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Urbanization Challenges
in Emerging Economies
Energy, Water, and Transportation
Infrastructure; Planning and Financing
Papers from Sessions of the
ASCE India Conference 2017
Edited by
New Delhi, India
December 12–14, 2017
Udai P. Singh; B. R. Chahar; H. R. P. Yadav; and Satish K. Vij
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URBANIZATION CHALLENGES IN
EMERGING ECONOMIES
Energy and Water Infrastructure; Transportation
Infrastructure; and Planning and Financing
SELECTED PAPERS FROM THE ASCE INDIA CONFERENCE 2017
December 12–14, 2017
New Delhi, India
ORGANIZED BY
American Society of Civil Engineers
CO-SPONSORED BY
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Institution of Engineers (India)
EDITED BY
Udai P. Singh
B. R. Chahar
H. R. P. Yadav
Satish K. Vij
Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers
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Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies
iii
Preface
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By the end of the last century the world transitioned from predominantly rural to
equal rural-urban living. Many estimates predict that by year 2050 two thirds of the
world’s population will live in cities due to rapidly increasing rural to urban
migration. This rapid and unplanned migration is having most impact on metropolitan
areas in emerging economies, and is threatening the quality of life for its residents.
Infrastructure in these cities, a key ingredient in quality of life, is not keeping up with
the growth of population.
Civil engineers throughout the world regularly face challenges in building
infrastructure in our quest for sustainable solutions to quality of life issues. The
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), a global leader in sustainable practices
in civil engineering infrastructure, organized a conference “Urbanization Challenges
in Emerging Economies” on 12 to 14 December 2017 in New Delhi, a rapidly
expanding metropolitan area, to facilitate policy, technical, and scientific discussions
and exchanges on these challenges in emerging economies. This conference of civil
engineers, urban architects, policy makers, technology experts, and related
professionals provided a showcase for the latest developments and advancements in
design, construction, technology, and policy related to sustainable infrastructure and
offered a forum to discuss and debate future directions for emerging economies. The
goal was to help these societies move towards resilient sustainable cities and
infrastructure.
Approximately 400 abstracts were received and reviewed by the conference steering
committee and other reviewers. Of these, about 250 technical papers were presented
at the conference. A Book of Abstracts was published and distributed at the
conference. Each full paper underwent peer review by two or three reviewers. As a
result, 151 papers were accepted for publication in the Proceedings. The Proceedings
has been published in two volumes. This volume includes 81 papers, while the other
volume has 70 papers. While some papers present successful case studies and
examples of sustainable infrastructure, others share latest advances in urban
infrastructure planning, design, and construction. In addition, several papers
showcase new tools and latest research to support sustainable urban infrastructure.
The Proceedings contain peer-reviewed papers from several continents, including
from the west as well as from emerging economies, especially from India. In this
volume, the 81 peer-reviewed papers have been divided into three topics: (1)
Planning & Financing to Meet the Growing Demand, (2) Transportation Around and
Beneath Existing Cities, and (3) Water, Environment & Energy Infrastructure to Meet
the Demands of Exploding Population in Urban Areas. The papers presented here are
organized by each of these three tracks. They cover a diversity of topics, such as
policy and government issues, challenges in mass transportation, solid and industrial
waste management, urban watershed management, innovation in energy
© ASCE
Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies
infrastructure, public-private partnerships, affordable housing, urban drainage
management, intelligent transportation systems, traffic management, urban water
systems infrastructure, water and wastewater treatment, urban renewal and financing,
urban pollution, project management challenges, multi-modal transportation, etc.
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The need to use innovative and sustainable solutions and to efficiently use, protect,
and manage our existing resources is paramount to improving quality of life in the
urban environment, especially in emerging economies around the world. We hope
that this publication will be of assistance and use in this effort. Publication of the
peer-reviewed Proceedings has been a team effort. We express our sincere
appreciation to all who made it possible (please see the Acknowledgements page). In
addition, special thanks are due to the India Section of ASCE and to Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi as well as Institution of Engineers (India) for co-organizing the
conference and actively assisting ASCE in the publication of the Proceedings.
