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Routing and Switching Essentials Companion Guide Cisco Networking Academy Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA ii Routing and Switching Essentials Companion Guide Routing and Switching Essentials Companion Guide Publisher Paul Boger Associate Publisher Dave Dusthimer Cisco Networking Academy Business Operation Manager, Cisco Press Copyright© 2014 Cisco Systems, Inc. Jan Cornelssen Published by: Executive Editor Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Mary Beth Ray Managing Editor Sandra Schroeder Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Printed in the United States of America Development Editor Ellie C. Bru Project Editor Mandie Frank Copy Editor Apostrophe Editing Services First Printing February 2014 Technical Editor Library of Congress Control Number: 2013956689 Kathleen Page ISBN-13: 978-1-58713-318-3 Editorial Assistant ISBN-10: 1-58713-318-0 Vanessa Evans Designer Mark Shirar Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about the Cisco Networking Academy Routing and Switching Essentials course. Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as Composition Bumpy Design Indexer Ken Johnson accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information is provided on an “as is” basis. The authors, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc. shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it. The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc. This book is part of the Cisco Networking Academy® series from Cisco Press. The products 11111111 • in this series support and complement the Cisco Networking Academy curriculum. If you C I S C O are using this book outside the Networking Academy, then you are not preparing with a Cisco trained and authorized Networking Academy provider. For more information on the Cisco Networking Academy or to locate a Networking Academy, Please visit www.cisco.com/edu. Proofreader Dan Knott Trademark Acknowledgements All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc., cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Special Sales For information about buying this title in bulk quantities, or for special sales opportunities (which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, or branding interests), please contact our corporate sales department at [email protected] or (800) 382-3419. For government sales inquiries, please contact [email protected]. For questions about sales outside the U.S., please contact [email protected]. Feedback Information At Cisco Press, our goal is to create in-depth technical books of the highest quality and value. Each book is crafted with care and precision, undergoing rigorous development that involves the unique expertise of members from the professional technical community. Readers’ feedback is a natural continuation of this process. If you have any comments regarding how we could improve the quality of this book, or otherwise alter it to better suit your needs, you can contact us through email at [email protected]. Please make sure to include the book title and ISBN in your message. We greatly appreciate your assistance. Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 1111 • 1111 CISCO. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 Asia Pacific Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 168 Robinson Road #28-01 Capital Tower Singapore 068912 www.cisco.com Tel:+65 63177777 Fax:+65 6317 7799 Europe Headquarters Cisco Systems international BV Haarierbergpark Haarierbergweg 13-19 1101 CH Amsterdam The Netherlands wwweurope.cisco.com Tel:+31 08000200791 Fax: +31 0203571100 Cisco has more than 200 offices worldwide. Addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers are listed on the Cisco Website at www.cisco.com/go/offices. ©2007 Cisco Systems. Inc. All rights reserved. CCVR the Cisco logo, and the Cisco Square Bridge logo are trademarks of Cisco Systems. Inc.; Changing the Way We Work, Live, Play, and Learn is a service mark of Cisco Systems, Inc.; and Access Registrar, Aironet, BPX, Catalyst, CCDA, CCDR CCIE, CCIR CCNA, CCNP, CCSR Cisco, the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert logo, Cisco IOS, Cisco Press, Cisco Systems, Cisco Systems Capital, the Cisco Systems logo, Cisco Unity, Enterprise/Solver EtherChannel, EtherFast, EtherSwitch, Fast Step, Follow Me Browsing, FormShare, GigaDrive, GigaStack, HomeLink, Internet Quotient, IOS, IP/TV, iQ Expertise, the iQ logo, ¡Q Net Readiness Scorecard, ¡Quick Study, LightStream, Linksys, MeetingPlace, MGX. Networking Academy, Network Registrar Packet, PIX, ProConnect, RateMUX, ScriptShare, SlideCast, SMARTnet, StackWise, The Fastest Way to Increase Your Internet Quotient, and TransPath are registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and certain other countries, All other trademarks mentioned in this document or Website are the property of their respective owners, The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any other company. (0609R) iv Routing and Switching Essentials Companion Guide About the Contributing Authors Scott Empson is the chair of the Bachelor of Applied Information Systems Technology degree program at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, where he teaches Cisco routing, switching, network design, and leadership courses in a variety of different programs (certificate, diploma, and applied degree) at the postsecondary level. Scott is also the program coordinator of the Cisco Networking Academy Program at NAIT, an Area Support Centre for the province of Alberta. He has been with the Cisco Academy since 2000. He has a Masters of Education degree along with three undergraduate degrees: a Bachelor of Arts, with a major in English; a Bachelor of Education, again with a major in English/Language Arts; and a Bachelor of Applied Information Systems Technology, with a major in Network Management. He currently holds several industry certifications, including CCNP, CCDP, CCAI, C|EH and Network+. Before instructing at NAIT, he was a junior/senior high school English/Language Arts/ Computer Science teacher at different schools throughout Northern Alberta. Scott lives in Edmonton, Alberta, with his wife Trina and two children, Zachariah and Shaelyn. Cheryl Schmidt is a professor at Florida State College at Jacksonville in Jacksonville, Florida, where she teaches courses in networking and PC repair. She has been teaching the academy curriculum since one of the earliest versions. Cheryl has authored multiple books in such areas as PC repair, networking, and voice over IP. Cheryl also participates on a Cisco Academy team as a subject matter expert on a team that develops state-of-the-art assessments and courseware. Outside of her academic responsibilities, Cheryl is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in information technology. She enjoys spending time with her family, grandkids, and granddog. She enjoys reading, biking, hiking, and puzzles. v Contents at a Glance Introduction xxviii Chapter 1: Introduction to Switched Networks 1 Chapter 2: Basic Switching Concepts and Configuration Chapter 3: VLANs 89 Chapter 4: Routing Concepts 149 Chapter 5: Inter-VLAN Routing 231 Chapter 6: Static Routing 283 Chapter 7: Routing Dynamically 379 Chapter 8: Single-Area OSPF 475 Chapter 9: Access Control