MUC LUC
CHl/ONG 1 TONG QUAN CAC VAN OE VE PHAT THAI VA LANG AXIT
1.1. Khai quat thanh phan hoa hoc khong khi
5
1.2. Tien chat 6 nhiem gay axit nude mud
9
1.2.1. Nguon phat thai
1.2.2. Quy Udc Quoctevetien chat gay axit nt/dc mi/a [1]
1.2.3. Chu trinh chuyen hoa nita va iifu huynh trong tang doi luu
9
12
12
1.3. Su hinh thanh thanh phan hoa hoc nude mua
1.3.1.
1.3.2.
18
Chuyen hoa hoa hoc tang doi iifu [11]
Van chuyen cac chat 6 nhiSm trong tang doi Iifu
1.3.3. Ldngudt.
1.3.4. L^ngkho
1.3.5. Thanh phan hoahoccCia nude mi/a [4]
1.4. Ketluan
18
21
22
24
26
32
CHUONG 2 PHl/ONG PHAP TINH TOAN PHAT THAI VA LANG LTCJT AXIT
2.1. PhiTdng phap tinh toan phat thai
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
Tinh toan li/ang phat thai theo phifOng phap tn/c tiep
Tinh toan luang phat thai theo phtrang phap gian tiep
2.2. PhUdng phap tinh toan ling irdt
2.2.1.
2.2.2.
2.2.3.
Phi/ang phap phan tich mau nude mUa
Quan trac va tinh toan thong /ce tong luang mua thang,
nam tai tram quan trie
Tinh toan tai iugng ion tUiSng udt
34
34
35
39
40
42
43
CHUONG 3 KET QUA TINH PHAT THAI VA LANG AXIT CHO MIEN BAC VIET NAM
NAM 2001 (TLT NINH BINH T R 6 RA)
3.1. Tinh hinh so lieu
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
Phat thai
L^ngudtaxit
3.2. Ket qua tinh toan nam 2001
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
Phat thai
L^ngion
CHUONG 4 BAN LUAN - KET LUAN
49
49
62
73
73
73
DANH MUC HINH
l-iinh 1.1
Chu trinh chuyen hoa cac hap chatchUa Nita
14
l-iinh 1.2
Chu trinh chuyen hoa cac hap chat Luu huynh trong lAI H O C Q U O C G I A - VIEN C O H O C
7
TRUNG TAM HOP TAC DAO TAO VA B(5l DLTONG CO HOC
AHSK
HHVC
AHST
AXNM
AHOZ
AHKH
Cdc chd't hat
Hat aerosol
T
HatN03vaS04
T
T
T
T
Bo hong /muoi
Kim loai nang
T
G
T
G
Chat phdng xq
Nuclit phong xa
Nguon: World Health Organization. Tropospheric Chemistry and air pollution.
1982.
Geneva,
Ghi chu.
T- true tiep;
G- gian tiep
AHSK
: anh hicdng den sUc khoe;
HHVC
: huy hoai vat chat;
AHST
: anh huong den sinh thdi;
AXNM
: gay axit hoa nuac mUa;
AHOZ
: anh huong den tang 3 zon,
AHKH
: anh hudng den khi hau;
Cd hai loai ngudn gay 6 nhidm khong khi ehinh la ngudn 6 nhidm thien
nhien va ngudn 6 nhiem do eon ngUdi. Ngudn do eon ngudi ngay eang trd nen
tac nhan ehinh gay 6 nhidm moi trudng khong khi. Cac chat 6 nhidm khong
khi chu yeu la nhutig hgp chat cua C, S, N, H, O, dd la SO., NO,, O3, C,H^,
cac chat hat v.v. Tuy thuge vao ban chat ciia tirng cong nghe dugc su dung,
chat lugng thid't bi, nguydn nhien lieu su dung ma eac chft thai dugc san sinh
va that thoat bay vao khong khi nhieu hay it.
De phue vu cac mue dich nghidn ciJu ma cac nha nghien cuxi moi
trudng thudng phan loai cac cha't thai theo cac quan diem de phu hgp vdi cac
nghidn euu hoae eac cong nghe phat thai. Bang 1.3 dudi day trinh bay p h ^
loai cac chat thai theo quan diem vat ly va hoa hoc.
l.u^n vdn Th^c: sy
Tinh toan phat thai va iing ifdt axit - Ap dung cho vung mien Bac Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUOC GIA - VI$N CO HQC
8
TRUNG TAM HOP T A C D A O TAO VA B 6 | D U O N G CO HOC
Bang 1.3 Phan loai cac chat thai theo tinh chat vat ly va ban chat hoa hoc
Cac cha't hat
Cac chat khi
Bui
Hat suong
Cac chat khi
Tro
Mu, hoi kim loai
Cac chat hoi
Khdi
Cac hat aeroson (son khi)
Bd hdng
Cac gigt
Nguon: World Health Organization. Tropospheric Chemistry and air pollution. Geneva,
1982.
