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Tài liệu Viễn thám gis nghiên cứu lớp phủ, sử dụng đất

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N G H IE N C L fU L O P P H U , SL/ D U N G D A T t u s Ach k h o a h o c MS: 223-KHTN-2017 NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI NGUYEN NGOC THACH (Chu bien) DINH THj BAO HOA - NGUYEN THj HONG NGUYEN VU GIANG - DO VU VIET QUAN VllN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CUfU LOP PHU, SO DUNG DAT NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI MUC LUC ■ ■ PHAN I. TONG QUAN VE LClP PHU VA BIEN DONG LCfP PHU CHUtiNG 1. KHAI NIEM L0P PHU VA Sif DUNG OAT.............................................................17 1.1. B&n do ldp phu (Land cover map) ........................................................................................17 1.1.1. Mot so djnh nghia va khai niem chung ve ldp p h u .............................................................17 1.1.2. Djnh nghia ldp phu trong vien tham ................................................................................................20 1.2. B&n do sif dung dat (Land use map)..................................................................................... 22 1.3. B&n do ldp phu - suf dung dat (Land cover - Land use m ap)............................................ 24 Tom tat chUdng 1 ............................................................................................................................. 25 Tai lieu tham kh£o chi/dng 1 ..........................................................................................................27 CHUDNG 2. HE THONG PHAN LOAI BAN 0 0 L0P PHU- SLT DUNG DAT.............................29 2.1. Yeu cau cua mot b&ng phan lo a i..........................................................................................29 2.2. Phdn biet chi tiet chu giAi b&n do sft dung dat theo ty le b^n do..................................... 30 2.3. He thong chu gidi bdn do stf dung dat quoc gia cua Viet N am .................................... 31 2.4. He thong phan loai ldp phu mat dat - sir dung dat xay difng bang vien tham................36 2.4.1. Nguyen tac lifa chon tii lieu vien tham nghien ciiu ldp phu - sif dung d a t ......... 36 2.4.2. He thong phan loai cua b&n do ldp phu mat dat - sif dung d a t ............................ 37 2.4.3. So sanh hai he thong phan loai cua ban do ldp phu va ban do SLfdung dat.... 43 Tom tat chilofng 2 .............................................................................................................................47 Tai lieu tham kh&o chifdng 2 .......................................................................................................... 51 4 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN ClfU L0P PHU, SLf DUNG OAT CHUONG 3. PHLfdNG PHAP XAY DUNG BAN 0 0 L0P PHU - Stf DUNG O AT.................................. 53 3.1. Phi/dng phap truyen thong.............................................................................................................................53 3.2. Phi/dng phap vien tham................................................................................................................................... 53 3.2.1. Can cd vao dac diem chung cua cong nghe vien tham ......................................................53 3.2.2. Kha nang phan tich dac diem pho phan x a ...............................................................................55 3.2.3. Kha nang giai doan anh bang m at................................................................................................ 61 3.2.3.1. Quy trinh giai doan bang mat....................................................................................................61 3.2.3.2. Cac dau hieu phan tich a n h ......................................................................................................65 3.2.4. Chia khoa giai doan anh (interpretated k e y ).............................................................................72 3.2.5. Tong hdp ket qua giai doan............................................................................................................... 74 3.2.5.1. Nguyen tac chung.......................................................................................................................... 