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TÀI LIỆU TẬP HUẤN GIẢNG VIÊN DẠY CHUYÊN NGÀNH BẰNG TIẾNG ANH KHOA: HÓA HỌC MỤC LỤC BÀI 1: KINH NGHIỆM XÂY DỰNG CHƯƠNG TRÌNH MÔN HÓA HỌC BẰNG TIẾNG ANH.......................................................................................................... 2 BÀI 2: MATTER AND CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER .................................. 4 BÀI 3: ELEMENTS AND PERIODIC TABLE ...................................................... 12 BÀI 4: THE ALKALI METALS.................................................................................. 23 BÀI 5: ANKANES ........................................................................................................... 32 1 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh BÀI 1: KINH NGHIỆM XÂY DỰNG CHƯƠNG TRÌNH MÔN HÓA HỌC BẰNG TIẾNG ANH 1.1 Cơ sở lý thuyết Chương trình chi tiết giáo dục đại học ngành Sư phạm Hóa học dạy bằng tiếng Anh được xây dựng trên cơ sở chương trình khung giáo dục đại học ngành Sư phạm Hóa học trình độ đại học, ban hành theo quyết định số 2682/QĐ – ĐHSP HN, ngày 21 tháng 9 năm 2009 của Hiệu trưởng trường Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội. Chương trình chi tiết giáo dục đại học ngành Sư phạm Hóa học bằng tiếng Anh được xây dựng trên cơ sở kế thừa bề dày truyền thống gần 64 năm đào tạo giáo viên của khoa Hóa học, trường Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội, kết hợp với nguyên tắc đảm bảo tính hiện đại, tính hiệu quả, tính hệ thống và tính phát triển, tính thực tiễn và mềm dẻo. Trên cơ sở đó, chương trình phát triển phù hợp với các yêu cầu và đòi hỏi ngày càng cao của đời sống xã hội, về sự hòa nhập quốc tế và khu vực, thực hiện tốt hơn nhiệm vụ đào tạo giáo viên giảng dạy Hóa học ở các trường THPT. Chương trình đào tạo nhằm đào tạo đội ngũ giáo viên có năng lực chuyên môn, nghiệp vụ chất lượng cao, có khả năng giảng dạy Hóa học ở phố thông bằng tiếng Anh, thể hiện được đổi mới về nội dung và phương pháp đào tạo theo hướng cập nhật với quốc tế, đồng thời phù hợp với điều kiện của Việt Nam. Chương trình chi tiết giáo dục đại học ngành Sư phạm Hóa học dạy bằng tiếng Anh được xây dựng đáp ứng yêu cầu của chuẩn đầu ra là đào tạo cán bộ có đủ năng lực làm giáo viên dạy học Hóa học cấp học trung học cơ sở, trung học phổ thông bằng tiếng Anh. Có ý chí vươn lên và có đủ khả năng tiếp tục học tập để trở thành giáo viên các trường trung học chuyên nghiệp, trường cao đẳng và đại học; cán bộ nghiên cứu tại các trung tâm nghiên cứu khoa học, viện nghiên cứu, cơ sở sản xuất thuộc ngành Hóa học, Môi trường, cơ sở sản xuất kinh doanh có liên quan đến lĩnh vực Hóa học. Sinh viên tốt nghiệp ngành Sư phạm Hóa học có đủ khả năng tiếp tục học tập và nghiên cứu chuyên môn ở trình độ thạc sỹ và tiến sỹ hóa học, cũng như có đủ khả năng để có thể xin được các học bổng của nước ngoài. 2 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh 1.2 Tiến trình xây dựng: - Xây dựng chương trình đào tạo cử nhân sư phạm Hóa dạy bằng tiếng Anh. - Xây dựng khung trương trình chi tiết - Xây dựng bài giảng bằng tiếng Anh Tiến hành dạy mẫu, rút kinh nghiệm Chỉnh sửa tài liệu - Nghiệm thu chương trình và tài liệu giảng dạy Hóa học bằng tiếng Anh - Tiến hành dạy cho sinh viên khoa Hóa học - Hàng năm có tổ chức rút kinh nghiệm, chỉnh sửa chương trình, đề cương chi tiết cũng như bài giảng cho hoàn thiện. 3 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh BÀI 2: MATTER AND CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER Vocabulary Matter Component Pure substance Proportion Element Uniform Compound Atom Mixture Molecule Homogeneous Combination Heterogeneous Properties Composition Dictionary definitions of chemistry usually include the terms matter, composition, and properties, as in the statement that “chemistry is the science that deals with the composition and properties of various forms of matter”. Matter is anything that occupies the space and displays a property known as mass. Every human being is an object of matter. We all occupy space, and we describe our mass though a related property, our weight. All the objects that we see around us are objects of matter. The gases of the atmosphere, even though they are invisible, are example of matter; they occupy space and possess mass. Composition refers to the parts of components of a sample of matter and their relative proportions. Ordinary water is comprised of two simpler substances – hydrogen and oxygen – present in certain fixed proportions. Properties are