/m2) (mJ/m2) (mJ/m2) 70# 14.73 -44.83 -129.12 29.46 ER 0.575 SBS 15.67 -46.67 -128.95 31.34 0.605 70#+Rock asphalt 15.66 -46.58 -128.28 31.32 0.607 High viscosity 16.74 -48.44 -128.70 33.48 0.637 70#+PR.S 16.44 -48.58 -128.46 32.88 0.634 15/25 16.03 -47.12 -128.90 32.06 0.614 70#+Baoli 16.81 -50.33 -125.91 33.62 0.667 4.2.2 Thermal aging Parameters of different asphalts and basalt after short-term aging and long-term aging are shown in Table 4 and Table 5. Types of asphalt 70# SBS -48.07 -128.84 34.14 0.638 70#+Rock asphalt -48.88 -123.60 33.90 0.670 High viscosity -49.51 -124.63 36.28 0.688 70#+PR.S -50.67 -127.10 38.60 0.702 15/25 -48.33 -127.10 34.50 0.652 70#+Baoli -50.33 -128.43 36.66 0.677 Types of asphalt 70# © ASCE Table 4. Parameters after Short-term Aging Adhesion work Peeling work Cohesiveness work ER after 2 2 2 (mJ/m ) (mJ/m ) (mJ/m ) short-term aging -46.04 -128.03 30.32 0.596 Table 5. Parameters after Long-term Aging Adhesion work Peeling work Cohesiveness work (mJ/m2) (mJ/m2) (mJ/m2) -47.70 -116.11 28.48 ER after long-term aging 0.656 SBS -47.60 -128.67 33.00 0.626 70#+Rock asphalt -45.37 -126.36 29.30 0.591 High viscosity -46.87 -128.65 31.78 0.611 70#+PR.S -54.05 -126.92 37.50 0.721 15/25 -47.19 -124.79 31.02 0.627 70#+Baoli -47.90 -127.10 32.76 0.635 Transportation Research Congress 2016 7 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. ER after short-term aging is generally larger than that of the original samples, which means the moisture susceptibility after short-term aging is better. However, the changing trend of ER after long-term aging is not the same. The moisture susceptibility of 70#+PR.S is better than the original one, while the others are worse. In summary, short-term aging improves moisture susceptibility and long-term aging is the opposite. 4.2.3 Soaking Parameters of 70# and basalt after different soaking time are shown in Table 6. During water immersion, the cohesiveness work of asphalt and the adhesion work of asphalt-aggregate are kept constant at 29.46 mJ/m2 and -44.83 mJ/m2, respectively. Time Table 6. Parameters of 70# and Basalt after Soaking Peeling work (mJ/m2) ER after soaking / -129.12 0.576 1d -129.59 0.573 3d -129.58 0.573 5d -130.26 0.570 7d -130.32 0.570 14d -130.58 0.569 28d -131.58 0.565 The peeling work is increased after soaking, while ER is reduced with longer soaking time. This means the anti-stripping ability will get worse after longer water immersion, and moisture damage is more prone to happen. So it is important to reduce the contact time of asphalt mixture with water. 4.2.4 Freezing and thawing The peeling work and ER of 70# and basalt under freezing and thawing condition are shown in Table 7. During freezing and thawing, the cohesiveness work of asphalt and the adhesion work of asphalt-aggregate are kept constant at 29.46 mJ/m2 and -44.83 mJ/m2, respectively. Table 7. Parameters under Different Conditions Simulated condition Peeling work (mJ/m2) ER after simulation / -129.12 0.576 Freezing -129.23 0.575 Freezing and thawing -135.80 0.547 There is insignificant variation in ER after freezing, which means freezing has little influence on the moisture susceptibility. However, ER after freezing and thawing decreases substantially, and is even worse than the soaking effect. © ASCE Transportation Research Congress 2016 8 4.3 Influence factors based on surface energy of aggregates 4.3.1 Types of aggregates Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. The parameters of different aggregates and SBS are shown in Table 8. The cohesiveness work of SBS is still 31.34 mJ/m2. Table 8. Parameters of Different Aggregates and SBS Types of aggregates γ (mJ/m2) Adhesion work (mJ/m2) Peeling work (mJ/m2) ER Basalt 32.21 -46.67 -128.95 0.605 Diabase 34.08 -48.60 -132.85 0.602 Limestone 45.25 -55.39 -140.43 0.618 Sandstone 46.18 -56.09 -141.66 0.617 Granite 29.48 -44.27 -124.93 0.605 Different types of aggregates have a certain impact on the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture with the order of signifcance as limestone > sandstone > basalt = granite > diabase. The surface energy and the base parameter of limestone and sandstone are larger, resulting in the better adhesion and anti-stripping ability. 4.3.2 Surface roughness The adhesion work, peeling work and ER of SBS and basalt with different surface roughness are shown in Table 9. The cohesiveness work of SBS is 31.34 mJ/m2. Table 9. Parameters of SBS and Basalt with Different Surface Roughness Types of water-sand Adhesion work (mJ/m2) Peeling work (mJ/m2) ER 120# -49.28 -131.68 0.612 240# -46.67 -128.95 0.605 320# -44.90 -126.01 0.605 With the increase in water-sand number, the surface roughness and ER become smaller. That’s because the adhesion work and the peeling work both increases, but the adhesion work increases more sharply. When the number of water-sand is larger than 240#, ER will stay invariant. Therefore, to some extent, larger surface roughness and surface area can improve the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture. 4.3.3 Surface clay content The adhesion work, peeling work and ER of SBS and basalt with different surface clay content are shown in Table 10. The cohesiveness work of SBS is 31.34 mJ/m2. With the increase in surface clay content, ER is reduced, which means the mud around the aggregates can decrease moisture susceptibility because the adhesion work is decreased while the peeling work is increased. So it is very important to reduce the surface clay content of aggregates © ASCE Transportation Research Congress 2016 9 in engineering practice. Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 01/04/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. Table 10. Parameters of SBS and Basalt with Different Surface Clay Content Clay content (%) Adhesion work (mJ/m2) Peeling work (mJ/m2) ER 0 -46.67 -128.95 0.605 0.2 -45.44 -127.78 0.601 0.6 -45.23 -130.21 0.588 1 -44.12 -131.01 0.576 4.3.4 Surface water content The adhesion work, peeling work and ER of SBS and basalt with different surface water content are shown in Table 11. The cohesiveness work of SBS is 31.34 mJ/m2. Table 11. Parameters of SBS and Basalt with Different Surface Water Content Water content (%) Adhesion work (mJ/m2) Peeling work (mJ/m2) ER 0 -46.67 -128.95 0.605 0.5 -46.41 -128.81 0.604 1 -45.23 -127.23 0.602 1.5 -43.39 -124.94 0.598 Higher surface water content leads to smaller ER, which means the water around the aggregates can decrease moisture susceptibility. Water can avoid the reaction between asphalt molecules and aggregates, the adhesion work and the peeling work both decrease. However, the adhesion work decreases more sharply, leading to the reduction of anti-stripping ability. Thus, aggregates must be dried in construction practice. 4.4 Comparison of influence factors The summary of ER under different conditions is shown in Table 12 and Table 13. Table 12. ER of 70# under Different Conditions Asphalt processing condition © ASCE ER 70# Original sample 0.576 Short-term thermal aging 0.596 Long-term thermal aging 0.656 Soaking 28d 0.565 Freezing 0.575 Freezing and thawing 0.547