74 3.2.5.2. Mot so vi du cu the....................................................................................................................... 75 3.3. XA ly £nh so thanh lap b&n do Idp phu -suf dung dat........................................................................ 78 3.3.1. Phan loai da p h o .....................................................................................................................................78 3.3.1.1. Phan loai khong giam sat...........................................................................................................78 3.3.1.2. Phan loai co giam s a t..................................................................................................................79 3.3.2. Phan loai theo hi/dng doi tKdng (object - oriented classification, object - w is e ). 80 3.3 .3 . So sanh c&c thong tin sif dung trong hai phi/dng phap phan lo a i............................. 84 3.3.4. Kiem tra do chinh xac sau phan loai............................................................................................ 86 3.3.4.1. Cac phi/dng phap chung............................................................................................................ 86 3.3.4.2. Kiem tra d0 chinh xac so vdi mau thifc d ja ..................................................................... 88 3.3.4.3. Kiem tra do chinh x^c so vdi cinh.......................................................................................... 90 Tom tatchi/d ng 3..........................................................................................................................................................91 Tdi lieu tham khdo chi(dng 3 ................................................................................................................................. 92 CHUdNG 4. CAC PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUfU BIEN DONG..........................................................95 4.1. Cac khai niem ve bien dong......................................................................................................................... 95 4.2. Cac phi/dng phap nghien cufu bien dong............................................................................................... 96 4.2 .1 . Phi/dng phap thong ke........................................................................................................................ 96 4.2 .2 . Phi/dng phap G IS ...................................................................................................................................96 MUCLUC 5 4.2.3. Phi/dng phap vien tham .......................................................................................................... ..9 7 4 .2 .3 .1. Phi/dng phap nghien ci/u bien dong trade phan loai (pre-classification) ..98 4.2.3.2. Phi/dng phap nghien ci/u bien dong sau phan loai (post-classification comparision change detection)................................................................................... 112 Nghien cunu dif bao bien dong..................................................................................... 118 4.3.1. Mo hinh hoa bien doi sif dung dat va ldp phu d at.................................................... 118 4.3.2. Mo hinh khong gian va phi khong gian de du bao bien dong............................. 122 4.3.2.1. Khai niem chung.................................................................................................................. 122 4.3.2.2. Gidi thieu m0t so mo hinh nghien bien dOng.............................................. 123 Tom tat chi/dng 4 .............................................................................................................................................. 135 Tai lieu tham kh£o chi/dng 4 ...................................................................................................................... 137 4.3. cl/u PHAN II. MOT SO UfNG DUNG CUA VIEN THAM - GIS TRONG NGHIEN CIJfU L0P PHU - S if DUNG DAT 6 VIET NAM CHUdNG 5. CO Sd KHOA HOC CUA VIEC IJfNG DUNG NGHIEN CLfU L0P PHU - SQ DUNG OAT VA BIEN DONG L6P PHU - Sif DUNG OAT................ 143 5.1. Tinh chat cua khai niem ldp phu - sur dung dat quy dinh htidng ting dung............ 143 5.2. Nhflng dinh hi/dng ting dung cua nghien ctiu ldp phu - sif dung dat...................... 144 5.2.1. xac dinh nguyen nhan va hau qua cua bien dong ldp phu - sil dung dat............... 144 5.2.2. Nghien cifu suy thoai da dang sinh h o c................................................................. 144 5.2.3. Nghien ci/u bien doi khi hau................................................................................................. 145 5.2.4. Nghien cifu o nhiem dd si/ thay doi ldp phu - sill dung d at................................ 146 sl / 5.2.5. Nghien cifu cac tac dong pha hiiy tang Ozon do sif thay doi ldp phu - sif dung dat............................................................................... 147 5.2.6. Xem xet cac nguyen nhan chinh gay ra bien dong ldp phu mat d at............. 148 5.2.7. Phi/dng phap nghien ci/u sif thay doi ldp phu - si/ dung dat............................. 149 5.2.7.1. Phifdng phap vien tham ................................................................................................. .149 5.2.7.2. Phan tich dia khong gian................................................................................................ .149 5.2.7.3. Phan tich nhflng yeu to quyet djnh........................................................................... .150 5.2.7.4. Md hinh h o a ......................................................................................................................... .151 6 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CIJfU LGlP PHU, SLf DUNG DAT 5.2.8. Quan ly ben vufng...............................................................................................................................151 5.2.9. Ojnh hiidng nghien ci/u ifng dung vien tham - GIS trong nghien ctfu Idp phu - sif dung dat d Viet Nam............................................................................................. 153 Tom tat chtldng 5 .....................................................................................................................................................156 Tai lieu tham kh&o chitting 5 ............................................................................................................................. 157 CHUONG 6. CAC TRl/ONG H 0P NGHIEN dJfU TAI V IET NAM.................................................... 159 6.1. Ling dung vien tham va GIS nghien cuTu bien dong lolp phu thj tran Sa Pa giai doan 1 9 7 3 -2 0 0 9 .................................................................................................................................159 6 .1.1. Vi tri dia ly .............................................................................................................................................. 159 6 .1.2. Thu thap tai lieu, duf lieu................................................................................................................. 160 6 .1.3. Tien xif ly anh....................................................................................................................................... 161 6 .1.4. Kh&o sat thiic dja, xay diing bo mau gicii d o an............................................................... 161 6 .1.5. Phan loai va gicii doan anh...........................................................................................................163 6.1.6. Kiem tra dO chinh xac sau phan loai.......................................................................................164 6.1.6.1. Kiem tra do chinh xac so vdi mau thuc d ia ...................................................................164 6.1.6.2. Kiem tra do chinh xac so vdi &nh....................................................................................... 165 6.1.7. Xay dang ban do bien dong.......................................................................................................... 166 6.1.8. Nhan xet sU bien dong Idp phu qua cac nam ...................................................................... 169 6.1.9. Xac dinh quan he bien dong Iflp phu va cac yeu to tac dong.................................... 170 6.1.9.1. Nguyen ly chung xac dinh moi quan h e ....................................................................... 170 6.1.9.2. Phan tich moi quan he gitfa su gicim di?n tich ri/ng Vci cac yeu to dia ly tif nhien - xa hoi.............................................................................. 172 6.1.9.3. Dii bao Xcic suat bien dong................................................................................................. 177 6.1.10. Ket luan................................................................................................................................................. 182 6.2. Ufng dung vien tham va GIS nghien curu danh gia ph£t th ii khi cacbonic do suy tho^i rtfng va mat rufng d Ngoc Hien -Ca Mau................................................................ 183 6 .2.1. Khu viic nghien cijfu va dQ lieu .................................................................................................. 