those qualities or attributes that can be used to distinguish one sample of matter form others. Matter is classified into two broad categories, namely, pure substances and mixtures. A pure substance can be either an element or a compound. The composition and properties of an element or compound are uniform 4 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh throughout a given sample and from one sample to another. A chemical element is a substance comprised of a single type of atom. The elements are the building blocks of our nature. An element is either discovered in nature or synthesized in the laboratory in pure form that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical methods. Currently, there are about 118 elements discovered; some are found to be unique; no two elements are alike. Elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are the smallest particles of an element that have the chemical properties of that element. Each element contains only one type of atoms. The atoms of one element are not the same as the atoms of another element. Most of the elements exist as monoatomic forms, which means that the smallest individual complete parts of these samples of pure elements are single atoms. Seven of the known elements are called diatomic elements, because they are found in nature in their elemental form as two-atom molecules. The seven diatomic elements are chlorine (Cl2), fluorine (F2), bromine (Br2), iodine (I2), hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2). A compound is the substance formed by the chemical union of two or more element. The number of compounds now known is in the millions. In some cases we can isolate a molecule of a compound. A molecule is the smallest entity having the same proportions of the constituent atoms as does the compound as a whole. A molecule of water consists of three atoms – two hydrogen atoms joined to a single oxygen atom. Components of the compounds are in a definite ratio, which is fixed by the nature. We cannot change this ratio, no matter who does it. For example, water is made up of one part oxygen and two parts hydrogen. This ratio is fixed by the nature and we cannot alter this. Compounds are formed by chemical reactions, where the individual elements lose their individual properties and take on the new properties of the compound that is formed. Compounds can be separated into elements using chemical methods but not the physical methods. A mixture is a physical combination of two or more substances where the substances retain their original identity. Some examples are air, milk, various fruit drinks. The most important aspect of the mixture is that it has no definite or constant composition, Mixtures can be separated into pure 5 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh substances by physical methods. Mixture is further classified as either homogeneous or heterogeneous based upon its uniformity. A homogeneous mixture is a solution that has a uniform consistency throughout, for example, a salt solution after dissolving and mixing it thoroughly. Not only that but also the individual components cannot be identified. A heterogeneous mixture does not have uniform composition like homogeneous mixture where the individual components can be identified, for example, a mixture of sand and salt. The scheme that classified matter into elements, compounds and mixtures is summarized in figure 1. Figure 1. A classification scheme for matter I. Comprehension questions 1. What is chemistry?  Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition and properties of various forms of matter. 2. Why is water an object of matter?  Because water occupies space and has mass. 3. What is water made up of?  Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen. 4. What is the difference between an element and a compound? 6 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh An element is a substance composed of a single type of atom while a compound is the substance formed by two or more element chemically combined. 5. What is a molecule defined as?  A molecule is the smallest entity having the same proportions of the constituent atoms as does the compound as a whole. 6. What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures?  A homogeneous mixture has a uniform consistency throughout while a heterogeneous mixture does not have uniform composition. 7. Which kind of matter has uniform composition?  Pure substance has uniform composition. 8. What are the building blocks of the elements?  