Bang 1.4 dudi day trinh bay phan loai cac chat thai theo cac cong nghe
san xuat cd phat thai khi.
Bang 1A Phan loai cac chat thai theo loai cong nghe cd phat thai khi
Loai ngudn
Vidu
Phan hang
Cac chat thai
San xuat da xay
Cac hgp chat huu co
nghiep sinh
dung, xay dung, sua
va v6 CO
bui
chua nha ctra v.v.
Cong
Cong
Nghien, dap sang
Dot nhidn lieu, khi
Nha may nhidt dien
SO., NO,, CO, khdi,
A,
nghiep dot thai giao thong van
chay
tai, dot phe'thai
Cdng
Luydn kim
Oto cac loai, xe may tro, hoi hiixi co, hat
oxy kim loai
Luydn kim den, mau. Hoi kim loai (Pb,
nghiep san Hoa ch&
hoa dau giay, phan
As,Zn), F, SO,, H.S,
xuat
bdn, xi mang
hod huu CO, bui...
Hoat ddng Phun nong dugc
Thudc nong dugc
Phot phat huu co.
ndng
Dot nuong ray
nghiep
Hgp chat huu co co
clo, As, Pb, khdi.
tro, bd hdng
Dung moi
Phun son, muc,
Che tao 6t6, noi that. Hydrocacbon va hoi
dung moi lam sach
cac tac nhan lam sach hiiu CO
Nguon: World Health Organization. Tropospheric Chemistry and air pollution. Geneva,
1982.
J^u^n van TTip^ sy
Tinh toan phat thai va iing ifdt axit - Ap dung cho vung mien Bac Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUOC GIA - V I $ N CO HOC
TRUNG TAM HOP TAC OAO TAO VA B 6 | DUONG CO HOC
1.2.
TIEN CHAT 6 NHIEM GAY AXIT NlTdC Ml/A
1,2,1,
NGUON PHATTHAI
1.2.1.1. Nguon thai tir nhien
Su tao thanh cac chat 6 nhidm trong tu nhidn rat phiic tap va da dang.
Chiing cd the dugc tao thanh do qua trinh phong hoa dat da, phan huy cac chat
huu CO, cac chat da cd san trong tu nhidn (bui), cac san pham do hoat dgng
ciia niii lua hoae cac chat phdng xa tu nhidn.
Cd nhieu eo che' dgng lire dd' dua cac chat 6 nhidm vao moi trudng
khong khi nhu cac qua trinh khuydch tan va doi luu. Cac ch^'t hat dugc dua
vao moi trudng khong khi do chuyen dgng gid hoae trong qua trinh phun trao
eiia niii lua.
Phan Idn cac chat d nhidm cd ngudn gdc tu nhidn deu anh hudng den
moi trudng xung quanh, tuy nhidn pham vi anh hudng cua chiing thudng
khong Idn vi do cao phat thai cua chiing thudng thap, ngoai trii hoat dgng cua
niii lua. Cac san phim cua niii lua van chuyen kha xa, trong nhieu trudng hgp
chiing cd the vugt xa hang ngan km.
1.2.1.2.
Nguon thai nhan tao
Trong qua trinh hoat dgng va phat trien, con ngudi da thai vao moi
trudng ndi chung va bau khi quyen ndi rieng hang tram loai chat thai khac
nhau vdi sd lugng rat Idn. Tdc do phat thai cac chat 6 nhidm nay ngay eang
tang. Cung vdi su gia tang dan sd va hoat dgng cong, ndng nghiep, tdc do dd
dugc quy dinh bdi su phat trien dan sd va nhu cau trung binh cho mot ea the'.
Theo tinh toan ciia cac nha mdi trudng hang nam khi quyen tiep nhan khoang
200.10^ tan luu huynh tu cac ngudn thai, trong dd hon 90% do dot nhien lieu
hoa thach (than, dau). [2]
J-u^n van TTiiftc: sy
Tinh toan phat thai va iang Uift axit - Ap dung cho vung mien Bac Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUdC GIA - VlfN CO HOC
TRUNG TAM HOP TAC DAO TAO VA B(5l Dl/ONG CO HOC
i Q
- Cac nguon phat thai g^y 6 nhidm mdi trudng khdng khi dugc chia thanh
bdn nhdm chinh ngudn thai sinh hoat, ngudn thai nong nghiep, ngudn thai
cong nghiep va ngudn thai giao thong. Loai chat thai, cudng do thai va tinh
chat thai ciia cac nhdm ngudn tren r^'t khac nhau.
