Đăng ký Đăng nhập
Trang chủ The study on application of literal translation and free translation in translat...

Tài liệu The study on application of literal translation and free translation in translating english – vietnamese documents at international at vtcnews.

.DOC
71
264
133

Mô tả:

Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance ACKNOWLEDGEMENT During my research period, I have received great help and support from many people to implement my research, broaden the ideas and finishthe final report. First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs. Ngo Thi Viet Anh, Lecturer of Foreign Language Faculty, Academy of Finance for her precious advice and close instructions that guide me through this study. Secondly, I myself would like to thank the teachers and supervisors of the Faculty of Foreign Languages, Academy of Finance. Thanks to the related subjects such as Translation theory, Semmatic, Grammar, taught by the lecturers of the faculty, we have been equipped useful knowledge to conduct my study. I also want to send my thanks to Mr. Vo Van Viet, Mr Dinh Duc Tung and Ms. Do Huong, Journalistic translators of international department for their support during my internship. Thanks to them, I had chance to practise translation jobs and access all necessary documents and articles and opportunity to work with best journalist, editor and translator of VTCNEWS. Ultimately, I owe my sincere thanks to my family and friends. Their continuous assistance and encouragement helped me a lot during time of internship and attempt to finish this study. Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance ABSTRACT . This study is aimed at analyzing the application of free translation and literal translation methods in tranlating English - Vietnamese documents at international at VTCNEWS from 2011-2013 an then assessing effectiveness, finding out some solutions to its shortcomings and giving some recommendations to improve quality of translation. Data were collected from 5 articles which is published at internationl department so as to analyze advantages and disadvantages as well as frequency and area of application of two methods. Basing on above analysis, I have found that international department has gained many achievements such as accuracy, faithfulness, literalness in translated text. However, there still exists some problems such as cultural inequivalence, unclearance in the TL. In the end of study are some solutions that might be applied to solve the problems: Overcoming cultural problems by using cultural substitution, dealing with cultural untranslatability. Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance ABBREVIATION SL Source language TL Target Language SV Subject + Verb SVO Subject+ Verb + Object SVA Subject+ Verb+ Adverb SVOO Subject+ Verb+ Direct object+ Indirect Object Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION....................................................................................................................I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................II ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................III ABBREVIATION...............................................................................................................IV TABLE OF CONTENT........................................................................................................V INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1 1. Rationale.................................................................................................................1 2. Aims of study..........................................................................................................2 3. Scope of study.........................................................................................................3 4. Methods of study.....................................................................................................3 5. Organization of study..............................................................................................4 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND...........................................................4 1.1 Translation theory................................................................................................4 1.1.1Definition of translation.................................................................................4 1.1.2 Translation equivalence.................................................................................5 1.1.2.1 Form-based equivalence............................................................................6 1.1.2.2 Meaning-based equivalence......................................................................6 1.1.2.3 Function-based equivalence......................................................................9 1.1.2.3. Quantitative equivalence........................................................................10 1.1.3. Translation procedure................................................................................12 1.1.3.1. Transference............................................................................................12 1.1.3.2. Naturalization.........................................................................................13 1.1.3.3 through translation...................................................................................13 1.1.3.4 Shift or Transposition..............................................................................13 1.1.3.5 Modulation...............................................................................................14 Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance 1.1.3.6 Cultural Equivalent..................................................................................15 1.1.3.7 Functional Equivalent..............................................................................15 1.1.3.8 Descriptive Equivalent............................................................................16 1.1.4 Technical translation...................................................................................17 1.1.5. Translation methods...................................................................................18 1.1.5.1 Literal translation method.......................................................................18 1.1.5.1.1 Definition..............................................................................................18 1.1.5.1.2 Characteristics......................................................................................19 1.1.6.2 Free translation method...........................................................................20 1.1.6.2.1 Definition..............................................................................................20 1.1.6.2.2 Characteristics......................................................................................21 1.1.7 Some factors making application of translation theory improve...........22 1.1.7.1 Extensive knowledge...............................................................................22 1.1.7.2 Deeply understanding of background knowledge..................................24 CHAPTER II: THE APPLICATION OF LITERAL TRANSLATION AND FREE TRANSLATION IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE DOCUMENTS AT INTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT AT VTCNEWS....................................................25 2.1 Introduction of VTCNEWS...............................................................................25 2.1.1. History of development..............................................................................25 2.1.2 Overview of international department at VTCNEWS............................26 2.2 The application of literal translation and free translation in translating English – Vietnamese documents at international department at VTCNEWS.27 2.2.2 Literal translation method..........................................................................27 2.2.2.1 Advantage of application of Literal translation method.........................31 2.2.2.2 Disadvantage of application of Literal translation..................................32 2.2.3 Free translation method..............................................................................33 2.2.3.1 Advantage of application of free translation method..............................38 2.2.3.2 Disadvantage of application of free translation......................................39 2.3 Assessment of the application of two translation methods............................40 Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance 2.3.1 Frequency and area of application of two methods.................................40 2.3.2 Assessment of effectiveness in applying two translation methods..........42 2.3.3 Problems and causes in applying two translation methods....................42 CHAPTER III: SOME SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE THE APPLICATION OF LITERAL TRANSLATION AND FREE TRANSLATION IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE DOCUMENTS AT INTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT AT VTCNEWS................................................44 3.1 Some solutions to cope with the problems in translation at international department at VTCNEWS......................................................................................44 3.1.1 Overcoming cultural problems by using cultural substitutions.............44 3.1.2 Dealing with cultural untranslatability.....................................................45 3.1.3 Deeply understanding the of background knowledge.............................47 3.2 Some recommendations and suggestions to improve quality of translation in translating English - Vietnamese documents at international department at VTCNEWS................................................................................................................48 3.2.1 VTCNEWS and international department...............................................48 3.2.1.1 Organizing monthly meetings for staff...................................................48 3.2.1.2 Holding parties and tours on holidays for staff.......................................49 3.2.1.3 Sending staff to professional training courses........................................50 3.2.1.4 Setting up a public forum........................................................................50 3.2.2 Journalistic translators or Journalists.......................................................51 3.2.2.1 Double checking the translated text........................................................51 3.2.2.2 Creating a translation glossary................................................................51 3.2.2.3 Using reliable supporting translation software.......................................52 3.2.3 Future journalistic translators...................................................................52 3.2.3.1 Listening to the radio and watching TV everyday..................................52 3.2.3.2 Reading newspaper, reading books in many fields.................................53 3.2.3.3 Practising translation...............................................................................53 3.2.3.4 Doing translation as an extra job.............................................................54 Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance 3.2.3.5 Participating seminars related to Journalistic translation.......................54 3.2.3.6 Travelling if possible...............................................................................55 REFERENCE.......................................................................................................................56 Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale In the trend of globalization and dramatic development of science and technology, translation in general and application of translation theory in particular have become extremely necessary and attracted very much attention from translation theorists and researchers. Like many developing countries in the world, in national industrialization and modernization, Vietnam needs continuously develop its Journalism, one of the most important fields of the Media. When the living condition is improved increasingly, the need of updating national news as well as international news becomes an indispensable habit of everybody. Therefore, how can we update international news in Vietnamese while not much of us know English well? How can we open vision without updating news that daily happening over the world? Then, Journalistic translation becomes more important than ever. The English-Vietnamese translation plays a very important role in the development of Media in general and Journalism in particular. The application of translation theory, more specific are literal translation and free translation method in translating international news into understandable and valuable information with the aim of serving readers. The application of two translation methods whether is effective or not? Is there any creativities have applied or problems have existed in target language? And the study of solutions and recommendations that improve the quality of translation becomes an attraction to a lot of translators and researchers. VTCNEWS is one of the most efficiently operating branches of VTC ONLINE. Over past years, the other departments in general and the international in particular have achieved certain successes in providing daily Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance news for the public. The international department is responsible for sharing international news with readers such as political news, odd stories and a lot of noticed international news. Despite of reaching high quality in applying of two translation methods, the international department of VTCNEWS has existed some problems that need to improve efficiency further. Thus, the introduction of some solutions to enhance quality of the application of two translation methods in translating English-Vietnamese documents is a frequent and urgent requirement for international department at VTCNEWS. Because of above reasons, the author decides to carry out a study with the topic: “The study on application of Literal translation and Free translation method in translating English – Vietnamese documents at international department at VTCNEWS”. 2. Aim of the study The study is ultimately aimed at:  Analyzing the application of two translation methods in translating English-Vietnamese at international department at VTCNEWS.  Comparing and evaluating two translation methods applied on terms such as effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages, problems, causes  Giving some solutions to remove the problems currently exists in translating English-Vietnamese documents at international department.  Giving some recommendations and suggesstions to improve application of two translation methods in translating EnglishVietnamese documents at international department. Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance 3. Scope of the study Within limited time, resources, conditions, and the length of the thesis, the researcher focuses only two translation methods: Literal translation and free translation which is applied in international department the most. In my study, I will collect 5 article samples published at international department at VTCNEWS in period 2011-2013. On the basic of analyzing, evaluating and comparing between two methods, the thesis will point out problems have exist. Then, the study also gives some solutions and recommendations in order to improve quality of translation for international department at VTCNEWS. 4. Methods of the study Firstly, I will collect typical translated articles in international department at VTCNEWS and analyze application of two translation methods. In the process, the study will always estimate and compare application of two translation methods in translated versions. Through combining a number of general research methods such as analysis, comparison, synthesis, the thesis will find out shortcomings and suggest some solutions and recommendations to enhance quality of application of two translation methods. 5. Organization structure  Introduction  Chapter 1: Theoretical background  Chapter 2: The application of literal translation and free translation method in translating English – Vietnamese documents at international department at VTCNEWS. Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance  Chapter 3: Some solutions and recommendations to improve application of two translation methods in translating EnglishVietnamese documents at international department at VTCNEWS. Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Translation theory 1.1.1Definition of translation Kelly, a prominent figure in linguistic circle stated (2004) “Without translation, there is no history of the world”. How can it that be? What has he based on to make such a claim? And what is translation that is of great importance as implied by Kelly? In an attempt to find the answer to the last question, I have thrown myself into confusion by quite a few definitions proposed by different linguists. In general, many different definitions of translation have been made. Newmark is considered at first, He has made an important contribution to the development of translation. Newmark states (1988: 7) “translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language”. The second definition is presented by Catford, He stated (1965: 20) that: “the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by an equivalent textual material in other language (target language)”. In this definition, the most important thing is equivalent textual material. Yet, it is still vague in terms of the type of equivalence. Culture is not taken into account. Very much similar to Catford’s definiton is that by Hartman and Stork (1972) who maintains that: “translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language”. While Hatim and Mason considered to another factor is social context. They (1990) say “translating is a communicative process which takes place within a social context”. Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance The above-mentioned different definitions of translation prove translation is a complicated process. Though put different, these definitions share one common thing which is to find equivalences that is best or most appropriately preserve features of the original in terms of semantics, grammatical structures, cultural context as well as communication situation among other things to be considered. 