`
Vinhphuc education & training service
pham cong binh secondary school
English group
Teaching project For
Gifted students
Created by truong quang khanh
September 2007
Part one
Phonetics
A. The aims:
- To introduce to the sts the phonetic symbols, the transcription of a
word, the sound of the word…
- To improve the sts’ phonetic, stress, and intonation.
- To help the sts do the phonetic exercises.
-
B. Teaching procedure:
1. The vowel sounds:
There are 20 vowels in the English language, 12 of them are pure vowels
(single vowels), and the left eights dipthongs (combination of two
vowels).
- The 12 pure vowels: / I - i: /, / e - æ/, / o - o:/, / - a: /, / u- u:/, /
ә - з/.
- The 8 dipthongs: / ei - ai - oi /, / au - әu /, / iә - eә - uә /
Practical Exercises
Ex1: Classify /i:/ and /I/:
Evening, tin, easy, eat, it, jean, since, this, meat, teach, film,
interesting, tea, sea,
seen, sit, seat, minute, fifty, cheese,
chinese, free, three, be, she, pleased…
Ex 2: Classify /a:/ and / /:
Cut, cup, cart, card, done, come, mar, march, must, darn, last,
lust, heart, harm, hut, much, calm, farm…
Ex 3: Classify /u:/ and / u/:
Look, cook, book, soot, shoot, pull, pool, could, shoe, suit, stood,
stewed, to, too, wooed, wood, food, cool…
Ex 4: Classify / æ / and / e /:
Dad, dead, man, many, mad, any, at, sat, head, hand, fan, can,
land, dense, send, set, met, letter, stretch, fed, catch…
Ex 5: Classify / o: / and / o / :
Corn, cord, copy, swan, sworn, sod, soared, shot, stock, talk, spot,
sport, chalk, shock, loss, got, caught, bought…
Ex 6: Classify / з / and / ә /:
Her, teacher, heard, shirt, first, fur, stir, prefer, refer, occur,
skirt, hurt, learn, today, sir, sister, brother…
Ex 7: Classify / au / and / әu /:
Now, no, show, how, hoe, loud, load, tone, town, couch, know,
noun, known, foal, fowl, rouse, rose, stout, stoat, found, phone…
Ex 8: Classify / iә /, / eә /, / uә /:
Hear, hair, sure, tour, wear, near, fear, year, stair, cure, beard,
cheer, scared, careful, fierce, moor, shared, careless, theatre…
Notes: Tripthongs and other vowel sequences:
/ aiә /: fire, hire, tyre, buyer, wire, flyer, iron,…
/ әuә /: slower, lower, grower, sower, mower,…
/ auә /: flower, power, tower, shower, sour, flour,…
/ eiә /: greyer, player, layer, payer, prayer,…
/ oiә /: employer, destroyer, royal, loyal, annoyance,…
2. The consonants sounds:
There are 24 consonants in English, which are devided into voiceless
and voiced consonants as they are shown below:
2.1. Voiceless consonants: / p /, / f /, / /, / t /, / s /, / ∫ /, / t∫ /, / k /, /
h /.
2.2. Voiced consonants: / b /, / v /, / /, / d /, / z /, / Ʒ /, / dƷ/, / g /, /
l /, /m /, / n /, / ŋ /, / r /, / w /, / j /.