Nguon tftdi sinit fioqt
Chat d nhidm duge tao ra tir nguon thai sinh hoat chu yd'u do qua trinh
phan huy cac chat thai sinh hoat nhu phan, rac. Ngoai ra, mot lugng Idn khi
thai con dugc sinh ra trong qua trinh su dung than, cui de nau an. Khi thai tu
ngudn thai sinh hoat thudng la cac chat khf: CH4, NH3, SO2, NO,....
Nguon tftdi nong nghiep
Nong nghiep dua chat thai vao khong khi dudi hai hinh thiic khac nhau:
thai khi thai do cac san pham ndng nghiep nhu CO2, CH4 va do su dung phan
bdn, thudc tru sau.
Khf thai do nong nghiep duge phat thai tren mot vung rong Idn, trong
mot muc do nhat dinh, tuong tu nhu phat thai tu nhien. Su khac nhau co ban
giua phat thai tu nhidn va phat thai do ndng nghiep la d ch6 phat thai tu nhien
khdng the hien tinh chu ky ro ret, eon phat thai ndng nghiep chi tap trung vao
cac thdi ky nhat dinh trong nam (cac thdi vu chinh).
Nguon tfidi cong ng/iiep
Ngay riay, vdi su phat trien san xuat, cac nganh cong nghiep da dua vao
moi trudng hang nghin loai ch^'t doc hai khac nhau vdi mot tdc do ngay eang
tang. So vdi cac dang ngudn thai khae thi ngudn phat thai cong nghiep la loai
ngudn thai quan trong nh^'t vi day la loai ngudn phat thai tap trung cd cudng
do Idn hon rat nhieu Idn eac loai ngudn khac. Bdn canh dd, thanh phan chat
thai trong cong nghiep cung rat da dang, mdi loai nganh cong nghiep lai thai
L-u^n van TTiiftc sy
Tinh toan phat thai va Iang ifdt axit - Ap dung cho vung mien Bdc Viet Nam
DAI HQC QUOC GIA - VI$N CO HQC
11
TRUNG TAM HOP TAC OAO TAO VA B 6 | DUONG CO HOC
ra nhung loai ch^'t thai r^'t khac nhau. Cac ch^'t thai dac trung ciia mot sd
nganh cong nghiep dugc trinh bay bang 1.5 dudi day.
Bang 1.5 Nhutig chat thai dac truhg cua mot so nganh cong nghiep
Nganh edng nghiep
Hoa dau
Thanh phan ch^'t thai
C,Hy, SO., NO,
Nhidt didn
Dung than
Bui, SO2, CO, NO,, CO2
Dung dau
Muoi, SO2, CO, NO,, CO2, C,Hy
Luydn kim
Luydn kim den
Bui, SO2, CO, NO,, Pb
Luydn kim mau
Bui, SO2, CO, NO,, cac kim loai nang
Hoa chat
San xuat axit Sulfiiric
SOx
San xuat Superphosphat
Bui, H2SiF6, SO3.
San xudt xiit
CI2
San xua't p h ^ dam
NH3
San xuat cao su
Bui, SO2, CO, NO,, CO2
Vat lieu xay dung
San xuat ximang
Bui, SO2, CO, NO,, CO2
San xuat vdi gach
Bui, SO2, CO, NO,, CO2
San xu^t sanh sii thuy tinh
Bui, SO2, CO, NO,, CO2
Nguon : Vien KTTV - Tong.cue KTTV. Giam sat moi tru&ng khdng khi vd nuac. Ha Noi1995.
Tir bang tren cho thay eac hoat ddng cong nghiep da thai vao khdng khf
nhieu cha't khac nhau, nhung chii yd'u la bui, SO2, CO, NO,, CO2. Cudng do
Lt4^n van Z7i<3c sy
Tinh toan phat thai va iing udt axit - Ap dung cho vung mien Bic Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUOC GIA - VIEN CO HQC
TRUNG TAM HOP TAC OAO TAO VA B(5l Dl/ONG CO HOC
i 2
thai phu thudc vao quy trinh edng nghd san xu^'t, nguydn nhidn v^t lidu, trang
thie't bi va hieu qua xu ly cua he thong xu ly khf thai.