1.1.2 Translation equivalence As considered above, equivalence has been put in the heart of almost all the theories about translation. A key concept in translation is equivalence and this helps establish our approach to translation. Equivalence centres around the processes interacting between the original source text and translated text. Hence, it is understandable that a great attempt has been made by several linguists in defining equivalence in translation. According to the article “Translation equivalence”, we have a common definition of translation equivalence: “An expression from a language which has the same meaning as, or can be used in a similar context to, one from another language, and can therefore be used to translate it”. ‘Lack of fit’ is also a considered issue in translation equivalence. Depending on different contexts, we have different expressions. Thus, the source language expression may be a single word, a phrase, or a sentence within a text, but its target language equivalence may have to be rendered at a different level. For instance, “Blood is thicker than water”. It is an idiom in English, translator can’t translate with equivalent number of word: “Máu thì dày hơn nước”. Vietnamese has an equivalent idiom for this sentence is that: “Một giọt máu đào hơn ao nước lã”. In conculsion, translation equivalence is the similarity between a word or expression in one language and its translation in another. This similarity Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance results from overlapping ranges of reference. A translation equivalence is a corresponding word or expression in another language. Translation equivalence can be classified in various ways based on different factors. Le Hung Tien (2006) presents four common ways of classifying translation equivalence as followed: Form-based equivalence, Meaning-based equivalence, Function-based equivalence and Quantitative equivalence. It is necessary to consider four main types of translation equivalence. 1.1.2.1 Form-based equivalence The first type of translation equivalence is form – based equivalence. The source language (SL) and target language (TL) have the same formalaesthetic features-orthographic or phonological features. Form – base equivalence is particularly used in translation of poems, songs and idioms. This equivalence can appear at word level and above word level when translating from one language into another. Take an idiom as a stark example: “carry coals to Newcastle” we translate into “Chở củi về rừng”. In the above example, the form of the SL has not changed. “Newcastle” (name of city in England) has changed into a “forest” in order to create equivalence with a Vietnamese idiom and the TL becomes more accurate and smooth. 1.1.2.2 Meaning-based equivalence Koller (1979) considers four types of meaning - base equivalence are that Denotative equivalence, Connotative equivalence, Text-normative equivalence, Pragmatic equivalence. Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance a. Denotative equivalence Denotative equivalence is one in which the SL and TL words refer to the same thing in the real world. This is the referential identity between SL and TL units. This is equivalence of the extra linguistic content of a text, otherwise called “content invariance”. For example, Snake according to Oxford dictionary, Snake is expressed: “A reptile with a very long thin body and no legs. There are many types of snake, many of which are poisonous”. If we think about an animal in real life we can appropriately translate into Vietnamese: “con rắn”. Other example: rabbit: con thỏ, white: màu trắng. b. Connotative equivalence: Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. For instance, the connotations for the word snake could be translated into Vietnamese: mối nguy hiểm, sự độc ác, quỷ dữ. Because Snake often sympolizes danger, evil and fiend. Another example is that: White tuyết, sự trong trắng. b. Text-normative equivalence The SL and the TL words are used in the same or similar context and language usage norms in their respective languages. This type of equivalence is suitable to high standard text of word and grammar such as commercial letter, science and technology, law text. Translators need to have strong knowledge of regulated standard in SL and TL so as to reach equivalence. Take a commercial letter as an example, Dear Sir or Madam, Yours sincerely, Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance yours faithful. We have a standard for translating this opening and closing part into Vietnamese: Kính gửi Quí ông/bà, Kính thư, chân thành. Another example related to law is that: Article 2. The members, in persuit of the purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following principles. In Vietnamese, “Article” has many meanings such as “bài báo, điều, khoản, mục, mặt hàng, sản phẩm”. But in this context, it should be translated in accordance with standard of law. Another word is “principle”, itsmeaning in Vietnamese is “nguyên tắc, nguyên lý, nguồn gốc, định luật”, and then, we must choose a suitable meaning to translate it. Above sample has been translated into Vietnamese: “Điều 2. Để đạt được những mục đích nêu ở điều 1, các thành viên phải hành động phù hợp với những nguyên tắc sau đây”. c. Pragmatic equivalence With readership orientation, the SL and TL words have the same effect on their respective readers. This type of equivalence is applied in the case of serving specific readership. Translator may forget used standard in the SL and TL in order to create new translation which is understandable and then satisfies the reader most. For instance, translation of science and technology text offers for unprofessional readers. Moreover, in this type, translator can also show personal idea or express point of view in the new text with the aim at persuading or effecting on the readers. As an example, in some short stories, the author often uses pronoun “He” to hint at a character, then, the translator can translate into many different expressions depending on her/his point of view as well as personal attitude to this character. Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance Anh (Tôn trọng, thái độ tích cực) He Y (mức độ trung tính) Gã (thiếu thiện cảm) Three expressions of translator also effect on the readers at three different approachs about this character. 