Practical Exercises
Ex 9: Classify / / and / /:
Think, thigh, though, thought, breath, breathe, bath, bathe, cloth,
clothe, clothing, clothes, threaten, although…
Ex 10: Classify / s / and / ∫ /:
She, see, sugar, seat, sound, show, sure, suit, sugary, sunny, soon,
saturn, shrink, scream, settle, surely…
Ex 11: Classify / k/ and / t∫ /:
Chess, chimney, choice, chaos, chemist, chest, chemical, chicken,
cheap, catch, chemistry, school, scholar…
Ex 12: Classify / s / and / z / :
See, seat, please, measure, mouse, pass, mass, bags, close, has,
sum, sick, tease, sues, rise, lays, eyes…
3. The consonant clusters:
3.1. / s / + / p, t, k, f, m, n, w, j /
Spy, stay, sky, smile, snow, sleep, swear, suit, speak,…
3.2. / p / + / l, r, j /:
Plough, play, proud, pray, pure, puritant,…
3.3. / t / + / r, w, j /:
Tree, try, twin, twice, tune, tunic,…
3.4. / k / + / l, r, w, j /:
Clerk, clay, crown, cry, quite, quick, cure, curious,…
3.5. / b / + / l, r ,j /:
Blind, blow, blown, brown, bring, brick, beauty, bureau,….
3.6. / g / + / l, r /:
Glass, glance, grass, grow,…
3.7. / d / + / r, w, j /:
Draw, dress, dwell, dwinkle, duty, duke,…
3.8. / f / + / l, r, j /:
Fly, flat, free, frozen, few, fuse,…
3.9. / / + / r, w /:
Throw, throat, thwart, thwack,…
3.10. / v / + / j /:
View, viewer,…
3.11. / ∫ / + / r /:
Shrink, shriek,…
3.12. / m / + / j /:
Music, mule,…
3.13. / n / + / j /:
New, nude,…
3.14. / spr /: spread, spray, …
3.15. / str /: strand, stray, string,…
3.16. / skr /: scratch…
3.17. / spj /: spure, spurious, …
3.18. / spl /: splendid, split,…
3.19. / stj /: stupid, student,…
3.20. / skj /: skew, skewer,…
3.21. / skw /: square, squash,…
4. The homonyms:
air
ere
heir
aisle
isle
I’ll eight
be
bee
beach beech
bean
ceiling sealing
cell
sell
cheep
choose chews choove site
cite sight cord
course coarse
days daze
dear
doe
dough
fair
fare
feat
for
hair
horse
male
four
hare
hoarse
mail
fort fought
gneiss
hear
here
hire
lock
loch
law
meat meet mete mite
ate
been
cheap
chord
deer
feet
niece
high
lore
might
aye
I
beat
beet
check cheque
cote
coat
die
dye
flowe flour
r
great grate
hole whole
made maid
nap
knap
naught nought
night knight
no
know
or
oar
ore
one
won
pale
pail
peal
peel
peer
pier
plane
plain
reigh
rein
rain
raze
rays raise rows
rose
write
right wright sauce source
see
sea
show
shew
Sole
soul
some
sum
Son
sun
sought
sort
sweet
suit
tail
tale
threw through
too
two
warn worn
way
weigh
would wood
yoke yolk
your
yore
not
pear
key
rowed
sent
sew
stare
tied
week
wore
Part two
stress
A. The aims:
- To help the sts know the way to mark stresses, and pronounce words
correctly.
- To emphasize the important of stresses.
- To show the rules to mark stresses.
- To provide the sts with exercises on stresses and intonation.
B.Teaching procedure:
I. Definition:
Stress is the degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound
ort a word is pronounced.
II. Degree:
1. In phrases or sentences:
Primary stress: (/) The strongest and loudest stress of all.
Secondary stress: () The second loudest stress.
Tertiary stress: (\) weaker than secondary stress.
Weakstress: (٧) Zero stress, the weakest degree of loudness.
