Tài liệu Test bank organizational behavior (15e) stephen p robbins timothy a judge chapter 06

Organizational Behavior, 14e (Robbins/Judge) Chapter 6 Perception and Individual Decision Making 1) What is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment? A) interpretation B) environmental analysis C) social verification D) outlook E) perception Answer: E Explanation: Perception is defined as a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. What we perceive can be substantially different from objective reality. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168-169 Topic: What Is Perception? Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Perception Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 2) What are the three classes of factors that influence perception? A) factors in the setting, factors in the environment, and factors in the motives B) factors in the perceiver, factors in the target, and factors in the situation C) factors in the character, factors in knowledge, and factors in experience D) factors in the personality, factors in the character, and factors in the values E) factors in the senses, factors in the surroundings, and factors in the lighting Answer: B Explanation: Three factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver; in the object, or target, being perceived; or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168 Topic: What Is Perception? Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Factors Influencing Perception Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 3) Two people see the same thing at the same time yet interpret it differently. Where do the factors that operate to shape their dissimilar perceptions reside? A) the perceivers B) the target C) the timing D) the context E) the situation Answer: A Explanation: Because the target and the situation are the same, the difference in perception must be in the perceivers themselves. Characteristics that can affect perception include perceiver attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168 Topic: What Is Perception? Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Factors Influencing Perception Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 4) Which of the following is not a factor in the individual perceiver? A) attitude B) motive C) expectation D) location E) perception Answer: D Explanation: Characteristics that can affect perception include perceiver attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations. Location is a factor in the situation, or as background for the factor of the target. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168-169 Topic: What Is Perception? Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Factors Influencing Perception Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 2 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 5) David has the opinion that people who drive SUVs are dangerous drivers. He often perceives that people driving SUVs are doing so in a dangerous manner, even when other observers can see nothing wrong with the behavior of the SUV drivers. What factor in David is affecting his perception in this case? A) his interests B) his work setting C) his expectations D) his motives E) his background Answer: C Explanation: David expects all SUV drivers to be dangerous. His expectations are what color his perception. The example doesn't explain why he expects this, although it could be from a previous bad experience. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168-169 Topic: What Is Perception? Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Factors Influencing Perception Quest. Category: Application LO: 1 6) Which of the following is not true about our perceptions of a target? A) Objects that are close together will be perceived together rather than separately. B) Persons that are similar to each other tend to be grouped together. C) Targets are usually looked at in isolation. D) Motion, sounds, size, and other attributes of a target shape the way we see it. E) Objects that are distant from one another will be perceived separately rather than as a group. Answer: C Explanation: Characteristics of the target we observe can affect what we perceive. Targets are not perceived in isolation/ The relationship of a target to its background influences perception, as does our tendency to group close things and similar things together. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168 Topic: What Is Perception? Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Factors Influencing Perception Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 7) The time at which an object or event is seen is an example of what type of factor influencing the perceptual process? A) perceiver B) target C) social D) reality E) context Answer: E Explanation: Context is important to perception. Context includes the time at which a perceiver sees an object or event, as well as location, light, heat, or any number of situational factors. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168-169 Topic: What Is Perception? Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Factors Influencing Perception Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 1 8) Last year Elaine had her purse snatched on the street bytwo teens who wore their jeans very low. All she can remember is seeing, as the teens ran away, was their plaid boxer shorts sticking out above their pants. Whenever Elaine sees boys with low-riding jeans her face tightens and she mumbles something about "delinquents". She is extremely bothered that her own grandson, an honor student, has begun to wear his jeans low. Elaine's perception of her grandson is influenced by ________. A) motives B) interests C) setting D) reality E) experience Answer: E Explanation: Elaine's negative experience has influenced her perception, even when she knows that the reality is different. Elaine's grandson is far from a delinquent, and yet she groups him with the purse snatchers because of her memories of the negative experience. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168-169 Topic: What Is Perception? Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Factors Influencing Perception Quest. Category: Application LO: 1 4 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 9) What is the most relevant application of perception concepts to OB? A) the perceptions people form about each other B) the perceptions people form about their employer C) the perceptions people form about their culture D) the perceptions people form about society E) the perceptions people form about external reality Answer: A Explanation: In the application of perception concepts to OB, person perception, or the perceptions people form about each other, is the most relevant. Nonliving objects such as desks, machines, and buildings have no beliefs, motives, or intentions, but people do. Therefore, we attempt to explain why people behave in certain ways. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Person Perception Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 10) What is the name of the theory that deals with how we explain behavior differently depending on the meaning we assign to the behavior of the actor? A) behavioral theory B) judgment theory C) selective perception theory D) attribution theory E) equality theory Answer: D Explanation: Attribution theory is an attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused. We judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior. Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170-171 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Attribution Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 11) When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. This phenomenon is most directly relevant to which of the following? A) the Pygmalion effect B) projection theory C) attribution theory D) selective perception theory E) expectancy theory Answer: C Explanation: Attribution theory is an attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused. We judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior. Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Attribution Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 12) Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior? A) An employee is late because he was partying late and then overslept. B) An employee is late because of a flat tire. C) An employee was fired because he slept on the job. D) An employee was promoted because he was hard working. E) An employee died from lung cancer after excessive tobacco use. Answer: B Explanation: Externally caused behavior is what we imagine the situation forced the individual to do. If an employee is late for work, and you attribute his arriving late to an automobile accident or a flat tire, then you are making an external attribution. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Attribution Theory Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 6 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 13) What term is used for the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations? A) continuity B) integrity C) stability D) flexibility E) distinctiveness Answer: E Explanation: Distinctiveness is one of three determining factors that contribute to attribution theory perceptions. Determining whether the behavior is different from normally expected behavior of the target, refers to distinctiveness. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Distinctiveness Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 14) What does consensus refer to in attribution theory? A) There is general agreement about a perception. B) Different people respond the same way in the same situation. C) There is general agreement about how people desire to respond to the same situation. D) Different people perceive a situation similarly. E) All people behave precisely the same way in certain situations. Answer: B Explanation: A behavior that shows consensus is one when everyone responds the same way to the situation. For example, if everyone who took the same route to work is late, there is high consensus in behavior. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Consensus Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 15) Randy always turns in reports with punctuation errors. The reports of the three other employees on the QA report writing team always produce grammatically clean reports. Randy is about to turn in another report, and his manager has already noticed errors. Randy demonstrates ________. His sloppy reports can be attributed to an ________ cause. A) low distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency; internal B) high distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency; external C) low distinctiveness, high consensus, and high consistency; internal D) low distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency; external E) high distinctiveness, high consensus, and high consistency; internal Answer: A Explanation: Randy's behavior is not different from previous behavior, demonstrating low distinctiveness. His reports are different from the other reports of the team, showing low consensus. His next report is the same as his previous work, showing high consistency of poor work quality. Therefore, Randy's poor work could be perceived as coming from an internal cause, probably his own carelessness and lack of conscientious work ethic. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Consensus Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 16) If a person responds the same way over time, attribution theory states that the behavior shows ________. A) distinctiveness B) consensus C) consistency D) continuity E) stability Answer: C Explanation: Consistency in a person's actions means that the person responds the same way over time to the same situation. An employee who hasn't been late for several months is perceived differently than an employee who is late two or three times a week. The regularly late employee demonstrates high consistency in tardiness. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Consistency Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 8 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 17) Janice is late for work each day by about ten minutes. How would attribution theory describe this behavior? A) It shows consensus. B) It shows similarity. C) It shows reliability. D) It shows consistency. E) It shows distinctiveness. Answer: D Explanation: Consistency in a person's actions means that the person responds the same way over time to the same situation. An employee who hasn't been late for several months is perceived differently than an employee who is late two or three times a week. Janice demonstrates high consistency in tardiness. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Consistency Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 18) The more consistent a behavior, the more the observer is inclined to ________. A) attribute it to interpretation B) attribute it to internal causes C) attribute it to consensus D) attribute it to external causes E) attribute it to distinctiveness Answer: B Explanation: If a person behaves in the same way all the time, they are demonstrating high consistency, which is considered to be propelled by internal causes. The person is making the internal effort to be consistent, rather than be influenced by external causes. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170-171 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Consistency Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 9 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 19) What term is used for the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others? A) fundamental attribution error B) self-serving bias C) selective perception D) consistency E) actor bias Answer: A Explanation: Errors and biases distort attributions. When a person makes judgments about the behavior of other people, he tends to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors. This is called fundamental attribution error. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170-171 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Fundamental Attribution Error Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 20) Your boss never gives you the benefit of the doubt. When you arrived late from lunch, he assumed that you had simply taken too much time. He never considered that the elevators were out and you had to walk up 10 flights of stairs. Your boss is guilty of ________. A) self-serving bias B) selective perception C) fundamental attribution error D) inconsistency E) stereotyping Answer: C Explanation: Your boss has underestimated the influence of external factors and overestimated the influence of internal or personal factors. He is sure that your late arrival is caused by your own efforts, or lack thereof. This is called fundamental attribution error. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 170-171 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Fundamental Attribution Error Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 21) What term is used for the tendency of an individual to attribute his own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors? A) fundamental attribution error B) self-serving bias C) consistency D) selective perception E) stereotyping Answer: B Explanation: Individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors such as ability or effort, and place the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive co-workers. This is called a self-serving bias. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Self-Serving Bias Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 22) Whenever Jane is successful she takes full credit for what has happened, but whenever she is unsuccessful she attributes her failure to bad luck or blames one of her fellow employees. She is guilty of ________. A) fundamental attribution error B) attribution bias C) the halo effect D) distinctiveness E) self-serving bias Answer: E Explanation: Individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors such as ability or effort, and place the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive co-workers. This is called a self-serving bias. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Self-Serving Bias Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 23) Investors bragged about their investing expertise during the stock market rally between 1996 and early 2000. Knowing individuals rely on the self-serving bias to explain failure, which of the following explanations would an investor be most likely to state after the market imploded in 2000? A) The Federal Reserve did all they could. B) The analysts did not look at the numbers properly. C) I really should have seen it coming. D) My broker advised me to pull out, but I was blind. E) I really should have been diversifying my earnings. Answer: B Explanation: The self-serving bias places the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive co-workers, rather than taking personal responsibility for the failure. Therefore, the investor is likely to blame the analysts for not looking at the numbers properly. In each of the other choices the investor either assumes responsibility for his losses, or does not blame others. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171 Topic: Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Self-Serving Bias Quest. Category: Application LO: 2 24) Shortcuts in judging others include all of the following except ________. A) stereotyping B) halo effect C) projection D) self-serving bias E) the Pygmalion effect Answer: D Explanation: Self-serving bias, the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors, is not included in the shortcuts for judging people. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171-174 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Shortcuts in Judging Others Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 25) Because it is impossible for us to assimilate everything we perceive, we engage in ________. A) selective perception B) memorization C) mental desensitization D) periodic listening E) linear clustering Answer: A Explanation: The tendency to take in bits and pieces, and to take more notice of an object or event because it stands out due to a person's interests, background, experience, and attitudes., is called selective perception. Selective perception occurs because it is impossible for a person to assimilate everything he sees; he can take in only certain stimuli. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 171 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Selective Perception Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 26) A committee is made up of 12 managers: three each from the sales, production, accounting, and human resources departments. They read a comprehensive study of the company they work for, and are asked which of its recommendations are most important. In discussion they find that the managers perceive that the most important recommendations are those concerning their own departments. This finding is most likely the result of what type of bias? A) selective perception B) halo effect C) Pygmalion effect D) self-serving bias E) projection Answer: A Explanation: The managers' behavior is an example of how vested interests can significantly influence the problems a person sees, which is a form of selective perception. The managers perceived as important the aspects of a situation specifically related to their own unit's activities and goals. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 172 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Selective Perception Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 13 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 27) What is the term used for a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance? A) contrast effects B) personal bias C) prejudice D) the halo effect E) projection Answer: D Explanation: When we draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance, a halo effect is operating. A single trait is allowed to influence the overall impression of the person being judged. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: The Halo Effect Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 28) It's Marisol's first day on a new job. At first she was very nervous, but when she was introduced to her cubicle neighbor, Hanna, she was taken aback by Hanna's soothing smile. Marisol knew that a person with such a beautiful smile could not be bad, and that she would enjoy having her in such close proximity. A) contrast effects B) prototyping C) the halo effect D) selective perception E) profiling Answer: C Explanation: The halo effect is the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Marisol is judging Hanna based only on her smile, without getting to know any other details. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: The Halo Effect Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 14 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 29) Your rating in a job interview is high in contrast to the candidate who was interviewed directly before you, who was rated extremely low. Your own high rating might be partially attributed to which of the following? A) the halo effect B) contrast effects C) projection D) stereotyping E) prototyping Answer: B Explanation: Contrast effect is the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics. The high score in the interview may be attributed to this effect. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Contrast Effects Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 30) One of the shortcuts used to judge others involves evaluating a person based on how he/she compares to other individuals on the same characteristic. What is this shortcut called? A) selective perception. B) contrast effects C) the halo effect D) prejudice E) stereotyping Answer: B Explanation: Contrast effect is the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics. The high score in the interview may be attributed to this effect. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Contrast Effects Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 15 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 31) What do we call it when we judge someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he/she belongs? A) grouping B) stereotyping C) categorizing D) assimilating E) prototyping Answer: B Explanation: Stereotyping is defined as judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs. Relying on this type of generalizations helps a person make decisions quickly. They are a means of simplifying a complex world. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173-174 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Stereotyping Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 32) When F. Scott Fitzgerald said, "The very rich are different from you and me," and Hemingway replied, "Yes, they have more money," Hemingway refused to engage in what shortcut to judge others? A) projection B) contrast effect C) halo effect D) stereotyping E) prototyping Answer: D Explanation: Stereotyping is defined as judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs. Fitzgerald was stereotyping the rich, but Hemingway refused to engage in the stereotype. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173-174 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Stereotyping Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 16 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 33) Which of the following statements is not an example of stereotyping? A) There is no need to offer child-care to him; men aren't interested in child care. B) Don't hire an older worker; they can't learn new skills. C) She was good at her last job, so she will be good at this one. D) She won't relocate for a promotion, since women don't relocate. E) The new hire will be emotionally insensitive, since he is a man. Answer: C Explanation: Stereotyping is judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs. Judging a person by her last job is judging her experience. In each of the other examples the speaker judges based on a collective group. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 173-174 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Stereotyping Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 34) Leone thinks that because her employee, Josef, went to an Ivy League college he is very knowledgeable, and always asks his opinion on the firm's investments. In reality, Josef knows very little about investing, but makes sure he reads up on it so that he can give an informed opinion to Leone. What has occurred in this situation? A) profiling B) a self-fulfilling prophecy C) a self-serving bias D) the fundamental attribution error E) a projection event Answer: B Explanation: Josef's behavior is determined by Leone's expectations. When expectations become reality it is a self-fulfilling prophecy. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 175 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 17 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 35) What is another name for a self-fulfilling prophecy? A) Pygmalion effect B) projection C) self-selecting bias D) halo effect E) prototyping Answer: A Explanation: The terms self-fulfilling prophecy and Pygmalion effect describe how an individual's behavior is determined by others' expectations. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 175 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 3 36) Shortcuts in judging people are applied in organizations. Which of the following is not an application of a judgement shortcut? A) performance evaluations B) setting high expectations C) unwittingly maintaining low expectations D) employment interviews E) market evaluations Answer: E Explanation: Employment interviews, performance expectations (high and low), and performance evaluations, are all applications of shortcuts in judging people in an organization. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 174-175 Topic: Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Shortcuts in Judging Others Quest. Category: Application LO: 3 18 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 37) Why is decision making a perceptual issue? A) Decisions must be made on how to move from the current state of affairs to some desired state. B) Middle and lower level managers may have different perceptions on how to solve a problem than their underlings or top level managers. C) Decision making is generally by consensus. D) There may be more than one way to solve a problem. E) Before a decision is made, a problem must be perceived to exist. Answer: E Explanation: Decision making occurs as a reaction to a problem, or a discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state. Decision making becomes perceptual, because one person's problem is another person's satisfactory state of affairs. First a problem must be perceived to exist. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 175-176 Topic: The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision Making Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Perception and Decision Making Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 38) A discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state is a ________. A) decision B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) problem D) expectation E) stereotype Answer: C Explanation: A problem, or a discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state is the catalyst for decision making. Decision making occurs as a reaction to a problem. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 175-176 Topic: The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision Making Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Perception and Decision Making Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 4 19 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 39) What is the first step in the rational decision-making model? A) developing alternatives B) defining the problem C) identifying the decision criteria D) weighing the decision criteria E) collecting relevant data Answer: B Explanation: The rational decision-making model follows a six-step process. The steps are: 1) Define the problem; 2) Identify the decision criteria; 3) Allocate weights to the criteria; 4) Develop the alternatives; 5) Evaluate the alternatives; 6) Select the best alternative. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 176-177 Topic: Decision-Making in Organizations Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Rational Decision-Making Model Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 5 40) Mel has exceeded her budget by at least $200 every month for the last three months. After recognizing that this is a problem, she decides to use the rational decision-making model to decide what to do. What might be the next step she takes if she follows this model? A) determine what she needs to take into account when making her decision B) choose a method to cut her expenses C) weigh the relative importance of each of her expenses D) come up with different ways that would either reduce her expenses or increase her income E) evaluate different ways that she could use to either reduce her expenses or increase her income Answer: A Explanation: The rational decision-making model follows a six-step process. The steps are: 1) Define the problem; 2) Identify the decision criteria; 3) Allocate weights to the criteria; 4) Develop the alternatives; 5) Evaluate the alternatives; 6) Select the best alternative. Mel needs to apply step two by determining the decision criteria, or what she needs to take into account. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 176-177 Topic: Decision-Making in Organizations Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Rational Decision-Making Model Quest. Category: Application LO: 5 20 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.