183 6 .2.2. Phiidng phap nghien ctfu .............................................................................................................. 184 6 .2.3. Ket qu& va thcio luan........................................................................................................................ 186 7 MUC LUC 6.3. Danh gia tinh phan m£nh canh quan sinh thai rirng ngap man bang phan loai anh vien tham va phan mem FRAGSTATS, lay vi du 6 huyen Ngoc Hien - Ca M au .. 192 6.3.1. Tinh cap th ie t...................................................................................................................................... 192 6.3.2. Tong quan van de nghien ci/u................................................................................................... 193 6.3.3. Tong quan khu vi/c nghien ci/u .................................................................................................196 6.3 .4 . Phi/dng phap tiep ca n .....................................................................................................................197 6.3.4.1. DO lieu...............................................................................................................................................197 6.3.4.2. Phiidng phap thi/c hien............................................................................................................ 199 6 .3.5. Ket qua va thao luan........................................................................................................................203 6 .3 .6 . Nhan xet..................................................................................................................................................212 6 .4 . Danh gia &nh hirdng cua bien dong sir dung dat den liiu Iddng dong chdy lifu vile song Vu Gia - Thu Bon................................................................................................................................ 213 6.4.1. Md d a u ......................................................................................................................................................213 6.4 .2 . Dtif lieu va phiidng phap nghien c i/u .........................................................................................215 6.4.2.1. Di] lieu nghien ci/u..................................................................................................................... 215 6.4.2.2. Quy trinh nghien ci/u................................................................................................................. 215 6 .4 .3 . Thuat toan chuoi M arkov................................................................................................................216 6 .4.4. Md hinh S W A T ......................................................................................................................................217 6.4.5. Ketquci nghien ci/u............................................................................................................................. 218 6 .4 .5 .1 . Oanh gia hien trang si/ dung dat lifu vi/c song Vu Gia Thu Bon 2005 - 2010 .......................................................................................................... 218 6.4.5.2. Danh gia bien dong si/ dung dat giai doan 2005 - 2 0 1 0 ...................................... 219 6.4.5.3. Oanh gia bien dong sir dung dat den luuliidng dong ch£y ni/dc mat li/u vi/c song Vu Gia - Thu Bon giai doan 2005 - 2 0 1 0 .........................................222 6.4.6. Nhan xet.................................................................................................................................................... 224 6 .5 . lifng dung phUdng phap md hinh hoa nghien cufu xu the bien dong sir dung dat huyen Thanh Tri giai doan 2001 - 2 0 0 3 ............................................................................................. 225 6.5.1. Dat van de................................................................................................................................................225 6.5.2. Ling dung phi/dng phap vien tham va phi/dng phap mo hinh ho& ban do nghien ci/u xu hddng bien dong si/ dung dat huyen Thanh Tri nam giai doan 2001 - 2 0 0 3 ..........................................................................................................226 6.5.2.1. Gidi thieu ve vung nghien ci/u............................................................................................. 226 6.5.2.2. Phan loai anh so thanh lap ban do hien trang si/ dung dat huyen Thanh Tri nam 2001 va nam 2 0 0 3 ....................................................................227 8 VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CUfU L0P PHU, Sif DUNG OAT 6.5.2.3. Tinh toan, phan tich bien (Jong gia MSI tren nen anh phan loai sif dung dat nam 2001 va 2003......................................................................................... 