Tài liệu Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS (Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Toma Novosad)

This page intentionally left blank Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS This page intentionally left blank Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS Edited by Jaana Laiho Achim Wacker Tomas Novosad All of Nokia, Finland JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD Copyright © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 1UD, England National 01243 779777 International (+44) 1243 779777 e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com Reprinted March 2002 All Rights Reserved. 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Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Pappelallee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd, 22 Worcester Road Rexdale, Ontario, M9W 1L1, Canada John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Radio network planning and optimisation for UMTS / edited by Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Tomas Novosad. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-48653-1 1. Global system for mobile communications. 2. Radio-Transmitters and trstnsmission. I. Laiho, Jaana. II. Wacker Achim. III. Novosad, Tomas. TK5103.483 .R34 2001 621 .382-dc21 2001045566 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 047148653 1 Typeset in Times by Deerpark Publishing Services Ltd, Shannon, Ireland. Printed and bound in Great Britain by T J International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall. This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry, in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. Images on cover were supplied by Nokia Corporate Communications, Finland. Contents Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1 2 Introduction xi xiii xv 1 Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Tomds Novosad, Peter Muszynski and Wolfgang Steffens 1.1 A Brief Look at Cellular History 1.2 Introduction to Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS 1.3 Future Trends 1 2 6 Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS 9 Tomds Novosad, David Soldani, Kari Sipila and Tero Kola 2.1 Mathematical Background to Spread Spectrum CDMA Systems 2.1.1 Multiple Access 2.1.2 Spread Spectrum Modulation 2.1.3 Tolerance to Narrowband Interference 2.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System 2.2.1 Modulation Example 2.2.2 Tolerance to Wideband Interference 2.2.3 Operation in Multipath Environments 2.3 CDMA in Cellular Radio Networks 2.3.1 Universal Frequency Reuse 2.3.2 Soft Handover 2.3.3 Power Control 2.4 WCDMA Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 2.4.1 High-Level UMTS Architecture Model 2.4.2 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture and Logical Channels 2.4.3 Transport Channels 2.4.4 Physical Channels and Mapping of Transport Channels (FDD) 2.4.5 Timing and Synchronisation in UTRAN (FDD) 2.4.6 Spreading, Scrambling and Channelisation Concepts 2.5 WCDMA Radio Link Performance Indicators 2.5.1 Definitions 2.5.2 Classification According to Multipath Channel Conditions and Services 2.5.3 Link-Level Simulation Principles 2.5.4 Physical Layer Measurements Supporting the Measurement of Link-Level Performance in a Live Network References 9 9 10 11 12 12 14 15 16 16 16 17 18 18 19 26 34 48 51 57 57 61 65 70 72 vi 3 Contents WCDMA Radio Network Planning Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho and Kimmo Terava 3.1 Dimensioning 3.1.1 WCDMA-Specific Issues in the Radio Link Budgets 3.1.2 Receiver Sensitivity Estimation 3.1.3 Shadowing Margin and Soft Handover Gain Estimation 3.1.4 Cell Range and Cell Coverage Area Estimation 3.1.5 Capacity and Coverage Analysis in the Initial Planning Phase 3.1.6 RNC Dimensioning 3.2 Detailed Planning 3.2.1 General Requirements for an RNP Tool 3.2.2 Initialisation: Defining the Radio Network Layout 3.2.3 Detailed UL and DL Iterations 3.2.4 Adjacent Channel Interference Calculations 3.2.5 Post-Processing: Network Coverage Prediction and Common Channel Analysis 3.3 Verification of Dimensioning with Static Simulations 3.3.1 Macrocellular Network Layout 3.3.2 Introduction to the Simulator and the Simulation Parameters 3.4 Verification of the Static Simulator with Dynamic Simulations 3.4.1 Introduction to the Dynamic Simulator 3.4.2 Comparison Results 3.5 Optimisation of the Radio Network Plan 3.5.1 Ideal Case 3.5.2 Shinjuku Case 3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multioperator Environments 3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 ACI Simulation Cases 3.6.3 Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to Avoid ACI References 4 75 76 77 80 80 81 83 83 87 88 101 106 114 115 118 119 120 123 125 127 129 130 133 138 138 142 149 151 Radio Resource Utilisation 153 Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Tomas Novosad, David Soldani, Tero Kola and Ted Buot 4.1 Introduction to Radio Resource Management 4.2 Power Control 4.2.1 Open-Loop Power Control 4.2.2 Power Control on Downlink Common Channels 4.2.3 Inner-Loop Power Control 4.2.4 Outer-Loop Power Control 4.2.5 Power Control during Compressed Mode 4.2.6 Power Control with TPC Command Errors 4.2.7 Fast Power Control and Terminal Speed 4.3 Handover Control 4.3.1 Intrasystemlntrafrequency SHO 4.3.2 Intrasystemlntrafrequency Hard Handover 4.3.3 Intrasystemlnterfrequency Handover 4.3.4 Intersystem Handover 4.3.5 Handover Measurement Reporting 4.3.6 Compressed Mode 4.4 Congestion Control 4.4.1 Definition of Air Interface Load 4.4.2 Admission Control 4.4.3 Packet Scheduling 4.4.4 Load Control 153 154 154 155 157 162 164 165 166 166 166 167 168 168 169 177 178 178 179 181 187 Contents vii 4.5 Resource Management 4.5.1 The Tree of Orthogonal Channelisation Codes in Downlink 4.5.2 Code Planning 4.6 Impact of RRU on Network Performance 4.6.1 Impact of Fast Power Control and SHO on Network Performance 4.6.2 RRM Optimisation Examples References 189 189 190 194 194 204 211 WCDMA-GSM Co-Planning Issues 213 Kari Heiska, Tomas Novosad, Pauli Aikio and Josef Fuhl 5.1 Radio Frequency Issues 5.1.1 Thermal Noise 5.1.2 Man Made Noise 5.1.3 Interference Scenarios 5.1.4 Interference Reduction Methods 5.2 Noise Measurements 5.2.1 Acceptable RF Environment 5.2.2 Conducting Measurements in a Real Environment 5.2.3 Measurement Results 5.2.4 Conclusions 5.3 Radio Network Planning Issues 5.3.1 Co-Planning Process 5.3.2 Transmission Planning 5.4 Narrowband and WCDMA System Operation in Adjacent Frequency Bands 5.4.1 Interference Mechanisms 5.4.2 Worst-case Analysis 5.4.3 Simulation Case Study with Static Simulator 5.4.4 Capacity Reduction 5.4.5 Summary and RNP Guidelines References 213 214 215 215 216 217 217 219 221 224 225 225 231 232 234 237 238 252 256 257 Cell Deployment 259 Terhi Rautiainen, Achim Wacker and Jaana Laiho 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Roll-out 6.3 Hierarchical Cell Structures in WCDMA Networks 6.3.1 Network Operation Aspects 6.3.2 Case Study Frequency Reuse in Micro- and Macrocell Networks 6.3.3 Concluding Remarks References 259 259 261 262 264 277 211 Coverage and Capacity Enhancement Methods 279 Chris Johnson, Juha Ylitalo and Achim Wacker 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Techniques for Improving Coverage 7.2.1 Uplink and Downlink Coverage-limited Scenarios 7.2.2 Link Budget Analysis 7.3 Techniques for Improving Capacity 7.3.1 Uplink and Downlink Capacity-limited Scenarios 7.3.2 Load Equation Analysis 7.3.3 Identifying the Limiting Link 279 280 280 281 283 283 284 285 5 6 7 viii 8 9 Contents 7.4 Uplink Cell Load and Base Station Transmit Power 7.4.1 Impact of Uplink Cell Load 7.4.2 Impact of Base Station Transmit Power 7.5 Additional Carriers and Scrambling Codes 7.5.1 Impact of Additional Carriers 7.5.2 Impact of Additional Scrambling Codes 7.6 Mast Head Amplifiers and Active Antennas 7.6.1 Mathematical Background 7.6.2 Impact of Mast Head Amplifiers and Active Antennas 7.6.3 Practical Considerations 7.7 Remote RF Head Amplifiers 7.7.1 Mathematical Background 7.7.2 Impact of Remote RF Head Amplifiers 7.7.3 Practical Considerations 7.8 Higher-order Receive Diversity 7.8.1 Impact of Higher-order Receive Diversity 7.8.2 Practical Considerations 7.9 Transmit Diversity 7.9.1 Impact of Transmit Diversity 7.9.2 Practical Considerations 7.10 Beamforming 7.10.1 Mathematical Background 7.10.2 Impact of Beamforming 7.10.3 Practical Considerations 7.10.4 Impact of Fixed-beam Approach upon RRM Algorithms 7.11 Roll-out Optimised Configuration 7.11.1 Impact of Roll-out Optimised Configuration 7.11.2 Practical Considerations 7.12 Sectorisation 7.12.1 Impact of Sectorisation 7.12.2 Practical Considerations 7.13 Repeaters 7.13.1 Impact of Repeaters 7.13.2 Practical Considerations 7.14 Microcell Deployment 7.14.1 Impact of Microcells 7.15 Summary of Coverage and Capacity Enhancement Methods References 286 286 288 290 290 292 293 294 295 297 297 298 298 299 299 300 301 303 305 307 307 307 309 310 311 312 313 315 315 316 318 318 320 322 333 322 325 328 Radio Network Optimisation Process 329 Jaana Laiho, Anneli Korteniemi, Markus Djupsund, Mikko Toivonen and Jochen Grandell 8.1 Introduction to Radio Network Optimisation 8.2 Introduction to the TMN Model 8.3 Tools in Optimisation 8.3.1 Planning Tool Level Optimisation 8.3.2 The Network Management System's Role in the Optimisation Process 8.3.3 Network Monitoring and Reporting in Optimisation 8.3.4 Field Measurement Tool References 329 331 338 339 340 346 356 363 UMTS Quality of Service Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Outi Hiironniemi, Kati Ahvonen and Jaana Laiho 9.1 Quality of Service Architecture 9.1.1 High-level Reference Model for QoS 365 365 365 Contents 9.1.2 User Equipment 9.1.3 UMTS Framework 9.1.4 Interoperation with External Network 9.2 UMTS Traffic Classifications 9.2.1 User-plane Traffic 9.2.2 Control-plane Traffic 9.3 UMTS Traffic Characteristics 9.3.1 Terminology in Traffic Modelling 9.3.2 Transport Layer Protocol Characteristics 9.3.3 Common IP Services and Mapping to Transport Protocols 9.3.4 Common Application Layer Call Control Signalling 9.3.5 Common Application Layer QoS Signalling 9.3.6 Common Application Layer Media Traffic Characteristics 9.4 UMTS Traffic QoS Requirements 9.4.1 QoS Visible to End-Users 9.4.2 Call Quality Requirements 9.5 Management of QoS and Network Performance 9.5.1 A Conceptual Model of QoS 9.5.2 QoS Management Functions in 3GPP 9.5.3 Service Quality Management References 10 RAN Autotuning and Advanced Monitoring Methods Jaana 10.1 10.2 10.3 Laiho, Albert Hoglund and Ted Buot Introduction Hierarchical Structure for Automated Tuning Examples of Autotuning Subsystems 10.3.1 Power Autotuning Subsystem 10.3.2 Autotuning in Mobility Management Subsystem 10.4 Advanced Monitoring Methods for Cellular Networks 10.4.1 Cell Grouping 10.4.2 Anomaly Detection References 11 Other 3G Radio Access Technologies Jussi Reunanen, Simon Browne, Pauliina Eratuuli, Ann-Louise Johansson, Martin Kristensson, Mats Larsson, Tomas Novosad and Jussi Sipola 11.1 GSM Packet Data Services 11.1.1 Introduction 11.1.2 Modulation and Coding Schemes 11.1.3 EGPRS Radio Link Performance 11.1.4 GPRS Radio Link Performance 11.1.5 Coverage 11.1.6 Capacity Planning 11.1.7 Mobility Management 11.1.8 Frequency Hopping Techniques 11.1.9 Conclusion 11.2 Time Division Duplex (TDD) Mode of WCDMA (UTRA TDD) 11.2.1 Some TDD-specific Properties 11.2.2 System Scenarios 11.2.3 Synchronisation of Cells 11.2.4 Single-Operator TDD Network 11.2.5 Synchronisation in Multi-Operator TDD Networks ix 366 368 369 371 371 377 378 378 380 385 388 389 390 391 392 396 403 403 404 407 410 411 411 412 414 414 424 425 426 434 436 437 437 437 438 441 445 446 449 457 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 Contents x 11.2.6 Erlang Capacity for TDD Networks - A Simple Way of Estimating Capacity per Cell 11.2.7 Coexisting TDD and FDD Networks 11.2.8 Co-located and Close Proximity Local Area BSs 11.2.9 Radio Performance 11.2.10 TDD and FDD Processing Gains 11.2.11 TDD Link Budget Examples 11.2.12 Some Other Important Parameters and their Effect on the Link Budget 11.2.13 Summary References Index 469 469 471 471 471 472 474 475 476 477 Preface Second-generation mobile communication systems have enabled voice traffic to go wireless. More important, however, have been the accompanying standardisation, compatibility and international transparency that were simply not available to telecommunications equipment of the previous analogue generation. These features have helped second-generation systems to spread rapidly around the world, with very high cellular phone penetration rates in many countries. Cellular networks have enabled certain types of communication to take place on a massive scale that previously were not possible or were at least severely limited. In the field of network building and expansion, the main advances have been in planning the radio and transmission part of the network and in optimising the processes and activities necessary to run existing operational networks. The third-generation system known as the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) introduces very variable data rates on the air interface, as well as the independence of the radio access infrastructure and the service platform. For users this makes available a wide spectrum of circuit-switched or packet data services through the newly developed high bit-rate radio technology known as Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). The variable bit rate and variety of traffic on the air interface have presented completely new possibilities for both operators and users, but also new challenges in network planning and optimisation. This book gives detailed descriptions of the radio network planning and optimisation of UMTS networks based on Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) WCDMA technology. One chapter is dedicated to the General Packet Radio System (GPRS) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) access mode of WCDMA. The optimisation and Quality of Service aspects have, however, a wider scope than in (W)CDMA radio technology only. Chapter 1 introduces the challenges of network planning and optimisation that operators and the wireless industry are currently facing on the way to third-generation (3G) systems. Chapter 2 is in three sections. The first introduces the general background of Spread Spectrum Systems. This is followed by a section related to the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), giving a panoramic view of the UMTS architecture, interfaces and functions that impact directly upon radio network planning. The third section discusses WCDMAspecific link performance indicators used in radio network dimensioning and planning. Chapter 3 treats WCDMA radio network planning as a wider process that includes network dimensioning, detailed planning, requirements for planning tools, algorithms used for calculation by WCDMA and optimisation of the radio network plan. The relationship between network dimensioning, detailed network planning and dynamic network simulation is also discussed. xii Preface Chapter 4 covers radio resource management from the point of view of radio resource utilisation, including power control, handover control, congestion control (admission control and packet scheduling), resource management, and certain impacts of those functions upon network performance. In Chapter 5, the reader is introduced to co-planning issues involving WCDMA and the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), especially the effects of intersystem interference, together with dynamic receiver properties, upon network performance. Application of these methods and results is not however limited to the GSMWCDMA scenario. Chapter 6 discusses cell deployment strategies with respect to the number of frequencies and the network structure. This topic is presented as a case study. Chapter 7 treats various coverage and capacity enhancement techniques (beamforming, higher-order receive diversity, transmit diversity, mast head amplifiers, repeaters, roll-out optimised configuration, sectorisation, etc.). The chapter is based on an extensive set of case studies and contains practical examples and conclusions. Chapter 8 is devoted to the high-level radio network optimisation process, including the Telecommunications Management Network model, the role of tools, field measurement tools, and measurement-gathering principles of the Radio Network Controller. Chapter 9 describes UMTS Quality of Service in respect of the model, requirements, traffic characteristics and QoS management principles. Chapter 10 discusses radio access autotuning and advanced monitoring concepts and methods. First, statistical quality management principles are given, including several examples of statistical autotuning of certain configuration parameters. The second part of the chapter is dedicated to advanced methods for cellular network monitoring. Finally, Chapter 11 deals with two technologies different from FDD mode of WCDMA FDD. The first is the GPRS branch in GSM technology. This has brought variable-rate packet data traffic into the air interface of originally circuit-switched and single-data-rate serviceoriented technology. The second, the Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode of WCDMA, represents an interesting technology for high data rate indoor users. On the CD accompanying this book we have included a static radio network simulator implemented in MATLAB® together with detailed descriptions of the algorithms used. Most of the simulated scenarios are included, but not all the values presented can be reproduced exactly, since the simulations have been done partly using earlier versions of the tool that used slightly different strategies. The tool is delivered in its current version and state, and the authors do not give any warranty concerning the correctness of the code. In addition, some of the coloured figures from the book can be found on the CD in pdf-format. The book is targeted at wireless operators, network and terminal manufacturers, university students, frequency regulation bodies, and all those interested in radio network planning and optimisation, especially network systems RF engineering professionals. This book represents the views and opinions of the authors, which are not necessarily those of their employers. Acknowledgements The editors would like to acknowledge the effort and time invested by their colleagues, both from Nokia and from outside, who have contributed to this book. Apart from the editors, the contributors were Kati Ahvonen, Pauli Aikio, Simon Browne, Ted Buot (University of Adelaide), Markus Djupsund, Pauliina Eratuuli, Josef Fuhl, Jochen Grandell, Kari Heiska, Outi Hiironniemi, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Albert Hoglund, Ann-Louise Johansson, Chris Johnson, Tero Kola, Anneli Korteniemi, Martin Kristensson, Mats Larsson, Peter Muszynski, Terhi Rautiainen, Jussi Reunanen, Kari Sipila, Jussi Sipola, David Soldani, Wolfgang Steffens, Kimmo Terava, Mikko Toivonen and Juha Ylitalo. The editors would like to thank Tero Ojanpera and Peter Muszynski for initial review and comments on the scope and contents. During the development of the book, many of our colleagues from various Nokia sites offered support and help in suggesting improvements, finding errors or providing figures or editorial advice. The editors would like to express their gratitude especially to Kirsi Heikkonen, Olli Karonen, Outi Keski-Oja, Pekka Kohonen, Mikko Kylvaja, Arto Makkonen, Kimmo Raivio (Helsinki University of Technology), Antti Toskala, Veli Voipio and Yongzhao Yang. The publishing team at John Wiley & Sons Ltd., led by Mark Hammond has done an outstanding job in the production of this book. We are especially grateful to Zoe Pinnock and Sarah Hinton, with patience, guidance and assistance they helped us to keep the enormous demanding schedule. We would like to express special thanks to our employer, Nokia Networks, for general permission, support and encouragement, and for providing some of the illustrations. We also wish to acknowledge the effort of our colleagues from the Optimizer and Radio System Research teams as well as from planning services, for their practical work in 3G planning studies oriented in a number of cities and environments around the world and for their valuable input from the field. Last, but not least, we would like to say a big 'thank you' to our families and friends, as well as those of all the authors and reviewers, for their patience and support throughout this project. The editors and authors welcome any comments and suggestions for improvement or changes that could be implemented in possible future editions. The e-mail address for gathering such information is [email protected]. Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker and Tomas Novosad Espoo, Finland This page intentionally left blank Abbreviations 2G 3G 3GPP 4G 8-PSK A AAL2 Abis AC ACI ACIR ACK ACLR ACP ACS AGCH AI AICH AM AMPS AMR AP AP-AICH API APP ARQ AS ASC ASU ATM AVI AWGN AXC 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 3rd Generation Partnership Project 4th Generation 8-Phase Shift Keying ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 GSM Interface BTS-BSC Admission Control Adjacent Channel Interference Adjacent Channel Interference power Ratio ACKnowledgement Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio Adjacent Channel Protection Adjacent Channel Selectivity Access Grant CHannel Acquisition Indicator Acquisition Indicator CHannel Acknowledged Mode Advanced Mobile Phone Service Adaptive Multi Rate Access Preamble Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator CHannel Application Programming Interface Application specific functions Automatic Repeat reQuest Access Slot, Active Set, Access Stratum Access Service Class AS Update Asynchronous Transfer Mode Actual Value Interface Additive White Gaussian Noise ATM Cross Connect xvi B B(T)S BA BB BCC BCCH BCH BCS BEP BER BFN BLER BMC BMU BPSK BSC BSIC BSS BTFD BYE C C_ID CAPEX CC CCCH CCH CCPCH CCTrCH CD CD/CA-ICH CD-DSMA CDF CDMA CFN CGI CI C/I CM CN CNAME COST CP CPCH CPICH CRC CRMS Abbreviations Base (Transceiver) Station BCCH Allocation BaseBand Base station Colour Code Broadcast Control CHannel Broadcast CHannel Binary Coded Signalling Bit Error Probability Bit Error Rate node B Frame Number BLock Error Rate Broadcast/Multicast Control Best-Matching Unit Binary Phase Shift Keying Base Station Controller Base Station Identity Code Base Station Subsystem Blind Transport Format Detection session termination Cell IDentification CAPital Expenditure Call Control, Convolutional Coding Common Control CHannel Control CHannel Common Control Physical CHannel Coded Composite Transport CHannel Collision Detection Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator CHannel Collision Detection - Digital Sense Multiple Access Cumulative Distribution/Density Function Code Division Multiple Access Connection Frame Number Cell Global Identification Cell Identity Carrier-to-interference ratio Compressed Mode, Configuration Management Core Network Canonical NAME European COoperation in the field of Scientific and Technical research Control Plane Common Packet CHannel Common Pilot CHannel Cyclic Redundancy Check Common Resource Management Server xvii Abbreviations CRNC CRS CS CSICH CSW CTCH CWND D DCA DCCH DCH DCN DCR DGPS DHCP DHO DiffServ DL DNS DoA DOFF DPCCH DPCH DPDCH DQPSK DRNC DRX DS DSCH DSMA-CD DTCH DTX E El EDGE EFR EGPRS EIA EIRP ETSI F FACH FAUSCH FBI FCC FCS Controlling RNC Cell Resource Server Coding Scheme, Circuit Switched CPCH Status Indicator CHannel Circuit Switched (GPRS terminology) Common Traffic CHannel Congestion Window Dynamic Channel Allocation Dedicated Control CHannel Dedicated CHannel Data Communication Network Drop Call Ratio Differential GPS Dynamic Host Client Protocol Diversity Handover Differentiated Services DownLink Domain Name Server Direction of Arrival Default OFFset Dedicated Physical Control CHannel Dedicated Physical CHannel Dedicated Physical Data CHannel Differential QPSK Drifting RNC Discontinuous Reception Direct Sequence Downlink Shared CHannel Digital Sense Multiple Access - Collision Detection Dedicated Traffic CHannel Discontinuous Transmission Standard 2 Mbps Transmission Line Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution Enhanced Full Rate Enhanced GPRS Electronic Industry Alliance Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power European Telecommunications Standards Institute Forward Access CHannel FAst Uplink Signalling CHannel FeedBack Information Federal Communications Commission Frame Check Sequence xviii FDD FDMA FEC FER FH FIFO FN FP FTP G G GERAN GGSN GIS GMM GMSK GoS GP GPIB GPRS GPS GSM GUI GW H HC HCS HD HHO HO HSCSD HTML HTTP HW I ID IE IEE IEEE IETF IF-HO IIP IMAP IMD IMEI IMSI Abbreviations Frequency Division Duplex Frequency Division Multiple Access Forward Error Correction Frame Erasure Rate, Frame Error Rate Frequency Hopping First In First Out Frame Number Frame Protocol File Transfer Protocol Geometry factor GSM EDGE RAN Gateway GPRS Support Node Geographical Information System GPRS MM Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying Grade of Service Guard Period General Purpose Interface Bus General Packet Radio System Global Positioning System Global System for Mobile communication Graphical User Interface GateWay Handover Control Hierarchical Cell Structure Harmonic Distortion Hard HO Handover High Speed Circuit Switched Data HyperText Markup Language HyperText Transfer Protocol Hardware IDentifier Information Element The Institution of Electrical Engineers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Internet Engineering Task Force InterFrequency HO Input Intercept Point Internet Message Access Protocol Intermodulation Distortion International Mobile station Equipment Identity International Mobile Subscriber Identity