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The Complete Guide
to the TOEFL® Test
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The Complete Guide
to the TOEFL@ Test
PBT Edition
Bruce Rogers
~... J# HEINLE
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(ENGAGE Learning
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Australia· Brazil· Japan. Korea· Mexico· Singapore. Spain. United Kingdom. United States
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~...~ HEINLE
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(ENGAGE Learning·
The Complete Guide to the TOEFL ® Test:
PBT Edition
Bruce Rogers
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ISBN-13: 978-1-111-22059-4
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This edition is an updated printing of the Complete Guide to the TOEFL®,
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Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
ix
xiii
GETTING STARTED
xv
Questions and Answers about TOEFL
Twelve Keys to High Scores on TOEFL
xvi
xx
SECTION 1: GUIDE TO LISTENING COMPREHENSION
1
About Listening Comprehension
Sample Listening Comprehension Test
2
Part A: Dialogs
About Dialogs
Lesson 1. Anticipating Questions about Dialogs
Lesson 2. Dialogs with Sound Confusion
Lesson 3. Dialogs with Homonyms and Words with Multiple Meanings
Lesson 4. Dialogs with Idiomatic Expressions
Lesson 5. Answering Inference Questions about Dialogs
Lesson 6. Dialogs Involving Agreement and Disagreement
Lesson 7. Dialogs Involving Suggestions, Invitations, Offers, and Requests
Lesson 8. Dialogs Involving Contradictions, Assumptions, and Questions
Lesson 9. Answering Questions about Activities, Plans, Topics, and Problems
Lesson 10. Dialogs with Special Verbs
Mini-Test 1: Dialogs
Part B: About Extended Conversations
About Extended Conversations
Lesson 11. Anticipating Questions about the Extended Conversations
Lesson 12. Answering Overview Questions about Extended Conversations
Lesson 13. Answering Detail Questions about Extended Conversations
Min i-Test 2: Extended Conversations
Part C: Mini-Talks
About Mini-Talks
Lesson 14. Anticipating Questions about Mini-Talks
Lesson 15. Answering Overview Questions about Mini-Talks
Lesson 16. Answering Detail Questions about Mini-Talks
3
11
11
16
18
21
24
29
32
35
42
46
49
52
55
55
59
62
64
67
68
68
72
74
76
Mini-Test 3: Mini-Talks
79
Mini-Lessons for Section 1: Idiomatic Expressions
81
vi Contents
SECTION 2: GUIDE TO STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
101
About Structure and Written Expression
Sample Structure and Written Expression Test
102
104
Part A: About Structure
Introduction
Lesson 17. Incomplete Independent Clauses
Lesson 18. Incomplete Adjective Clauses
Lesson 19. Incomplete or Missing Participial Phrases
Lesson 20. Incomplete or Missing Appositives
Lesson 21. Incomplete Adverb Clauses
Lesson 22. Incomplete Noun Clauses
Lesson 23. Missing or Incomplete Prepositional Phrases
111
111
114
121
126
129
132
138
141
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Mini-Test 4: Structure
144
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
147
152
155
159
162
165
168
171
Word Order Items
Items Involving Verb Problems
Incomplete or Missing Infinitive and Gerund Phrases
Items Involving Parallel Structures
Items Involving Misplaced Modifiers
Incomplete or Missing Comparisons
Missing Conjunctions
Missing Negative Words
Mini-Test 5: Structure
Part B: Written Expression
About Written Expression
Lesson 32. Errors with Word Forms
Lesson 33. Errors in Word Choice
Lesson 34. Errors with Verbs
Lesson 35. Errors with Parallel Structures
Lesson 36. Errors with Pronouns
Lesson 37. Errors with Singular and Plural Nouns
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
174
176
176
179
189
202
209
212
219
Mini-Test 6: Written Expression
225
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
228
234
240
247
250
254
Errors with Verbals
Errors with Prepositions
Errors with Articles
Errors with Comparatives and Superlatives
Errors in Word Order
Errors with Conjunctions
Mini-Test 7: Written Expression
257
Mini-Lessons for Section 2: Preposition Use
260
Contents vii
SECTION 3: GUIDE TO READING COMPREHENSION
About Reading Comprehension
Sample Reading Comprehension Test
Lesson 44. Overview Questions
Lesson 45. Factual Questions, Negative Questions, and Scanning Questions
Lesson 46. Inference Questions and Purpose Questions
Lesson 47. Vocabulary-in-Context Questions
Lesson 48. Reference Questions
269
270
276
290
303
