Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
Collected and Shared by Tran Manh Trung – Foreign Language Department
Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa Province
************************
THE BEST GUIDES
TO IELTS WRITING
*****************
*A list of 270 informal - formal words and phrases.
*A considerable number of essential words and phrases
for IELTS Writing 1 and IELTS Writing 2
* 44 gold rules for writing academic essays
Thanh Hoa City 12/2012
1
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
A. FORMAL AND INFORMAL WORD LIST
(Collected and selected by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University)
Rules for formal writing are quite strict, though often unstated. Formal writing is used in academic and
scientific settings whenever you want to convey your ideas to a wide audience, with many possible backgrounds
and assumptions. Unlike casual conversation or emails to friends, formal writing needs to be clear,
unambiguous, literal, and well structured.
Table 01:
Ord
INFORMAL/EVERYDAY
FORMAL/ACADEMIC
VIETNAMESE MEANING
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
a lot of/ loads of/ plenty of
a bit
to get together
to start/to begin
big
thing
stuff
to find out
to do again
to do well
to set up
to cut down on
to go up
to come up with
to look into
a great deal of /numerous/ several
Somewhat (before adj. or adv.)/ slightly
to collaborate with sbd on smth
to initiate/to commence smth/v-ing
large (number/percentage), considerable
device/object
material
to ascertain/discover
to repeat
to succeed
to establish
to reduce
to increase
to create
to investigate
nhiều
một chút ít
cộng tác
bắt đầu khởi đầu
lớn, to lớn
vật dụng/vật thể
chất liệu, vật liệu
tìm ra, tìm thấy
lặp lại
thành công
thiết lập
giảm bớt
tăng lên
tạo ra
điều tra
2
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
37
38
to go up and down
to bring up a question
to get rid of
to turn down smth
to turn out smth
to take smth back
to put off smth
to put up with
to put away smth
to put down to smth
to come about
to give up
to go back/give back
to give off smth
to give away
to carry out smth
to seem
to climb
to help
to stop
to use
to shorten
to show
to go
to fluctuate
to raise a question
to eliminate
to refuse
to produce
to retract (a statement)
to postpone smth
to tolerate
to save
to attribute to
to occur
to relinquish
return to swh/ smth
to produce (heat)
to betray
to conduct
to appear
to ascend
to assist/ aid
to cease
to consume
to decrease/ to abbreviate
to demonstrate
to depart
dao động
đưa ra vấn đề
loại bỏ
từ chối
làm ra, tạo ra
rút lại
hoãn lại
chịu đựng
tiết kiệm, để dành
quy cho, gán cho
xảy ra
từ bỏ
trở lại/ trả lại
sản sinh, tạo ra
tiết lộ, phản bội
tiến hành
hình như, dường như
đi lên, tăng lên (số lượng)
giúp đỡ
dừng lại
dùng, tiêu dùng
giảm bớt/ rút ngắn
chỉ ra, chứng minh
đi, khởi hành
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
to want
to end
to tell
to keep
to say no
to free
to mend/ to fix
to desire
to finish/ to terminate
to inform
preserve/ retain
to reject
to release/ to liberate
to repair
mong muốn
kết thúc
thông tin, cho biết
giữ gìn/ giữ
từ chối
trả tự do, phóng thích
sửa chữa
3
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
to need
to live
in the end
at once
at the same time
at first
on and off
mainly
next
again and again
so
understanding
lack
chance
sweat
house
sight
friendly
whole
lively
lucky
childish
wrong
worse
cheap
dim
mad
to lay back
in charge of
enough
better
clear
to require
to reside
finally/ultimately
immediately
simultaneously/ concurrently
initially
intermittently
principally/primarily
subsequently
repeatedly
therefore/ consequently
comprehension
deficiency
opportunity
perspiration
residence
vision
amiable
complete
energetically/animated
fortunate
immature/ infantile
incorrect/questionable
inferior to
inexpensive
indistinct
insane
to relax
responsible for
sufficient
superior to
transparent
4