1.1.2.3 Function-based equivalence The SL and TL words are used in the same or similar contexts in their respective languages. Nida (1964) distinguishes into formal equivalence and dynamic translation as basic orientations rather than as a binary choice. a. Formal equivalence This type of equivalence produces an analogy of form in the translation by their exploiting formal possibilities of TL, or creating new forms in TL. Formal possibilities conclude wordplay, comparison, metaphor, and other personal styles of the author. Formal equivalence is achieved when the SL and TL words have the closest possible match of form and content. This is an indispensable type of equivalence in translating literal texts or songs in which the meaning is created through form of text. Using formal equivalence the translator attempts to render as literal translation of the original text as possible. As much as possible, the translator will retain the word order and grammatical structure as possible. Formal equivalence retains much of the writing style and beauty of the original scripture as well as retaining difficult theological terminology. As an example, lyrics in the “love story”: “Where do I begin? To tell the story of how greatful love can be. The sweet love story that is older than the sea”. It can be translated based on the formal equivalence into Vietnamese: “Tôi phải bắt đầu từ đâu? Để kể câu chuyện về tình yêu ấy, về sự kỳ diệu đến vô cùng của tình yêu mà tôi được thấy. Một Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance chuyện tình ngọt ngào, một chuyện tình còn lâu đời hơn biển cả”. The rhetorical question and comparison are remained in the TL. The Vietnamese meaning becomes more literal and attractive without losing beauty of the SL. b. Dynamic equivalence According to Nida (1964, p.166) “Dynamic Equivalence is described as the closest natural equivalent to the source language message”. Dynamic equivalence is achieved when the SL and TL words have the same effect on their effective readers. He said that, in this type of equivalence, the order of words as well as form can change if necessary but the message in the original translation must be remained in the target language. “We will by all means find the scoundrel and will hold him liable for leaving a child in danger” it can be translated basing on dynamic equivalence into Vietnamese: “Bằng giá nào, chúng tôi cũng sẽ tìm ra lái xe và buộc tôi anh ta vì đã để một đứa trẻ gặp nguy hiểm”. In the TL, the order of word has changed which shows the emphatic function of the adverb and keeps the message of the author in the TL. In addition, “the scoundrel” in the SL has been translated: “lái xe” so that it can be more suitable to the context. 1.1.2.3. Quantitative equivalence Kade (1968) and Hann (1992), regarding lexical equivalence, divided equivalence into 4 categories: One-to-one equivalence, One-to-many equivalence, One-to-part-of-one equivalence, Nil-equivalence. a. One-to-one equivalence A single expression in TL is only equivalent to a single expression in SL. The equivalence type often appears in terminology. For instance, “information technology”, there is only expression for it in Vietnamese: “công nghệ thông tin”, similarly, we have other examples: Human resource – nguồn nhân lực, Science and Technology – Khoa học Kỷ thuật. Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance b. One-to-many equivalence More than one TL expressions are equivalent to a single SL expression. As a example, “Bamboo” in English can translate into many different expressions in Vietnamese: “tre/nứa/trúc/mai/vầu”. Another example is “Nuôi” in Vietnamese have many equivalent word in English: “to feed/ raise/ grow/breed/ support”. c. One-to-part-of-one equivalence A TL expression part of a concept designated by a single SL expression. It means that the TL has just expressed a meanging among many meanings in SL. Take “card games” as a stark example, mentioning “card games”, westerners could refer immediately to bridge, poker and whist. It is translated into Vietnamese “Tam cúc”. Take “rồng” in Vietnamese and “dragon” in English as another example : The Vietnamese dragon is created by different small parts of many different animals: “mình rắn, vẩy cá chép, mắt quỷ, sừng nai, tai thú, trán lạc đà, chân cá sấu, móng chim ưng” (Dương Kỳ Đức, 2001) (snake body, calf scale, devil eyes, deer stark, mammal ears, camel forehead, crocodile legs and hawk claws) but , when translating into English, it is used “ Dragon” in common. d. Nil-equivalence No TL expression is equivalent to a single SL expression because of different culture. In this case, loaned/borrowed equivalences should be used. For example, ‘áo dài’ in Vietnamese, because there is no expression in English, then, we have to use loan equivalence ‘aodai’ when translating into English. Similarly, we have other examples: Moderm - mô đen, Bánh chưng Chung cake. Graduation Thesis Academy of Finance 1.1.3. Translation procedure Translation procedures are methods applied by translators when they formulate equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the SL to the TL. In contrast to translation strategies (the translators’ global approach or plan of action on a given text, according to their intention), translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of language within that text. Besides, Newmark (1988) clearly distinguishes translation methods with translation procedures: “While translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language”. In conclusion, translation strategy can be basically understood as ways of choosing appropriate translation methods and procedures applied in particular cases. The following translation procedures by Newmark (1988) are typical ones in translation theory. 1.1.3.1. Transference Newmark (1988) defines “transference (loan word, transcription) is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text with no translation”. It means that transference of a word or expression from the source language directly into the target text without translating it. Many cases applied this procedure such as People's names and place names, names of periodicals and newspapers: titles of literary works, plays, films, names of private companies and institutions, names of public or nationalized institutions, street names, and addresses. Transference is also the first step in the process of one language acquiring loan words from another. For instance, MC, Hollywood, Wall Street, blog, web, internet, McDonald, when translating these words, we just transfer it into Vietnamese without translating.
- Xem thêm -

Tài liệu liên quan