229 6.5.2.4. Nhan x e t..........................................................................................................................................231 6.6. Sir dung anh MODIS da thdi gian phat hien vung trong lua va giam sat sinh tri/dng, nang suat cay lua trong vu mua2009 vungDong bang song H ong.....................................231 6.6.1. Md d a u ...................................................................................................................................................... 231 6.6.2. Khu vifc nghien cifu........................................................................................................................... 233 6.6.3. Cd sd dfl lieu va phiidngphapnghien cifu ............................................................................ 234 6.6.3.1. Cd sd dfl lieu............................................................................................................................... 234 6.6.3.2. Phi/dng phap nghien ci/u.......................................................................................................235 6.6.4. Ket qua va thao luan....................................................................................................................... 240 6.6.4.1. Ban do dien tich vung trong lua phan tich tif dtf lieu MODIS.............................. 240 6.6.4.2. Giam sat si/ sinh tn/dng va phat trien cua lua bang duf lieu M ODIS............... 241 6.6.5. Nhan xet..................................................................................................................................................... 243 Tom tat chUdng 6 ......................................................................................................................................................243 Tai lieu tham kh£o chi/dng 6 ............................................................................................................................... 244 CHU0NG 7. AP DUNG MOT SO PHAN MEM TRONG NGHIEN C0U HIEN TRANG, BIEN DONG VA DU BAO BIEN DONG L 0 P PHU - S t i DUNG O AT...................249 7.1. Lam quen vdi phan mem ENVI (cac phien b&n4 .3 ...4 .7 )............................................................249 7.1.1. Cac thao tec ch ung .......................................................................................................................... 253 7.1.1.1. Khdi dong phan mem ENVI.................................................................................................. 253 7.1.1.2. Nan chinh a n h ............................................................................................................................ 263 7.1.2. Phan loai a n h ......................................................................................................................................... 270 7.1.2.1. Phan loai khong chon mau - Unsupervised Classification.................................. 271 7.1.2.2. Phan loai co chon mau (Cd kiem dinh) - Supervised Classification...............273 7.1.2.3. Mot so ky thuat phan loai kh ac........................................................................................... 278 7.1.2.4. Tinh chi so thi/c vat NDVI...................................................................................................... 279 7.1 .3 . Mot so ky thuat sau phan loai...................................................................................................... 280 7.1.3.1. Thong ke ket qua - Class Statistics..................................................................................281 7.1.3.2. Ma tran sai so - Confusion Matrix.................................................................................... 282 7.1.3.3. Phan tich theo da so va thieu so - Majority/Minority A n a lysis..........................284 9 MUCLUC 7 1.3.4. Gop !do sau phan loai - Combine C la s s e s .................................................................... 285 7.1.3.5. Thay doi ten va mau cho cac Idp phan loai -Class Color M apping................. 