cần
ở tại, trútại
cuối cùng
ngay lập tức
đồng thời, cùng lúc
đầu tiên
gián đoạn, lúc cólúc không
chủ yếu
tiếp theo
lặp đi lặp lại
vìthế, vìvậy
sự hiểu
sự thiếu hụt
cơ hội, dịp
mồ hôi
nơi cư trú (count)
khả năng nhìn, thị giác
thân mật
toàn bộ
đầy sinh lực/ sống động
may mắn
như trẻ con (tính cách)
sai/ cóvấn đề
thấp kém hơn
rẻ
không rõràng, mờ
điên
thư giãn
chịu trách nhiệm
đầy đủ
tốt hơn, giỏi hơn
rõràng
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
empty
to ask for
hot (topic)
more and more
to get
bad
to get worse
horrible
to come in
to talk about
to go down
to come up with
to look at
to pin down
to experience the influence of
Let’s consider …
I love/like/prefer
On top of that
Government must make laws
In a nutshell
Every coin has two sides
by chance
to try
to swap
as far as x goes
to skip
by accident
kids
O.K
to make up for
to catch on smth
to go down with a disease
vacant
to require/ to request
controversial
Increasingly/ unceasingly/non-stop
to obtain/ to receive
disappointing
to deteriorate
unacceptable
to enter
to discuss
to descend
to suggest
to examine
to determine
to be influenced
It is important to consider …
Personally, I favour …
Another point is …
There is a need for laws
To state it briefly/ In brief
There are advantages and disadvantages to
Incidentally
to attempt/ to endeavor
to exchange
in respect of / with respect to
omit/not attend smth
accidentally
infants/offsprings
acceptable/ satisfactory
to compensate for
to understand
to contract a disease
5
trống không
đòi hỏi, yêu cầu
đang gây tranh cãi
tăng lên không ngừng
đạt được, lấy , mua
tồi tệ, đáng thất vọng
trở nên xấu đi
không thể chấp nhận, kinh khủng
đi vào
thảo luận
đi xuống, giảm xuống
gợi ý, đưa ra
xem xét
quyết tâm , dứt khoát
chịu ảnh hưởng
hãy cân nhắc, xem xét
Tôi thích, tôi ủng hộ
một điểm khác nữa là
cần cóluật về …
tóm lại
mọi vấn đề đều cóưu điểm vànhược điểm
nhân tiện
cố gắng
trao đổi
đối với, về phần
bỏ qua, không tham dự
ngẫu nhiên, tình cờ
trẻ em
được, chấp nhận được
đền bù, bùlại
nắm bắt, hiểu
mắc bệnh
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
to go up
to get in touch with
to let somebody know
to call off
to sort out
to deal with
small
to think of
about
to do (research)
hard
to keep up
a lot
stand for
next
prove
rich
the same as
drink
man
old people
crooks
great, awesome
sick of, fed up with
feature
before
to think (that)
Because
Nobody can say
I think that
About
And
to increase
to contact
to inform
to cancel
to resolve
to handle/ to address
minimal/limited/ modest
to conceive of/imagine
an estimated, approximately, roughly
to carry out, perform, undertake
difficult, problematic,challenging
to maintain
a substantial amount, a considerable sum
denote, represent
adjacent
confirm
affluent, wealthy, prosperous
equivalent to
beverage (count)
male
senior citizens, retirees
offenders, lawbreakers
preferable, desirable
dissatisfied with
characteristic
Prior to
to assume (that)
Owing to or due to the fact that/As a result of
It is impossible to predict …
It seems that/ It could be argued that
Regarding/ Concerning
as well as
6
tăng lên
liên hệ. liên lạc
cho biết
huỷ bỏ, bãi bỏ
giải quyết, đi đến quyết định
giải quyết, xử lý
nhỏ, bé
nghĩ về, suy tính
khoảng chừng
tiến hành (nghiên cứu), đảm nhiệm
khó khăn
duy trì
nhiều
chỉ, thay cho
kề cận
khẳng định
giàu có
giống nhau, tương đương
đồ uống
đàn ông
người cao tuổi
tội phạm
tuyệt vời, đáng ao ước
không hài lòng
đặc điểm
trước
cho rằng
vì
Không cóthể dự đoán trước
nNười ta nói rằng
Về, về phần
còn, cũng như
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
but
to write a cheque
carefull/cautious
to check
to agree with
to go over
to hand / to give
In accordance with
to involve
lost
to make sure
to order
to pay
to supply
to take away
when we get …
Whenever we like / want
One after the other
There are no big differences between
This shows that
to put smth into action
etc./ and so forth./ and so on.
i.e
e.g
vs.