2. In words:
2.1 Primary stress: (/) The loudest one.
2.2 Secondary stress: (\) The weaker one.
III. The marking rules for word- stress:
1. For disyllables words:
Usually on the first syllables: mother, ready, colour, palace, student,
teacher,…
Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes:
become, react, foretell, unpleasant, disorder, peaceful, kindness, scientist,
…
(But: foresight, forecast, unkeep)
1.3. Usually on the sound of “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”: dictate, surprise,
defy,…
2. For words with more than 2 syllables:
Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end: family, cinema, regular, singular,
international, satisfactory,…
Usually on the 3rd last syllables with words ending in “ate”, “ize”, “ise”,
“fy”, “logy’, “logist”, “cracy”, “ility”: recognize, demonstrade, qualify,
psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility…
Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”,
“ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “tion”, “sion’:
knot
pair
quay
road
scent
sow
stair
tide
weak
war
physician, experience, expedient, parental, essential, habitual, courageous,
dilicious, familiar,…
(Except for: Television)
Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “ade”, “esque”:
Portugese, refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer, adequade, picturesque,
cigarette,…
3. Others rules:
3.1. Words having more than one function:
Noun
Verb
Noun
Verb
rebel
rebel
conflict
conflict
progress
progress
permit
permit
suspect
suspect
conduct
conduct
record
record
export
export
3.2. Usually on the syllables that either have long vowel sound, dipthong
sound, or end in more than one consonant : affect, obtain,…
IV. Rules for phrase-stress:
1. Compound nouns: (/ \) farm-house, fire-engine, cowboy, blackbird,..
But: (\ /): pass-by, sun-set, ice-cream, steak-dinner, glass-window,
silk-dress, nylon-stock, cotton-flower,…
2. Compound adjectives: ( \ /) light-blue, absent-minded, blue-eyed,
hard-working,…
But: (/ \) sun-burnt, sun-lit, sea-sick, sea-faring,…
3. Adjective-nouns: ( \ /) a sad song, a beautiful picture, a fresh egg,
an interesting lesson,...
4. Present participle-noun: ( \ /) a travelling circus, a singing student,
an amusing story, a sleeping child,…
5. Gerund – noun: (/ \) a dancing teacher, an eating apple, a looking
glass, a stepping-stone, a magnifying glass, a washing
machine,…
6. Qualifier-adjective: ( /)very tired, rather old, pretty bad, quite
important, too weak,…
7. Verb- adverb: ( /) come here, speak clearly, try carefully, read
aloud, sit down, ….
8. Verb-adverbial particle: ( \ /) put on, look up, put off, come
through, take off, call on, hand over, go over,….
9. Verb-adverbial particle-noun: (\ /) put on the coat, turn on the
light,…
10. Verb-noun-adverbial particle: (\ /) put the coat on, turn the
light on,…
11. Verb-preposition: ( / )look at, speak to, wait, for, look up,…
Part three
Vocabulary
A. The aims:
- To help the sts know the function of words.
- To show the sts the way to build up vocabulary, especially related
words.
- To provide the sts with vocabulary exercises.
- To enrich the sts’ vocabulary.
I.
B. Teaching procedure:
Nouns (n):
1. Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or
movements…
2. Functions:
Subject (S): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school)
Object (O): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his
birthday party)
Complement (C): Make the coplementation (She was a famous singer)
Compounds (Co): Summer holiday, birthday cakes,…
Possessive cases (Pc): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,…
Noun phrases (Np): Free words combination or compounds
3. Plural forms:
Adding “ s” to almost count-nouns:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a table
tables
an apple
apples
a student
students
an umbrella umbrellas
a house
houses
an egg
eggs
a cat
cats
an eel
eels
a dog
dogs
an orange
oranges
3.2. Adding “ es” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ”
with /iz/ sound:
3.3.