Dr. Udai P. Singh, Environmental Consultant, Moraga, California, USA
Prof. B. R. Chahar, Professor, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
Er. H. R. P. Yadav, Director, Institution of Engineers (India), New Delhi, India
Er. Satish K. Vij, President, ASCE India Section, New Delhi, India
© ASCE
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Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies
Acknowledgments
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Conference Chair and Lead Editor
Dr. Udai P. Singh, Moraga, California, USA
Track Chairs and Editors
Prof. B. R. Chahar, New Delhi, India
Er. H. R. P. Yadav, New Delhi, India
Er. Satish K. Vij, New Delhi, India
Reviewers of Technical Papers
Er. H. R. P. Yadav, New Delhi, India
Er. Satish K. Vij, New Delhi, India
Dr. Udai P. Singh, Moraga, California, USA
Prof. B. R. Chahar, New Delhi, India
Er. K. B. Rajoria, New Delhi, India
Prof. Mohammad Jawed, Guwahati, India
Prof. A.K. Nema, New Delhi, India
Dr. Sudhir Misra, Kanpur, India
Prof. Mahesh K. Jat, Jaipur, India
Prof. K. Srinivasa Raju, Hyderabad, India
Prof. Ibadur Rahman, New Delhi, India
Er. Avinash Prasad, New Jersey, USA
Prof. Santanu Bandyopadhyay, Mumbai, India
Dr. K.N. (Guna) Gunalan, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Prof. D. Nagesh Kumar, Bangalore, India
Prof. Brijesh K Yadav, Roorkee, India
Prof. Kishen J.M. Chandra, Bangalore, India
ASCE Staff
Ms. Angie Lander, Reston, Virginia, USA
Ms. Meggan Maughan-Brown, Reston, Virginia, USA
© ASCE
v
Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies
Contents
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Energy and Water Infrastructure Needed to Meet the Demands of Exploding Population in
Urban Areas
Aerobic Biological Treatment of Pesticide Industry Effluent:
A Kinetic Evaluation ................................................................................................................. 1
Prakat Modi, Keerthi Katam, and Debraj Bhattacharyya
An Effective Routing Model for Collection and Transportation of Solid
Waste in Bengaluru South ...................................................................................................... 11
Abhijeet S. Nadgir, S. D. Anitha Kumari, Shrihari K. Naik,
and M. V. Deepthi
Analytical Modeling for Solute Transport in a Homogeneous Medium ............................... 20
Sushree Swagatika Swain and Pradip Kumar Das
Application of Modified Tube Settler to Improve Sedimentation Process ............................ 28
Mangesh P. Bhorkar, Anand G. Bhole, and Prashant B. Nagarnaik
Assessment of Stormwater Drainage Network to Mitigate Urban Flooding
Using GIS Compatible PCSWMM Model.............................................................................. 38
Satish Kumar, D. R. Kaushal, and A. K. Gosain
CFD Modelling of Circular Baffled Aeration Tanks ............................................................. 47
K. Devarajan and Ajey Kumar Patel
Change in Land Use and Land Cover in Urban Catchment Due to Rapid
Urbanization of Capital City of Madhya Pradesh, India, and Its Effect
on Urban Hydrology ............................................................................................................... 59
Munendra Kumar and Jaganniwas
Classification of Recyclables from E-Waste Stream Using Thermal
Imaging-Based Technique ...................................................................................................... 67
G. Sathish Paulraj, H. Subrata, T. Amber, and T. Atul
Co-Composting of Municipal Solid Waste with Sewage Sludge for
Sustainable Waste Management in Urban Areas .................................................................. 79
M. Lokeshwari, Vikas Mendi, T. Raghavendra, Amaranatha Reddy,
and B. C. Udayashankar
Development of Framework for Public Consultation in a Water
Supply Project ......................................................................................................................... 90
Rakhee Das, Mohammad Jawed, and L. Boeing Singh
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Development of Low Cost Biosorbent from Pseudarthria viscida Plant
for Deflouridation of Water .................................................................................................. 102
Aju Mathew George and A. R. Tembhurkar
Effect of Settling Time on the Treatment of Domestic Grey Water Using
Mango Seeds as Coagulant ................................................................................................... 112
Kavish Rathore, Ishant Raj, Roopika Nautiyal, Shivangi Uliana, Brij Shah,
and Anantha Singh
Enhancement of the Performance of a Continuous Bipolar-Mode
Electrocoagulation (CBME) System Treating Palm Oil Mill Effluent
through Modification of the Process Parameters and Reactor
Configuration ........................................................................................................................ 122
Madhuri Damaraju, Debraj Bhattacharyya, Tarun Kanti Panda,
and Kiran Kumar Kurilla
Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Soil Amendments for
Enhanced Phytoremediation................................................................................................. 130
Krishna R. Reddy, Gema Amaya-Santos, and Girish Kumar
Erosion Indices of Surface Soils with Pin Hole Test ............................................................ 137
Himanshu Kumar, Sudheer K. Yamsani, and Sreedeep Sekharan
Flood Estimation Using Probability Distribution Function Based
Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Methods at Ungauged Catchments in Varrar
Basin, Kerala, India .............................................................................................................. 142
N. Amarnatha Reddy, Vikas Mendi, T. Raghavendra, and M. Lokeshwari
Flow Analysis of Rigid and Flexible Vegetation Using ANSYS Fluent ............................... 154