1,2.2,
QUY l/dC QUOC TE VE TIEN CHAT GAY AXIT Nl/6C Ml/A [1]
Theo thong Id Qudc te', phan hang cac ch^'t d nhidm khdng khf nhu sau;
-
Cac tidn ch^'t tao axit: dioxyt luu huynh (SO2), Cac oxyt nito
(NO,).
-
Cac chat tfch tu khdng suy giam; Bui, cac hgp chat trong bui.
-
Cac ch^'t cd doe tfnh cao; cac hgp cha't trong bui, eac hgp chat
huu CO bay hoi.
-
Cac tien chat dSn den chat oxi hoa; cac oxyt nito, cac hgp chat
hiJu CO bay hoi.
-
Cac chat lam bid'n doi khf hau; dioxyt cacbon (CO-,), cac hgp chat
hiru CO bay hoi.
Trong cac khf thai thi SO2, va NO, la nhirng tac nhan chfnh gay axit hoa
nude mua, do dd luan van nay chi tap trung vao cac van de lien quan de'n qua
trinh phat thai vao khong khf va Mng udt hai yd'u to nito va luu huynh.
1,2,3.
CHU TRINH CHUYEN HOA NITO VA Ll/U HUYNH TRONG TANG
DOI Ll/U
1.2.3.1. Chu trinh chuyen hoa cac chat khi [10]
Cdc hap chat chica Nita
Hgp chat Nito trong khf quyen dudi dang khf (N2, N2O, NO,, HNO3,
NH3), long (N03', NH4''). Bang 1,6 trinh bay dang ton tai va ndng do mot sd
hgp eha't chiia nito trong khi quyen.
J^u^n van Xh^c: sy
Tinh toan phat thai va iing utft axit - Ap dung cho vung mien Bic Viet Nam
DAI HOC Q U d c G»A - VI^N CO HOC
13
TRUNG TAM HOP TAC DAO TAO VA B6| DI/ONG CO HOC
Bang 1.6 Nong dp mot sohafp chat Nitaf trong khong khi
Cdng thiic
TSng khf quyen
Dang
Ndng dd
N2
Khf
Doi luu
78,1%
N2O
Khf
Ddi luu
0,3 ppmv
NO,
Khf
Khdng khf ndn
< Ippbv
HNO3-
Khf
Ddi luu
< Ippbv
Khdng khf nen
< l|ig/m^
Khdng khf vung d nhidm
< 4)ag/m^
Nude mua 0 vung ndng thdn xa
5^mol/l
Nude mua d vung d nhidm
lO-lOO^imol/l
Hat
N03Long
NH3
Khf
Khdng khf nen
< lOppbv
NH4^
Hat,
Khdng khf n6n
< 3|Lig/m^
Long
Nude mua
< 10(imol/l
Nguon: World Health Organization. Tropospheric Chemistry and air pollution.
J 982.
Ghi cfiii:
Geneva,
pp^'^'phan trieu tinh theo the tich;
ppbv: phan ty tinh theo the tich.
Qua trinh phin huy cac hgp chat Nito trong dat axit, vi sinh vat da
chuyen hoa Nito dudi dang hgp chat thanh N2O, khf N2O khi phat tan vao
khdng khf phan iing vdi d xi tao thanh NO2. Day la qua trinh chfnh sinh ra
NO, cd ngudn gdc thidn nhien. Mat khac, qua trinh dot chay nguydn nhidn
hdu do hoat dgng cua con ngudi cung la mdt ngudn phat sinh ra khf NO,. Khf
NO, trong khf quyen la mot trong nhiing ngudn sinh ra son khf khf quyen
dang hat NH4NO3. Phan Idn cac hgp chat chiia NO, va ion NO3 dugc loai bd
Lu4n van Thfi^ sy
Tinh toan phat thai va idng Udt axit-Ap dung cho vung mien Bac Viet Nam
DAI HOC QUOC GIA - VI^N CO HQC
TRUNG TAM H O P TAC DAO TAO VA B 6 I D U O N G CO HOC
14
khdi t&g ddi luu thdng qua qua trinh Iang udt. Chu trinh chuyen hoa cac hgp
chat Nito dugc trinh bay trong hinh 1.1.
Dinh tang ddi luu
Be mat Trai dat va sinh quyen ke ca cac hoat dong cua con nguoi
Hinh 1.1 Chu trinh chuyen hoa cac hcfp chat chufa Nitcf
(Nguon: E. Meszaros. Atmospheric Chemistry. 1981.)
Ghi chu:
•
Phat thdi vd tieu huy thien nhien
^ Phat thdi vd tieu huy nhan tao
•
I
Chuyen hod hod hoc
I Luu tri/ khi quyen
}
bieu thi bang 10^ tan/nam
bieu thi bang 10^ tan
Nguon NHj tit gia siic dugc xem nhu nguon sinh hoc, khong tinh do con ngu&i
Cdc hap chat luu huynh
Trong khdng khf tang ddi liru va tang binh luu cac chat hat (son khf)
deu c&n tao tir hat sunfat amoni hoae axft Sunfuric. Trong khf quyen, khi eac
hat son khf sunfat gia tang se lam anh hudng dd'n can can buc xa he thdng Trai
dat - Khf quyen, de'n tfnh cha't quang hoc va kha nang tao giang thuy cua
khdng khf.
Lu^n van TTi^a^ sy
Tinh toan phat thai va iang ifdt axit - Ap dung cho vung mien Bic Viet Nam
DAI HQC QUdC GIA - VI$N CO HQC
TRUNG TAM HOP TAC OAO TAO VA B 6 | DUONG CO HOC
15
Nguon gdc luu huynh trong khong khi
Luu huynh cd mat trong khdng khf khf quy^n do su ph^n huy cac hgp
cha't huu CO, dot chay cac nhien lidu hda thach, do phat tan cac hat mudi bien
va su hoat ddng cua nui lua. Nhu v^y, ea sinh quyen ISn con ngudi ddu thai ra
cac hgp chat luu huynh. Bang 1.7 dudi d^y trinh bay kd't qua tfnh toan lugng
va ty Id phat thai SO2 do cac hoat ddng ciia con ngudi trdn toan thd' gidi.
Bang 1.7 Phat thai SO2 do hoat dgng ciia con nguofi tren the gidi
Nguon phat thai SO2 - S
Luang phat thai
10^ ta'n/nam
Ty le (%)
D6't than
45,5
70,0
Dot dSu
5,5
8,4
Cong nghiep (luyen va dau mo)
13,6
21,0
Giao thong van tai
0,4
0,6
T6ng cong
64,9
100
Nguon: E. Meszaros. Atmospheric Chemistry. 1981.
Ngoai khf SO2, trong khf quyen con cd cac dang hgp chat khac chiia luu
huynh nhu H2S (hydrosunfua), DMS (dimethinsunfua), CS2 (disunfua cacbon),
DMDS (dimethindisunfua),...
Ca che chuyen hod luu huynh trong khi quyen
Trong khdng khf sach, luu huynh dugc tim thay dudi dang hat sunfat.
Chuyen hoa luu huynh trong khf quyen la su chuyen hoa cac hgp chat luu
huynh cd hda tri thap sang luu huynh cd hoa tri cao ( SO4 luu huynh cd hoa
tri 6).
Lu4»^ van TTipc sy
Tinh toan phat thai va iang Udt axit - Ap dung cho vung mien Bic Viet Nam
DAI HQC QUd'c GIA - VI^N CO HQC
16
TRUNG TAM HOP TAC D A O TAO VA B(5l Dl/CfNG CO HOC
Ngoai trijf DMDS, chuyen hoa cac hgp chat luu huynh da dugc Kellogg
(1972) tong kd't bang so dd dudi day:
(O, O2, O3)
(hv, O, O2, O3, aldphin)
X
X(thudng la NH3)
H,S +
> SO2 +
--> SO3 + H2O —> H2SO4 + X —> XSO4
Gid
Gid hoae ngay (*)
giay
(*): nhanh hon ne'u xay ra tren bd mat chat hat hoae trong dung dich
\
0.05
Dinh tang doiluu
7 .
?
20
|
S-- (Imi huynh khu)
= 0.1
23
SO2-S
r-
i
42(39)
i
SO,-S
0.8
^
0.045
\
i
Nui lua
^ Mat bien;
Uot
kho
0
i
•
r
Be mat Tr^ii dat va sin h quyen ke ca cac hoat dgng cua con ngudi
Hinh 1.2 Chu trinh chuyen hoa cac hdp chat Luu huynh trong khong khi
(Nguon: E. Meszaros. Atmospheric Chemistry. 1981.)
1.2.3.2. Phat thai chat hat - thanh phan hoa hoc chat hat [1]
Cac son khi la mot phiJc hgp gdm cac hat r^n hoae long lo lung trong
khdng khf. Cac son khi rat khac nhau ve tinh ch^'t vat ly ciing nhu hoa hoc, do
vay ma qua trinh chuyen hoa, loai bd va thdi gian ton luu cua chiing cung r^'t
khac nhau.
LtA^n van Tiy^a sy
Tinh toan phat thai va iing Udt axit - Ap dung cho vung mien Bic Viet Nam
- Xem thêm -