nice/ cute
smart
come
lifestyle
19th century
workmate
tired
while/whereas
to issue a checque
prudent (imprudent)/prudential
to verify
to be bound by
exeed
to submit
Pursuant to
to entail
inadvertently mislaid
to ensure
to authorise
to settle
to furnish
to withdraw
On receipt of …
Without prior notice …
At regular intervals
No significant differences emerges between
This demonstrates that
To be implemented/ carried out
among other examples
namely, / that is,
For example,
versus/as apposed of
attractive
intelligent
arrive
way of life / manner of life
The nineteenth century
colleague
exhausted
7
nưng, khi mà
viết tờ ngân phiếu
cẩn thận, thận trọng
kiểm tra
đồng ývới
vượt quá, quámức
trình lên, nộp
Phùhợp với
kéo theo, kèm theo
vôtình thất lạc
để đảm bảo rằng
uỷ quyền
trả tiền, thanh toán
cung cấp
lấy ra, rút (tiền) ra
Khi nhận được …
Không báo trước …
Đều đặn
Không cósự khác biệt đáng kể nào
Điều này chỉ ra rằng
Được tiến hành, được đưa vào hoạt động
vàv.v
tức là, chẳng hạn
vídụ
chống lại, ngược với
hấp dẫn, lôi cuốn
thông minh
đến
lối sống
Không viết tắt
đồng nghiệp
mệt mỏi
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
drunk
sad
who
to get your money back
to pay your bills
really
to go up to
to work
breathing
meat-eater
chance
wrong
died out
relevant
relatives
copy
break
mix
preference
to come across
to do away with
to build up
to finish off
to back up
to put forward
to put across
to obey a law
poor country
That’s why/ why
new
dependence
quarrel
intoxicated
dejected
whom ( đại từ tân ngữ, sau giới từ)
refund your payment
to settle your account
extremely
to reach
to function
respiration
carnivore
opportunity
erroneous
extinct
pertinent
kindred
imitate
fracture
blend
predilection
to find
to abolish
to accumulate
to conclude
to support/to advocate
propose
to express
to comply with a law
developing country
For this reason, … / … the reason for …
novel
surbodination
debate/dispute
8
bị say rượu
buồn, chán nản
ai
lấy lại tiền
trả tiền hoáđơn mua hàng, thanh toán
cực kỳ, vôcùng
lên tới (con số), đạt tới
hoạt động
sự hôhấp
động vật ăn thịt
cơ hội
sai sót
tuyệt chủng
thích đáng, đúng chỗ
họ hàng thân tộc
bắt chước
đập vỡ
pha trộn
sự thiên vị
tìm thấy
bãi bỏ
tích luỹ
kết luận
ủng hộ
đề xuất, đề nghị
biểu lộ, bày tỏ
tuân thủ pháp luật
nước nghèo
Vílýdo này
mới
sự phụ thuộc
Cãi nhau
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
In the same way
to look for
way
money
to imagine
place
viewpoint
fast/quickly
how much
when (conj)
In/For many years
to make smth better /to get better
To put on weight
verb + not + any + noun
verb + not + many/much + noun
to give
as you can be seen
wood
to describe
to learn by heart
to go on
may be
somehow
job
to take on
to give
dad
plane
(not) smoke.
to follow these guidelines.
gran/granny/nana
every year/ each year
Similarly,
to seek
manner/solution
currency
to conceive / conceivably
location
stance
rapidly/ as a matter of urgency
to what extent (not applicable to price or amount)
At the time of …
During a considearble period of years
to improve/to upgrade
to gain weight
verb + no + noun
verb + few/little + noun
to provide
as can be seen
timber
to depict
to memorise
to continue
possibly, perhaps
in a certain way
occupation
employ
donate, contribute
father
aeroplane
to refrain from smoking
to adhere to these guidelines.
grandmother
annually
9
Tương tự như vậy
Tìm kiếm
giải pháp
tiền tệ
tưởng tượng
nơi, vị trí
lập trường, quan điểm
nhanh
tới mức độ nào
Khi mà
Trong nhiều năm
cải thiện, làm cho tốt hơn
Tăng cân
… không (cái gì)
… không (cái gì)
đưa cho, cung cấp
như ta cóthể thấy
gỗ
môtả
ghi nhớ
tiếp tục
cólẽ
bằng cách nào đó
nghề nghiệp
thuê
cho, tặng
bố
máy bay
không hút thuốc
theo sự chỉ dẫn
bà
hằng năm
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
glasses
shop
fridge
TV/ telly
boss
change
phone you back
bin man
and so on. / and so forth / etc.