Munendra Kumar and Shashank Aggarwal
Flow Duration Curve Prediction Using a Physical Deterministic Model
for Indian Catchments .......................................................................................................... 168
Anita Nag and Basudev Biswal
Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Tender Coconut Coir and Optimization
of Process Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology ............................................ 178
G. Marttin Paulraj, S. Parth, and B. Debraj
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones and Artificial Recharge Sites
in Vedganga River Sub-Basin Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques ....................... 189
Gurav Chandrakant and Md. Babar
Influence of Pipe Discharges on Cost and Reliability of Looped Water
Distribution Networks ........................................................................................................... 200
Shweta Rathi, Nikita Palod, Rajesh Gupta, and Lindell Ormsbee
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Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies
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Numerical Simulation and Profile Computation of Hydraulic Jump under
the Sluice Gate....................................................................................................................... 210
M. Kumar and D. Tiwari
Optimum Utilization of Alternate Material for Aggregates—An Approach
for Waste Management in Urban Areas for Sustainability ................................................. 221
G. Prathima, Bharathi Ganesh, and K. P. Nagaraja
Performance and Characteristics of Vehicular Emissions Using CNG and
H-CNG Vehicular Fuels ....................................................................................................... 232
H. R. P. Yadav and Kafeel Ahmad
Phosphorus Retention in Lateritic Soil Constructed Wetland Treatment of
Domestic Sewage ................................................................................................................... 238
Kruti Jethwa, Samir Bajpai, and P. K. Chaudhari
Phytoremediation—A Sustainable Solution for Reducing Heavy Metal
Contamination from the Bhalaswa Landfill Site ................................................................. 247
Parul Johar, Divya Singh, and Arun Kumar
Potential Impact of Climate Change on Rainfall Extremes for Urban
Drainage Management .......................................................................................................... 256
S. Patowary, J. Hazarika, and A. K. Sarma
Prediction of STP Operational Parameters Using ANN ...................................................... 267
R. K. Rai and K. Nagaraj
Production of Biofuel from Kitchen Wastewater by Using a Mixed Culture
of Diatoms: Treatment, Kinetic Evaluation, and Lipid Analysis ........................................ 278
Keerthi Katam, Marttin Paulraj Gundupalli, and Debraj Bhattacharyya
Rationalization of Krishna River Water Quality Monitoring Locations by
Combination of Multivariate Statistical and Multi Criteria Decision
Making Techniques in a Geo-Spatial Framework ............................................................... 288
Aditya Nanekar, Vikas Varekar, Nilesh Susware, and Pratik Munde
Removal of Turbidity Using Dual Media Filter ................................................................... 302
Sandeep Samantaray, Subhasree Samantaray, Dillip K. Ghose, Ashutosh Rath,
and Chitta Ranjan Mohanty
Simulation of Existing Water Distribution Network at Punagam Area
of Surat City Using WATERGEMS Software ..................................................................... 312
D. J. Mehta and K. J. Prajapati
Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Noise Pollution in Ahmedabad City
of Gujarat through Measurements and Mapping ................................................................ 322
Ketan Lakhtaria, Sandip Trivedi, and Anurag Kandya
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Study of Parameters Optimization Using SFLA for the Stormwater
Drainage Network of Extremely Urbanized Settlements..................................................... 328
Satish Kumar, D. R. Kaushal, and A. K. Gosain
Studying Feasibility of Using Nanotechnology-Solar Assisted Breakdown
of Plastic and Its Impact on Groundwater ........................................................................... 336
Tanushree Parsai, Arun Kumar, and Bhanu Nandan
Using Building Energy Simulation to Study Energy Demands of
Prefabricated Housing Unit .................................................................................................. 347
Niket Kumar, Naveen Tiwari, and Sudhir Misra
What Is the Tidal Energy Potential of Sri Lanka? .............................................................. 358
Vikas Mendi, N. Amarnatha Reddy, M. Lokeshwari,
T. Raghavendra, and Jaya Kumar Seelam
Planning and Financing to Meet the Growing Demand
Alliance Contracting Framework for Affordable Mass Housing
Construction .......................................................................................................................... 366
Murali Jagannathan
Framework for Bundling in Network Infrastructure through
Public-Private Partnerships .................................................................................................. 376
Tharun Dolla and Boeing Laishram
Chandigarh’s Experiment with Affordable Housing ........................................................... 388
Jatinder Pal Singh
Conceptual and Strategic Planning for Undeveloped Residential Area
in Mumbai City ..................................................................................................................... 395
Saurabh B. Amlani and Prashant P. Nagrale
Development and Implementation of On-the-Job Training System for