The building blocks of the elements are the atoms. 9. Why is chlorine called a diatomic element?  Because chlorine contains two atoms in its molecules. 10. Which kind of matter can be separated by physical methods?  Mixture can be separated into substances by physical methods. II. No True (T) or false (F) or not mentioned (N) statements T/F/N Statements 1. A substance is a type of matter that has a consistent composition. 2. Elements are substances that are made up of two or more elements chemically combined. 3. Whereas a compound is made from the chemical combination of two or more substances, a mixture is made from two or more substances that are physically combined. 4. Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have a consistent, or uniform composition throughout the entire sample. 5. Unlike in the example of compounds, the substances that make up a 7 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh mixture do not lose their individual properties. The individual substances in a mixture do not lose their original properties, and the substances in a mixture can be separated by 6. physical means. 7. When the compound is formed, altogether a new substance is formed and the properties of which are similar to its constituent elements. 8. All mixtures have a variable composition, it means that the substances that are found in the mixture can be mixed in with varying proportion or concentrations. 9. Chemical reactions can break more complex substances down into elements, but elements can only be broken down further by nuclear reactions. 10. Oxygen is a substance because it has a consistent composition and it is an element because it is only made up of one type of atom. III. Translation Translation 1 1. Các nguyên tố có thể được phân loại thành hai nhóm chính – kim loại và phi kim. Elements can be classified into two major groups – metals and nonmetals. 2. Phân tử là nhóm gồm hai hay nhiều hơn các nguyên tử mà liên kết một cách hóa học với nhau. A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically combined. 3. Hợp chất được tạo bởi các nguyên tố khác nhau liên kết một cách hóa học với nhau theo một tỉ lệ xác định. A compound is made up of different elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. 8 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh 4. Các ion tích điện dương được hình thành khi một nguyên tử mất đi electron. A positively charged ion is formed when an atom loses electrons. 5. Nhiệt có thể được sử dụng để phá vỡ hợp chất thành các hợp chất đơn giản hơn hoặc là các nguyên tố. Heat can be used to break down compounds into elements or simpler compounds. 6. Các thành phần của hỗn hợp có thể trộn lẫn với nhau theo một tỷ lệ bất kỳ. The components of a mixture can be mixed in any proportion. 7. Một số chất nguyên chất, giống như bạc, chỉ chứa một loại chất. Some substances, like silver, contain only one kind of matter. 8. Hỗn hợp đồng thể của chất tan và dung môi được gọi là dung dịch. A homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent are called solutions. 9. Các dạng đơn giản của chất mà không thể phân hủy thành các chất đơn giản hơn được gọi là các nguyên tố. Simple forms of matter which cannot be decomposed into further simple substances are called elements. 10. Hợp chất của sắt và lưu huỳnh là sắt sunfua. A compound of iron and sulfur is iron sulf ide. Translation 2 1. Petroleum is a very complex mixture that we extract from the Earth. Xăng dầu là một hỗn hợp rất phức tạp mà chúng ta có thể chiết xuất từ Trái Đất. 2. Colloids are the heterogeneous mixture of two or more components with the size of the particle is 1nm to 100nm. Các chất keo là hỗn hợp dị thể của hai hay nhiều các thành tố với kích thước hạt từ 1nm đến 100nm. 3. A mixture of two components that appears in a single phase is called a homogeneous mixture. Một hỗn hợp của hai thành tố tồn tại ở một pha được gọi là hỗn hợp đồng thể. 9 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh 4. The amount of a solute present in a unit volume of the solution is called concentration of the solution. Lượng chất tan tồn tại trong một đơn vị thể tích của dung dịch được gọi là nồng độ của dung dịch. 5. Chalk contains calcium, carbon, and oxygen in the proportion of one atom each of calcium and carbon to three atoms of oxygen. Phấn chứa canxi, cacbon và oxi theo tỉ lệ một nguyên tử canxi và cacbon với ba nguyên tử oxi. 6. Alloys are usually made to improve on the properties of the elements that make them up. Cách hợp kim thường được tạo ra với mục đích làm tăng các tính chất của các nguyên tố tạo nên chúng. 