Tài liệu Định tuyến trong mạng cảm biến và so sánh bằng mô phỏng.pdf

Del Hnr Th5ng I.nng Al 7776 Tian Ting CHI O'NG 1. TONG QUAN MANG CAM BIEN KEIONG DAY 1.1 G161 thieu Trong nhitng nom gin ctay, rit nhieu mang cam bien khong day da vi dang duqc phit then vi then khai cho nhieu the irng dyng khic nhau nhu: theo d8i sly thay doi cea mei trubng, !chi Mu, giim sit cic met ton van stir, phat hien vi do than viec tin ' , sinh hoc vi hoi hoc, chuin doin sly hang hoc cita may mac, thief cong bang hat nhan N, theo diu vi giim sit cic bic sy, benh nhan cling nhu quitn 19 thu6c trong the benh vien,theo dai vi dieu lchien giao thong, cic phucrng lien xe c0... Han nita vii sty tien be c8ng nghe gin day vi hei ty cea hg thong cic cong nghe nhu Icy thu$t vi dien tu, cong nghe nano, giao flip khong day, cong nghe mach tich hqp, vi mach phin cam hien, xir 19 vi tinh town tin hieu...da tao ra nhang con cam hien c6 kich think nhe, da chtic !tang, gii thimh thip, cong suit lieu thy thip, layn tang lchi nang img dyng rOng rai dui mang cam hien khong day. MOt mang cam hien !thong day li met mang bao gem nhieu mit cam hien nhe c6 gii thimh thip, vi tieu thy Wing lucmg it, giao dip thong qua the ket n6i !thong day, c6 dua nhiem vy cam hien, do doe, tinh win nhiim myc dick thu th$p, tip trung dit lieu ra the quyet djnh town cyc ve mei trueng ty nhien . a Nherng not cam bien nhe bet My bao gom cic thinh Cic 130 vi zit 19 rat nhe, b0 nhe glen han,b0 phin cam bien, be thu phit khong day, nguan nuoi. Kich thu6c cua cic con cam bien nay thay dei tir to nhu hap giiy cho den nhe nhu hat byi, thy thuetc vio tang irng ding. Khi nghien cuu ye mang cam bien Wag day, met trong nhUng dic diem quan tong vi then chat de li th&i gian song cea the con cam lien hay chinh la sly gi6i han ve nitng luqng cea chting. Cic nut cam bien nay you ciu lieu thy cong suit thip. Cic nit cam bien hoot dOng c6 gi6i han vi n6i chung la khong the thay the duqc ngu6n cung cip. Do de, trong khi mang truyen thong tap trung vio dat duqc cic djch vy chit luqng cao, thl the giao thirc mang cam bien phii tap trung diu lien vio bio town ding suit. Mang cam hien c6 met so dic diem sau: + CO 'chi Wing tlr t6 chirc. + Yeu ciu ft hoac khong c6 sy can thiep Oa con ngu&i. + Truyen thong ves tuyen vi truyen da buerc. + Trion khai so luqng lan tren pham vi rOng. Chuyen de tat nghiep 1 Al777F tai HQr Thing I.nng Tign Time + Nang lugng, b0 nh6, !chi Wing xir ly c6 ham + Cau hlnh thin:mg xuyen thay d8i do m8i truirng hoc nut mpg. + Quang ba trong phi= vi hgp va djnh tuyen multihop. Cac gi6i han ve mat nitng lugng, cong suit phat, b0 nh6 va cong suit tinh toan. Chinh nhfing dac firth nay da dua ra nhftng chien luqc mei va nhang yeu ciu thay d6i trong thiet Ice mpg cam bien. 1.2 C.Iu trfic mang cam bign 1.2.1 Cdc yiu to" dnh hurting din cdu trac mom cdm bun Cac ciu trec hien nay cho mang Internet va man ad hoc khong day lchting dimg duqcho mang cam hien kh8ng day, do mOt s6 15 , do sau: ➢ S6 lugng cac nut cam bien trong mang cam hien c6 the ion gip nhieu lin s6 lugng nut trong mpg ad hoc. ➢ Cac nut cam bien bi 16i. a ➢ Ciu tic mpg cam bien thay d6i kha thtrimg xuyen. ➢ Cac nut cam bien chti yeu sir dtmg truyen thong kieu quang ba, trong khi hiu het cac mpg ad hoc diu dtra tren viec truyen diem-diem. ➢ Cac nut cam bien bj gi6i han ye riling lugng, Icha riling firth town va b0 nh6. ➢ Cac nut cam hien c6 the khong c6 so nhon long town ciu (globalidentification) (ID) vl chting c6 mOt so luqng len mio dau va mOt so lugng len cac nut cam 'nen. Do v$y, ciu tnic !twig moi se: ➢ Ket hop yin de nimg lugng vi !chit Wing (firth tuyen. ➢ Tich hop da lieu va giao thirc ➢ Truyen nang lugng hieu qua qua cac phtrong lien khong day. ➢ Chia se nhiem vo gran cac nut lan c$n. ➢ Cac nut cam lien duqc phen b6 trong mOt sensor field nhu hinh (1.1). MOi mOt nut cam hien ce khit fling thu dial) der lieu vi dinh tuyen lei den cac sink. Chuyen di tot nghiep 2 A17776 Plait lane Thing I.nng Tien Wing I Sink t o Mit dm bitm * SIddin 0 Treeing dm ban Ngizbi skim Hinh 1. Lau Thic ?ming cam biin Dit lieu duqc djnh tuyen 13i den cat sink b?ri met cAu trim da diem nhu hinh ve tren. Cac sink c6 the giao tiep van cac nut quitn It nhiem At (task manager node) qua mpg Internet hoac ye tinh. Sink 11 met thvc the, tui d6 th8ng tin duqc yeu citu . Sink c6 the la thvc the ben tong mpg (la met nth cam bien ) hoac ngoiti ming. Thvc the ngoli mpg ce the 11 met thiet bj thvc sv vi dv nhu may tinh zilch tay ma tuong tac vai mpg cam bien, hoac cling don than chi la met gateway ma n6i Arai mang khitc lan hon nhu Internet nai ma cac you cAu thvc sv doi yea cac th8ng tin thy tie met vai nut cam bien trong mung. 1.2.2 Glerri thitu ye wit