How often?
present
position
to make up
to blow up
to give in
to come arcoss
like
Can you … ?
261
262
263
264
265
268
269
270
Do you want to … ?
I’d like to ask for …
Thanks
Sorry for …
I don’t know whether …
Do you know … ?
I can’t
I don’t want to …
spectacles
retail outlet
refrigerator
television
employer
transform
return your call
refuse collector
among other examples. / or avoid using them
How frequent ?
current
location
to invent
to explode
to surrender
to encounter
such as
Would you be able to … ? / Could you … ?
I would appreciate it if you … /
I wonder if you would like … ?
I would like to request …
Thank you
I would like to apologise for …
I am unable to say whether …
Would you happen to know …?
Unfortunately, I will not be able to …
I would rather not …
kính đeo mắt
cửa hiệu
tủ lạnh
tivi
ông chủ
chuyển đổi
gọi điện lại
người thu rác
v.v.
Thường như thế nào?
hiện tại
vị trí
làm ra, phát minh
nổ tung
đầu hàng
bắt gặp, chạm trán
như là… (liệt kê)
Liệu ông/bàcóthể …?
Ông bàcómuốn … ?
Tôi muốn yêu cầu …
Cám ơn
Tôi xin lỗi vì…
Tôi không biết liệu …
Ông/bàcóbiết …
Tôi không thể …
Tôi không muốn
Academic Language
The term academic language commonly refers to the language that is used in formal situations such as
classrooms, college or universities. Moreover, it is the language of textbooks and exams. Academic language is the
language used by teachers and students in order to acquire new knowledge and skills. It differs in structure and
10
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
vocabulary from language used in daily social interactions. This means that academic language includes
specialized vocabulary, as well as conventional text structures such as the use of nominal groups, i.e., groups of
words that provide more information about particular concepts. For example, the language of linguistics includes
words like morphology, language acquisition, or language learning.
Features of Academic Language
The uses of specific linguistic features depend on the discipline for which an assignment is written. For
example, an essay in history may contain a number of past tense verbs than a paper that discusses the dialects
spoken by a particular speech community in which the present tense verbs are used. The three features of academic
languag are lexical, grammatical, and discourse”.
11
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
B. IELTS USEFUL LANGUAGE
Writing Task 1:
1. THE LANGUAGE OF APPROXIMATION
In report writing it is good style to use approximation. Approximation means describing numbers or
statistics by using a fraction that is similar to the exact number. There are a number of reasons for doing this.
Firstly, it is easier for people to understand and remember. Secondly, the numbers or statistics may be more
detailed than necessary.
Table 02:
Ord
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
numbers/statistics
65 %
28 %
21 %
49 %
74 %
33.333 %
92 %
98,5 %
19.98 %
26 %
48.873 %
74.25 %
similar fractions
about two-thirds of
just over a quarter of
about a fifth of
just under a half of
almost three – quarters of
a third of
most of
almost all
about a fifth of
just over a quarter of
almost a half of
nearly three - quarters
Ord
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
numbers/statistics
1,043
115
9
2
4
6/7
749,982
1,256,890,534
101,997
248.112
1,695,193
97
12
similar fractions
over a thousand
over a hundred
fewer than ten
a small number
a few
several
about three-quarters of a million
over 1.2 billion
about 100,000
a quarter of a million
about 1.7 million
just under a hundred
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
2. THE WORDS AND PHRASES TO DESCRIBE TRENDS:
Table 03:
Adjectives
sharp
sudden
rapid
abrupt
dramatic
steep
significant
steady
considerable
marked
slight
gentle
gradual
Adverbs
sharply
suddenly
rapidly
abruptly
dramatically
significantly
steadily
considerably
markedly
slightly
gently
gradually
wildly
13
Collected and shared by Tran Manh Trung – Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa
Nouns
a rise
an increase
a surge
a growth
a peak
a fluctuation
a variation
a period of stability
a plateau
to rise
to increase
to surge
to grow
to peak