Lists 549 Chapter 10: DHCP 639 Chapter 11: Network Address Translation for IPv4 695 Appendix A: Answers to the “Check Your Understanding” Glossary 771 Index 787 33 Question s 6 Routing and Switching Essentials Companion Guide Contents Introduction xxviii Chapter 1 Introduction to Switched Networks 1 Objectives 1 Key Terms 1 Introduction (1.0.1.1) 2 LAN Design (1.1) 2 Converged Networks (1.1.1) 3 Growing Complexity of Networks (1.1.1.1) 3 Elements of a Converged Network (1.1.1.2) 4 Borderless Switched Networks (1.1.1.3) 5 Hierarchy in the Borderless Switched Network (1.1.1.4) 6 Core Distribution Access (1.1.1.5) 7 Switched Networks (1.1.2) 10 Role of Switched Networks (1.1.2.1) 10 Form Factors (1.1.2.2) 11 The Switched Environment (1.2) 14 Frame Forwarding (1.2.1) 14 Switching as a General Concept in Networking and Telecommunications (1.2.1.1) 14 Dynamically Populating a Switch MAC Address Table (1.2.1.2) 15 Switch Forwarding Methods (1.2.1.3) 19 Store-and-Forward Switching (1.2.1.4) 20 Cut-Through Switching (1.2.1.5) 21 Switching Domains (1.2.2) 22 Collision Domains (1.2.2.1) 22 Broadcast Domains (1.2.2.2) 23 Alleviating Network Congestion (1.2.2.3) 25 Summary (1.3) 26 Practice 27 Class Activities 28 Packet Tracer Activities 28 Check Your Understanding Questions 28 7 Chapter 2 Basic Switching Concepts and Configuration 33 Objectives 33 Key Terms 33 Introduction (2.0.1.1) 35 Basic Switch Configuration (2.1) 36 Switch Boot Sequence (2.1.1.1) 36 Recovering from a System Crash (2.1.1.2) 37 Switch LED Indicators (2.1.1.3) 38 Preparing for Basic Switch Management (2.1.1.4) 40 Configuring Basic Switch Management Access with IPv4 (2.1.1.5) 41 Configure Switch Ports (2.1.2) 44 Duplex Communication (2.1.2.1) 44 Configure Switch Ports at the Physical Layer (2.1.2.2) 45 Duplex and Speed 45 Auto-MDIX (2.1.2.3) 46 Verifying Switch Port Configuration (2.1.2.4) 48 Network Access Layer Issues (2.1.2.5) 50 Troubleshooting Network Access Layer Issues (2.1.2.6) 53 Switch Security: Management and Implementation (2.2) 54 Secure Remote Access (2.2.1) 54 SSH Operation (2.2.1.1) 55 Configuring SSH (2.2.1.2) 56 Verifying SSH (2.2.1.3) 57 Security Concerns in LANs (2.2.2) 59 Common Security Attacks: MAC Address Flooding (2.22.1) 59 Common Security Attacks: DHCP Spoofing (2.2.2.2) 63 Common Security Attacks: Leveraging CDP (2.2.2.3) 64 Security Best Practices (2.2.3) 66 Best Practices (2.2.3.1) 66 Network Security Tools and Testing (2.2.3.2) 66 Network Security Audits (2.2.3.3) 67 Switch Port Security (2.2.4) 68 Secure Unused Ports (2.2.4.1) 68 DHCP Snooping (2.2.4.2) 69 Port Security: Operation (2.2.4.3) 71 Port Security: Violation Modes (2.2.4.4) 73 Port Security: Configuring (2.2.4.5) 74 8 Routing and Switching Essentials Companion Guide Port Security: Verifying (2.2.4.6) 75 Ports in Error Disabled State (2.2.4.7) 77 Network Time Protocol (NTP) (2.2.4.8) 78 Summary (2.3) 81 Practice 83 Class Activities 83 Labs 83 Packet Tracer Activities 84 Check Your Understanding Questions 84 Chapter 3 VLANs 89 Objectives 89 Key Terms 89 Introduction (3.0.1.1) 90 VLAN Segmentation (3.1) 91 VLAN Definitions (3.1.1.1) 91 Benefits of VLANs (3.1.1.2) 92 Types of VLANs (3.1.1.3) 93 Data VLAN 93 Default VLAN 93 Native VLAN 94 Management VLAN 95 Voice VLANs (3.1.1.4) 96 VLANs in a Multiswitched Environment (3.1.2) 97 VLAN Trunks (3.1.2.1) 97 Controlling Broadcast Domains with VLANs (3.1.2.2) 98 Network Without VLANs 98 Network with VLANs 99 Tagging Ethernet Frames for VLAN Identification (3.1.2.3) 101 Native VLANs and 802.1Q Tagging (3.1.2.4) 102 Tagged Frames on the Native VLAN 102 Untagged Frames on the Native VLAN 102 Voice VLAN Tagging (3.1.2.5) 103 Sample Configuration 