Construction Workers .......................................................................................................... 405
S. Johari and K. N. Jha
Development of Probabilistic Methodology for Evaluating Pavement
Condition Index for Flexible Pavement ................................................................................ 417
Mohd. Shoyeb Ansari and A. R. Kambekar
Differences of Occupational Health and Safety Management System
(OHSMS) Consciousness among Indian Construction Industry ......................................... 428
C. Vigneshkumar, Urmi Ravindra Salve, and K. Saravana Muthu
Environmental Responsive Urban Planning and Regulations in India:
An Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 434
M. F. Jawaid, Satish Pipralia, and Ashwani Kumar
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Examination of Sustainable Affordable Housing Policies and Perspectives
in India after Reform ............................................................................................................ 442
Pavan N. Ghumare, K. A. Chauhan, and S. M. Yadav
Framework for Conducting Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Infrastructure
Facilities ................................................................................................................................. 450
Dima Jawad, Yara Medawar, and Sophia Ghanimeh
Housing Affordability in India: Opportunities and Key Challenges .................................. 462
Abid Hasan, Abbas Elmualim, Rameez Rameezdeen,
and Bassam Baroudi
Modeling Urban Land Use Dynamics through Markov Model Using
Geospatial Tools for Kota, India .......................................................................................... 472
Ankita P. Dadhich, Pran N. Dadhich, and Rohit Goyal
Potential of Prefabrication for Affordable Housing in Urban India ................................... 481
Gaurav Gupta and Ashutosh Mukherjee
Program Management Approach for Urban Renewal and Regeneration
of Built Environment Sector—Indian Scenario ................................................................... 489
Anurita Bhatnagar and Vanita Ahuja
Public Private Partnerships in India: Problems and Solutions ........................................... 507
Murali Jagannathan
Spatial Analysis of Educational Facilities in Pune City ....................................................... 518
Pooja Gandhile and Arati Petkar
Strategies for Augmenting Socio-Economic Infrastructure around
Greenfield Airport—A Case of Dholera International Airport .......................................... 530
V. Nimesh, M. S. Hussain, and J. Sen
Study of Redevelopment Opportunities in Delhi ................................................................. 542
Amrita Kaur Gulati
Study on the Information Technology Impact Questionnaire ITIQ on the
Construction Industry in India ............................................................................................. 552
Avinash Ojha and Lokesh Gupta
Urbanizing India and the Need for Natural Resources Planning ........................................ 558
Amruta Garud and Bakul Rao
Transportation around and beneath Existing Cities
A Fuzzy Approach for Quantifying Accessibility to Public Transit System ....................... 569
Dewal Mishra and Ashoke K. Sarkar
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A Novel Approach of Safety Evaluation for Red Light Violation Related
Crashes at Signalized Intersections ...................................................................................... 580
M. Paul, V. Chaudhary, and I. Ghosh
A Review Paper: Study on Safety of Side Walkability Facilities in Urban
Areas of Developing Countries ............................................................................................. 590
Badveeti Adinarayana and Mohammad Shafi Mir
Abatement of Nitrate by Bismuth Based Inorganic Media ................................................. 598
M. Ranjan, P. K. Singh, and V. Kumar
Assessment of Qualitative Level-of-Service for Pedestrians: Silchar, Assam ..................... 606
Ranadip Mandal and Mokaddes Ali Ahmed
Calibration Methodology of Microsimulation Model for Unsignalized
Intersection under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions ........................................................ 618
M. Paul, V. Charan, V. Soni, and I. Ghosh
Determination and Comparison of PCU on Urban Roads under Mixed
Traffic Conditions—A Case Study ....................................................................................... 628
R. Srinivasa Rao and Nitesh Yadav
Prediction of Settlement of Road Embankment Using Electrical Resistivity
Tomography (ERT) ............................................................................................................... 639
A. Saha, S. Kundu, and A. K. Dey
Developing Level of Service (LoS) Thresholds on Ten-Lane Divided
Multi-Lane Urban Roads in India ........................................................................................ 649
Pallav Kumar, Shriniwas Arkatkar, and Gaurang Joshi
Development of Simple Exponential Smoothing Model for Traffic Flow
Prediction under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions ........................................................... 659
G. Omkar and S. Vasantha Kumar
Evaluation of Pedestrian Level of Service in Presence of Street Vendor:
Kolkata .................................................................................................................................. 667
Mokaddes Ali Ahmed and Khandokar Minhajul Islam
Evaluation of Pedestrian Safety Index at Urban Mid-Block ............................................... 676
H. D. Golakiya and A. Dhamaniya
Evaluation of Use of Non-Motorized Vehicles for Shopping Trips under
Mix Traffic Conditions ......................................................................................................... 688