to skyrocket
to fluctuate
to vary
to fall
to decrease
to decline
to dip
to dive
to plunge
Verbs
a fall
a decrease
a decline
a dip
Phrases
to show an upward trend
to show a downward trend
to hit the highest point
to hit the lowest point
to reach a peak
to show some fluctuation
to fluctuate wildly
to remain stable
to remain static
to remain unchanged
to stay constant
to reach a plateau
to level off
to flatten out
the highest
the lowest
the second highest
the third highest
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compared to
compared with
relative to
3. MORE WORDS AND PHRASES TO DESCRIBE TRENDS:
A. Introduction
1. The graph (biểu đồ)/table (bảng)/ shows (cho thấy)/indicates (chỉ)/ illustrates (minh hoạ)/ reveals (tiết lộ)/
represents (trình bày) …
2. It is clear from the graph/table …
3. It can be seen from the graph/table …
4. As the graph/table shows …
5. As can be seen from the graph/table …
6. As is shown by the graph/table …
7. As is illustrated by the graph/table …
8. From the graph / table it is clear …
B. Verbs
1. to constitute/ make up: tạo thành
2. to comprise: bao gồm
3. to account for: chiếm đến
4. to amount to : lên đến (số)
5. to stand at: giữ ở (số)
6. to treble: gấp ba lần
7. to double: gấp đôi
8. to increase three fold: tăng gấp ba lần
9. to halve: chia đôi, giảm đi một nửa
10. to diminish: sụt giảm, làm sụt giảm
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11. to slow down: chậm lại
12. to remain the same/ unchanged: không thay đổi, giữ nguyên
13. to deplete: làm giảm
14. to lessen: giảm bớt, làm giảm bớt
15. to escalate: leo thang, tăng nhan
16. to stand at the same level: giữ nguyên
17. to fall to … %: giảm tới … %
18. to fall from … %: giảm xuống dưới … %
19. to fall by …%: giảm khoảng … %
20. to drop to … : giảm tới … %
21. to rise to … %: tăng tới … %
22. to rise by … %: tăng khoảng
23. to rise from … %: tăng từ … %
24. to increase at …% /reduce at … %: tăng/giảm … %
25. to increase to … /reduce to … : tăng/giảm tới … (số)
26. to remain relatively steady: vẫn duy trì tương đối ổn định
C. Adverbs
1. exceptionally: cábiệt, khác thường
2. remarkably: đáng chú ý
3. moderately: vừa phải
4. extremely/enormously: cực kỳ, rất
5. substantially: to lớn, đáng kể
6. marginally: hơi, đôi chút
7. hardly/ scarcely: hầu như không
8. slowly: chậm
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D. Prepositions and prepositional phrases
1. In/within the range of … and … :Trong phạm vi
2. For/During the first six months, …: Trong sáu tháng đầu
3. During the remainder of the year, …: Trong thời gian còn lại của năm …
4. During the first half of this century, …: Trong nửa đầu thế kỷ này …
5. Between 1950 and 1960, …: Giữa năm 1950 và 1960 …
6. In the period from 1960 to 1990, … :Trong giai đoạn từ 1960 to 1990 …
7. In the period between 1950 and 1960, … : Trong giai đoạn giữa năm 1950 và 1990 …
8. From that time on: Từ thời gian đó trở đi
9. Over a ten-year period, … : Trong giai đoạn 10 năm
10. Throughout the nineteenth century: Trong suốt thế kỷ 19
11. Unlike …: Không giống với …
12. In contrast to …: so với … /tương phản với …
13. In comparison with … : so sánh với …
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E. Nouns and noun phrases
1. overview: cái nhì
n khái quát, cái nhì
n tổng quan
2. a large number /percentage of … : một số lớn /một tỷ lệ phần trăm lớn của …
3. the whole/total amount/quantity of … : tổng lượng của …
4. the total number of … : tổng số của … 5. An increase of … %: sự tăng lên … %
6. trend: khuynh hướng
7. correlation: mối liên hệ
8. a drop of … %: sự giảm … %
9. an increase in … : sự tăng về …
10. a slight increase: sự tăng nhẹ
11. a drop in …: giảm về ….
F. Comparison
1. Comparing the figures for 1990 and 2000 …: So sánh các con số của năm 1990 và năm 2000 …
2. Compared to/with x, y is …: So với x, y thì …
3. Comparing with x, y is more …: so với x , y thì hơn…
4. Comparing X with Y we find that … : So sánh X với Y chúng ta nhận thấy …
5. Comparing x with y, it can be seen by us that …: So sánh x với y chúng ta cóthể thấy rằng …
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4. Types of Trend
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