Tài liệu Ôn tập anh 8 kỳ 2 thí điểm hay

ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP HỌC KỲ 1 LỚP 8 NĂM HỌC 2016-2017 CHƯƠNG TRÌNH THÍ ĐIỂM A. PHONETICS I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently. Circle the corresponding letter A, B, C or D. 1. A. watching B. machine C. kitchen D. matched 2. A. picture B. written C. hiding D. ribbon 3. A. smiled B. worked C. picked D. jumped 4. A. Effective B. equal C. seventh D. president 5. A. status B. ladder C. language D. factor 6. A. effort B. compliment C. dissolve D. minority 7. A. festival B. reject C. senior D. secret 8. A. arguments B. books C. elephants D. televisions 9. A. promise B. problem C. proceed D. products 10. A. imagined B. installed C. discussed D. involved 11. A. sound B. cloud C. found D. favorite 12. A. tool B. noon C. door D. school 13. A. crafts B. comics C. streets D. stamps 14. A. mention B. question C. action D. education 15. A. community B. computer C. museum D. custom 16. A. minority B. ethnic C. tradition D. religion 17. A. education B. question C. pollution D. collection 18. A. populated B. loaded C. harvested D. lived 19. A. fields B. flowers C. lemons D. parks 20. A. looked B. cooked C. naked D. booked II: Pick out the word which has different sound in the underlined part in each line. 1. A. end B. pencil C. open D. bench 2. A. wanted B. washed C. watched D. stopped 3. A. mention B. question C. action D. education 4. A. listened B. opened C. wanted D. lived 5. A. community B. computer C. museum D. customs 6. A. needed B. opened C. wanted D. decided III. Choose the word whose main stressed syllable is different from the rest. Circle the corresponding letter A, B, C or D. 1. A. possessions B. unhealthy C. extended D. legalize 2. A. protection B. variety C. industrial D.nation 3. A. attention B. effective C. children D. approach 4. A. population B. basis C. chairman D. country 5. A. cattle B. collect C. generous D. grassland 6. A. normad B.paddy C. robot D. disturb 7. A. stranger B. people C. replace D. factory 8. A. reputation B. difficult C. possible D. excellent 9. A. visitors B. museum C. computer D. important IVChoose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently. Circle the corresponding letter A, B, C or D. 11. A. sound B. cloud C. found D. favourite 12. A. tool B. noon C. door D. school 13. A. crafts B. comics C. streets D. stamps 14. A. mention B. question C. action D. education 15. A. community B. computer C. museum D. custom 16. A. minority B. ethnic C. tradition D. religion 17. A. education B. question C. pollution D. collection 18. A. populated B. loaded C. harvested D. lived 19. A. fields B. flowers C. lemons D. parks 20. A. looked B. cooked C. naked D. booked VChoose the word whose main stressed syllable is different from the rest. Circle the corresponding letterA, B, C or D. 1. A. addicted B. C. detest D. leisure commu nicate VI. Find the word which has different sound in the part underlined. 1. A. wanted B. washed C. danced D. B. dogs C. porters D. B. watches C. buses D. played 2. A. beds books 3. A. pictures brushes 4. A. homework B. mother C. open D. judo VII. Choose the word which has a different stress patter from the others: 1. A. festival history 2. A. comparison socialization 3. A. worship behave 4. A. minorities experience B. resource C. station D. B. organization C. communication D. B. belong C. enjoy D. B. populated C. activity. D. 5. A. competition vegetarian B. participation C. anniversary D. C. commemoration D. 6. A. musician magician B. librarian 7. A. tradition Carnival B. procession C. attention D. 8. A. alternate cultivate 9. A. malnutrition superstitious B. entertain C. symbolize D. B. prohibition C. recommendation D. 10. A. statue begin 11. A. socialise nomadic 12. A. addicted leisure 13. A. ceremony convenient 14. A. harmful unique B. important C. devote D. B. communicate C. traditional D. B. adore C. detest D. B. festival C. celebrate D. B. slowly C. cloudy D. 15. A. ceremony B. reflect C. majority D. production B. VOCABULARY & STRUCTURES I. Choose the correct option for each gap to complete the sentences. 