Jayesh Juremalani and Krupesh A. Chauhan
Examining Effect of Bottleneck on Multi-Lane Roads at Midblock Sections
Using Simulation ................................................................................................................... 697
Narayana Raju, Shriniwas Arkatkar, and Gaurang Joshi
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Impact on Transportation Due to Metro Link Express for Gandhinagar
and Ahmedabad (MEGA) ..................................................................................................... 706
Pravek Dwivedi and Rajesh Gujar
Method to Prioritize Hazardousness of Locations for Black Spot
Identification Using Analytic Hierarchy Process ................................................................. 714
Vidhi Vyas and Amit Goel
Modeling Speed-Density Relation for Highways in Developing Countries
with No Lane Discipline: A Case Study in Egypt ................................................................. 725
Saleh R. Mousa, Ragab M. Mousa, Sherif Ishak, and Laila Radwand
Neural Network Approach to Determine LOS Criteria of Urban Streets
for Developing Countries ...................................................................................................... 736
Abhishek Chakraborty, Suprava Jena, and Prasanta K. Bhuyan
Optimization of Central Island by SITI Equation Developer Inclusive
Pedestrian Facility on Roundabout ...................................................................................... 745
Apeksha A. Mendhe, Rakesh Kumar, and N. J. Mistry
Paratransit System Characteristics in Mid-Size City of Silchar, India............................... 757
Laxman Singh Bisht and Mokaddes Ali Ahmed
Smart, Sustainable Infrastructure Development ................................................................. 769
M. Abdul Ahad and Saiful Hasan
The Effect of Urban Structure on Travel Behavior: A Case of Solapur City ..................... 775
Mithali Jadhav and Rahul Shukla
Traffic Management on Two-Lane Rural Highways ........................................................... 785
Gopika Avanoor and T. M. Rahul
Vehicle Class Wise Service Time Prediction Models for Tollbooths under
Mixed Traffic Conditions...................................................................................................... 794
Y. V. Navandar, H. D. Golakiya, A. Dhamaniya, and D. A. Patel
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Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies
Aerobic Biological Treatment of Pesticide Industry Effluent: A Kinetic Evaluation
Prakat Modi1; Keerthi Katam2 ; and Debraj Bhattacharyya, Ph.D.3
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1
Post-Graduate, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Telangana, India 502285. E-mail:
[email protected]
2
Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Telangana, India 502285. E-mail:
[email protected]
3
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, Telangana, India 502285.
E-mail:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted 1. to examine the performance of aerobic bacteria in treating a
pesticide industry effluent and to quantify the biodegradation in terms of bio-kinetic parameters
at steady state and 2. to study the inhibition caused by the pesticide effluent on un-acclimated
ethanol enriched aerobic culture. The performance of the treatment was monitored based on total
organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and sulfate removal at different SRTs. Highest COD
removal of 80% was observed for SRTs greater than 8-day. The steady state kinetic parameters
k, Ks, Y, and kd were 2.52 d−1, 49.68 mg COD/L, 0.25 mg VSS/mg COD, and 0.46 d−1,
respectively. The pesticide industry effluent caused a competitive inhibition above a dose of
1.6% on un-acclimated culture. High treatment efficiency can be achieved in aerobic biological
treatment when the biomass gets acclimatized to the pesticide industrial effluent.
INTRODUCTION
Rapid population growth in India has raised the demand for food. To keep up with the
demand, fertilizers and pesticides have been used quite extensively. India had around 150
industrial manufacturing units and 500 industrial formulation units of pesticides at the beginning
of this century (Gupta 2004). The yearly production of pesticides in India is around 85000 tons.
This made India the 12th largest pesticide producer in the world (Subramanian et al. 2007;
Bhardwaj and Sharma 2013). Extensive production and consumption of pesticides in India have
raised environmental concern about the discharge of these pesticide industrial effluents. The
pesticide-laden agricultural runoff has caused contamination of soil and water resources (Shaalan
et al. 2007). Pesticides in India are generally classified as insecticides (80%), herbicides (15%),
fungicides (2%), and others (3%). The consumption of herbicide is low in India because weed
control is mainly done manually. The warm and humid tropical climate deliver a favorable
breeding environment for insects. Their short life cycle and higher hatching rate have led to a
higher consumption of insecticides. Pesticides have been detected in surface and ground water
samples all over India. The organochlorine pesticides, mainly isomers of hexachlorohexane
(HCH), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), endosulfan, endrin, aldrin, dieldrin, and
heptachlor, have been detected in surface and groundwater samples of Amaravati, Yavatmal and
Ganga regions (Lari at al. 2014; Agarwal et al. 2015). These pesticides show little or no
biodegradation in the environment and are hazardous to humans and organisms because of their
toxicity. They cause immune-suppression, diminished intelligence, hormone disruption and
cancer to humans and animals even at an exposure of ppb level. (Alavanja et al. 2004; Gupta
2004; Vivekanandhan and Duraisamy 2012).
