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Deitel® Series Page How To Program Series Android How to Program C How to Program, 7/E C++ How to Program, 9/E C++ How to Program, Late Objects Version, 7/E Java™ How to Program, 9/E Java™ How to Program, Late Objects Version, 8/E Internet & World Wide Web How to Program, 5/E Visual Basic® 2012 How to Program Visual C#® 2012 How to Program, 5/E Visual C++® 2008 How to Program, 2/E Small Java™ How to Program, 6/E Small C++ How to Program, 5/E Simply Series Simply C++: An App-Driven Tutorial Approach Simply Java™ Programming: An App-Driven Tutorial Approach Simply Visual Basic® 2010, 4/E: An App-Driven Tutorial Approach CourseSmart Web Books www.deitel.com/books/CourseSmart/ C++ How to Program, 7/E, 8/E & 9/E Simply C++: An App-Driven Tutorial Approach Java™ How to Program, 7/E, 8/E & 9/E Simply Visual Basic 2010: An App-Driven Approach, 4/E Visual Basic® 2012 How to Program Visual Basic® 2010 How to Program Visual C#® 2012 How to Program, 5/E Visual C#® 2010 How to Program, 4/E Deitel® Developer Series C++ for Programmers, 2/E Android for Programmers: An App-Driven Approach C# 2010 for Programmers, 3/E Dive Into® iOS 6: An App-Driven Approach iOS 6 for Programmers: An App-Driven Approach Java™ for Programmers, 2/E JavaScript for Programmers LiveLessons Video Learning Products www.deitel.com/books/LiveLessons/ Android® App Development Fundamentals C++ Fundamentals C# Fundamentals iOS 6 App Development Fundamentals Java™ Fundamentals JavaScript Fundamentals Visual Basic® Fundamentals To receive updates on Deitel publications, Resource Centers, training courses, partner offers and more, please register for the free Deitel ® Buzz Online e-mail newsletter at: www.deitel.com/newsletter/subscribe.html and join the Deitel communities on Twitter® @deitel Facebook® facebook.com/DeitelFan and Google+ gplus.to/deitel To communicate with the authors, send e-mail to: [email protected] For information on government and corporate Dive-Into® Series on-site seminars offered by Deitel & Associates, Inc. worldwide, visit: www.deitel.com/training/ or write to [email protected] For continuing updates on Prentice Hall/Deitel publications visit: www.deitel.com www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel/ Visit the Deitel Resource Centers that will help you master programming languages, software development, Android and iPhone/iPad app development, and Internet- and web-related topics: www.deitel.com/ResourceCenters.html Paul Deitel Deitel & Associates, Inc. Harvey Deitel Deitel & Associates, Inc. Vice President and Editorial Director: Marcia J. Horton Executive Editor: Tracy Johnson Associate Editor: Carole Snyder Director of Marketing: Christy Lesko Marketing Manager: Yezan Alayan Marketing Assistant: Jon Bryant Director of Production: Erin Gregg Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Associate Managing Editor: Robert Engelhardt Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Art Director: Anthony Gemmellaro Cover Design: Abbey S. Deitel, Harvey M. Deitel, Anthony Gemmellaro Cover Photo Credit: © Shutterstock/Excellent backgrounds Media Project Manager: Renata Butera Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on page vi. The authors and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The authors and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or to the documentation contained in this book. The authors and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers make no representations about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related graphics published as part of the services for any purpose. All such documents and related graphics are provided “as is” without warranty of any kind. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers hereby disclaim all warranties and conditions with regard to this information, including all warranties and conditions of merchantability, whether express, implied or statutory, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement. In no event shall Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information available from the services. The documents and related graphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically added to the information herein. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described herein at any time. Partial screen shots may be viewed in full within the software version specified. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-10: 0-13-337933-7 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-337933-4 To our review team Shay Friedman Octavio Hernandez Stephen Hustedde José Antonio González Seco Shawn Weisfeld We are grateful for your guidance and expertise. Paul and Harvey Deitel Trademarks DEITEL, the double-thumbs-up bug and DIVE INTO are registered trademarks of Deitel and Associates, Inc. Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. Throughout this book, trademarks are used. Rather than put a trademark symbol in every occurrence of a trademarked name, we state that we are using the names in an editorial fashion only and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Contents Chapters 24–35 and Appendices D–G are PDF documents posted online at the book’s Companion Website (located at www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel/). Preface Before You Begin 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Visual C# 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Introduction Hardware and Moore’s Law Data Hierarchy Computer Organization Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages Object Technology Internet and World Wide Web C# 1.8.1 Object-Oriented Programming 1.8.2 Event-Driven Programming 1.8.3 Visual Programming 1.8.4 An International Standard; Other C# Implementations 1.8.5 Internet and Web Programming 1.8.6 Introducing async/await 1.8.7 Other Key Contemporary Programming Languages Microsoft’s .NET 1.9.1 .NET Framework 1.9.2 Common Language Runtime 1.9.3 Platform Independence 1.9.4 Language Interoperability Microsoft’s Windows® Operating System Windows Phone 8 for Smartphones 1.11.1 Selling Your Apps in the Windows Phone Marketplace 1.11.2 Free vs. Paid Apps 1.11.3 Testing Your Windows Phone Apps Windows Azure™ and Cloud Computing Visual Studio Express 2012 Integrated Development Environment 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 xix xxxv 1 2 2 3 6 7 8 10 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 17 18 18 18 19 19 viii Contents Test-Drive in Visual Studio Express 2012 for Windows Desktop Test-Drive in Visual Studio Express 2012 for Windows 8 1.14 1.15 Painter Painter 2 Dive Into® Visual Studio Express 2012 for Windows Desktop 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.8 Introduction Overview of the Visual Studio Express 2012 IDE Menu Bar and Toolbar Navigating the Visual Studio IDE 2.4.1 Solution Explorer 2.4.2 Toolbox 2.4.3 Properties Window Using Help Using Visual App Development to Create a Simple App that Displays Text and an Image Wrap-Up Web Resources 3 Introduction to C# Apps 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 Introduction A Simple C# App: Displaying a Line of Text Creating a Simple App in Visual Studio Modifying Your Simple C# App Formatting Text with Console.Write and Console.WriteLine Another C# App: Adding Integers Memory Concepts Arithmetic Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators Wrap-Up 4 Introduction to Classes, Objects, Methods and strings 2.5 2.6 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 Introduction Classes, Objects, Methods, Properties and Instance Variables Declaring a Class with a Method and Instantiating an Object of a Class Declaring a Method with a Parameter Instance Variables and Properties UML Class Diagram with a Property Software Engineering with Properties and set and get Accessors Auto-Implemented Properties Value Types vs. Reference Types Initializing Objects with Constructors Floating-Point Numbers and Type decimal Wrap-Up 19 23 33 34 34 39 41 43 44 44 46 47 57 58 65 66 66 72 77 80 81 85 86 90 94 106 107 107 108 113 116 121 121 123 123 125 128 134 Contents 5 Control Statements: Part 1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 Introduction Algorithms Pseudocode Control Structures if Single-Selection Statement if…else Double-Selection Statement while Repetition Statement Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements Compound Assignment Operators Increment and Decrement Operators Simple Types Wrap-Up 6 Control Statements: Part 2 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 Introduction Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition for Repetition Statement Examples Using the for Statement do…while Repetition Statement switch Multiple-Selection Statement break and continue Statements Logical Operators Structured-Programming Summary Wrap-Up 7 Methods: A Deeper Look 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Introduction Packaging Code in C# static Methods, static Variables and Class Math Declaring Methods with Multiple Parameters Notes on Declaring and Using Methods Method-Call Stack and Activation Records Argument Promotion and Casting The .NET Framework Class Library Case Study: Random-Number Generation 7.9.1 Scaling and Shifting Random Numbers 7.9.2 Random-Number Repeatability for Testing and Debugging Case Study: A Game of Chance; Introducing Enumerations Scope of Declarations Method Overloading Optional Parameters 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 ix 142 143 143 144 144 146 148 152 154 158 166 171 171 174 175 189 190 190 191 195 199 201 209 211 216 221 231 232 232 234 236 240 241 242 243 245 249 250 250 255 258 260 x Contents 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 Named Parameters Recursion Passing Arguments: Pass-by-Value vs. Pass-by-Reference Wrap-Up 8 Arrays; Introduction to Exception Handling 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 Introduction Arrays Declaring and Creating Arrays Examples Using Arrays 8.4.1 Creating and Initializing an Array 8.4.2 Using an Array Initializer 8.4.3 Calculating a Value to Store in Each Array Element 8.