1. –Nam: “Mum, let me go out tonight; my class is holding a party at Trang’s house” Mum: “OK, but you ______________be home by 11 pm.” A.must B. May C. Need D.will 2. The English people are said to love______________. A.custom B. Tradition C. Habit D. practice 3. “______________finish the work today?” –“ Yes, you must” A.May we B. Do we have to C. Ought we to D. Can we 4. “Do you think that I______________apologize to him?” A.May B. Should C. Could D. need 5. ______________nice the weather is today! A.What B. That C. Which D. How 6. Most of my friends prefer detective stories______________cartoons. A.than B. From C. To D. as 7. The whole family______________with tradition by spending the New Year’s Eve abroad. A.broke B. Went C. Followed D. kept 8. He said he ______________busy then but he would get to the party by night. A.Is B. Will be C. Would be D. was 9. _____________the head of the household cleans the dust and ashes from the altars, children are in charge of sweeping and scrubbing the floor. A. When B. While C. Because D. Although 10. Seven days before Tet, each Vietnamese family offers a farewell ceremony for “Ong Tao” (the Kitchen Gods) to go up Heaven Palace, ________________his task is to make an annual report to the Jade Emperor of the family’s affairs throughout the year. A.and B. But C. So D. yet 11. You should ____________ information about a custom or tradition. A. finds B. found C. finding D. find 12. A custom is something that has become an ____________ way of doing things. A. to be accept B. to accept C. accepting D. accepted 13. In the UK, there are lots of customs for table manners. For example, We ____________ use a knife and fork at dinner. A. have to B. are having C. has to D. having to 14. In Viet Nam, you____________ use only the first name to address people older than you. A. should B. must C. shouldn’t D. have to 15. At the Mid-Autumn Festival ,kids can sing, dance, and enjoy moon-cakes ; _________, every child likes it very much. A. However B. Moreover C. Because D. Therefore 16. In 2010, Ha Noi____________ its 1000th anniversary. A. celebrated B. commemorated C. worshipped D. remembered 17. Tet is an occasion for family____________ in Viet Nam. A. visitings B. Meeting C. reunions D. seeings 18. ____________ spring comes, many Vietnamese villages prepare for a new festival season. A. While B. When C. Nevertheless D. However 19. While I ____________the performance, I met one of my old friends. A. watched B. was watching C. watch D. am watching 20. You should buy the blue sweater. It suits you ___________than the red one. A. good B. well C. better D. the best 21. The ____________ of quan ho singing has been recognized as a world heritage. A. preservation B. procession C. song D. performance 22. Saint Giong was unable to talk, smile, or walk ___________ he was three years old. A. even though B. because C. while D. if 23. It’s a rule, so everyone ____________strictly follow it. A. doesn’t have to B. shouldn’t C. has to D. should 24. The 54 ethnic peoples of Vietnam are___________, but they live peacefully. A. similar B. unlike C. diverse D. like 25. I detest ___________ so early in the morning. A. get up B. getting up C. gets up D. to get up 26. Both my brother and I help ____________ our family’s goats. We feed them on the pastures by the edge of the village. A. herds B. to herd C. herding D. to herding 27. Lang Lieu couldn’t buy any special food____________he was very poor. A. although B. when C. while D. because 28. The toad was very _____________because he tried to find way to the heaven to sue God. A.brave B. Kind C. Generous D. mean 29. Ali Baba was very ___________when he also used the words “Open sesame” to enter the cave of treasures. A.wise B. Cunning C. Kind D. evil 30. The Mountain Spirits (Son tinh) was very ____________, but the Sea Spirit (Thuy Tinh) was ________. A.gentle-wise B. Fierce-gentle C. Gentle-fierce D.wicked-ugly 31. It is the ___________for Australians to eat with their fingers at barbecues or picnics outside the home. A.habit B.belief C.custom D. tradition 32. ________you take the fruit, you should think of the growers. A.Although B.However C.When D. While 33. The girl was crying when a fairy____________ A. appears B. was appearing C. appeared D. is appearing II. Use the correct tense and form of the verbs to complete the sentences. 1. If you write more (care)_____________ , you will make more mistakes. 2. When I was a small child I fancied (fly)_____________ kites in the field. 3. They (live)_____________ .a nomadic life for six years. 4. Thien Nhan (win)_____________ The Voice Kids 2014. 5. Their teacher (sing)_____________ an English song now. 6. The horse (herd)_____________ by Vang every day. 7. Peter _____________ football yesterday. 8. John dislikes (work)__________in front of a computer all day. 9. I’d like (visit)__________the Viet Nam Museum of Ethnology this weekend. 10. I’d rather (make)__________crafts than listen to music. 11. Minh loves (help)__________her parents with DIY projects. 12. Quang hates (take)_________the dog for a walk. 13. We all adored (do)__________aerobics when we were young. 