Pesticides treatment is a critical issue in India due to the huge amount of production. Even
© ASCE
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Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies
though effective methods like chemical treatment and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are
available, they are not economical, and sludge disposal is a major issue in these treatment
processes. Biological treatment is one of the better ways to treat pesticide effluent as they can
sustain toxicity up to a moderate level, are comparatively economical, and can transform the
organic matter in the effluent into a less toxic product by many ways like biodegradation, bio
sorption, etc. This research aims (a) to examine the performance of an aerobic bacterial culture in
degrading an effluent from a pesticide manufacturing industry, (b) to quantify the degradation in
terms of kinetic parameters at steady-state and (c) to study the inhibition caused by the pesticide
effluent on growth-substrate utilization by an un-acclimated ethanol-enriched aerobic microbial
culture.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of Pesticide Industry Effluent: The pesticide industrial effluent (PIE) was
collected from one of the pesticide formulation industry located at Pashamylaram industrial zone
in Medak district of Telangana, India. The manufacturing industry produces a wide range of
organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides like acephate, profenophos, dimethoate, ethion,
etc. The effluent was stored at −20°C after collection until further use. Figure 1 shows the flow
process of the pesticide industry. The wastewater was collected after multiple effect evaporator
(MEE).
Figure 1: Process flow diagram of the pesticide manufacturing industry
Collection of Aerobic Sludge: The aerobic sludge was collected from an Activated Sludge
Process (ASP) based Common Effluent Treatment Plant located in the Patancheru park near
Hyderabad.
Continuous test Reactors: The experiment was conducted in 1000 mL plastic bottles at
room temperature as shown in Figure 2. The reactors were seeded with aerobic culture as
described earlier. Mixing was provided continuously at 60 rpm. The reactors were operated at six
different Solid Retention Time (SRTs)– 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 days in a continuous mode. The
reactors were operated for three times the corresponding SRTs for attaining steady-states. Data,
obtained after attainment of steady-state was used for analysis.
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Figure 2: Continuous test reactor setup
Bio-kinetic parameter estimation at steady-state: The steady state kinetic parameters were
determined using Michaelis-Menten and Monod models given by the following equations:
(S0 S)
kXS
(1)
rsu
KS S
θ
where rsu = Rate of substrate utilization, mg/L-d
k = Maximum specific substrate utilization rate, g substrate/g of microorganism-d
KS = Half velocity constant, mg/L
θ = Solids Retention Time (equal to Hydraulic Retention Time in this case), days
S = Growth limiting substrate concentration, mg/L
S0 = Initial substrate concentration, mg/L
X = biomass concentration, mg MLVSS/L
The linearized form of the above equation, also called Lineweaver-Burk plot, was used to
determine k and Ks:
K 1 1
θX
S*
(2)
S0 S
k S k
To find decay coefficient (kd) and yield coefficient (Y), the following linearized Monod
equation was used:
S S
1
Y * 0
kd
(3)
θ
θX
Master Culture reactor: The inhibition test was conducted on un-acclimated ethanol
enriched aerobic culture. For this test, the aerobic master culture reactor (MCR) was operated in
a draw-and-fill mode at 5-d SRT in a 2000 mL reactor rested upon a magnetic stirrer (Remi 2
MLH, make: Remi) for the continued suspension of culture. The reactor was seeded with aerobic
culture as mentioned earlier. The reactor was fed daily with an ethanol stock solution of 2000
mg/L COD along with nutrients and minerals as explained in (Young and Cowan 2004). The
reactor was operated at room temperature and allowed to achieve steady-state.
Inhibition Study: The test culture from the Aerobic MCR was transferred into 125 mL
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Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies
Wheaton bottles. The reactors were operated in similar conditions as MCR and monitored for 10
days to check the oxygen uptake and VSS stability. The reactors, which were in good condition
were used for the inhibition study. The test reactors were fed in a similar way like MCR and
dosed with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, and 4.8 % of PIE.