104 VLAN Implementations (3.2) 105 VLAN Ranges on Catalyst Switches (3.2.1.1) 105 Creating a VLAN (3.2.1.2) 106 9 Assigning Ports to VLANs (3.2.1.3) 108 Changing VLAN Port Membership (3.2.1.4) 109 Deleting VLANs (3.2.1.5) 111 Verifying VLAN Information (3.2.1.6) 112 VLAN Trunks (3.2.2) 114 Configuring IEEE 802.1Q Trunk Links (3.2.2.1) 114 Resetting the Trunk to Default State (3.2.2.2) 116 Verifying Trunk Configuration (3.2.2.3) 118 Dynamic Trunking Protocol (3.2.3) 120 Introduction to DTP (3.2.3.1) 120 Negotiated Interface Modes (3.2.3.2) 121 Troubleshoot VLANs and Trunks (3.2.4) 123 IP Addressing Issues with VLAN (3.2.4.1) 123 Missing VLANs (3.2.4.2) 125 Introduction to Troubleshooting Trunks (3.2.4.3) 127 Common Problems with Trunks (3.2.4.4) 128 Trunk Mode Mismatches (3.2.4.5) 129 Incorrect VLAN List (3.2.4.6) 131 VLAN Security and Design (3.3) 134 Switch Spoofing Attack (3.3.1.1) 134 Double-Tagging Attack (3.3.1.2) 135 PVLANEdge (3.3.1.3) 136 Design Best Practices for VLANs (3.3.2) 138 VLAN Design Guidelines (3.3.2.1) 138 Summary (3.4) 140 Practice 1 42 Class Activities 142 Labs 142 Packet Tracer Activities 143 Check Your Understanding Questions 143 Chapter 4 Routing Concepts 149 Objectives 1 49 Key Terms 149 Introduction (4.0.1.1) 151 10 Routing and Switching Essentials Companion Guide Functions of a Router (4.1.1) 152 Characteristics of a Network (4.1.1.1) 152 Why Routing? (4.1.1.2) 153 Routers Are Computers (4.1.1.3) 154 Routers Interconnect Networks (4.1.1.4) 156 Routers Choose Best Paths (4.1.1.5) 158 Packet-Forwarding Mechanisms (4.1.1.6) 158 Connect Devices (4.1.2) 162 Connect to a Network (4.1.2.1) 162 Default Gateways (4.1.2.2) 164 Document Network Addressing (4.1.2.3) 165 Enable IP on a Host (4.1.2.4) 166 Device LEDs (4.1.2.5) 167 Console Access (4.1.2.6) 169 Enable IP on a Switch (4.1.2.7) 171 Basic Settings on a Router (4.1.3) 172 Configure Basic Router Settings (4.1.3.1) 172 Configure an IPv4 Router Interface (4.1.3.2) 175 Configure an IPv6 Router Interface (4.1.3.3) 177 Configure an IPv4 Loopback Interface (4.1.3.4) 181 Verify Connectivity of Directly Connected Networks (4.1.4) Verify Interface Settings (4.1.4.1) 183 Verify IPv6 Interface Settings (4.1.4.2) 186 Filter Show Command Output (4.1.4.3) 189 Command History Feature (4.1.4.4) 191 Switching Packets Between Networks (4.2.1) 193 Router Switching Function (4.2.1.1) 193 Send a Packet (4.2.1.2) 194 Forward to the Next Hop (4.2.1.3) 195 Packet Routing (4.2.1.4) 196 Reach the Destination (4.2.1.5) 197 Path Determination (4.2.2) 198 Routing Decisions (4.2.2.1) 198 Best Path (4.2.2.2) 199 Load Balancing (4.2.2.3) 200 Administrative Distance (4.2.2.4) 200 183 11 Analyze the Routing Table (4.3.1) 202 The Routing Table (4.3.1.1) 202 Routing Table Sources (4.3.1.2) 203 Remote Network Routing Entries (4.3.1.3) 204 Directly Connected Routes (4.3.2) 205 Directly Connected Interfaces (4.3.2.1) 205 Directly Connected Routing Table Entries (4.3.2.2) 206 Directly Connected Examples (4.3.2.3) 207 Directly Connected IPv6 Example (4.3.2.4) 210 Statically Learned Routes (4.3.3) 214 Static Routes (4.3.3.1) 214 Static Route Examples (4.3.3.2) 214 Static IPv6 Route Examples (4.3.3.3) 216 Dynamic Routing Protocols (4.3.4) 219 Dynamic Routing (4.3.4.1) 219 IPv4 Routing Protocols (4.3.4.2) 220 IPv4 Dynamic Routing Examples (4.3.4.3) 221 IPv6 Routing Protocols (4.3.4.4) 222 IPv6 Dynamic Routing Examples (4.3.4.5) 223 Summary (4.4) 224 Practice 225 Class Activities 225 Labs 226 Packet Tracer Activities 226 Check Your Understanding Questions 226 Chapter 5 Inter-VLAN Routing 231 Objectives 231 Key Terms 231 Introduction (5.0.1.1) 232 Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration (5.1) 232 What Is Inter-VLAN Routing? (5.1.1.1) 233 Legacy Inter-VLAN Routing (5.1.1.2) 233 Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing (5.1.1.3) 235 Multilayer Switch Inter-VLAN Routing (5.1.1.4) 237 12 Routing and Switching Essentials Companion Guide Configure Legacy Inter-VLAN Routing (5.1.2) 239 Configure Legacy Inter-VLAN Routing: Preparation (5.1.2.1) 239 Configure Legacy Inter-VLAN Routing: Switch Configuration (5.1.2.2) 240 Configure Legacy Inter-VLAN Routing: Router Interface Configuration (5.1.2.3) 241 Configure Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing (5.1.3) 244 Configure Router-on-a-Stick: Preparation (5.1.3.1) 244 Configure Router-on-a-Stick: Switch Configuration (5.1.3.2) 245 Configure Router-on-a-Stick: Router Subinterface Configuration (5.1.3.3) 246 Configure Router-on-a-Stick: Verifying Subinterfaces (5.1.3.4) 248 Configure Router-on-a-Stick: Verifying Routing (5.1.3.5) 250 Ping Test 251 Tracert Test 251 Troubleshoot Inter-VLAN Routing (5.2) 252 Inter-VLAN Configuration Issues (5.2.1) 252 Switch Port Issues (5.2.1.1) 252 Verify Switch Configuration (5.2.1.2) 254 Interface Issues (5.2.1.3) 255 Verify Router Configuration (5.2.1.4) 256 IP Addressing Issues (5.2.2) 258 Errors with IP Addresses and Subnet Masks (5.2.2.1) 258 Verifying IP Address and Subnet Mask Configuration Issues (5.2.2.2) 260 Layer 3 Switching (5.3) 261 Introduction to Layer 3 Switching (5.3.1.1) 261 Inter-VLAN Routing with Switch Virtual Interfaces (5.3.1.2, 5.3.1.3) 263 Inter-VLAN Routing with Routed Ports (5.3.1.4) 265 Routed Ports and Access Ports on a Switch 265 Configuring Static Routes on a Catalyst 2960 (5.3.1.5) 266 Troubleshoot Layer 3 Switching (5.3.2) 274 Layer 3 Switch Configuration Issues (5.3.2.1) 274 Example: Troubleshooting Layer 3 Switching (5.3.2.2) 275 Summary (5.4) 278 Practice 279 Class Activities 279 Labs 279 Packet Tracer Activities 279 Check Your Understanding Questions 280 Chapter 6 Static Routing 283 Objectives 283 Key Terms 283 Introduction 13 (6.0.1.1) 285 Static Routing (6.1.1) 286 Reach Remote Networks (6.1.1.1) 286 Why Use Static Routing? (6.1.1.2) 286 When to Use Static Routes (6.1.1.3) 288 Types of Static Routes 289 Static Route Applications (6.1.2.1) 289 Standard Static Route (6.1.2.2) 289 Default Static Route (6.1.2.3) 290 Summary Static Route (6.1.2.4) 290 Floating Static Route (6.1.2.5) 291 Configure IPv4 Static Routes (6.2.1) 292 ip route Command (6.2.1.1) 292 Next-Hop Options (6.2.1.2) 293 Configure a Next-Hop Static Route (6.2.1.3) 297 Configure a Directly Connected Static Route (6.2.1.4) 299 Configure a Fully Specified Static Route (6.2.1.5) 301 Verify a Static Route (6.2.1.6) 304 Configure IPv4 Default Routes (6.2.2) 306 Default Static Route (6.2.2.1) 306 Configure a Default Static Route (6.2.2.2) 307 Verify a Default Static Route (6.2.2.3) 308 Configure IPv6 Static Routes (6.2.3) 310 The ipv6 route Command (6.2.3.1) 310 Next-Hop Options (6.2.3.2) 311 Configure a Next-Hop Static IPv6 Route (6.2.3.3) 315 Configure a Directly Connected Static IPv6 Route (6.2.3.4) 317 Configure a Fully Specified Static IPv6 Route (6.2.3.5) 319 Verify IPv6 Static Routes (6.2.3.6) 320 Configure IPv6 Default Routes (6.2.4) 322 Default Static IPv6 Route (6.2.4.1) 322 Configure a Default Static IPv6 Route (6.2.4.2) 323 Verify a Default Static Route (6.2.4.3) 323 Review of CIDR and VLSM (6.3) 325 Classful Network Addressing (6.3.1.1) 326 14 Routing and Switching Essentials Companion Guide Classful Subnet Masks (6.3.1.2) 327 Classful Routing Protocol Example (6.3.1.3) 328 Classful Addressing Waste (6.3.1.4) 329 CIDR (6.3.2) 331 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (6.3.2.1) 331 CIDR and Route Summarization (6.3.2.2) 332 Static Routing CIDR Example (6.3.2.3) 333 Classless Routing Protocol Example (6.3.2.4) 335 VLSM (6.3.3) 335 Fixed-Length Subnet Masking (6.3.3.1) 336 Variable-Length Subnet Masking (6.3.3.2) 337 VLSM in Action (6.3.3.3) 338 Subnetting Subnets (6.3.3.4) 339 VLSM Example (6.3.3.5) 341 Configure IPv4 Summary Routes (6.4.1) 346 Route Summarization (6.4.1.1) 346 Calculate a Summary Route (6.4.1.2) 346 Summary Static Route Example (6.4.1.3) 348 Configure IPv6 Summary Routes (6.4.2) 352 Summarize IPv6 Network Addresses (6.4.2.1) 352 Calculate IPv6 Summary Addresses (6.4.2.2) 354 Configure an IPv6 Summary Address (6.4.2.3) 356 Configure Floating Static Routes (6.4.3) 358 Floating Static Routes (6.4.3.1) 358 Configure a Floating Static Route (6.4.3.2) 359 Test the Floating Static Route (6.4.3.3) 360 15 Troubleshoot Static and Default Route Issues (6.5) 363 Static Routes and Packet Forwarding (6.5.1.1) 364 Troubleshoot a Missing Route (6.5.2.1) 364 Solve a Connectivity Problem (6.5.2.2) 368 Summary (6.6) 373 Practice 374 Class Activities 375 Labs 375 Packet Tracer Activities 375 Check Your Understanding Questions 376 Chapter 7 Routing Dynamically 379 Objectives 379 Key Terms 379 Introduction (7.0.1.1) 381 Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation (7.1.1) 382 The Evolution of Dynamic Routing Protocols (7.1.1.1) 382 Purpose of Dynamic Routing Protocols (7.1.1.2) 383 The Role of Dynamic Routing Protocols (7.1.1.3) 384 Dynamic Versus Static Routing (7.1.2) 385 Using Static Routing (7.1.2.1) 386 Static Routing Scorecard (7.1.2.2) 386 Using Dynamic Routing Protocols (7.1.2.3) 387 Dynamic Routing Scorecard (7.1.2.4) 388 Routing Protocol Operating Fundamentals (7.1.3) 389 Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation (7.1.3.1) 389 Cold Start (7.1.3.2) 390 Network Discovery (7.1.3.3) 391 Exchanging the Routing Information (7.1.3.4) 392 Achieving Convergence (7.1.3.5) 394 Types of Routing Protocols (7.1.4) 396 Classifying Routing Protocols (7.1.4.1) 396 IGP and EGP Routing Protocols (7.1.4.2) 399 Distance Vector Routing Protocols (7.1.4.3) 401 Link-State Routing Protocols (7.1.4.4) 402 16 Routing and Switching Essentials Companion Guide Classful Routing Protocols (7.1.4.5) 402 Classless Routing Protocols (7.1.4.6) 406 Routing Protocol Characteristics (7.1.4.7) 409 Routing Protocol Metrics (7.1.4.8) 410 Distance Vector Routing Protocol Operation (7.2.1) 411 Distance Vector Technologies (7.2.1.1) 411 Distance Vector Algorithm (7.2.1.2) 412 Types of Distance Vector Routing Protocols (7.2.2) 413 Routing Information Protocol (7.2.2.1) 413 Enhanced Interior-Gateway Routing Protocol (7.2.2.2) 415 RIP and RIPng Routing (7.3) 416 Router RIP Configuration Mode (7.3.1.1) 416 Advertising Networks (7.3.1.2) 418 Examining Default RIP Settings (7.3.1.3) 419 Enabling RIPv2 (7.3.1.4) 421 Disabling Auto Summarization (7.3.1.5) 423 Configuring Passive Interfaces (7.3.1.6) 425 Propagating a Default Route (7.3.1.7) 427 Configuring the RIPng Protocol (7.3.2) 429 Advertising IPv6 Networks (7.3.2.1) 429 Examining the RIPng Configuration (7.3.2.2) 430 Link-State Dynamic Routing (7.4) 433 Shortest Path First Protocols (7.4.1.1) 433 Dijkstra’s Algorithm (7.4.1.2) 434 SPF Example (7.4.1.3) 435 Link-State Updates (7.4.2) 438 Link-State Routing Process (7.4.2.1) 438 Link and Link-State (7.4.2.2) 438 Say Hello (7.4.2.3) 442 Building the Link-State Packet (7.4.2.4) 442 Flooding the LSP (7.4.2.5) 443 Building the Link-State Database (7.4.2.6) 443 Building the SPF Tree (7.4.2.7) 445 Adding OSPF Routes to the Routing Table (7.4.2.8) 446
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