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Tài liệu Wts_9_standard_data

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Standard Data Work and Time Studies Vietnamese German University Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert 2016 Standard data table "Shear steel sheet" Locksmithery 51 Shear steel sheets of 1 bis 6 mm thickness with steel shears Sheet circumference In mm Time tg in minutes <=500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 These times are determined based on the following processes 1. Place sheets from storage (distance 1,5m) on steel shears 2. Place sheets in steel shears and trigger shears 3. Put completed sheets on storage (distance 1,5m) 4. Dispose of waste and residues in waste bin (distance 1,5m) Valid from 01.05.2013 Allowances: zer = 4%, zv=6% Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 1 Standard data Contents Standard data REFA standard program for determination of standard time elements Determination of intended use Description of work processes Determination of influencing factors Determination of time values Formula development Provide standard time elements as process standards Apply standard time elements Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 2 Standard data Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 3 Standard data Walking 1 m takes 2,5 sec Walking 6 m takes 15 sec How long will it take to walk 3 m? Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 4 Standard data Purpose of standard data Provide general time data for the planning of processes Summarize processes or work systems which resemble each other and realize the same or similar tasks, work procedures and processes Allow the establishment of accurate time standards prior to actual production Useful for Estimating the cost of new products or work Preparing offers Subcontracting Establishing standards for indirect labor Fair and proven standards help alleviate labor–management conflicts REFA 2013 Salvendy 2001 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 6 Standard data Scope Tabulated elemental standards, curves, alignment charts, and tables Allow the determination of a specific job without the use of a timing device Derived e.g. from time studies Accurate and reliable Standard data include Process descriptions Conditions for execution Time data REFA 2013 Salvendy 2001 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 7 Standard data Development of standard data Determination from actual or normal times Scope Difficult to time and store all possible elements making up a job In practice the number of jobs for which standard data are derived might be restricted Reliability Sufficient amount of accumulated or collected data on each element All the factors affecting a certain element must be taken into consideration Salvendy 2001 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 8 Standard data Software Fundamental motion databases included in several software systems Software can select, retrieve, and modify the appropriate motions or elements to generate a time standard Well-filled databases, that cooperate with the planning and controlling systems are base for an exact and fast time management Salvendy 2001 REFA 2013 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 9 Standard data Example of standard data table Standard data table "Shear steel sheet" Locksmithery 51 Shear steel sheets of 1 bis 6 mm thickness with steel shears Sheet circumference In mm Time tg in minutes <=500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 These times are determined based on the following processes 1. Place sheets from storage (distance 1,5m) on steel shears 2. Place sheets in steel shears and trigger shears 3. Put completed sheets on storage (distance 1,5m) 4. Dispose of waste and residues in waste bin (distance 1,5m) Valid from 01.05.2013 Allowances: zer = 4%, zv=6% REFA 2013 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 10 Standard data Advantages of the standard data approach Quick and reliable tool for methods and standards evaluation Allows the determination of key factors Allows the planning and control of processes Use facilitates the work planning and makes it more accurate Results in more consistent standards among jobs, departments, and plants Use forces to think through the processes and thus can provide early indications of improvement Salvendy 2001 REFA 2013 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 11 Standard data Advantages of the standard data approach Allows establishment of methods and determination of standards prior to production: The efficiencies of processes can be assessed and compared before real implementation Permits easy adjustment of time standards to accommodate minor changes in method For the same or similar processes with changing workpieces, no new data need to be collected Salvendy 2001 REFA 2013 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 12 Standard data Disadvantages Significant costs for setting up, additional costs for maintenance of the system May require more skilled analysts for complex formulas More difficult to explain to workers and supervisors May result in significant inaccuracies if extended beyond the scope of the data used in their development Salvendy 2001 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 13 REFA standard program for determination of standard time elements 1 Determination of intended use Structuring of standard time sequences 2 Description of work processes 3 Determination of influencing factors Recording of actual times? Yes 4 No Determination of actual time values 4 5 PTS Formula development 6 Provision of standard time elements as process standards 7 Application of standard time elements Comparing Calculation and estimating REFA 2013 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 14 Determination of intended use Levels of detail What kind of standard time elements should be in the database of our trolley factory? Usage decides how detailed it should be broken down The more refined the standard data element, the broader is its range of application the longer is the development time If in doubt, always prefer a finer breakdown: Combining fine into densified blocks later is easier than separation of too large ranges. They should be divided fine enough, that the effect of significant factors on the time data can be analyzed statistically. REFA 2013 Salvendy 2001 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 15 Determination of intended use Levels of detail Motion-level E.g. reach, grasp, move, position, release Smallest component range: from about 0.01 to 1 sec Components from MTM, MODAPTS, or other PTS systems Elemental level E.g. get equipment, polish shoes, put equipment away From about 1 to 1000 sec Components from PTS systems or time study Task-level E.g. loading of truck, driving truck 200 km, unloading truck Largest component times Components from elemental combinations, time study, work sampling, or employee activity logs REFA 2013 Salvendy 2001 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 16 Determination of intended use Levels of detail Motion level Typical time range from 0.1 to 1 sec Element Reach Grasp Move Position Release, etc. Element level Typical time range 1 sec to 1000 sec Element Assemble bracket to unit Get equipment Polish a shoe Put equipment away Load carton on pallet Pack box 1 TMU = 0,036 sec Code R10C G4B M10B P1SE RL1 Time, TMU 12,9 9,1 12,2 5,6 2 Time, sec 8 90 130 47 15 40 Konz 1990 Salvendy 2001 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 17 Structuring of standard time sequences Categorization For a first rough categorization in producing enterprises or for technology, the German classification of manufacturing processes DIN 8580 can be used as guidance: Prototyping Forming Cutting Assembling Coating Change material property The structure should be broken down further in a companyspecific way. REFA 2013 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 18 REFA standard program for determination of standard time elements 1 Determination of intended use Structuring of standard time sequences 2 Description of work processes 3 Determination of influencing factors Recording of actual times? Yes 4 No Determination of actual time values 4 5 PTS Formula development 6 Provision of standard time elements as process standards 7 Application of standard time elements Comparing Calculation and estimating REFA 2013 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 19 Description of work processes Specifications for delimitation of standard time elements Influencing factors Reference amount, here: one Measured values Standard data table "Shear steel sheet" Locksmithery 51 Shear steel sheets of 1 bis 6 mm thickness with steel shears Sheet circumference In mm Time tg in minutes <=500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 2 3 4 5 6 7 These times are determined based on the following processes 1. Place sheets from storage (distance 1,5m) on steel shears 2. Place sheets in steel shears and trigger shears 3. Put completed sheets on storage (distance 1,5m) 4. Dispose of waste and residues in waste bin (distance 1,5m) Valid from 01.05.2013 8 9 10 11 12 Description of the task and working conditions including initial and final events 13 The work tasks can be taken from work plans etc. Allowances: zer = 4%, zv=6% REFA 2013 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 20 REFA standard program for determination of standard time elements 1 Determination of intended use Structuring of standard time sequences 2 Description of work processes 3 Determination of influencing factors Recording of actual times? Yes 4 No Determination of actual time values 4 5 PTS Formula development 6 Provision of standard time elements as process standards 7 Application of standard time elements Comparing Calculation and estimating REFA 2013 Dr.-Ing. Marlene Helfert | Work and Time Studies | 2016 | 21
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