aim biin: a.Ciu to cda nit slim Min nhw mu: Mai not cam bien ducrc cau thinh bei 4 thinh phAn co ban nhu ar hinh (1 2)• don vj cam bien (a sensing unit), don vi zu ly (a processing unit), don vj truyin dan (a transceiver unit) va be nguOn (a power unit). Ngoiti ra c6 the c6 them nhUng thilnh phAn khic thy thuOc vio tang ling dung nhu 11 he thong djnh vj (location finding system), bO phat ngu6n (power generator) va bO Oen di dOng (mobilizer). Chuyen de tot nghiep 3 Al 7776 —Phi Tian 'fling nal 14nr Thang i.nng HO thief dinh nj Don si rim biOn rim biOn ADC BO Phan di 4+14 Dorn sit 13;. lit it Don vi truyen dan Bothuphit Luti B+ gain Bo phat nmOn Minh 1.2.Cau tgo nut cam bien Cac don vj earn bien (sensing units) bao g6m cam bien va 1,0 chuyen doi tuong tv-s6. Dva tren nhftng hien tuqng quan sit duqc, tin hieu Wang tv Mo ra bfri sensor duqc chuyin sang tin hieu so beng b0 ADC, sau d6 duqc dua vao b0 xer ly. Dan vi xir 1S, thutmg duqc ket hqp v6i b0 luu trft nhe (storage unit), quyet djnh cac thit tuc lam cho cac net ket hqp yeti nhau de thvc hien the nhiem vu djnh sAn. Phin thu phat v8 tuyen ket noSi cac nut do mang. MOt trong s6 the phin quan tong that ciut mOt nit mang cam lien la bet nguon. Cac b0 ngu6n thuerng duqc h6 try boi the be phOn loc nhu la to bao Wing luqng mjtt trai. Ngoai ra cling c6 nhftng thenh phin phu lchic phv thuOc vao tong ling dung. Hiu het cac ki °mot djnh tuyen va the nhiem va cam bien cis mang deu yeu cau c6 do chinh the cao ye vj tri. Cac be phi') di dOng d8i lic can phiti djch chuyen cac nut cam hien khi can thiet de thvc hien the nhiem vu di An djnh. Tit ca nhftng thinh phin thy can phai phft hqp v6i ldch 0 tang module. Ngoai kich cdr ra cac nut cam hien con mOt s6 rang buOc nghiem ngat khac, nhu la phai lieu thu rat it Wing lucmg, hops dOng 6 mot dO cao, c6 gia thanh thip, c6 the qr hot dOng, va thich bien v6i sv hien d6i cia mai tnremg. Chuyen de tat nghiep 4 Al 7778 -Rid Tan Wing_ Dei 1-hr Thing I.nng b. MOt so lopi nut mpg: Hinh 1.3.Ntit "King thuac hp Mica Mote Ho nut inking nay nom trong clir an nghien ciru Mkt trutrng dai hoc california tCY co& nem 1990, sir dung vi xir 19 cita Anne!, su dung he ditu hanh TinyOS. Giao di. kit cim tart Ames nvei Amen da 'in ara SO* Des led Hinh 1.4.Ntit ngng EYES Nig mpg nay phitt trien tai mOt to chim cita chau au trong dv an s* dung nang Wong hieu quit cita mang cam hien - Energy efficient sensor network (EYES). Nit mang sir dung vi dieu lchien MSP 430 clia Texas, cd khe riling ket nei them cam hien. Nit mpg nay sir dung vi dieu khien CC1010 cita chipcon, tich hop thiet N troy& din vo toy& vi cam bien nhiet do c. Vi xtr 19 Vi xir lt la thiet bj quan bong nhit trong nut mang cam hien khong day, thqc hien thu thap dit lieu HI cac not, sau de xt1 lt truck khi girl di, va nhan da . lieu tar cac nut khic. Nguyen nhan nd ducat lira chon trong cac he theng nhang la mem deo trong ket neli yeti cac thiet bj lchic nhu thiet bj cam hien, tieu thy Jiang ltrqng thip nhir lchi nang chuyen sang the do nge khi de chi co mOt phlin caa vi dieu lchien hoot dOng, hon nita Chuyen de tot nghiep 5 Dal I-Inr Thing I.nng Al 777h -Rid Tan Wing thutmg c6 b0 nh6 tich hqp ngay ten b0 vi xir 19. MOt dtic diem rat duqc ngutri lop trinh ye'u thich la khi tiling lop trinh bang ng6n net bOc cao (C, C++). B6i v$y khi xay dung nut mung viec xem zit hieu suet cim vi xir 1St, hieu qua nang Itrqng va gia thanh la rat quan trcmg. d. Bi) oh& Dirge sir dung de km tit de lieu thu tt7 cac nut cam Bien, hoc goi de lieu tir the nut khae, ce 2 loci kien true b0 nh6 11: kien true havard va ld'en true von newman, diem khic nhau ells 2 kien true nay la trong Id& true havard thi by nh6 der lieu va chuong trinh tach biet nhau khi de de lieu thutmg dirge hira trong RAM can chuong frith dtrqc chira trong ROM hotic b0 nhe FLASH, con trong kien true von newman thi de lieu va chuong trinh dirge km cling v6i nhau, thin:mg la tren RAM, nhugc diem dm n6 la dit lieu se bj mitt khi tit ngu6n, bOi vtiy chuong trinh hottc he dieu himh thuang duqc luu tra ten ROM, EEPROM, hoc b0 nh6 flash ( gin tuang to nhu EEPROM). Yeu eau kich thuOc b0 nh6 va Wing lugng lieu thu tuang ling vOi yeu eau ye di lieu cua ling dung eM nut mpg. e. Thiit bj giao dip La thiet bj duge sir dung de trao d6i de lieu gifts cac nut don v6i nhau, trong d6 moi true:mg kitting day 11 duqc ua dung hcrn ca, do co the la song vo tuyen, truyen thong quang, song sieu am, al trutmg cling duct sir dung trong mOt vai ling dung dtIc biet. Trong d6 s6ng vo tuyen cung Dip dii thong 16n voi the dO di lieu cao pith hqp nhit cho hau het cac ling dung cim mpg thong day. Trong dO cac nut yeu eau ca chirc nang nthim va truyen de lieu (dieu chi, gill dieu che, lchuech dui, lqc, trOn ...) sau de chuyen luting bit, byte ho(te khung thinh song vo tuyen, thong thuong 2 thiet bj nay thubng dirge kit hqp thinh mOt thiet bj duy nhat, bei vOy thutrng thi tai mOt thai diem thong the thtrc hien dring then vita truyen vire nhOn de lieu, ma truyen va nh#n se dirge luan phien nhau dirge dieu Ichien bOi he dieu himh nhong. a Khi lira chqn thiet bi truyen nhan can Itru y viii dtIc diem sau: rding phuc vu cho 16p ten (MAC), cho phep lop nay dieu !chi& goi de lieu ✓ Tiet hem rding lugng vi sir dung nang lugng hieu quit do Ming lugng tieu thu nhieu nhitt tong nut mong la do viec truyen nh3n vo tuyen. ✓ Tan s6 s6ng mang vi da kenh truyin tong tnty&t nhen phii phu hqp vei yeu cau eM ling dung. • Chuyen d tot nghtep Al 77Th -Rill Tian Wing Del Hey Thing I.nng ✓ Ric do da lieu Wang Ong v6i tin s6 song mang v8 bang tin cling v6i viec dieu the va ma hOtt du lieu, tOc dO nay cO the thay d6i bang dieu the holtc thay d6i toe dO ctia ky tv. ✓ Dieu the va ma hed f. Cam Min CO rat nhieu loai cam bien, tity vao loci (mg dyng tong mkutg cam bien ma ta ceo cfic cam bien twang ling, that:mg la dva vito kieu host dOng dm cam bien, tich eve- thy dOng, pham vi giam sat ... /tang Itrong tieu thy, gia thanh va kich thuerc. Thuerng thi viec lira chyn cam hien Ichong phtic tap nhu b0 nh6 va vi air lt. g. Nguen nuoi Lit thitnh phan cot yeu cua mang cam bien, tong de 2 van de can quan tam li 'chi Wing luu ter vi cung cap nang lugng va Icha ruing thay the ngu6n.Thuting thi nguOn day thuting li pin, vi !chi rang thay the tong net mpg la kh8ng the do dja hinh hien khai va se nut mang len, do v$y phiti chqn nguem on djnh co lcha rang host dOng phi hqp v&i ye'u cau cua ling dung vi m8i trubng host dOng. , h. Phin mom He dieu hanh nhimg, dieu Ichien vi bio ve truy cop tai nguyen vi quan lt cho phep phep ngtrei dimg cling nhu h8 trq thi kinh xir IY vi giao tiep gifta citc qui trinh. Tuy nhien chirc Ming chit yeu la thi hinh lenh, bat vay he thong Ichong you cau quit nhieu tai nguyen de h8 trq nhu met he dieu hitnh holm thien. Han nfta he dieu hinh cho mpg cam bien khong day con c6 the h8 trq nhang tay chon cho he thong, then hinh la quan ly su dung riling Itremg hieu qui, quan ly vi dieu Ichien the thanh phan ngosi vi: cam bien, thiet bj vo tuyen, djnh that Bei v$y you cau cho by dieu hanh cho mpg nhimg la caw trOc don gian vi ho trq quitn 11 nang luqng ma Ichang ten nhieu tai nguyen he thong nhu b0 nhe vi thin gian xir 1.2.3 DOc diem cilia cdu franc myng aimblew Nhu tren ta di biet 4c diem dm mpg cam bien la bao gOm met s6 limn len cic nut cam bien, cac net cam bien c6 giOi hsn vi rang buec ve tai nguyen biet lit Ming lucmg rat Wait khe. Do do, du true mpg mei co dac diem rat khac v6i cic mpg truyen thong. Sau day ta se phan tich met s6 4c diem not Wit tong mpg cam bien nhu sau: Chuyen tdt nghiOp 7 Hai Hor Thing Long Al 777A -MI Tan Thng • IChi Wing chju 161 (fault tolerance): MOt s6 cic nut cim bien c6 the Wong hoot dOng era do thieu ning lucmg, do nhftng hu h6ng vet 19 hok do inh huing cia m8i truting. Khi nAng chju 18i the hien a viec mong van hoot dOng blnh thuing, duy tri nhftng chic nAng mia no ngay ci khi mot so nut mong khong hoot dOng. • Khi nAng me rOng: Khi nghien cuu met hien tuong, s6 Wong cic nut cam bien duqc then khai ce the den hang tram nghln nut, phi thuk vio ding img dong con so nay c6 the vuqt qui hang trieu. Do d6 cau frac mpg mai phii c6 khi Wing ma rOng de c6 thE lim viec vii s6 lugng 1&n cic nut nay. • Gii thrinh sin xuat : Vi cic numg cam bien bao gOm met s6 Itrog 16n cic nut cim bien nen chi phi con m6i nut rat quan Mpg trong viec dieu chinh chi phi cirri toin mong. Neu chi phi coca toin Truing dat han viec then khai sensor theo kieu truyen th6ng, nhu vey mong Ichong co gii thinh hqp lt. Do voy, chi phi cia m8i nut cam bien phii gift 6 mire thap. • Ring butjc ve phan cung : VI s6 lucmg cic nut trong mpg rat nhieu nen the nut cam bien can phii c6 cic ring buOc ve phan cung nhu sau : Kich tuck phii nhi, tieu the nth% lucmg thap, c6 khi nang hoot d'Ong 6 nhftng nol c6 mot dO cao, chi phi sin xuat thip, c6 khi ning to tri vi hoot dOng !thong can c6 ngutri kiem soar, thich nghi v6i mei truing. • Mai throng hoot dung: Cic nit cim bien duqc thiet lip day dk, rat gin hok troc tiep ben trong cic hien Prang de quan sit. Vi the, cherig thuang lim viec mi kh8ng can Om sit a nhing vimg xa x8i. Cluing c6 the lim viec 6 ben trong cic may moc lan, 6 dueri day bien, hok trong nhftng vimg 8 nhiem h6a hoc hok sinh hqc, a gia dinh hok nhftng tea nhi 16n. • Phucmg tien truyen din : (3 nhftng mpg cam bien multihop, cic nut duqc ket non bang nhftng phucmg tien khang day. Cic dutmg ket nen nay c6 the to nen boi song vo tuyen, Wing ngooi hoc nhftng phuang tien quang hqc. De thiet lip so hoot dOng th6ng nhat cia nhftng mpg nay, cic phuong tien truyen din phii duce chop phii phi hqp tren toin the glen. Hien tai nhieu phin cung dui the nut cam hien doa vio thiet ke mach RF. Nhftng thiet bj cim bien !tang Iuqng thap ding b0 thu phit v8 tuyen 1 kenh RF hoot den a tin s6 Chuyen tot nghiep Dal Thng Long Al 7776 -Rni Tien Tang 916MHz. Met each Ichic ma cac nut trong mang giao tiep vai nhau bang Wing ngoai. Thiet ke may thu phat vo tuyen dimg hong ngoai thi gia thinh re vi de ding han. Ca hai loci hung ngoai va quang deu yeu eau be phat va thu ram trong pham vi nhin thiy, the la c6 the truyen anh sang cho nhau dirge. • Cau hinh mpg cam hien (network topology): Trong mang cam hien, hang tram den hang nghin nut dirge trien khai teal twang cam bien. Chung dirge trien khai trong yang hang chuc feet cim nthi nut. Mat de cac nut c6 the len tai 20 nut/m3. Do so lugng cac nut cam hien rat lbn nen can phai thiet lap met au hinh On djnh. Chting ta c6 the kiem tra cac van de lien quan den viee duy tri va thay doi ciu Hit 6 3 pha sau: ➢ Pha tien then khai vi trien lchai• cac nut cam bien c6 the dat len xen hofte xip theo tat ti,r tren tnr&ng cam bien. Chang c6 the dupe trien khai bang each thi tir may bay xueng, ten lira, hoc c6 the do con ngtrai hoc robot dSt tang cai met. ➢ Pha h3u trien khai: sau !chi thin khai, nhitng sv thay dei eau hinh phu thuec vio viec thay d6i vi tri cac nut cam hien, Ichit Ming dal trang thai Ichong ket not (phu thuec vio nhieu, viec di chuyin cac vet can...), nimg lugng thich hap, nhUng sv va item vu ev the. ➢ Pha then khai lai: Sau ;chi then khai eau hinh, ta van co the them vio the nut elm bien Ichic di thay the cac nut gap sv c6 hose thy thuec vito sv thay d6i chirc Ming. • St: fieu thy Ming lugng (power consumption) : Cac nut cam hien Ichong day, c6 the coi la met thiet bj vi dien ter chi e6 the dirge trang bj ngu6n Ming lugng gill han (<0,5Ah, 1.2V). Trong met s6 ung dung, viec 136 sung ngu6n wing lugng Ichong the dive hien dirge. VI the Ichoing that gian song cua cac nut cam hien phu thuec manh vito tiled gian song cim pin. mang aim hien multihop ad hoc, m6i met nut ding met vai tr6 kep vita Ich6i t3o vita djnh tuyen dry lieu. Sv true tic cim met vai nut cam bien c6 the gay ra nhung thay ded ding ke trong eau hinh ve yeu cau djnh tuyen lai cac g6i vb to chirc lai mpg. Vi voy, viec duy tri vb quitn 1S, ngu6n Ming lugng &mg met vai tth quan tang. D6 IA 19 do vi sao ma hien nay nguoi ta dang top trung nghien cuv ve cac gill thuot va giao thirc di thiet ke tip& cho mang cam hien. Nhiem vu chinh cim cac nut cam hien trong taxiing cam bien la phat hien ra cac sv Iden, thus hien xir 19 da lieu cuc be nhanh Chang, va sau de truyen aq lieu di. VI the sr fieu thu nang lugng dirge chia ra litm 3 vimg: elm bien (sensing), giao tiap (communicating), va xir 19 dit lieu (data processing). Chuyen de tot nghiep Al 7776 -Rai Tan Tang 1)ei 1-inr Thing Inng 1.2.4 Hai can frac 40c dung cilia mgng cdm bit% a. Gin tric phing Trong ciu true phing (flat architecture) (hInh 1.5), tit ca cac nut deu ngang hang vu thing nhit trong hInh clang ve chin Ming. Cac nut giao tiep vii sink qua multihop sir clung cac nut ngang hang lam 1,0 tiep song. Vii phwn vi truyen c6 djnh, cac nut gin sink hon se dam Igo vai tr6 cla 10 dip song dOi yid mOt sti Itrqng len ngu6n. Gil thiet ring tit cl cac nguan deu dung cimg mOt tin s6 de truyen du lieu, vi vkly c6 the this se thin gian. Tuy nhien each nay chi c6 hieu qui vii dieu kien ll c6 nguen chia se don le, vi du nhu thin gian, din so... Mu"( • Twa con Hinh 1.5.C6u Ink phang cua mgng cam biin b. Ciu talc tang Trong ciu true tang (tiered architecture) (hinh 1.6), cac cum duet to ra gulp cac tai nguyen trong cimg mOt cum gui dit lieu single hop hay multihop ( toy thuOc vim kick cer cua cum) den mOt net djnh sin, thubng gqi la nut chit (cluster head). Trong ciu true nay cac nut to thlnh mOt he thong cap b$c ml 6 d6 m6i net Cr mOt mire xlc djnh thirc hien cac nhiem vu da djnh sin. Chuyen de tot nghiep 10 Al 7776 -Rni Tign Ting Dai 14nr ThAng I.nng .. Tr • "( TIM COI • Tarn "All Hinh 1.6.Cau Ink tang cita numg cam biin Trong cau true tang thi chk nang cam hien, tinh than va phan phoi dfir lieu khong dung deu giera cac nut. Nhitng chile niing nay co the phan theo cap, cap thip nhat thvc hien tit ca nhiem vv cam hien, cep gifts thvc hien tinh than, va cep tr.& cimg thvc hien phan phei di Mcmg cdm biin xdy dung theo cau tnk tang hogt Ong hifu qud hen cau tnic pitting, do cdc Ill do sau: Cau trim ding co the gitim chi phi chi mang cam hien bang viec djnh vj cac tai nguyen 6 vj tri ma chting hog dOng hieu qua nhat. RO rang la neu trien khai cac phin citing thong nhit, mei nut chi can mOt Wong tai nguyen tei thieu de thuc hien tit ca cac nhiem vitt. Vi s6 lucmg dm nut can thitt phu thuOc vao yang phit song xac djnh, chi phi ciia tan mpg vi the se khong cao. Thay vac) do, neu met só luqng 16n cac nut co chi phi thip duqc chi djnh lam nhiem vu cam bien, met se luqng nhe hem cite nut co chi phi cao han duqc chi djnh de phan Lich dii djnh vj vi dung b0 thoi gian, chi phi cho town mang se giam di. •. Mang eau trim tang se c6 Si the, cao hem cau true mang phAng. Khi can ph& tinh town nhieu thl mOt 10 V: nhanh se hieu qua horn, phv thuOc vac, thiri gian you cau thvc hien tinh town. Tuy nhien, vai cac nhiem vv cam hien can hog dOng trong Ichoing thin gian dai, cac nut lieu thv it nAng luong pha hqp v6i yeu cau xir 15r tei thieu se hog dung hieu qua hon. Do vay v6i cau frac tang ma cac chi= niing mpg phan chia era cac phen cimg dii duqc thiet ke rieng cho tang chirc nAng se lam tang Wei the) ctia mang. mang cam hien pith pha hqp v6i v6i se ltrqng cac not yeu Ve dO tin cay: cat thda man dieu kien ve bang thong va DIM gian sting. Wri mang cau Irk Chuyen a tot nghiep 11 tai Hnr Th5ng I.nng Al 777h -Hai Tign Tang phiing, qua phan Lich ngued ta da xic djnh thong luqng t6i uu ala mai nut tong mang c6 n nut la x = ;Tr trong d6 W 11 do rOng bang tan ciut kenh chic se. Do d6 khi kith ddr mang tanglen thi thong Wong caa =Si nut se giim ve 0. • Viec nghien ciru cac mang cau tnic tang dem lai nhitu trien vong de 'chic phyc van de nay. MOt cach flip can 11 dung met kenh don le trong eau true phan cap, trong d6 cac nut 6 cap thip hon tao thinh met cum xung quanh tram etc. Nan met tram g6c dOng vai tr6 11 cau n6i v6i cep cao hon, cap nay dam bao viec giao dip trong cum thong qua cac be ph$n halt tuyen. Trong twang hop nay, dung luong curt mang tang tuyin tinh v6i s6 luqng cac cum, v6i dieu !den a s6 luqng cac cum tang it that phii nhanh bang n . Cac nghien cuu Ichac crn thir cach dung cac kenh khic nhau er cac mtic khic nhau caa cau tnic phin cep. Trong truerng hop nay, dung luqng caa m6i 16p tong cau tnic tang vit dung luqng ctia m6i cum trong m6i 16p )(tic djnh la dee 1#p v6i nhau. Tom lai, viec tuong thich gifts dac chtic Wing trong mang c6 the dot duqc khi dung cau tnic tang. D#c biet ngubi ta dang tap trong nghien cuu ve Mc tien ich ve tim dja chi. NhOng chic Wing nhu voy c6 the phan phoi den moi nut, met phan phan b6 den tap con ells cac nut. Gia thiet ring ctic nut deu Icheng c6 djnh vit phai thay del dja chi met each djnh ki, sy can bing gigra nhang bra chon nay phy thuOc vio tin se thich hop cua chirc rang cap va tim ldem. Hien nay cfmg dang co rat nhieu mo hinh tin} hem dja chi trong mang cau true tang. 1.3 (ling dyng Nhu tan ta di de cap den cac link Arc ung dung mang cim bien Ichong cLiy.Cy the ta se xem xet k5' met s6 (mg dung nhu sau de hieu ro sy can thiet elm mang cam biE'n Ichting clay. Cac mang cam bien c6 the bao g6m nhieu loci cam bien khac nhau nhu cam bitn dOng dit, cam bien tir trigmg t6c de thy mak tip, elm bien thi giac, cam bien h6ng ngoai, cam bien am thanh, radar... ma c6 the quan sat yang rOng the ditu kien xung quanh da clang bao gem: ✓ Nhiet de. ✓ DO Am. Sr chuyen dOng ctia xe cO. ✓ Dieu kien firth sang. ✓ Ap seat. ✓ Sy hlnh thanh at. ✓ Chuyen a tot nghiep 12 tai Hnr Thing I nng ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Al 777A -Rid Thin Time Mire nhiiu. Str c6 mat hay ving mat met din tuqng nao do. Mire ting suit tren cac d6i tuqng bj gin. Dk tinh hien tai nhu the de, chieu va kich thutsc cita doi tuqng. Cac nut cam bien c6 the duqc sir dung de cam hien lien tuc hoar la phat hien sir kien, so nhen clang Sv kien, cam hien vi tri va dieu Ichien ctic be be phan phat dung. Kith niem vi cam hien va ket not khan day cita nhOng nut nay him hen nhieu vimg ling dung mei. Chang to phan loci cac (mg dung nay trong quan dei, m6i tnrbng, sire Ich6e, gia dinh vi the Milt vvc thtrong mai Idtac. 1.3.1 Ung dyng trong qudn Mang cam hien !thong clay c6 the tich la met phin tich hqp trong he thong dieu lchien quan dei, giam sat, giao tiep, tinh toan thong minh, trinh sat, theo doi muc lieu. Dec tinh triEn khai nhanh, to to chirc va c6 the bj 16i cita mpg cam bien lam cho chang him hen Icy thuat cam hien cho he th6ng trong quan dOi. VI mang cam bien dva tttn sv tri6n khai clay dac ciut cac nut cam hien c6 sin, chi phi thip va sr phi hay cita met vai nut bed quin djch !thong art hueng den host dOng cita pan dOi ding nth: sir phi hity cac cam hien truyen thong lam cho khai them mang cam bien la ung dung tot dei vei chien trueng. MOt vai ung dtmg quart dei cua mang cam hien la quan sat lvc luqng, trang thiet bj, dan duchy, theo doi chien trueng do tham dja hinh va lvc luqng quan djch, mix lieu, viec danh gia mire dO nguy hiem ciut chi& tratmg, phat hien va do tham viec tan cong bang h6a hqc, sink hoc, hat thin a.Ghim sat Ivy luvng , trang that bj vi don dirge: Cac ngtrei lanh dao, si quan se theo doi lien tuc tang thai lye luqng quart Ali, dieu kien va sy c6 sin ciut cac thiet bj va dan duqc trong chien trtamg bang viec sir dung mang cam hien. Quan dei, xe cO, trang thiet bj va dan duce c6 the gin lien v6i cac thiet bj cam hien nho de c6 the thong bao ire tang thii. Nhang ban bao cao nay duqc tap hqp lai tai cac nut sink de gni tei lanh dao trong quan dOi. Dft lieu cling c6 the duqc chuyen tiep den cac cap cao hon. ✓ Giam sat chien throng: dja hinh hiem lit, cac tuyAn dutmg , dutmg men va cac ch6 eo hgp co the nhanh cheng duqc bao phit btri mang cam bien va gin nhu co the theo doi cac hoot dung cita quip djch. Khi cac host dOng nay duqc me rung va ke hooch hog dOng mei duce chutm N mot mpg mei c6 the duqc trien khai bit cir thei gian nao 'chi theo dOi chien tnrtmg. Chuyan de tot nghiep 13 Al 777h -Rai Tan Tang Rai I-Inr TWAng I.nng ✓ Giam sit dja hinh va lye luong quart djch: mpg cam bien c6 the duqc then khai b nhCmg dja hinh then chin vi mOt vai nai quan tong, cac mit cam hien can nhanh chong cam hien cic dit lieu tilt t(ip trung dft lieu giri ve trong vai phut truck khi quan djch phit hien vi ce the chin lai chting. Hirsh (1.7) cho to hinh dung ducm ve ting dung caa mang cam bien tong host dOng quitn dOi. Hinh 1.7.1ing dung trong qudn tlgi ✓ Dinh gii str nguy hiem cim chien new: try& va sau khi tin deg mang cam bien c6 the duqc triEn khai b nhCmg yang inn tieu de niun duqc misc dO nguy hiem cua chien twang. ✓ Pith hien va tham do the At tan Gong bang Ma hoc, sinh hoc Ws hat nhfin. Trong the cuOc chien tranh Ma hoc vi sinh hoc dang glin ke, mOt dieu rat quan tong la sum pith hien ding lac vi chink )(tic cic tic nhan 46. Mpg cam bien trien khai b nfrang vung ma duqc sir dung nhu la he thong canh bio sixth hoc va h6a hoc c6 the cung cap cic thong tin mang Sr nghia quan tong ding I& nhim tranh thuang vong nghiem trong. 1.3.2 Ung dpng trong mail trwfrng MOt vii img dung moi trutng cua inking cam bien bao gam theo doi sum di at coa cic loci chim, cic dOng vat nho, cic logi con tang, theo doi dieu kien men throng Chuyen t6t nghiep 14 Bei Hoe Thing i.nne Al 777h Tian Tung ma inh huOng den mita ming vi vat nail; viec tad lieu, cic thiet bi do dac Ion d6i yeti viec quan sat dien tich len tren trii dat, sq than' do cic hinh tinh, phit hien sinh-h6a, nong nghiep chink xac, quan sit m8i tubing, trii dat, m6i truemg vimg bign vi biu klu quyen, phit hien chiy rung, nghien cuu khf tuqng hoc vi dia It, phit hien 18 hit, sip chit sv phirc tap ye sinh hqc mkt moi tieing vi nghien ciru str 8 nhigm. ❖ vi the not cam hien ci the duqc trien khai mOt each ngau Pith hien chiy nhien, ci chien lucre vOi mot de cao tong rung, cic nit cam bien se de tim nguin gic cim lira de thong bit° cho ngutri sir dung biet trait IN lira Ian rOng khong !dem soft duqc. Hang trieu cic not cam hien ci the ducat trier khai vi tich hqp sir dung he thing tin s6 khong day hoac quang h9c. Cling vay, chang c6 the duqc tang bi each thirc sir dung Gong suit ce hieu qui nhu la pin mat trbi bbl vi cic not cam bien bi be lai khong c6 chi hang thing vi hang nam. Cic nut cam bien se cOng tic vOi nhau de thvc hien cam bien phin bi vi khic phvc kW) khan, nhu cic cay vi di ma ngiln ter tam nhin thing cia cam hien co day. link 1.8.Cin dyn theo dei di ch Chuyen de tot nghiep en cilia don v (it 15 Al 777E Del 142r 'Mang T.nng Tign Time Hinh 1.9.1ing clung trong moi tnremg ❖ Phat hien 18 lut: met vi du d6 la he thkg bao tieing duqc Men khai tai My. Met vii loci cam bien duqc then khai trong hg thing cam bien luqng mua, mitt nu6c, thtri tiet. Nhttng con cam bien My cung cap th8ng tin de trip trung he theing ca s6 drr lieu da duce djnh nghia trtroc. 1.3.3 thy Amy trong chdm sac sac Moe Melt vii irng dung ve sirc khoe de6i vei mpg cam bien la giam sat benh nhan, cac trieu chimg, quitn ly thutc trong benh vien, giam sat sv chuyen don va xe lt ben trong cua con trimg hoc the Ong vet nhe lchk, theo doi va kiem tra bac si va benh nhan trong benh vien. Theo clei bac si va benh nhan trong benh vien : moi benh nhan duqc gin met nut cam bien nhe va nhg, m6i met net cam bien nay c6 nhiem vu rieng, vi du c6 nut cam hien xac djnh nhjp tim trong !chi con cam bien !chic phit hien ap suit mau, bac si cling c6 the mang net cam bien de cho ck bac si khac xac djnh duqc vi tri dm hp trong benh vien. MOM MINIO. BASUMA (BMWA)-Gerrnany Heath Cate Monitoring of Mabee Patients. Hinh 1.10.0ng dung trong