7. An important characteristic of a compound is that it has a chemical formula, which describes the ratio in which the atoms of each element in the compound occur. Một đặc tính quan trọng của hợp chất là chúng có công thức hóa học mô tả tỉ lệ các nguyên tử của mỗi nguyên tố tham gia trong hợp chất. 8. Elemental symbols are the abbreviated notations for elements consisting of one or two letters. Kí hiệu nguyên tố là dạng kí hiệu viết tắt của các nguyên tố bao gồm một hoặc hai chữ cái. 9. The weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object. Trọng lượng được đo bằng lực trọng trường tác dụng lên vật. 10. A phase is a region of matter that possesses uniform intensive properties throughout its volume. Pha là vùng của chất có các tính chất cường độ đồng nhất trong toàn bộ thể tích của chúng. IV. Further reading The states of matter Matter can exist in three different states, solid, liquid, and gas, based on the way the atoms and molecules are arranged inside them. These three states are known as three different states of matter. 10 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh In solids, atoms or molecules are tightly bound to one another thereby creating a rigid nature. Each atom or molecule is caged by its neighbors creating non-mobility, although they might vibrate around the equilibrium position. Here attractive forces are very strong. Consequently, solids have definite shapes and volumes. Some examples of solids are diamond, metals, and ice. In liquids, the atoms or molecules are not as tightly bound as in solids and due to that they have some freedom to move around. They still experience attractive forces but not as strong as solids. In addition, they also begin to experience some repulsive forces. Thus, liquids have definite volume but not definite shape- they assume the shape of the container. Due to their flexibility, the liquids can be poured from one container to another. Some common examples are water, gasoline, and alcohol at room temperature. In gases, the atoms or molecules are far apart due to they are not bounded at all, meaning, they do not have any attractive forces but only repulsive forces. Due to that they can occupy a large volume. They do not have their own shape or volume, but assume the shape and the volume of the container. Some common examples are oxygen, hydrogen, and helium at room temperature. 11 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh BÀI 3: ELEMENTS AND PERIODIC TABLE Vocabulary Oxidation number Principle Atom Quantum number Atomic orbitals Relative pronouns Azimuthal quantum number Rule Electron configuration Wave function Electron state Solvent Magnetic quantum number Confusion Metallic character Determine I. Reading comprehension Periodic table The idea of arranging the elements into a periodic table had been considered by many chemists, but either data to support the idea were insufficient or the classification schemes were incomplete. Mendeleev and Meyer organized the elements in order of atomic weight and then identified groups of elements with similar properties. By arranging these groups in rows and columns, and by considering similarities in chemical behavior as well as atomic weight, Mendeleev found vacancies in the table and was able to predict the properties of several elements—gallium, scandium, germanium, and polonium—that had not yet been discovered. When his predictions proved accurate, the concept of a periodic table was quickly accepted. The discovery of additional elements not known in Mendeleev’s time and the synthesis of heavy elements have led to the modern periodic table, shown inside the front cover of this text. In the modern periodic table, a horizontal row of elements is called a period and a vertical column is a group. The traditional designations 12 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh of groups in the United States differ from those used in Europe. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has recommended that the groups be numbered 1 through 18. In this text, we will use primarily the IUPAC group numbers. Some sections of the periodic table have traditional names, as shown in Figure 1. Starting from hydrogen, over 100 elements are constituted as electrons are successively accommodated into 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, and 3d orbitals one by one from lower to higher energy levels. When elements with similar properties are arranged in columns, the periodic table of the elements is constructed. The modern periodic table of the elements is based on one published by D. I. Mendeleev in 1892, and a variety of tables have since been devised. The long periodic table recommended by IUPAC is the current standard, and it has the group numbers arranged from Group 1 alkali metals through group 18 rare gas elements. Based on the composition of electron orbitals, hydrogen, helium and Group 1 elements are classified as s-block elements, Group 13 through Group 18 elements p-block elements, Group 3 through Group 12 elements d-block elements, and lanthanoid and actinoid elements f-block elements. (Fig. 1). s-Block, p-block, and Group 12 elements are called main group elements and d-block elements other than Group 12 and f-block elements are called transition elements. Incidentally, periodic tables that denote the groups of s-block and p-block elements with Roman numerals (I, II, ..., VIII) are still used, but they will be unified into the IUPAC system in the near future. Since inorganic chemistry covers the chemistry of all the elements, it is important to understand the features of each element though reference to the periodic table. 13 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh d-block p-block s-block f-block Figure 1 Periodic table I.1. Question: 1. How did Mendeleev and Meyer organize the elements? Mendeleev and Meyer organized the elements in order of atomic weight and then identified groups of elements with similar properties. 2. What is the best advantage of Mendeleev’s organization of element? Mendeleev found vacancies in the table and was able to predict the properties of several elements—gallium, scandium, germanium, and polonium—that had not yet been discovered 3. What are names of horizontal row and vertical column of elements called in a modern periodic table? The horizontal row of elements is called a period and a vertical column is a group. 4. How electrons are filled up in the first 100 elements in the periodic table? 14 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh These electrons are successively accommodated into 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, and 3d orbitals one by one from lower to higher energy levels 5. How does IUPAC recommend for group numbering? It has recommended that the groups be numbered 1 through 18. 6. What is general name of elements if the Group 18? It is the rare gas. 7. Which elements are classified as the s-block elements? Hydrogen, helium and Group 1 elements 8. What is another name of d-block elements? They are called transition elements. 9. What are main group elements? s-Block, p-block, and Group 12 elements are called main group elements. 10. What is the necessary ideal to learn about periodic table? The periodic table helps us to predict the features of each element. I.2. True (T), false (F) or doesn’t say (DS) 11  Arrangement of elements is based on considering similarities in chemical behavior. 12  IUPAC has suggested using Roman number for labeling groups. 13  All elements are constructed by electrons that accommodate 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, and 3d orbitals. 14  15  15 There is no change in chemical properties of elements following a period. The discovery of additional elements not known in Mendeleev’s time. Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh 16  f-Block elements are only called transition elements. 17  18  19  The d-block corresponds to the transition metals. 20  Blocks are sometimes called families. A variety of tables have since been invented at the same time with D. I. Mendeleev’s periodic table. Mayer had recommended that the groups be numbered 1 through 18. I.3. Fill in blank number ionization properties trend character become acidic non-metal basic across group properties carbonate silicon basic CHEMICAL CHARACTER In any (21) …………of the periodic table we have already noted that the 22)…………… of electrons in the outermost shell is the same for each element and the (23)…………… energy falls as the group is descended. This immediately predicts two likely (24)……… … ……. of the elements in a group. The first property is their general similarity. Another one is the (25)…………… towards metallic behavior as the group is descended. We shall see that these predicted (26)……………… are borne out when we study the individual groups. Increasing metallic electropositive behavior down a group also implies a change in the (27)……….. of the oxides. They will be expected to (28)……………. more basic as we descend the group and a change from an (29)…………. oxide, i.e. an oxide of a (30)…………. which readily reacts with OH~ or oxide ions to give oxo acid anions , to a 16 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh (31)……………. oxide, i.e. one which readily yields cations, in some groups. The best example of such a change is shown by the Group IV elements; the oxides of carbon and (32)……………. are acidic, readily forming (33)……………… and silicate anions, whilst those of tin and lead are (34)……………. giving such ions as Sn2+ and Pb2+ in acidic solution. Metallic character diminishes (35) ………….. a period and in consequence the oxides become more acidic as we cross a given period. This is clearly demonstrated in Period 3. II. Grammar THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used to modify a noun or a pronoun in the main clause. It may be introduced by the pronouns who, whose, whom, which, or that (and sometimes when or where). These pronouns are called relative pronouns because they relate to a noun or a pronoun in the sentence. Occasionally, no relative pronoun is used, but it is implied or understood. Identifying Adjective Clauses Note: Nouns are bolded, the adjective clauses are underlined. 1. Mike, whose ancestors came from Ireland, marched in the St. Patrick's Day parade. 2. The woman who lives next door is a registered nurse. 3. Williamsburg, Virginia, is a place that I'd like to visit 4. Math, which is Dave's favorite subject, has always been easy for him. 5. There is the house that I'd like to buy. 6. Larry's letter, which he mailed Tuesday, reached me on Thursday. 7. Summer, which is my favorite season, will be here in another week. 8. Phil is reading The Call of the Wild, which is Jack London's most famous book. 17 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh 9. We live just twenty miles from O'Hare Airport, which is the world's busiest airport. 10 Newton, Iowa, is the town where Barbara was born. 11. I'm taking golf lessons from Erika Lavery, who is a pro at the country club. 12. That dog that you found belongs to the Olsons. 13. Is that the jacket you want to buy? 14. There is a chance that Norm will win the election. 15. Is this the letter you were expecting? 16. Over there is the school that I attended. 17. Mr. Hartman is a history teacher who also coaches track. 18. Is that the antique show you visited? 19. The Harveys have a dog that is fourteen years old. 20. For dinner, we had chicken fried steak, which is my favorite dish. Exercise 36. Mendeleev had no idea what atoms were made of or why they behaved as they did. 37. Electronegativity is one of the most fundamental atomic parameters which express numerically the tendency to attract electrons to atoms in a molecule. 38. The Pauling scale, which was introduced first in 1932, is still the most frequently used. 39. Those elements which are hard to ionize and easy to attract electrons have large values 40. In the formation of a molecule, atomic orbitals overlap to generate a molecular orbital which is the wave function of the electrons in the molecule. 18 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh 41. The Group 6 to 10 transition metals that do not form binary hydrides give many hydride complexes with auxiliary ligands such as carbonyl and tertiaryphosphines. 42. Most of this silicon exists as a component of silicate rocks that is not found as a simple substance. 43. Oxygen, which is one of the most important gases for animals, is about 20% in atmosphere. 44. It is impossible to find potassium metal in nature where potassium can with water… to form potassium cation. 45. s-Block elements have sodium element, which is a alkaline metal. 46. Beaker is the most popular glassware that is used in chemistry laboratory. 47. Halogens that are strongly oxidative elements are located in the group VII. 48. Sodium chloride that is easily dissolved in water causes the high pressure disease. 49. Higher-grade silicon is obtained by hydrogen reduction of SiHCl , which 3 is produced by the hydrochlorination of low purity silicon followed by rectification. 50. Silicates and organosilicon compounds that are shown a wide range of structures in silicon chemistry can be synthesized in laboratory. III. Translation III.1 Translate into Vietnamese 51. In 1884, Arrhenius defined that an acid is a substance that gives H+ and a base one that gives OH-. 52. Namely, if an acid is HA and a base BOH, then HAH+ + A- and BOH  B+ + OH-. 53. Therefore, when an acid and a base react, water is formed. 19 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh