Đăng ký Đăng nhập
Trang chủ Ngoại ngữ Kiến thức tổng hợp Sustainability assessment of chicken farm enterprises in selected farm in laguna...

Tài liệu Sustainability assessment of chicken farm enterprises in selected farm in laguna, philippines

.PDF
118
43
109

Mô tả:

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY VEATRIZ MARQUEZ MALITIC SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF CHICKEN FARM ENTERPRISES IN SELECTED FARMS IN LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode :Full-time Major :Environmental Science and Management Faculty :Advanced Education Program Office Batch :2015-2018 Thai Nguyen, 2018 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Veatriz Marquez Malitic Student ID DTN1454290084 Thesis Title Supervisor (s) Sustainability Assessment of Chicken Farm Enterprises in selected farm in Laguna, Philippines 1. Asst. Prof. Marissa J. Sobremisana (Philippines); 2. Msc. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hương (Vietnam) Supervisor‟s signature (s) Abstract: Rearing of animals is a beneficial economic activity for agricultural countries like the Philippines. Chicken farms are built for commercial and bulk production of meat and eggs. As the demands for products increase, the production shifts toward intensification which causes and eventually results to major concerns and disturbances in the environment. These issues suggest the need for a sustainability assessment to know how different chicken enterprises work and how it can affect the surroundings. This study was conducted with a total of eight chicken farms in the municipalities of Victoria and Nagcarlan in the province of Laguna. Interviews and surveys were conducted to satisfy the objectives of describing the chicken production, discovering the residents‟ opinion about the farm and analyzing how these farms might affect the sustainability of the economic, environment and social sectors. The result from the gathered data was analysed through descriptive analysis. Relationship between farm owners, contract company, farm workers, residents and the government has a huge influence to the sustainability of chicken production. In conclusion, negative impacts evident in the area are not only ii associated with the chicken farm‟s production system, but is caused by combined impacts from multiple contributing factors. Keywords: Sustainability Assessment, enterprise, production system, perception Number of pages: 105 Date of Submission: November 2018 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The making of this research has been arduous but I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who helped me make this thesis possible. Thank you for my loving parents, Mrs. Arlene and Mr. Ronnie Malitic for all the support financially, physically, emotionally and spiritually. Special thanks to my mom who drive me off the survey locations even though we are both not familiar to the area. I would also like to thank my kuya (brother), Venjamin Martinez and my ate (sister-in-law), Nikko Martinez, for the constant support, love and prayers. As well as to my nieces, Veniz and Elisha for effortlessly making me happy and making me forget for a while the negative emotions I have bottled up during these hard times. To my ever supportive and honest commentators/advisers, Asst. Prof. Marissa J. Sobremisana (University of the Philippines Los Baños) and Msc. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hương (Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry), I am very grateful for your assistance throughout this study and for sending remarks on my paper despite your busy schedules. I appreciate your kind words and encouragements just to make sure that this thesis gets only better on each revision we made together. Thank you very much. I would also like to send my utmost gratitude to the Chicken Farm owners and farmers/workers from Victoria and Nagcarlan, Laguna that I have interviewed. Thank you for being welcoming and for sharing useful information for my study. And to all the respondents that I have conducted survey to, thank you very much for your time and honest opinions. As well as to everyone who I met and helped me throughout my data gathering in their own different way, a little interaction really goes a long way. Thank you very much. To my classmates/friends/siblings at heart, thank you for being my constants. We have shared numerous struggles and breakdowns, but as well as breakthroughs. This acknowledgement goes to Francina Balido, Kristina Reyes, Joy Ongkiatco, AJ de Castro, Pau Hostalero, Jessica Cosico, Luis Chavez, Lester Lagansua and Enzo Bernardo. Thank you for making my student life bearable. Also, to my friends and acquaintances that made every situation worthwhile, thank you. Above all, To GOD Be All The Glory! Human capabilities are limited but He has made me strong. Through disappointments, doubts and battling emotional wars that I tried to keep within me, I know I am not fighting alone. The Battle is the Lord‟s. V.M.M. (K46 NO2) iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... xii PART I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1. Research rationale .............................................................................................. 1 1.2. Significance of the Study ................................................................................... 4 1.3. Research‟s objectives ......................................................................................... 5 1.4. Research Questions ............................................................................................ 5 1.5. Limitations ......................................................................................................... 5 1.6. Definitions .......................................................................................................... 6 PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 7 2.1. Domestication of Chicken in Poultry Production .............................................. 7 2.2. Chicken Industry in the Philippines ................................................................... 8 2.2.1. Domesticated Chicken Species .................................................................... 8 2.2.2. Production Systems ...................................................................................... 8 2.2.2.1. Two Chicken Sectors: Backyard and Commercial Farming ..................... 8 2.2.2.2. Supply Chain: From Producer to Consumer ............................................. 9 2.2.2.3. Production System ................................................................................... 11 2.2.2.4. The Feed .................................................................................................. 12 v 2.2.2.5. Maintenance and Sanitation .................................................................... 13 2.2.2.6. Economic Value and Contribution .......................................................... 14 2.3. The Concept of Sustainability in Chicken Production..................................... 16 2.4. Sustainability Assessment ................................................................................ 19 2.4.1. Environment ............................................................................................... 20 2.4.2. Economy ..................................................................................................... 24 2.4.3. Social .......................................................................................................... 25 PART III. METHODS.................................................................................................. 27 3.1. Materials........................................................................................................... 27 3.1.1. The Request Letters .................................................................................... 27 3.1.2. The Questionnaires ..................................................................................... 27 3.2. Methods ............................................................................................................ 28 3.2.1. The Study Areas ......................................................................................... 29 3.2.2. The Farm Criteria for Assessment .............................................................. 32 3.2.3. The Process of Data Gathering ................................................................... 33 3.2.4. The Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 34 PART IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................. 36 4.1. Physical and Structural Properties of the Chicken Farms................................ 36 4.1.1. Location ...................................................................................................... 36 4.1.2. Farm size .................................................................................................... 36 vi 4.1.3. Building structure and design ..................................................................... 37 4.1.4. Contract Company ...................................................................................... 39 4.1.5. Feed and feed source .................................................................................. 39 4.1.6. Breed type ................................................................................................... 41 4.1.7. Machines ..................................................................................................... 42 4.1.8. Ventilation .................................................................................................. 42 4.1.9. Water Access .............................................................................................. 43 4.2. The Farm Management .................................................................................... 44 4.2.1. Farm regulations ......................................................................................... 44 4.2.2. Harvest ........................................................................................................ 45 4.2.3. Production Downtime ................................................................................. 46 4.2.4. Refilling of Materials ................................................................................. 47 4.2.5. Waste Disposal and Sanitation ................................................................... 47 4.2.6. Farm Workers and their responsibilities .................................................... 48 4.3. The Demographics of Respondents ................................................................. 49 4.3.1. Age of Respondents .................................................................................... 49 4.3.2. Gender of Respondents............................................................................... 50 4.3.3. Occupation of Respondents ........................................................................ 50 4.3.4. Distance of Respondents from the Farm .................................................... 51 4.4. The Communities‟ Perception to the Chicken Farms ...................................... 51 vii 4.4.1. Respondent‟s Involvement to the Environment ......................................... 51 4.4.2. Water, Soil and Air Pollution ..................................................................... 52 4.4.3. Plant and Animal Diversity ........................................................................ 54 4.4.4. Impact of Production regarding Farm Size ................................................ 56 4.4.5. Impact of Chicken Farmers to the Community .......................................... 57 4.4.6. Chicken Farms ............................................................................................ 58 4.4.7. Quality and Price of Chicken Products ...................................................... 60 4.4.8. Perspective on Farm Issues and Daily Living ............................................ 62 4.4.9. Relevance of Health and Forbearance on Farm Issues .............................. 63 4.4.10. Knowledge about Farm Management ...................................................... 65 PART V. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 67 5.1. Sustainability of Overall Farm Production ...................................................... 67 5.2. Recommendations for further researches ........................................................ 70 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 71 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. 85 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Theoretical Trade Channels of Chicken Industry ................................. 10 Figure 2. Main Processes in Chicken Production................................................. 12 Figure 3. Total number of poultry birds, 1961-2014 ............................................ 16 Figure 4. Relative Contribution of different sectors to Greenhouse Gas emission in United States, 1995-2005. .................................................................... 22 Figure 5. Average Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Unit Protein ......................... 23 Figure 6. Average Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per Kilocalorie ........................... 23 Figure 7. Location Map of Laguna Province with municipalities ........................ 31 Figure 8. Screenshot of Location Map of Eight Chicken Farms in Victoria and Nagcarlan, Laguna. ................................................................................... 37 Figure 9. Chicken farm building for conventional (manual) operation ............... 38 Figure 10. Chicken farm building for automatic operation .................................. 38 Figure 11. Wire cages for Chicken Layers ........................................................... 38 Figure 12. Conventional Farm Building ............................................................... 43 Figure 13. Automatic Farm Control System ........................................................ 43 Figure 14. Layer Farm Warehouse ....................................................................... 46 Figure 15. Percentage of Age Groups of Respondents ........................................ 49 Figure 16. The Respondents‟ Gender ................................................................... 50 Figure 17. The Respondents‟ Gender According to Age Group .......................... 50 Figure 18. Percentage of Respondents‟ Occupation ............................................ 51 Figure 19. Respondent‟s perception about the chicken farms creating environmental concerns that must be solved. ........................................... 52 ix Figure 20. The Respondents‟ Perception about Pollution emitted by Chicken Farms ........................................................................................................ 54 Figure 21. The Respondents‟ Perception about Biodiversity of Plant and Animal Species ...................................................................................................... 56 Figure 22. Respondent‟s perception about the impact of larger farms being greater than smaller farms ........................................................................ 57 Figure 23. The Respondents‟ Perception about the Impacts of Chicken Farmers58 Figure 24. The Respondents‟ Perception about the Impacts of Chicken Farms to the Community ......................................................................................... 60 Figure 25. The Respondents‟ Perception about the Worth of Chicken Products . 61 Figure 26. The Respondents‟ Personal Opinion about the Social Impact of Chicken Farms .......................................................................................... 63 Figure 27. The Respondents‟ Perception about Farm Emission and Health ........ 65 Figure 28. The Respondents‟ Perception about Farm Management and Government Regulation............................................................................ 66 x LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Chicken Farms in the municipality of Victoria ...................................... 30 Table 2. Chicken Farms in the municipality of Nagcarlan ................................... 30 Table 3. Description of Chicken Farm ................................................................. 33 Table 4. Companies Involved in Chicken Production and the Customers ........... 39 Table 5. The Average Amount of Daily Feed Consumption ............................... 41 Table 6. Ventilation Setup of the Farms ............................................................... 43 xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ATI Agricultural Training Institute CALABARZON Cavite Laguna Batangas Rizal Quezon CCOHS Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organization gCO2e Carbon dioxide equivalents per gram GHG Greenhouse Gas H.R. House of Representatives HPAI Highly Pathogenic Asian Avian Influenza IPPE International Production and Processing Expo KPF Kentucky Poultry Federation LARC Laguna Water District Aquatech Resources Corporation LCA Life Cycle Analysis LLDA Laguna Lake Development Authority LWD Laguna Water District MWPV Manila Water Philippine Ventures NCC National Chicken Council xii Office International des Epizooties (French); OIE World Organisation for Animal Health (English) PCAARRD Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development PHIVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology PSA Philippine Statistics Authority SD Sustainable Development UKCA University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture UKELA United Kingdom Environmental Law Association Likert Seven-Point Scale: SD Strongly Disagree D Disagree SLD Slightly Disagree NO No Opinion SLA Slightly Agree A Agree SA Strongly Agree xiii PART I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Research rationale Poultry industry provides a major contribution of 17% to the total production of Philippine agriculture (PSA, 2018a). Despite the level of income a person has, they are sure to consume poultry products in any form, specifically from chickens. An average Filipino consumes about 28.8 kg of meat per year, and 11.6 kg is of chicken meat (Tomacruz, 2017). For the top 20 foods consumed by Filipinos, eggs and chicken meat were ranked 9th and 15th, respectively (Gavillan, 2016). Chicken production is viewed as cruel by the general public. Behind the chicken meat, eggs or processed foods in the market, is a cruel process done to acquire these products (PETA, 2014). Rearing of chickens has been more intense as consumer‟s eating habits shifts from eating most parts of the chicken to preferring specific parts only. To keep up with the demand, chicken industries were encouraged to raise birds to fit the consumer‟s criteria. However, this causes skeletal and pulmonary problems to the birds which eventually lead to death because of its body‟s inability to keep up with its rapid growth (Quad-City Times, 2003). Sustainability is the ability to continue a defined behavior indefinitely (Thwink.Org, 2011a). The assessment of chicken farms involves the three pillars of sustainability: (1) economy, (2) environment and (3) society. These pillars defined the sustainability of a system and are directly proportional with each 1 other. If one pillar is weak, then it reflects impacts to the other pillars as well (Thwink.Org, 2011b). Their relationship can be presented as the following: the chicken industry is environmentally responsible in a way that it consumes every raw material efficiently; socially responsible by generating jobs within the community, and; economically responsible through making profit to sustain and restart the production (Circular Ecology, 2013). The data produced in this study may be used as a reference for people who are interested to know more about the production necessities, processes and impacts on sustainability behind the chicken products that people consumes. This study may serve as a basic source of knowledge about chicken rearing that are not usually told to consumers, as well as to present statistics about the community‟s perception to the chicken farm and its impacts, in which these information were obtained from a total of eight (8) key informants and 80 respondents. It will be a relevant research not just for future researchers but to people, particularly consumers of chicken products, as they are the target of this industry. Chicken production requires a lot of inputs and thorough work force. As the production continues, outputs (excluding the chicken products) such as foul odour, carcass, manure and wastewater are produced. These outputs, if not disposed properly may cause pollution to the environment (Gerber et al., 2007). This in turn, affects the quality of the environment, enjoyment and the health of the community. 2 Chicken industry brings gain to the economic sector as well. People usually complain about price hikes without actually knowing the process behind these products. However, it must be taken into consideration that chicken production does not come cheap and the inputs used increases in price. Setting the market price includes several factors such as the inputs used in chicken rearing (e.g. feed, vitamins, electric and water bill, maintenance, building costs, transportation, advertisement and many more), and the added cost for profit which covers the salary of workers, profit for owner/s and company, overhead expenses and many more (Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, 2018). Sustainability addresses the well-being of the society through assessments of social topics such as livability, health quality, placemaking and human adaptation (ADEC Innovations, 2017). This sustainability pillar is often neglected and dominated by the environment and economic pillar. However, social sustainability is equally important because the interaction and relationship of the business to the society has a great effect to its workers, customers and community. As when conflicts arise, it could affect the growth and operations of the business (Karbassi, 2015). It may be through direct or indirect interaction but people who may or may not consume chicken products are both vulnerable to the effects that the production causes. Direct interaction