plural
singular
plural
singular
a bus
buses
a class
classes
a dish
dishes
a wish
wishes
a watch
watches
a torch
torches
a potato
potatoes
a tomato
tomatoes
a box
boxes
Adding “ ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding
consonants:
singular
a lorry
a story
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
plural
lorries
stories
singular
a lady
plural
ladies
Adding “ ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a wife
wives
a leaf
leaves
a knife
knives
a loaf
loaves
Irregular changes:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a man
men
a woman
women
a child
children
an ox
oxen
a tooth
teeth
a goose
geese
a louse
lice
a mouse
mice
a medium
media
a
phenomenia
phenomenium
Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,…(either singular or
plural form, either singular or plural verb)
Always plural form-nouns:
clothes
police
breeches
pants
trousers
scissors
pliers (k×m) binoculars
scales
shears (kÐo c¾t cá) arms
damages
goods
greens (vegetable)
outskirts
savings
spirits
surroundings
stairs
valuables
ethics
mathematics
physics
politics
3.8. Unchange the names of creatures: deer, sheep,carf, cod, pike,
plaice, salmon, squid, trout, turbot (these nouns can take either
singular or plural verbs)
3.9. Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bÖnh sng
quai hµm), billiards, bowls
4. Uncount-nouns:
4.1. Substances:
bread
dust
jam
soap
4.2. Abstract nouns:
beer
gin
oil
stone
Cloth
Glass
paper
water
coffee
gold
tea
wine
cream
ice
sand
wood
advice
beauty
courage
death
experience
fear
help
Hope
horror
information
knowledge mercy
Pity
relief
suspicion
4.3. Others:
camping
damage
furniture
luggage
baggage
parking
shopping
Work
weather
4.4. Notes: Particular sense of uncount nouns:
4.4.1. a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our
family)
4.4.2. a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my
study)
4.4.3. a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a
good knowledge of history)
4.4.4. a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …(He had a
great love for funny stories)
4.4.5. a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that…(It’s a pity that I
couldn’t come)
4.4.6. a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We
have a suspicion / suspicions that no one will agree to help.
5. Compound nouns:
5.1. Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; halldoor; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table;
traffic light; winter clothes; petrol tank;…
5.2. Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; birdwatching; coal-mining; surf-riding;…
5.3. Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining
room; driving licence; swimming pool;…
5.4. Free combination:
- shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college
library; gear level;…
- city street; corner shop; coutry lane; …
- summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus;
November fog; …
- steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;…
- coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;…
- fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …
- football match; beauty contest; pop music;…
6. Suffixes:
6.1. er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/…: teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian,
applicant, employee,…
pyjamas
glasses
earnings
pains (trouble
athletics
6.2. ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/…: government, difference, action,
capitalism, assistance, marriage,…
6.3. hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/…: neighbourhood, freedom,
friendship, sadness, variety,..
6.4. ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/…: possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival,
behaviour, difficulty,…
II. Adjectives (adj):
1. Kinds (Classification):
Main kinds:
a. Demonstrative: this, that, those, these.
b. Distributive: each, every, either, neither.
c. Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers.
d. Interrogative: which, what, whose.
e. Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their
f. Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,…
Participles:
a. present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,…(for
objects)
b. past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,…(for human-beings)
c. Notes: Present participles are different from gerund
e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing.
2. Functions (Position):
2.1. Noun-subordinator: a new book, a kind lady, a large room,…
2.2. Verb-complementation: Follow the certain verbs as be,
become, seem appear, feel, get, grow (become), keep, look
(appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,…
But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb:
Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm)
- He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude
to the angry crowd)
- He turned pale (= He became pale)
- He turned angrily to the man behind (=He was angry with the
man behind)
- The soup tasted horrible (= The soup was not delicious itself)
- They tasted the soup suspiciously (= They thought there was
something wrong with the soup)
3. Comparison forms:
3.1. Positive degree:
as + adjs + as
Eg: - She is as tall as my wife.
- Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).
3.2. Comparative degree:
3.2.1. Monosyllable-adjectives: adjs-ER + than
Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na
- She was better at English than we were (us)
3.2.2. Multisyllable-adjectives: more + adjs + than
Eg: - She was more hard-working than us.
- We are more intelligent than him.
3.3. Superlative degree:
3.3.1. Monosyllable-adjectives: the adjs-EST
Eg: - Nam is the best in our class.
- She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met.
3.3.2. Multisyllable-adjectives: the most + adjs
Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group.
- She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known.