14. You should (play)_________sports to keep fit. 15. They don’t need (watch)_________that programme if they don’t like it. 16. Do you fancy (socialize)__________with friends? 17. My brother prefers (surf)__________the Net. 18. When I came, the whole family _____________ dinner around a big dining table. (have) 19. Children should_____________ things from adults with both hands. (take) 20. My father and I _____________ up at 5 o’clock every morning. (get) 21. They _____________ English at the moment. ( learn) 22. We _____________ to Hung King Festival since last Sunday. (go) 23. Before leaving the dinner table, _____________ your son _____________ ask for permission? (have to) 24. When I ___________ ,the whole family was having dinner around a big dining table. (come) 25. We postpone the picnic because it (rain)__________________heavily. 26. I didn’t interrupt Phuong because he (speak)______________to the teacher 27. Thirty years ago, we (not have)_________________mobile phones. 28. I (already, read)______________that book about volcanoes. It’s amazing to know how they are formed. 29. John still (live) ______________in the village when you met him? III. Choose the correct option for each gap to complete the sentences. 1. The farmer rides the buffalo -____________ carts loaded full of rice home. A. draw B. drawing C. drew D. drawn 2. My dad doesn’t mind…………… my mom from work every day. A. pick up B. picked up C. picking up D. picks up 3. Using computers too much may have harmful effects ________ your minds and bodies. A. on B. to C. with D. onto 4. People in the countryside live ___________ than those in the city. A. happier B. happily C. happy D. more happily 5. Does she fancy …………… a book to the younger children? A. reads B. reading C. to read D. read 6. I love the people in my village. They are so ________ and hospitable. A. friendly B. vast C. slow D. inconvenient 7. You should ____________ information about a custom or tradition. A. finds B. found C. finding D. find 8.A custom is something that has become an ____________ way of doing things. A. to be accept B. to accept C. accepting D. accepted 9. In the UK, there are lots of customs for table manners. For example, We ____________ use a knife and fork at dinner. A. have to B. are having C. has to D. having to 10.In Viet Nam, you____________ use only the first name to address people older than you. A. should B. must C. shouldn’t D. have to 11.At the Mid-Autumn Festival ,kids can sing, dance, and enjoy moon-cakes ; _________, every child likes it very much. A. However B. Moreover C. Because D. Therefore 12.In 2010, Ha Noi____________ its 1000th anniversary. A. celebrated B. commemorated C. worshipped D. remembered 13.Tet is an occasion for family____________ in Viet Nam. A. visitings B. Meeting C. reunions D. seeings 14.____________ spring comes, many Vietnamese villages prepare for a new festival season. A. While B. When C. Nevertheless D. However 15.While I ____________the performance, I met one of my old friends. A. watched B. was watching C. watch D. am watching 16.You should buy the blue sweater. It suits you ___________than the red one. A. good B. well C. better D. the best 17The ____________ of quan ho singing has been recognized as a world heritage. A. preservation B. procession C. song D. performance 18 .Saint Giong was unable to talk, smile, or walk ___________ he was three years old. A. even though B. because C. while D. if IV.Choose the correct option for each gap to complete the sentences. 34. Lang Lieu couldn’t buy any special food____________he was very poor. A. although B. when C. while D. because 35. The toad was very _____________because he tried to find way to the heaven to sue God. A.brave B. Kind C. Generous D. mean 36. Ali Baba was very ___________when he also used the words “Open sesame” to enter the cave of treasures. A.wise B. Cunning C. Kind D. evil 37. The Mountain Spirits (Son tinh) was very ____________, but the Sea Spirit (Thuy Tinh) was ________. A.gentle-wise B. Fierce-gentle C. Gentle-fierce D.wicked-ugly 38. It is the ___________for Australians to eat with their fingers at barbecues or picnics outside the home. A.habit B.belief C.custom D. tradition 39. ________you take the fruit, you should think of the growers. A.Although B.However C.When D. While 40. The girl was crying when a fairy____________ A. appears B. was appearing C. appeared D. is appearing V.Use the correct tense and form of the verbs to complete the sentences. 30. If you write more (care)_____________ , you will make more mistakes. 31. When I was a small child I fancied (fly)_____________ kites in the field. 32. They (live)_____________ .a nomadic life for six years. 