includes someone who consumes the product and someone who works for poultry production. Meanwhile, indirect interaction can be interpreted as someone whose area could be near an on-going 3 farm (Lewis & Feiring, 1992). The effects may be minimal but it never fails to exist. In order to achieve sustainability in chicken production, these three aspects must be given equal attention: economy, social, and environment. Each aspect requires specific assessment areas. Different tools were needed for a wider and thorough scope of analysis but were not used for this study. However, the researcher gained information through secondary data and engagement with key informants and people with the most interaction to the subject. Further research is very much needed to have a stronger view of the sustainability assessment on chicken farms, wherein an in-depth study of the chicken farm production will be provided from previous years up to the present, more interaction with government offices to gather data for the three sustainability aspects, as well as more responsive interviews and surveys with key informants and respondents. 1.2. Significance of the Study This study aims to assess the community‟s perception about the chicken production industry in terms of environment, economic and social impacts. Chicken industry, and in a wider scope of animal rearing, is often regarded as cruel yet the impacts are not intently viewed. There are a lot of interactions between consumers and the chicken industry apart from people eating the products; however, such interactions are often given little attention. This study 4 aims to present balanced good and bad points of the industry, and inform people the facts behind the production and the impacts it may cause. 1.3. Research’s objectives This study was conducted to: 1. Describe the production of eight (8) selected chicken farms in two municipalities in Laguna; 2. Determine the perception and opinion of residents living near the chicken farm, and; 3. Analyze how chicken production affects the sustainability (economy, environment and society) of the area within the 300 meter range. 1.4. Research Questions This study answered the following questions: 1. What is the system approach in poultry production? 2. What is the community‟s perception about the poultry farm? 3. How do poultry farms affect the sustainability of the environment? 1.5. Limitations The sustainability assessment focused on chicken farms and residents who live within a 300 meter radius from the farm. Setting a smaller scope of area was for the sole purpose of acquiring information from people who have the most interaction with the topic of interest. The preferred area was narrowed down into its present range because there were instances when some residents who live a 5 little farther than 300 meters away refused to be surveyed as they argue that they were too distant from the farm. Sampling size was also a concern for the survey. Most poultry farms are located where only small number of residents lives. Residents living near the farm have simple lifestyles. During survey, respondents were not easily found because they might have left early for work, they stayed indoors or they were fully occupied. However, the range had been specified even before the field work begun and the respondents who were qualified to answer the survey lives farther away from each other making the sample size fewer than expected. Not every recommended Sustainability Assessment Methods (Stevens, 2014) was applied in this study which will result to limitations in undertaking some relevant information. Some assessment methods required different applications that were not readily available and too costly. This study focused on describing the farm production, knowing the communities‟ perception towards the farm, as well as assessing the sustainability impacts of farm in the environmental, economic and social aspect of the area. 1.6. Definitions The definition of some unfamiliar terms used in this study is presented in the Appendix 7. 6 PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Domestication of Chicken in Poultry Production In 1800s to early 1900s, individual households rear chickens only for family consumption, which is also known as backyard farming. Occasionally, excess live birds and eggs were sold to neighbors for additional income. In 1920s, the development of broiler production starts to rise as the demand for eggs increased. However, male chickens were abundant than laying hens. Since then, farmers‟ experience in chicken rearing made them discover that certain characteristics are best suited for a particular production. They began to raise chickens for a single purpose, either for meat or eggs, rather than producing both meat and eggs simultaneously. Selection of characteristics and chickens made the production more efficient and induced greater income because it only specializes in one area but with better birds (US Poultry, 2014). In succeeding decades, the chicken industry begins modern production by selling dressed chickens. Customers can already acquire dressed chickens which were slaughtered, featherless chicken carcass with all its body parts still intact. However, this additional process in the production required more space for expansion. Thus, the concept of vertical integration was applied, where each stage of production was separately done in different locations to maximize the space of the area and to reduce the risk of potential diseases and impacts that the production may cause (US Poultry, 2014). 7
- Xem thêm -

Tài liệu liên quan