Notes: For adjs ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
clever
Cleverer
the cleverest
pretty
Prettier
the prettiest
happy
Happier
the happiest
silly
Sillier
the silliest
good
Better
the best
bad
Worse
the worst
far
farther/ further
the farthest/
furthest
little
Less
the least
many / much
More
the most
old
older/ elder
the oldest/ eldest
3.4. Parallel: - “The…..the”:The older she gets, the wiser she become.
- And: It’s getting darker and darker.
She has now more and more free time.
- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as
riding a bike.
It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go
with someone than to go alone
3.5. Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill.
Tom and Bill are alike.
3.6. Like/ as: He swims like a fish.
You look like a ghost.
Do as I told you.
3.7. Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/
He wasn’t a slave).
He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).
3.8. The adjectives: The rich, the poor,…
4. Clauses:
That – clause: It is disappointed that he failed the exam.
It’s better that someone should tell him.
find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V:
I found that it is impossible to start now.
She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay.
It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives:
a. Character: brave, careless, corwardly (nhót nh¸t),
cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish,
wicked, wrong,…
b. Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible
(nh¹y bÐn), silly, stupid,…
Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives:
Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculou
s(lè bÞch), unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lËp dÞ),
pointless, useful, useless,…
- That’s the amazing idea to show.
- It was an unreasonable result to accept.
It’ s + adjs + infinitives: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable,
essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital (tÊt yÕu),…
It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitves: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy,
hard, possible, important, safe, unsafe,…
S + be + adjs + infinitives :
- Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved,
sorry, sad,…( S + be + glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad + to say/ tell/
inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…)
- Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick,
reluctant, slow, ready, willing, unwilling.
Special cases:
- Due: (time) >The race is due to start in 5 minutes.
- Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.
- Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an
accident.
- Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action.
- Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price
will be higher.
- Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the
haunted house.
- Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave.
- Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone.
- Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many
mistakes.
- Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I’m sorry to tell you that bad news.
- Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark
alone.
- Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark
alone.
- Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn’t come.
- Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky
that we weren’t late.
- S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an
interesting book.
- Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It’s possible that man
will live longer.
- Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our
nature.
- Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was concious that she
would be late.
5. Suffixes:
able/ ible/ ish/ ed/ ing/ ful/ less/…: talkable, visible, whitish, bored,
amusing, careful, hopeless,…
y/ ly/ en/ ese/ ous/ al/ ive/…: wealthy, manly, golden, chinese, poisonous,
logical, effective,…
ade/ ate/ ent/ wide/ ic/ ist/…: adequade, humanate, dependent, worldwide,
domestic, communist,…
like/ style/ type/…: childlike, Romantype, Germanstyle,…
Nationality:
a. an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mxican, African,…
b. ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portugese, Sudanese, Lebanese,…
c. i: Pakistani, Iraqui, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,…
d. ian: Argentinian, Australian,Brazillian, Italian,…
e. ish: English, Polish, Turkish, danish, Finnish,…
f. others: Czech, French, dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai,…
B. Verbs (v):
1. Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of
sentences.
2. Classification:
Auxiliary verbs:
Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ do (These verbs can either be auxiliaries
or lexical verbs)
Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/
would/ shall/ should/ be going to + base form/ used to + base form/ ought to
+ base form/…(These are sometimes functional verbs)
Lexical verbs:
Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish)
Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They
arehelpful)
Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make
sentences meaningful without any complementation.
e.g. She cried (noisily).
It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cat and dog)
Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation.
a. Monotransitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object
(S+V+O).
e.g. She bought flowers.
Ann met her fiancÐ yesterday.
b. Ditransitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and
indirect objects. (S+V+O+O)
e.g. She bought me some sweets. (= She bought some sweets
for me)
They gave me a big cake. (=They gave a big cake to me)
c. Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co”
e.g. He made me angry.
The female film star drove him mad.