33. Thien Nhan (win)_____________ The Voice Kids 2014. 34. Their teacher (sing)_____________ an English song now. 35. The horse (herd)_____________ by Vang every day. 36. Peter _____________ football yesterday. 37. John dislikes (work)__________in front of a computer all day. 38. I’d like (visit)__________the Viet Nam Museum of Ethnology this weekend. 39. I’d rather (make)__________crafts than listen to music. 40. Minh loves (help)__________her parents with DIY projects. 41. Quang hates (take)_________the dog for a walk. 42. We all adored (do)__________aerobics when we were young. 43. You should (play)_________sports to keep fit. 44. They don’t need (watch)_________that programme if they don’t like it. 45. Do you fancy (socialize)__________with friends? 46. My brother prefers (surf)__________the Net. 47. When I came, the whole family _____________ dinner around a big dining table. (have) 48. Children should_____________ things from adults with both hands. (take) 49. My father and I _____________ up at 5 o’clock every morning. (get) 50. They _____________ English at the moment. ( learn) 51. We _____________ to Hung King Festival since last Sunday. (go) 52. Before leaving the dinner table, _____________ your son _____________ ask for permission? (have to) 53. When I ___________ ,the whole family was having dinner around a big dining table. (come) 54. We postpone the picnic because it (rain)__________________heavily. 55. I didn’t interrupt Phuong because he (speak)______________to the teacher 56. Thirty years ago, we (not have)_________________mobile phones. C. READING TASK 1. Read and complete the passage with words in the box. celebrate traditional therefore served Tet is the biggest festival in Vietnam. To (1) ……………..Tet, Vietnamese people make many tasty (2)……..….foods. The most important food includes Chung cakes, sausages, boiled chicken, spring rolls, and sticky rice. Chung cake is made of sticky rice, pork, green beans, and other spices, wrapped in green leaves; (3)…….….., this cake needs a lot of preparation . This cake can be kept for a long time, even though the weather is often humid during Tet. Other significant foods that cannot be missed to worship the ancestors are sausages, spring rolls, and sticky rice. Because sausages are difficult to make, people often buy them from famous suppliers. However, sticky rice and spring rolls are easier to prepare and must be (4)………..immediately after they are cooked, so they are often made at home. TASK 2. Read the following passage and complete it using the given words in the box. Which wrapped for of visit clean before members Tet is celebrated on the first day (1) __________ the Lunar New Year. Some weeks before the New Year, the Vietnamese (2) ___________ their houses and paint the wall. New clothes are brought (3) ____________ the occasion. One or two days (4) ____________ the festival, people make Chung cake, (5) __________ is the traditional cake. On the New Year’s Eve, the whole family gets together for a dinner. On the New Year morning, all the (6) ___________of the family respect to the elders by beautiful words. In return, they receive lucky money (7) ___________ in red tiny envelopes. Then people go to (8) ___________ their neighbours, friends and relatives. II. Read the passage and answer the questions: 1. When do people make Chung cake? →………………………………………………………………………………. 2. What do they do on the New Year’s Eve? →………………………………………………………………………………. TASK 3. Choose the correct word for each blank in the following passage. Spring is a time when there are many festivals in our country. Among them, Hoa Ban Festival is the most beautiful and interesting and it takes place in Lai Chau. It is typical of the (1)………life of the Thai people. In the second lunar month of the year, when it (2) ……..warmer and hoa ban - a kind of beautiful flower in the northwest mountainous area - blossoms, Hoa Ban Festival is (3) ………... This is a great time for everyone, (4) …………… for boys and girls. The boy (4)………… the most beautiful flower and gives it to his girlfriend. This is not only a time for love but also for the Thai people to (5)………..for good crops, for happiness, and express their special thanks to the Gods and (6) …………... The festival is always full of songs and prayers. 1. A .minor B. cultural C. custom D. festival 2. A. gets B. goes C. comes D. runs 3. A. seen B. arranged C. observed D. celebrated 4. A. largely B. especially C. generally D. typically 5. A. ask B. look C. pray D. call 6. A. fathers B. relatives C. families D. ancestors TASK 4. Read and complete the passage with words in the box. In addition In my Also Besides As I have I think opinion noted My favorite leisure activity is listening to music.