chdm sex sue khoe 1.3.4 Ty' Ong hod gia dinh vd dien din dyng Gia dinh la lchong gian ling dung rat lan cho the mpg cam bien lchong day. Nhieu Crag dung cong nghiep vita &Km m8 to c6 m6i lien he tuong fir trong gia dinh. Vi du met he th6ng HVAC duqc hang bi yen the be On nhiet va chting rung Ichong day Chuyen de tot nghiep 16 tai I-Inr Thing I.nng A17776 -Rill neon Tiing co the bao ye cac pheong duOi anh ning met troi cua ng8i nhl - se hieu qua han mOt ngoi nha chi trang bj mOt hi) 6n nhiet don co day. MOt (mg dung duqc dieu khien chung tir xa, men PDA loci thiet bi c6 the chi khong dieu khien TV, May nghe DVD, din am thanh Tutu va cac thiet bj dien tir gia dinh Ichfic nhung yin cac bong den, cac drill cira, va cic o khofi cling duqc trang bj yeti mOt ket nei mang cam bien kh8ng day. Vii dieu khien chung tir xa, mOt be c6 the dieu IN& nen nha tir tien ich tren ghe. Tuy nhien, Icha ning hip din nhfit den tir six kit hqp nhieu dich vv, giong Mut cac ainh cira to dOng deng khi TV duqc bet, hoec ce the to dOng ngung he thting giai tri gia dish khi mOt cuOc duqc nhon tren may dien thoth hok chuong cira keu. Vii chiec can va may tinh ca nhan ca hai dirge ket not voi nhau thong qua mOt ming cam !then khong day, sin Ong ciia met vet co the duqc tlr dOng ghi 13i khong can yeu can su can thip bang tay. MOt mzc dich 16n dui cac ming cam hien khong day trong gia dinh duqc mong ch6 la cac thiet bj ngoth vi may tinh ca nhan, giting n hu cac keyboard va mice khong day. Cac img dung nay dem Iii uu diem giii thip va mac lieu thu nguan thip la dieu kien thiet yeu cua cac ming cam bien khong day. fing dung khac trong gia dinh la cac citing cu thong tin dua tren cam bien (sensor-based) ma tic dOng vi lam viec tong sinh ro ret cling nhau de thal min chi nha. Cac mang nay la met mir rOng cua cac dung cu thong tin duqc de xuAt b6i Norman. Ck d6 chai mieu to mOt thi tnrong len Ichfic cua cac mpg cam bien khong day. Danh sfich cac do chai c6 the duqc them ho(ic cho phep nh6 cac ming cam bien khong day la bj gidi hp chi bid slit ttemg tucmg cim con ngutti, va phim vi tir cac xe hcri va tau thuyen duqc dieu khien bang vo tuyen thiong thiremg den cac tit chart tren may tinh ten dung cic bO joystick vi bij dieu khien khong day. MOt ph(un vi hip din dec biet la cic may tinh ca nhan — cac fro chcri nang cao, ton dung sue manh tinh tom ala mOt may tinh 6 gin de nang cao chit luqng ngay tth ban than tr6 chai. Vi dv, nhen ding vi tong hqp givng nen c6 the duqc that hien bei vi tri cac microphone va speaker trong fro chai, cong vii cac b0 bien d6i analog-to-digital va digital-to-analog phi' hqp, nhung tin dung mot ket nei khong day den may tinh, c6 the thvc hien cac chin nang nhen ding va tong hqp. Nhb thay the cac mach dien nhen clang vi king hqp den nay con N gi6i han vii gifi tuang dii dit, bing viec sir dung sire mph tinh toin (manh han nhieu) hien tai trong may tinh, chi phi cac fro chai co the duqc giani (tang ke, trong khi cai tien nhanh thong ve kha niing va that thi coa tre chai. NO cling có the dua ra dO phirc tip cila tre chai ma tren thvc to khong ducm b6 xung trong cac icy thuet !chic. Chuyen de tat nghiep 17 Hne Th5ng 1.nng Al 7776 Tian Wing Ong dung gia Binh Ian hon Id* la met ma rOng dui dac diem RICE (Remote Keyless Entry) duqc tim they tren nhieu 8 t8. Val cac mang cam bien kh8ng day, A khoi kh8ng day, cac cam bien cira ra vito va cira s6, va cic be dieu khien bong den khong day, chit nha co met thiet bj tucmg to Whit met key-fob vai met node barn. KM barn node, thiet bi khoi tat ca cac cira ra vio va cira s6 trong nhit, tit heu het cac bong den trong nha (trir met vai bong den ngit), bat dm bong den an toitn ngoiti nha, va thiet lap he thong HVAC den the dr) ngit. Ngutri sir dung nhan met tieng beep met lin hei dap the hien tat ca da thvc hien thinh &mg, vi nghi ngcri holm toin, nhtr vay fled nha an toin. Khi met cith cira hang Ichling the ma, hoc van de tan tai, met min hinh hien thi tren thiet bj chi thi nai bi hong. Mang c6 them tri c6 the ten dung met he thong an ninh gia (firth day de de phit hien met cira so bj gay ho*c ch6 hong khic. Ben ngoiti ng8i nha, cac khi Wing location-aware cita cac man can bien Ichong day phe hqp yeti met tap Uric nhau cua cac host deng consumer-related, bao gem du ljch vi mua sam. Trong cac img di,mg nay, qui trinh dinh vi ce the duqc sir dung de cung cep th8ng tin context-specific den ngubi tieu dimg. Trong truang hqp cite ngu&i huang den vien du ljch, nguOi sir dung chi duqc cung cap thong tin lien quan den quang canh hien tui, trong truing hqp cite nhan vien ban ban hang, ngual sir dung duqc cung cep thong tin lien quan den sari pan trtrac mat. bao gAm cac Ichoin mua bin va lcheu hao dac