Mixed culture samples (2 mL) were removed from the test reactors at every two hours. The
samples were inactivated with two drops of 16 g/L of mercuric chloride solution and centrifuged
at 5000 rpm for 20 minutes using a centrifuge (Make: Remi). The supernatant was then filtered
through 0.45μm membrane filter papers and analyzed for residual ethanol using a GC-MS. The
kinetics of growth substrate utilization was studied using Michaelis-Menten equation. The
inhibitory effect of PIE on the microbial substrate utilization was related to the maximum
specific substrate utilization rate and the half velocity constant of the model (Han and Levenspiel
1988; Mulchandani and Luong 1989, Grady 1990; Kim et al. 1994; Bhattacharyya 2009;
Bhattacharyya and Singh 2011) as given below. The maximum specific rate of substrate
utilization (k) and half-velocity coefficient (Ks) were estimated from the data using a spreadsheet
method (Smith et al. 1998).
ds
kXS
(4)
st
Ks S
X Xo Y (So S )
k ko[k*]
K Kso[ Ks*]
Competitive Inhibition:
k* = 1.0
Ks* > 1.0
Non – competitive Inhibition:
k* < 1.0
Ks* = 1.0
*
Uncompetitive Inhibition:
k < 1.0
Ks* < 1.0
Mixed Inhibition:
k* < 1.0
Ks* > 1.0
Where k* = inhibition term
Ks* = inhibition term
ko = Maximum specific rate of substrate utilization without inhibitor (mg/mg-d)
Kso = Half-velocity coefficient without inhibitor (mg/L)
Xo = Initial concentration of active cells (mg VSS/L)
Analytical Method: The influent and effluent samples were examined for the Total Organic
Carbon (TOC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), sulfates, pH, Total
Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS), Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS), Phosphate, and Sulfate by following the methods given in Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 2005). Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total
Nitrogen (TN) using TOC-L analyzer (Make: Shimadzu). Ethanol was analyzed using gas
chromatography.
GC-MS analysis for Ethanol: For Inhibition study ethanol was quantified using Bruker GCMS 400 series. The flow rates of highly pure hydrogen and zero air were set at 30 and 300
ml/min, respectively. The temperatures of Flame Ion Detector (FID) and the injection port was
set at 220ºC, and 225ºC, respectively. High pure Helium (He) at 2 mL/min was used as the
carrier gas. The BR-SWax separation column (FS 30 m, 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 μmdf) was used.
Oven temperature was set initially at 45ºC for 2 minutes and then increased to the final
temperature of 240ºC at the rate of 45ºC/min. Injection volume is limited to 1 μL. Splitless
injection mode was selected.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Initial characterization: The initial characterization of PIE is shown in Table 1. It was
observed that the pH of PIE was 9.75 which shows that it was highly alkaline. The nature of pH
has a significant effect on the biological treatment process. The typical range of pH for biological
wastewater treatment is 6-8. The values of TS, TSS, and TDS shows that about 85% of the solids
were present in dissolved form. The COD was in the range of 35000-35500 mg/L. The TN
concentration was comparatively much higher than the phosphorus concentration.
Table 1: Initial characteristics of PIE
Parameters
Pesticide
Pesticide
Pesticide
Industry Effluent Industry Effluent Industry
(This study)
(Chen et al. 2007) Effluent (Lin
1990)
pH
9.7-9.8
1.5-2.5
6.5±0.3
TS (mg/L)
1280±80
TSS (mg/L)
180±30
TDS (mg/L)
1100±50
COD (mg/L)
35000±500
33700±2100
10700
TOC (mg/L)
14700±50
3480
TN (mg/L)
17100±50
TP (mg/L)
2.74±0.5
2120±100
3700
TKN (mg/L)
4570±30
3300±230
1750
Sulfates (mg/L)
568±2
2530±160
Steady-state kinetic study
Figure 3 shows the daily variation of TOC and TN for different SRTs. It was observed that
the SRT had played a significant role in the TOC and TN removal of PIE. The SRTs greater than
8-d showed immediate removal from the second day. Almost all the reactors (SRT > 8-d)
reached steady state by 15 days. The TN took more time to reach steady state compared to TOC.
There was no removal observed for 6-d SRT. This might be due to the inhibition caused by
pesticides on the activity of aerobic microbes. The data for 6-d SRT was not used to estimate the
kinetic parameters. The below results show that the organic carbon present in PIE can be
removed by the aerobic culture at SRTs > 8-d.