(1)_____________, listening to music not only helps me relax but also provides me with musical knowledge. I (2)________ like the time that I can lie lazily in bed, put on the small earphone with my iPod and enjoy any favorite songs of many kinds of music: pop, hip-hop, rock or jazz. I like pop music very much because I think it is gentle and suitable for teenagers. I listen to rock music when I am sad and after that I feel cheerful and happy. (3)________________ music from other countries is also good for teenagers to understand other cultures. (4)________ that, the lyrics are easy to understand and interesting. (5)________, it can improve my English and listening skills. (6)___________, music is an important part of my life and it helps me love my life more. TASK 5. Read the passage and answer these questions below. After retiring, my uncle – a lover of the sea- took up a strange leisure activity : he spends most mornings at the beach, looking for things that the sea sends ashore. He says: It’s a multi-beneficial leisure activity. I can get some exercise, blending, picking up, and walking. I can breathe the fresh air and enjoy the vastness and quietness of the sea. Sometimes I watch the children playing beach games and I feel years younger. At the same time, I can also clean the beach. It’s volunteer work, isn’t it? Many of the things I pick up from the beach are still useful to someone. I clean them and sell them at the Sunday flea market in the town nearby. Do you know of any leisure activity that pays? Mine does! 1. When did the writer’s take up this strange activity? ………………………………………………………………………………………. . 2. Which part of the day does he go to the beach? ………………………………………………………………………………………. . 3. How does he feel watching the children playing beach games? ………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. What kind of volunteer work does he do? -…………………………………………………………………………………….. … TASK 6.Read the fairy tale Cinderella and do the tasks below. Once upon a time there was a young girl called Cinderella. Cinderella was living happily with her family when her mother died. Her father married an evil widow with two daughters. Cinderella’s stepmother and two stepsisters mistreated her. She had to wear old clothes and work hard while the sisters wore fancy clothes and had fun. A good witch helped Cinderella. She turned Cinderella’s old dress into a beautiful gown. Cinderella went to a party and a handsome prince politely invited her to dance with him. He fell in love with her and wanted to find out who she was. Cinderella left the party in a hurry and didn’t tell the prince her name. but she left a glass slipper, and the prince used that to find her. They got married and lived happily ever after. I. Answer true (T) or false (F). True False a. Cinderella was living happily with her family when her mother died. b. Her father married a kind woman. c. Her stepmother and two stepsisters were very kind to her. d. The prince got married to the girl who fitted the left glass slipper. II. Answer the questions. 1. What did Cinderella’s father do when his wife died? ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………… 2. How did Cinderella’s stepmother and two stepsisters treat her? ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………… 3. Who turned Cinderella’s old clothes into a beautiful gown? …………………………………………………………………………. ………………………… 4. What did the prince use to find Cinderella? ……………………………………………………………………….. …………………………… 5. What happened in the end? …………………………………………………………………. …………………………………… TASK 7 : MY VILLAGE I live in a village by Mekong River. Every day, like most of my friends, I walk to school. It is three kilometres away. After class, I often help my mother to collect water from the river and feed the chickens. At the weekend, the villagers often gather at the community hall where there is a TV. The adults watch TV, but more often they talk about their farm work and exchange news. The children run around, playing games and shouting merrily. Laughter is heard everywhere. My father sometimes takes me to the market town nearby where he sells our home products like vegetables, fruits, eggs… He then buys me an ice cream and lets me take a ride on the electric train in the town square. I love those trips. On starry nights, we children lie on the grass, looking at the sky and daring each other to find the Milky Way. We dream of faraway places. 1. Read the passage and tick (P) True or False ) T F 1/ The boys helps his parents to collect water from the village well. 2/The villagers gather at the community hall at the weekend. 2. Answer the following questions. 1/ Does the boy like riding on the electric train in the town square? à……………………………………………………………………………… 2/ What do the children do on starry nights? à…………………………………………………………………………… 3/ Do you like to live in the countryside or in the city ? Why? à…………………………………………………………………………… D. WRITING I. Identify a mistake in each sentence and correct it. 1. In Australia, you mustn’t to comment on a person’s accent. …………………………………………………………………………………….. … 2. In my family, children has to get permission before leaving the dining table. …………………………………………………………………………………….. … 3. When I came, the whole family is having dinner around a big dining table. …………………………………………………………………………………….. … 4. Lang Lieu couldn’t buy any special food while he was very poor. …………………………………………………………………………………….. … 5. When you visit a temple in Thailand, you has to follow some important customs. …………………………………………………………………………………….. … 6. People should wear short shorts and tank tops. This is disrespectful …………………………………………………………………………………….. … 7. People can wear sandals, but these have to has a strap around the back. …………………………………………………………………………………….. … 8. People should to lower their voice inside the temple. …………………………………………………………………………………….. … 9. Women have avoid touching monks. …………………………………………………………………………………….. … II. Combine each pair of sentences to make one sentence, using the words given in brackets. 1. Lang Lieu couldn’t buy any special food . He was very poor. (BECAUSE) ………………………………………………………………………………… ………..…..… 2. During Tet, Vietnamese people buy all kinds of sweets. They make Chung cakes as well.(SO) ………………………………………………………………………………… ………..…..… 3. The Hung King Temple Festival was a local festival. It has become a public holiday in Viet Nam since 2007.(HOWEVER) ………………………………………………………………………………… ………..…..… 4. At the Mid-Autumn Festival, kids can sing, dance, and enjoy moon-cakes. Every child like it very much.(THEREFORE) ………………………………………………………………………………… ………..…..… 5. We don’t celebrate the festival. It costs too much money. (If) ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………….. 6. Most people book tickets long in advance. They cannot return home for Tet. (Otherwise) ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………….. 7. Children like Tet because it’s a long holiday. They can also receive lucky money. (Moreover) ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………….. 8. The buffalo-fighting Festival sounds frightening. Many people come to enjoy it. (Although) ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………….. 9. The Hung King Temple Festival was a local festival. It has become a public holiday in Vietnam since 2007. (Nevertheless) ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………….. 10. We won’t hold the festival. It costs too much money. (IF) ………………………………………………………………………………… ……...………… 11. The tortoise was running. The hare was sleeping. (WHILE) ………… ………………………………………………………………………….…. ………… 12. The girl worked hard. Her stepmother wasn’t happy. (ALTHOUGH) …………. …………………………………………………………………………………. …… 13. The Buffalo- fighting Festival took place in Do Son last Saturday. There were so many people. (BECAUSE) …………….. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 14. A lion can run 100km/hr while a horse can run 80km/hr. (fast) A lion can run……………………………………………………………… 15. They are both good at speaking English, but Hung speaks better than Nam. (badly) Nam speaks English ……………………………………………………….. 16. The Eagle team performed more successfully than the Tiger team. (successfully) The Tiger team performed………………………………………………….. 17. A sports car goes faster than an ordinary car. (slowly) An ordinary car goes……………………………………………………….. 18. No one in my group is more intelligent than Long. Mary……….……….…….……….……….……………….….………. ………….………. 19. Son Tung M-TP performs the song “Chung ta khong thuoc ve nhau” very beautifully. The song “Chung ta khong thuoc ve nhau”……………………………. …………………… 20. He uses all his free time to look after his garden. → He spends.............................................................................................. I. Rewrite the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one ( 1. My house is taller than your house. F Your house .……….……….……….……….……….……………………… 2. I love listening to music. F I like …………….……….……….……….……….……….………….………. 3. The black dress is more expensive than the white one. F The white dress ….……….……….……….……….……….………….………. 4. We don’t use oil lamps any more. F We used ……….……….……….…………….……….……….……….………. 5. No one in my group is more intelligent than Mary. F Mary……….……….…….……….……….……….……….………….………. 6.He works much. He feels tired. F The more ………….……….……….……….……….……….………….……….