3. Affixations:
en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to )
e.g. danger…….to endanger
wide……....to
widen
courage……to encourage
lenghth……to
lenghthen
rich………..to enrich
broad ……..to
broaden
ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify)
e.g. modern……to modernize
industrial….to
industrialize
maximum….to maximize
capital……..to
capitalise
natural……..to naturalize
minimum….to
minimize
4. Sentence models:
4.1. S + Vintrans:
e.g. They laugh/ The wind is blowing.
4.2. S + Vmonotrans + O:
e.g. He did his homework/ Harlay
carried an umbrella.
4.3. S + Vin/ extensive + Cs:
e.g. He became famous/ They are nearly
exhausted.
4.4. S + Vintrans + A:
e.g. He went abroad/ She arrives late.
4.5. S + Vditrans + O + O:
e.g. She buys me presents/ That brings
my father success.
4.6. S + Vcomplex trans + O + C: e.g. The story made me bored/ You drive
me mad.
4.7. S + Vintrans + A + A:
e.g. She went to school early/ He came
to the park in the early morning.
C. Adverbs (adv):
1. Kinds (Classification):
Adv of manner: bravely/ fastly/ happily/ quickly/ well/ hard/…
( She sings marvellously/ He worked very hard)
Adv of place: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ up/…
(She comes there twice a week/ Here comes the
police)
Adv of time: now/ soon/ still/ then/ today/ yet/…
(We are going to Hanoi today/ He will return
soon)
Adv of frequency: always/ often/ sometimes/ never/ once/ twice/…
(We never eat dog-meat/ She once became the
leader)
Adv of sentence: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/ surely/…
( He was certainly the liar/ luckily, she passed
the exam)
Adv of degree: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ very/…
(He was quite handsome/ Hardly did we see
anything)
Adv of interrogative: when/ where/ why/…
(When did you go?/ Where is she now?)
Adv of relative: when/ where/ why
(He came when we were watching T.V)
2. Same form with adjectives:
back
deep*
direct*
early
enough
far
fast
Hard*
high*
ill
just*
kindly
late*
left
little
long
low
Much*
more*
near*
pretty
right*
Short*
till
straight
well
wrong*
Most*
Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings.
3. Positions (Functions):
Adv of manner:
Follow verbs:
e.g: He danced
gracefully.
Before prepositions or follow objects in “V + pre + O”:e.g: He looked at
me carefully.
He
looked carefully at me.
Follow S:
e.g:He suspiciously tasted
the soup.
At the beginning or at the end of sentences: e.g: Carefully he checks the
suitcase.
He checks the
suitcase carefully.
Adv of time:
At the beginning or end of sentences: afterwards/ eventually/ lately/ now/
recently/ soon/ then/ today/ tomorrow/ at once/ since then/ till/…
e.g: He will returns soon. Today we will learn lesson two.
Always at the end: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adv* as
conjunctions at the beginning)
e.g: He went to the church immediately. Immediately, he went to
the church.
Follow verbs or “V + O”: yet/ still
e.g: He still lives in the
suburbof the city.
Split: just
e.g: He has just left the house.
Adv of place:
3.3.1. At the beginning or end: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/
here/ there/…
e.g: Nowhere could we find him. English is spoken everywhere.
3.3.2. Administration: here/ there
e.g: He lives here/ She hasn’t gone there.
Adv of frequency:
4.1. always/ continually/ frequently/ occasionally/ often/ once/ twice/
periodically/ repeatedly/ sometimes/ usually.
e.g: She usually walks to school.
4.2. Restricted (inversion): hardly ever/ never/ rarely/ scarely ever/
seldom
e.g: Never will she eat this kind of food.
Inversion cases:
Hardly…ever
Hardly…when
Never
No sooner…
than
On no account
Nowhere
Only then/
when
Cßn n÷a
cßn n÷a
Scarely ever
In no
circumstances
Not only
Neither…nor
Only by
Only in this
way
Seldom/ so
Scarely…when
Not till
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