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array 8.4.5 Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically 8.4.6 Using the Elements of an Array as Counters 8.4.7 Using Arrays to Analyze Survey Results; Introduction to Exception Handling Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation foreach Statement Passing Arrays and Array Elements to Methods Passing Arrays by Value and by Reference Case Study: GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades Multidimensional Arrays Case Study: GradeBook Using a Rectangular Array Variable-Length Argument Lists Using Command-Line Arguments Wrap-Up 9 Introduction to LINQ and the List Collection 351 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Introduction Querying an Array of int Values Using LINQ Querying an Array of Employee Objects Using LINQ Introduction to Collections Querying a Generic Collection Using LINQ Wrap-Up Deitel LINQ Resource Center 10 Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Introduction Time Class Case Study Controlling Access to Members Referring to the Current Object’s Members with the this Reference Time Class Case Study: Overloaded Constructors 262 263 266 269 285 286 286 288 289 289 290 291 292 293 295 296 299 303 305 307 311 316 321 327 329 331 352 353 357 362 365 367 367 371 372 372 376 377 379 Contents 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 Default and Parameterless Constructors Composition Garbage Collection and Destructors static Class Members readonly Instance Variables Data Abstraction and Encapsulation Class View and Object Browser Object Initializers Wrap-Up 11 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Introduction Base Classes and Derived Classes protected Members Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes 11.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 11.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class without Using Inheritance 11.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy 11.4.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Instance Variables 11.4.5 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Instance Variables Constructors in Derived Classes Software Engineering with Inheritance Class object Wrap-Up 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 OOP: Polymorphism, Interfaces and Operator Overloading Introduction Polymorphism Examples Demonstrating Polymorphic Behavior Abstract Classes and Methods Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 12.5.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee 12.5.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee 12.5.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee 12.5.4 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee 12.5.5 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee 12.5.6 Polymorphic Processing, Operator is and Downcasting xi 385 386 389 390 393 394 396 398 398 405 406 407 409 410 410 415 420 423 428 433 434 434 435 441 442 444 445 448 450 451 453 455 457 458 460 xii Contents 12.8 12.9 12.5.7 Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class and Derived-Class Variables sealed Methods and Classes Case Study: Creating and Using Interfaces 12.7.1 Developing an IPayable Hierarchy 12.7.2 Declaring Interface IPayable 12.7.3 Creating Class Invoice 12.7.4 Modifying Class Employee to Implement Interface IPayable 12.7.5 Modifying Class SalariedEmployee for Use with IPayable 12.7.6 Using Interface IPayable to Process Invoices and Employees Polymorphically 12.7.7 Common Interfaces of the .NET Framework Class Library Operator Overloading Wrap-Up 13 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look 13.1 13.2 13.3 Introduction Example: Divide by Zero without Exception Handling Example: Handling DivideByZeroExceptions and FormatExceptions 13.3.1 Enclosing Code in a try Block 13.3.2 Catching Exceptions 13.3.3 Uncaught Exceptions 13.3.4 Termination Model of Exception Handling 13.3.5 Flow of Control When Exceptions Occur .NET Exception Hierarchy 13.4.1 Class SystemException 13.4.2 Determining Which Exceptions a Method Throws finally Block The using Statement Exception Properties User-Defined Exception Classes Wrap-Up 12.6 12.7 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Graphical User Interfaces with Windows Forms: Part 1 Introduction Windows Forms Event Handling 14.3.1 A Simple Event-Driven GUI 14.3.2 Auto-Generated GUI Code 14.3.3 Delegates and the Event-Handling Mechanism 14.3.4 Another Way to Create Event Handlers 14.3.5 Locating Event Information Control Properties and Layout 465 466 466 468 469 469 471 473 474 476 477 480 486 487 488 491 493 493 494 495 495 496 496 497 497 504 505 509 513 518 519 520 522 522 524 526 527 528 529 Contents 14.5 Labels, TextBoxes and Buttons 14.6 GroupBoxes and Panels 14.7 CheckBoxes and RadioButtons 14.8 PictureBoxes 14.9 ToolTips 14.10 NumericUpDown Control 14.11 Mouse-Event Handling 14.12 Keyboard-Event Handling 14.13 Wrap-Up 15 Graphical User Interfaces with Windows Forms: Part 2 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 Introduction Menus 16 Strings and Characters: A Deeper Look 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 Control Control LinkLabel Control ListBox Control CheckedListBox Control ComboBox Control TreeView Control ListView Control TabControl Control Multiple Document Interface (MDI) Windows Visual Inheritance User-Defined Controls Wrap-Up MonthCalendar DateTimePicker Introduction Fundamentals of Characters and Strings string Constructors string Indexer, Length Property and