313
324
334
Mini-Test 8: Reading Comprehension
343
Mini-Lessons for Section 3: Vocabulary Building
352
Guide to the Test of Written English (TWE)
About the Test of Written English
Ten Keys to Writing theTWE Essay
Three Practice TWE Tests
387
388
Three Complete Practice Tests
About Taking the Practice Tests
Scoring the Practice Tests
Practice Test I
Practice Test 2
Practice Test 3
409
About the Author
497
Answer Sheets
499
395
399
410
411
413
441
469
Preface
About This Book
If you are preparing for TOEFL, you are not alone. Over a million people all over the world take
either the Internet- or Paper-based version of the test every year. A high score on this test is an
essential step in being admitted to graduate or undergraduate programs at almost all colleges and
universities in North America. A strong TOEFL score may also be needed to complete an English
program at a language school or may be a requirement for graduation from a university. But
preparing for this test can be a difficult, frustrating experience. Perhaps you haven't taken many
standardized, multiple choice tests such as TOEFL. Perhaps you are not familiar with the format of
TOEFL. Maybe you've taken TOEFL once but were not satisfied with your score, or maybe you've
taken the test several times but can't seem to improve your score beyond a certain point. In any of
these cases, you need a guide. That's why this book was written-to help students preparing for this
important exam to maximize their scores.
This is the most complete and accurate TOEFL preparation book for the Paper-based test now
available. It is based on many years of classroom experience teaching TOEFL preparation classes in
the United States and abroad, and on several years of research on the test. The Complete Guide to the
TOEFL Test is simply written and clearly organized and is suitable for any intermediate or advanced
student of English as a second or foreign language.
The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test offers a step-by-step program that teaches you critical
test taking techniques, helps you polish the language skills specifically needed for the Paper-based
test, and generally makes you a smarter test-taker. And the Guide is an efficient way to prepare for
TOEFL; by concentrating only on the points that are actually tested on the TOEFL, it lets you make
the most of your preparation period and never wastes your time.
Good luck on TOEFL!
x
Preface
About This Edition
In 200S, Educational Testing Service (ETS) began administering the Internet-based TOEFL (iBT).
It was introduced at first in the United States and a few other countries. Over the next few years,
ETS began to administer the iBT in more and more countries. However, the original Paper-based
TOEFL (PBT) is still given in many locations around the world. Whether you take the iBT or the
PBT depends on the location where you take the test. It may also depend on when you take the test,
because some centers offer the PBT on certain dates and the iBT on others.
To find out if the iBT or the PBT is given in your area, you should check the TOEFL website. Go
to www.ets.org.click on TOEFL and then click on Register for the Test.
In addition, the Institutional TOEFL (called the TOEFL Institutional Testing Program (ITP)
by ETS) is a paper-based test which is administered by language centers, universities, and other
institutions all over the world. Over 400,000 people take the Institutional test every year.
For students or classes that must prepare for the Internet-based test, The Complete Guide to the
TOEFL: iET Edition is also available from this publisher.
This edition of The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test meets the needs of people who want to
take the TOEFL PBT rather than the iBT because the design of the two versions of the test is quite
different.
I believe The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test is the most complete and accurate and up-to-date
guide to preparing for the Paper-based TOEFL available. If you have comments about this edition of
The Complete Guide to the TOEFL Test or about any aspect of the TOEFL test, I welcome your ideas,
questions, and suggestions. please feel free to contact me at the e-mail address below.
And, as always, good luck on TOEFL!
Bruce Rogers
[email protected]
Preface
xi
Organization of this Book
Getting Started, th~ first section of the book, serves as an introduction to the Paper-based test.
The opening
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