285 7 .1.3.6. Chuyen doi ket qua phan loai sang dang vectd Classification to Vector Layer................................................................................................286 7.1.3.7. Chong Idp vectd len anh - Overlay Vector File............................................................. 287 7.1.3.8. Bien tap va in anh - Quick M ap............................................................................................288 7.2. Xay difng ban do Idp phu bang phan mem ENVI va danh gia bien dong bang phan mem A R C G IS............................................................................289 7 .2 .1 . Phan loai anh bang ENVI.................................................................................................................. 289 7.2 .2 . Nghien ci/u, danh gia bien dong thi/c phu khu vile tinh Ca Mau nam 2004 - 2009 bang A rcG IS ................................................................................................... 294 7.2 .3 . Thanh lap ban do bien dong si/ dung dat bangA rc G IS ...................................................301 7.3. Ap dung phan mem IDRISI va Module CA-Markov trong di/ bao bien dong sif dung dat huyen Trieu Phong, tinh Quang T r j .............................................................................312 7 .3 .1 . Phan mem ID R IS I................................................................................................................................ 312 7 .3 .2 . Khai niem ve chuoi Markov va Cellular Automata............................................................. 312 7.3.2.1. Chuoi Markov (Markov chain)..............................................................................................312 7 .3.2.2. Mo phong khong gian (Geosimulation) va mo hinh Cellular Automata........ 315 7 .3 .3 . Nghien cl(u diem - dii bao bien doi Idp phu mat dat huyen Trieu Phong giai doan 1989 - 2 0 0 6 ...............................................................................................................................319 7.3.3.1. Quy trinh cac bade danh gia bien dong Idp phu mat dat...................................... 319 7.3.3.2. Xay ddng ban do Idp phu mat dat huyen Trieu Phong cac nam 1989, 2000 va 2 0 0 6 ............................................................................................ 320 7.3.3.3. Phan tich bien dOng Idp phu mat dat huyen Trieu Phong giai doan 1989 - 2 0 0 6 .............................................................................................................322 7.3.3.4. ling dung mo hinh phan tich chudi Markov va Cellular Automata da bao thay doi Idp phu mat dat tdi nam 2023 ......................................................... 323 Tom tat chifdng 7 ...................................................................................................................................................... 332 Tai lieu tham khdo chi/dng 7 .............................................................................................................................. 333 Ket luan chung............................................................................................................................................................335 Phu luc hinh mau 338 LOl NOI DAU Hien nay, Cong nghe vien tham - GIS da dugc ung dung rong rai tai V iet Nam, dac biet trong nghien cuu lop phu dat va su dung dat. m\ > / N hieu cong trinh va cac ung dung trong thanh lap ban do sir dung dat da trinh bay ve co so khoa hgc, cach tiep can, phuong phap sir dung vien tham cho linh vuc nay. Tuy nhien, trong thuc te, cac khai niem ve lop phu dat (land cover), sir dung dat (land use) va hien trang sir dung dat (existing land use) dang dugc sir dung mot cach thieu chfnh xac, f \ \ r khong nhat quan ve phuong phap thanh lap va ve he thong chu giai, vi > f vay, gay kho khan cho viec sir dung ban do ket qua. f C uon sach dugc bien soan vai muc dfch lam ro cac khai niem , y nghla sir dung va phuang phap thanh lap cac loai ban do noi tren > bang cong nghe dia thong tin (G eoinform atic). Sach se trinh bay su r f khac biet, uu the va han che cua vien tham trong nghien cuu lap phu / 9 9 f va sir dung dat, dua ra nhung ung dung cu the de thay vai tro cung n h u cac huong ung dung dia thong tin trong nghien cuu la p phu, sir dung dat tai V iet Nam. V ai tieu de:Vien th a m - G IS N g h ien ciru lop p h u , su- d u n g ddt, \ \ noi dung cua sach bao gom hai phan: \ \ r \ \ Phan I - gom 4 chuong, trinh bay nhirng van de ve c a sa ly luan, p h u an g phap nghien cuu, thanh lap cac loai ban do lop phu, ban do su r y ____ r > dung dat va ban do lop phu - sir dung dat. Trong phan nay