biet va trq 1.3.5 Gam sat va dleu laden cony whin) MOt nha may c8ng nghiep, c6 quy mo reng dieu hinh c6 met phang dieu 'chi& tuang dei the, xung quanh c6 cac this& may mec twang dei 16n. PhOng dieu khien c6 cac thing 116 chi bio va cac may hien thj de mei to Dung thai cac thiet bi (trang thai cac van, trang thai this& b1, nhiet de va ap suit cita nguyen lieu dirge ltru tni, v.v...), dsu vio cac thiet bi de dieu khien cac be truyen dOng trong cac may mec (cic van, cac bep lb, v.v...) ma tic deng den trang thai dirge theo dOi the may m6c. Cac cam bien m8 to trang thai the may m6c, cac ket quit hien thj cita chimg nem trong phimg dieu khien, cac thiet bj dau vito dieu khien, va cac be truyin deng trong cac may tit ca Wong di re khi dirge so sash vai chi phi cite cac dutmg day boc kim loai ma dirge sir dung de truyen thong gift Chung. Tiet kiem chi phi ding k'e dirge hob tat neu met phuang tien 'thong day re c6 sin di cung cep kik truyen th8ng nay. Beri vi thong tin duqc truyen thong la thong tin trang thai, no thubng thay d6i cham. Vi v3y, trong the dO van himh binh thuang, thong lugng da lieu dirge you caw cita mang tuang dei chOm, thing dO tin cay dirge you caw cua mang lai rat cao. Mang cam bien kheng day ciut nhieu node, Chuyen de tot nghiep 18 Hne Th 5ng Lnng Al 7776 Tign TAng cung cap nhieu duang dan djnh tuyen ban tin cim qua trinh truyen thong multi-hop, c6 the Ilan duqc cac yeti ciu nay. MOt vi de ve di& khien cong nghiep khong day la qua trinh dieu khien b6 tri anh sang quang cao. Rat nhieu phi ton trong qua trinh cai dat cac b6ng den tong mOt to& nha lan lien quan den viec dieu khien cac bong den — ncri ma cac chuyen mach co day, yeti cac bong den duce bat va tit cling nhau, dieu khien bong den, v.v... MOt he thong Wong day c6 tinh mem deo co the ton dung mOt b0 dieu khien handheld co the duqc lap trinh de dieu Wan mOt s6 luting cac bang den tong mOt then nhieu each lchic nhau g'ain nhu vo hen, tong khi yin cung cap mac dg an ninh duqc yeti ciu bai mOt ix) phan lip dat quang cao. Them mOt vi du nfta la viec sir dung cac mang cam bien !thong day tong cac img dung an toan cong nghiep. Cac mang cam bien Ichong day c6 the tan dung cac cam hien de phitt hien se hien then cim cac chit dOc hai hoac cac vat lieu nguy hiem, cung cap qua trinh phat hien va nhon clang som cac khe ha hoac phat hien tran cac the nhan hoa hqc hoc sinh hoc tuft khi thiet hai nghiem trqng co xay ra (va truOc khi the chit nrcrt ra ngoiti Wing kiem soat). Bei vi mang Ichong clay co the sir dung cac thuot toan djnh tuyen phan tan, co nhieu dirt:mg djnh tuyen, va co the to chfta tnj va to duy td, cluing c6 the co gian tong mat ngoai dm qua trinh bimg no hoac cac thief hai lchac den may cong nghiep, cung cap cac thim quyen vai thong tin tang thai may quyet djnh duai cac dieu kien rat lch6. 1.4 Kgt Won Chuang nay da giai thieu tong quan ve dtic diem, hen tnic mpg cam bien va cac (mg dung tong nhieu linh vec din se cling nhu quart se, y te, moi tnerng... Qua do ta thiy ro duqc tam quan tong ciut mpg cam bien vdi cuOc song cua chang ta. Vai se phat trien nhanh cluing ctia ding nghe ugly nay se him hen them nhieu img dung mai cim mang dm bien. Chuyen d t6t nghiep 19 Del Hy Thing Long Al 777A Tien Tiing CHUONG 2. KIgN TROC MO HINH PHAN LOP COA MANG CAM BIgN Trong chuang tnrec chting ta da xem xet ve cac khIi niem tong quan nhet ve mang cam bien. Chuang nay chfmg ta se di sau vao tim hieu mo hinh phan lop va cic giao thirc dac trung cita mang cam bilk. 2.1 [Gen Irfic giao thfrc man Men true giao thfrc ip dung cho man cam bien duqc trinh bay trong hinh (2 1) Kik trtic nay bao gOm the lop va the mat piling quart lt . Cac mat piling quan lt nay lam cho the nut c6 the lam viec ding nhau theo each c6 hieu qui nhat, djnh tuyen dit lieu trong mang cam hien di dOng va chia se tai nguyen gifts the nut cam bien. V Lop tkng dung 3 .13 Lop truyen tai 3 Lop mang 3 AUJOI4 UI up 3. Lop lien ket da ti4u Lop vat ly Hinh 2.I.Kien Ink giao rink 'ming cam bien ✓ MOt phang quan 13, cling suit : Quin 1St each cam bien sir dung nguOn /tang luqng cua no. Vi du : nut cam bien co the tit b0 thu sau lchi nhan duqc met bin tin. Khi mire cling St dm con cam bien thap, no se broadcast sang nut cam bien ben canh thong bao ring mire rang luqng cita no thip va no khong the tham gia vao quit trinh djnh tuyen ✓ M4t phang quern lir di Ong : co nhiem va pith hien va ding ky sir chuyen dOng cita cac nut. Cac nut gift viec theo d5i xem ai la nut hang thincita chting. ✓ Ad& phang pan ly nhiem tie Can bing va sip xtp nhiem vu cam bien giita the nut trong met vang quan tam. Khang pith tat ca cac nut cam bien lieu thvc hien nhiem va cam hien b cimg met thtti diem. Chuyen a tot nghiep 20