CopyTo Method Comparing strings Locating Characters and Substrings in strings Extracting Substrings from strings Concatenating strings Miscellaneous string Methods Class StringBuilder Length and Capacity Properties, EnsureCapacity Method and Indexer of Class StringBuilder 16.12 Append and AppendFormat Methods of Class StringBuilder 16.13 Insert, Remove and Replace Methods of Class StringBuilder 16.14 Char Methods xiii 533 536 539 547 549 551 553 556 559 569 570 570 579 580 583 587 591 594 598 603 609 614 621 626 630 638 639 640 641 642 643 646 649 650 651 652 653 655 657 660 xiv Contents 16.15 (Online) Introduction to Regular Expressions 16.16 Wrap-Up 17 Files and Streams 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 Introduction Data Hierarchy Files and Streams Classes File and Directory Creating a Sequential-Access Text File Reading Data from a Sequential-Access Text File Case Study: Credit Inquiry Program Serialization Creating a Sequential-Access File Using Object Serialization Reading and Deserializing Data from a Binary File Wrap-Up 18 Searching and Sorting 18.1 18.2 18.4 18.5 Introduction Searching Algorithms 18.2.1 Linear Search 18.2.2 Binary Search Sorting Algorithms 18.3.1 Selection Sort 18.3.2 Insertion Sort 18.3.3 Merge Sort Summary of the Efficiency of Searching and Sorting Algorithms Wrap-Up 19 Data Structures 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 Introduction Simple-Type structs, Boxing and Unboxing Self-Referential Classes Linked Lists Stacks Queues Trees 19.7.1 Binary Search Tree of Integer Values 19.7.2 Binary Search Tree of IComparable Objects Wrap-Up 20 Generics 20.1 20.2 20.3 Introduction Motivation for Generic Methods Generic-Method Implementation 18.3 662 663 669 670 670 672 673 682 691 695 701 702 706 708 715 716 717 717 721 726 726 730 734 740 741 746 747 747 748 749 762 766 769 770 777 782 789 790 791 793 Contents 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 Type Constraints Overloading Generic Methods Generic Classes Wrap-Up 21 Collections 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.6 21.7 Introduction Collections Overview Class Array and Enumerators Nongeneric Collections 21.4.1 Class ArrayList 21.4.2 Class Stack 21.4.3 Class Hashtable Generic Collections 21.5.1 Generic Class SortedDictionary 21.5.2 Generic Class LinkedList Covariance and Contravariance for Generic Types Wrap-Up 22 Databases and LINQ 21.5 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Introduction Relational Databases A Books Database LINQ to Entities and the ADO.NET Entity Framework Querying a Database with LINQ 22.5.1 Creating the ADO.NET Entity Data Model Class Library 22.5.2 Creating a Windows Forms Project and Configuring It to Use the Entity Data Model 22.5.3 Data Bindings Between Controls and the Entity Data Model 22.6 Dynamically Binding Query Results 22.6.1 Creating the Display Query Results GUI 22.6.2 Coding the Display Query Results App 22.7 Retrieving Data from Multiple Tables with LINQ 22.8 Creating a Master/Detail View App 22.8.1 Creating the Master/Detail GUI 22.8.2 Coding the Master/Detail App 22.9 Address Book Case Study 22.9.1 Creating the Address Book App’s GUI 22.9.2 Coding the Address Book App 22.10 Tools and Web Resources 22.11 Wrap-Up 23 Web App Development with ASP.NET 23.1 Introduction xv 796 798 799 808 814 815 815 818 821 821 826 828 833 834 836 840 843 849 850 851 852 856 857 858 862 864 869 870 871 874 879 880 881 883 884 885 889 889 897 898 xvi Contents 23.2 23.3 23.4 Web Basics Multitier App Architecture Your First Web App 23.4.1 Building the WebTime App 23.4.2 Examining WebTime.aspx’s Code-Behind File 23.5 Standard Web Controls: Designing a Form 23.6 Validation Controls 23.7 Session Tracking 23.7.1 Cookies 23.7.2 Session Tracking with HttpSessionState 23.7.3 Options.aspx: Selecting a Programming Language 23.7.4 Recommendations.aspx: Displaying Recommendations Based on Session Values 23.8 Case Study: Database-Driven ASP.NET Guestbook 23.8.1 Building a Web Form that Displays Data from a Database 23.8.2 Modifying the Code-Behind File for the Guestbook App 23.9 Online Case Study: ASP.NET AJAX 23.10 Online Case Study: Password-Protected Books Database App 23.11 Wrap-Up 899 900 902 904 913 914 918 925 926 927 928 932 933 935 940 941 942 942 Chapters on the Web 949 A Operator Precedence Chart 950 B Simple Types 952 C ASCII Character Set 954 Appendices on the Web 955 Index 957 Chapters 24–35 and Appendices D–G are PDF documents posted online at the book’s Companion Website (located at www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel/). 24 XML and LINQ to XML 25 Windows 8 UI and XAML 26 Windows 8 Graphics and Multimedia Contents xvii 27 Building a Windows Phone 8 App 28 Asynchronous Programming with async and await 29 Web App Development with ASP.NET: A Deeper Look 30 Web Services 31 Building a Windows Azure™ Cloud Computing App 32 GUI with Windows Presentation Foundation 33 WPF Graphics and Multimedia 34 ATM Case Study, Part 1: Object-Oriented Design with the UML 35 ATM Case Study, Part 2: Implementing an ObjectOriented Design D Number Systems E UML 2: Additional Diagram Types F Unicode® G Using the Visual C# 2012 Debugger
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