cung giai thieu cac phuang phap nghien cuu bien dong cua cac loai hinh ban do noi tren. Phan II-gom 3chuong, > giai thieu c a sa khoa hgc f f cua viec ung 9 dung ban do lap phu - sir dung dat, m ot so nghien cuu cu the cua mot so cong trinh co lien quan toi cac h uang ung dung dia thong tin trong VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN ClJfU LCiP PHU, SI* DUNG DAT 12 nghien cihi lop phu. Ngoai ra con co noi dung huong dan ap dung > > 7 phan m em thfch hop trong cac nghien cuu cu the. 9 Q uyen sach co gia tri phuc vu cho noi dung giang day va hoc tap ciia ch uong trinh dai hoc va sau dai hoc cac nganh Ban do vien tham va GIS noi rieng va nhom nganh cac khoa hoc Trai Dat noi chung. Cu 7 ^ ' the la: phuc vu day m on hoc: “Vien tham - G IS thanh lap ban do \ f chuyen d e ’’ cho doi tu o n g sinh vien nam thu 4 va mon “Vien tham G IS nang cao” cho hoc vien cao hoc chuyen nganh Ban do - Vien tham, nganh D ia ly. N goai muc dich phuc vu cho noi dung giang day tai chuong trinh dai hoc, sau dai hoc, quyen sach nay con co gia tri tham khao cho mot f \ r so linh vuc duoc nhieu ngudi quan tam nhu quan ly dat dai, sinh thai hoc hoac m oi truong. ____ 7 A Tap the tac gia tran trong cam on Bo mon Ban do vien tham va GIS, ban lanh dao khoa D ia ly, T ruong Dai hoc Khoa hoc T u nhien da 7 7 r r dong vien va giup d o de co the xuat ban duoc cuon sach nay. Chu bien N gu yen N goc Thach DANH MUC CAC CHG VIET TAT ■ FCC GIS Fause colour composite Geographic Information System Geoinformatic To hap mau gia He thong tin Dja ly Dia thong tin Anh vu tru ciia Nga (Anh Anh KT quang hoc) Ca quan quan ly khi quyen va dai duong Quoc gia NOAA HoaKy LC Land cover Lop phu LCC Land cover change Bien dong lap phu LU Land use Su dung dat LUC Land use change Bien dong su dung dat r f r 9 LUCC Land use/cover change LULCC Land cover/land use change TNMT Bien dong lap phu sic dung dat Bien dong su dung dat lap phu Tai nguyen moi trjrang Anh ve tinh Landsat thanh \ Landsat TM cua My SPOT \ lap ban do chuyen de Anh ve tinh SPOT cua Phap 14 IKONOS VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CUfU L0P PHU, Slf DUNG OAT Anh ve tinh IKONOS cua f My co do phan giai rat cao Anh ve tinh QUICKBIRD QUICKBIRD do phan giai sieu cao cua My Ve tinh nghien cuu tai VNREDSATla nguyen, tai bien nhien cua Viet Nam ID code Md xac dinh thien Phan I TONG QUAN VE LGlP PHU VA BIEN DONG LClP PHU Chuong 1. KHAI N I|M LOP PHU VA SUfDUNG DAT Nhieu tai lieu hien nay dang sir dung cac thuat ngu lap phu dat (land cover), su dung dat (land use) va hien trang su dung dat (existing land use) mot cach thieu chfnh xac. 6 nhung noi thuc phu tu nhien hoac ban tir nhien thuong duoc goi la lap phu mat dat, con cac * f _ khu vuc do thi hay nong thon duoc hieu la sir dung dat. Tuy nhien su khac nhau gifra hai khai niem nay thuong khong dugc chu y va dugc su dung mot cach tuy tien. Su nham lan nay dan den nhung kho khan khi sir dung ban do ket qua, phai gop, ket noi hoac so sanh du lieu gifra hai mang lop phu va su dung dat. Nhieu ban do dugc goi la ban \ r f do sir dung dat nhung khong co gia tri su dung doi vai vai lTnh vuc quan ly dat dai vi khong day du thong tin ve noi dung quan ly song lai co y nghia khac ve mat khoa hgc. Vi vay, viec phan biet ro rang hai loai ban do nay trong qua trinh thanh lap la rat can thiet. Ben canh > f X f \ f \ khai niem ve lap phu va su dung dat con co khai niem ve lap phu rirng (forest cover), day la mot lTnh vuc chuyen mon, dirge xay dung theo f nhung khai niem va he thong phan loai chuyen sau cua nganh lam nghiep. Trong khuon kho cua cuon sach nay, tac gia se khong tap > trung vao nghien curu ve lop phu rung. 1.1. BAN DO LOfP PHU (LAND COVER MAP) 1.1.1. M ot so dinh nghTa va khai niem chung ve lop phu Theo To chuc luong thirc va Nong nghiep the giai (FAO), khai niem lop phu la mot khai niem c a ban. Theo do, lop phu dugc dinh nghTa nhu sau: Lop phu la nhung doi tir p n ^ ^ ll^ g ^ a tg j|j^ nhin thSy dugc tu mat dSt hay bang vi I tfdtaSPTltffltiW IEN OOQl 0 0 0 0 SV't VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN CUfU LGlP PHU, SlJ DUNG CAT 18 nhien hay canh tac), cac cong trinh nhan tac nhu nha cua, dudng xa > r \ bao trum len be mat dat; nuac, bang da deu dugc tmh la lap phu. Theo dinh nghTa cua Cue Lam nghiep Canada thi L'U'rp phu Landcover" la nhung doi tugng dugc quan sat co tinh chat vat ly va t f \ r r r sinh hgc bao trum be m at dat nhu thuc vat hoac cac yeu to nhan tao. T h u vien d u lieu tai nguyen thien nhien cua A ustralia dinh nghTa: Lop > r \ r phu la be