Figure 3: Daily variation of parameters (a) TOC, and (b) TN
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Urbanization Challenges in Emerging Economies
6
Performance of the reactor: Figure 4 shows TOC, TN, and sulfate removal efficiency at
different SRTs. It was observed that the removal of TOC, TN, and sulfate increased with the
increase in SRTs. The removal efficiency of the aerobic culture for TOC, TN and sulfates were
88, 41, and 18%, respectively, at 16-d SRT. The plot shows that the culture was able to remove
the organic carbon up to a large extent whereas the nitrogen and sulfate removal was less as the
aerobic culture was unable to utilize them. Table 2 shows the removal of pesticides under aerobic
conditions. It was observed that the removal of carbon from the PIE in this study varied between
80 and 88 % within 8 to 16-day SRTs; Various past studies reported 60 to 100% removal as
shown in Table 2. The value shows that the pesticides can be removed using aerobic bacterial
culture.
Figure 4: Removal Efficiency vs SRT
Table 2: Biologically (aerobic) treatable pesticide and their removal
Substrate
Pesticide Industry
Effluent
Chemical Family
-
Dose
-
Endosulfan
Organochlorine
5 - 50 mg/L
Endrin
Organochlorine
0.1 mg/kg
soil
Time
(days)
8-d
SRT
10-d
SRT
12-d
SRT
14-d
SRT
16-d
SRT
Removal
(%)
10
96
87
After acclimatization, more
removal, get adsorbed on cells
and then transform
(Yedla and Dikshit
2001)
Favorable condition for
removal is reducing and
oxidative sequential
(Kopytko et al. 2016)
88
78.9
120
Atrazine
Triazine
0.01 – 10
mg/L
1
97.9
Atrazine
Triazine
0.1 mM
3.54
100
Diuron
Organochlorine
50-90 μg/L
1
60
5
94.8
77.3
96.94
83.4
© ASCE
This Study
88
Organochlorine
10 mg/L
-
85
2.4 mg/kg
soil
Organochlorine
Reference
80
4,4Dichlorodiphenyldichloroe
thane (4,4-DDD)
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Remarks
76.3
Aerobic mixed culture
(Baghapour et al. 2013)
observed to be suitable for the
treatment of Atrazine Cultures (Radosevich et al.
used atrazine as a sole source
1995)
of C and N a significant
fraction of Diuron is
(Baghapour et al. 2013)
mineralized or biotransformed
to other unknown metabolites
Culture used pesticides as a
source of C and N
(Bandala et al. 2006)
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Steady State Kinetics: The steady state kinetics parameters for COD utilization were
estimated by fitting experimental data to equations 2 and 3. Figure 5 shows the curve fitting and
estimation of k, Ks, Y, and kd. The steady-state kinetic parameters are shown in Table 3. The
steady state kinetic parameters k, Ks, Y, and kd were 2.52 d−1, 49.68 mg COD/L, 0.25 mg
VSS/mg COD and 0.46 d−1 respectively. It was observed that the maximum specific substrate
utilization rate (k) and the decay coefficient kd were found to be more whereas half velocity
constant (Ks) and yield coefficient (Y) were less than the values reported in the literature (Lin
1990).
Figure 5: Aerobic Steady-state kinetics parameter (a) Estimation of k and Ks (b)
Estimation of Y and kd
Inhibition Study: Figure 6 shows the residual ethanol concentration with time for different
dose (%) of pesticide effluent. It was observed that the substrate removal plots overlap each other
up to a dose of 1.6% PIE, therefore, indicating no inhibition. However, at higher doses, a
noticeable drop in the rates of substrate utilization was observed.
Table 3: Steady state kinetic parameters of PIE under aerobic condition
Type of
k (d−1)
Ks (mg
Y (mg VSS/
kd (d−1)
Reference
Wastewater
COD/L)
mg COD)
Pesticide
2.52
49.68
0.25
0.47
This study
industry
Effluent
Pesticide
1.08
2434
0.382
0.018
(Lin 1990)
industry
Effluent
The ethanol-enriched aerobic master culture reactor produced an average biomass
concentration of 280 mg VSS/L, at 5-d SRT, at an organic loading rate of 0.4 g COD/L-d, with a
yield coefficient of 0.56 mg VSS/mg COD removed. The maximum specific rate of substrate
utilization (k) and half-velocity coefficient (Ks) were estimated from the data using a spreadsheet
method (Smith et al. 1998). The kinetic parameters (k, and Ks) at different doses of PIE are given
in Table 4. No noticeable trend of change in k with PIE dosage was noticed within the tested
range, which implies that the inhibition term k* can be assumed to be equal to 1. However, Ks
value increased at a dose greater than 1.6%, which implies that the inhibition term K s* is greater
than 1. The results of the inhibition term k* and Ks* imply that the PIE caused a competitive
inhibition on ethanol utilization by the un-acclimated aerobic biomass. This observation suggests
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