m at vat ly cua Trai D at bao gom nhirng su ket hgp khac nhau cua cac loai thuc vat, dat, da lo thien va n u ac cung nhu cac yeu to nhan tao nhu nong nghiep va xay dung. L ap phu thuang dugc phan biet bdi cac mau dac trung trong phuong phap vien tham. C a quan Quan ly Khf quyen va Dai duong Quoc gia Hoa Ky (N O A A ) djnh nghTa: Ldp phu la canh quan dugc ghi lai la nhung ^ ' A / thanh phan be mat bao gom: rung, nude, thuc vat, cac loai dat, da va x r \ r ca sd ha tang do thj (nhung vat lieu kien true bao trum be mat dat) hien dien va quan sat dugc. Ldp phu co the dugc ghi nhan bdi phan tfch anh ve tinh va anh hang khong. Dinh nghTa cua Vien Thong tin tai nguyen bang Texas Hoa Ky: Ldp phu la ldp du lieu thong tin dia ly mo ta canh quan tu nhien dirge ghi nhan, la cac thanh phan be mat nhu rung, nude, dat am udt, do th i... > \ t O Q ua cac dinh nghTa va khai niem, co the giai thfch cu the nhu sau: ^ ^ 7 Ldp phu la be mat vat ly, hoac be mat sinh hgc co the quan sat thay cua be mat trai dat, nghTa la ldp tren cung phu len m at dat, bao r \ r r > r r r gom : khu vuc thuc phu (cay coi, bui ram hay bai co), dat trong (khong co gi bao phu), cac be mat cung (da, cong trinh xay dung) cac khu virc m at nude (song ho, kenh rach, dat ngap nude)... Dinh nghTa nay anh h u d n g den viec phat trien he thong phan loai, thu thap d u lieu va he ^ r f o r r \ thong thong tin noi chung. M ae du co nhung cach dinh nghTa ve ldp phu khong giong nhau theo tung ITnh vuc nghien cuu, tuy nhien chung deu thong nhat d nhung diem co ban sau day ve ldp phu: thong tin ve r \ r o r r o \ \ r dac diem phan bo, trang thai, tfnh chat cua ldp phu trong khu vuc, la bieu hien thuc trang hoat dong su dung dat tren be mat. Nhung thong 7 r \ > tin nay dugc phat hien va ghi nhan thanh cac don vj ban do mot cach khach quan, true tiep ma khong co su chuyen doi ngoai suy hoac so sanh tuong duong vdi mot tieu chf phan loai quy dinh. 19 ChUdng 1. KHAI NIEM LC)P PHU VA SI/ DUNG OAT I i d i l |iv iw n li> M i H .M riin ; I im i y i i H v !•» *111111},’ V jm n v ' M i'll' H itm y t lir n t llX x 1 I %l «. natUl*! 2)hk I lltlin ^ I U i|| . '■viiiiiir t*il I I.h s i ^ i I ••in.-mttj: 4l6» * »ill»ll}> Vlli t ur.||M|> r * li • .llllilk ? Hinh 1.1. Anh Landsat da pho cua mua mang tren canh dong (cu cai duang, bong va co linh lang) tu giai doan lam dat, gieo hat, thu hoach) (Xem phu luc hinh mau) ____ 9 x T om lai, ban do lop phu dugc hieu la: 7 f \ f - S u bieu th | khach quan cua cac doi tugng tren be m at trai dat, ' f r f do dem va xac dinh ro rang ve kich thuoc va tinh chat cua doi tugng lap phu; 7 X - S u the hien thong tin ve lap phu dugc phan loai, phan lop va ma hoa de thanh lap ban do chuyen de; 7 7 \ r \ - Su the hien dac diem vat ly va sinh hoc tren be mat dat, bao gom ca nuac, tham thuc vat, dat trong, hoac cau true nhan tao vao luc chup (thu nhan) anh. Trang thai do co the lien tuc bi thay doi theo thai gian, tir f ____ r f f 7 7 r ngan (tirng ngay) den dai (vai nam). > 9 r Noi dung cua lap phu thuang dugc the hien bang cac so lieu r \ thong ke theo mua vu (vf du: dien tich cay trong vu xuan, vu he, vu thu d o n g ... trong nong nghiep) hoac trang thai cay trong (rung moi trong, rirng non, rimg tren nui d a ... trong lam nghiep). VIEN THAM - GIS NGHIEN ClfU LCiP PHU, SLf DUNG DAT 20 1.1.2. Djnh nghTa lop phu trong vien tham Trong ITnh virc Vien tham, ldp phu la tat ca nhung gi quan sat duoc bang mat thong qua anh may bay hoac anh ve tinh, nghTa la hien trang tren mat dat vao luc chup anh va kha nang cung cap thong tin cua anh vien tham. Trong thuc te, khi chua co phuong phap vien tham thi loai hinh ban do ldp phu ft duoc xay dung. Sugarbeet'k h»n \Li> Jui N c j» I k KI v (ollcm , Jan I vh I K ^ l ptVJVM ^M VI I W «cin j: I f n . o ’i., # * . » { «* J •» -M i ■ | ^ t * f? * " , w . ' \p* , ' ' ,# v. V ‘ I K< 11.Mil111^ i tj. ■* n m ; IVjlLKH IU4U H Hinh 1.2. D a c d ie m tre n a n h va tra n g th a i c a y tro n g tren d o n g ru o n g th e o th a i g ia n c a c th a n g la n§i dung chfnh cua ban do lap phu hay hi$n trang lap phu (N g u o n :J e n s e n ) (Xem phu luc hinh mau) - Hinh tren: ruong cu cai du’ang vai cac trang thai: Thang 5-10: bat dau trong va cay phat trien. Cac trang thai cay c£n coi, trong thu>a, luc chin va chuan bj thu hoach. - Hinh du’a i: rupng bong vai cac trang thai cua ruong trong tu* thang 1 den thang 4: lam dat, gieo hat, cay nay mam. Tu5thang 5: cay len xanh, ra nu hoa, tro bong, bong na het va den thang 12: thu hoach
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