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REVIEW AND APPLICATION OF THE TULSA LIQUID JET PUMP MODEL Pål Jåtun Pedersen Trondheim December 2006 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 Preface This report is a mandatory project assignment in the 9th semester of the petroleum production engineering studies at NTNU. It was written at the institute for petroleum technology and applied geophysics, fall 2006. The assignment consists of 71 pages, and was delivered the 19th of December 2006. I would like to thank Professor Jón Steinar Guðmundsson for good help and advice throughout the project. Also, I am very grateful for all the help I have got from the people at Petroleum Experts Ltd., regarding the version update of PROSPER. I Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 Summary As a water drive reservoir is depleted, production will fall and inflow decrease. As a consequence of this, the well will either stop flowing or produce only a limited amount of oil and gas. In these cases, an artificial lift system can be installed to increase the production and save the well. One of these lift systems is the Jet Pump. The Jet Pump operates on the principle of the venturi tube, converting pressure into velocity head by injecting power fluid through a nozzle. This creates a suction effect which drives the production fluid through the pump. At the diffuser the velocity head is converted into pressure, allowing the mix of power and production fluid to flow to the surface through the return conduit. There have been made several theoretical models for the Jet Pump. Among these are the one reviewed in this project: “Performance model for Hydraulic Jet Pumping of two-phase fluids” by Baohua Jiao from 1988. The model is an approach to calculate pump performance while pumping a compressible fluid. Important elements in the model are the nozzle and throatdiffuser friction factors. The nozzle friction factor is estimated by optimisation based on high pressure data, while the equation for the throat-diffuser friction factor is developed using regression analysis. The dimensionless pressure recovery, N, and the efficiency, is very dependent on these values. Especially is it dependent on the throat-diffuser friction factor, which again depends on the gas-oil ratio. Calculations were performed on a North Sea well with a gas-oil ratio on 95 Sm 3 Sm 3 , using both the Tulsa model and models based on incompressible flow. The calculated efficiency was, as expected, higher for the models based on incompressible flow. The well performance program PROSPER was used for pressure drop calculations. Also, the Jet Pump function in the program gave about similar results as the Tulsa model. Perhaps is the Tulsa model used as the Jet Pump function in this program. Anyhow, the similarity in results between the Tulsa model and PROSPER indicates that the calculations performed in this project is reasonable and that the model is applicable to a field situation as presented here. II Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 Table of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. Jet Pump Literature Survey .................................................................................................... 2 2.1 When is artificial lift required .......................................................................................... 2 2.2 Jet Pump compared to other artificial lift methods .......................................................... 3 2.4 Jet Pump principles .......................................................................................................... 4 3. Review of the Tulsa Jet Pump Model .................................................................................... 5 3.1 Development of the model ............................................................................................... 5 3.2 Presentation of the model and its main principles............................................................ 6 4. Tulsa Jet Pump performance .................................................................................................. 9 4.1 Main factors to control pump performance...................................................................... 9 4.2 Sizing of the pump ......................................................................................................... 10 5. Application of the Tulsa Jet Pump Model............................................................................ 13 5.1 Sizing and performance calculations.............................................................................. 13 5.2 Evaluation of results....................................................................................................... 17 6. Application of the Tulsa model on a North Sea well ........................................................... 18 6.1 Case description ............................................................................................................. 18 6.2 Model calculations ......................................................................................................... 19 6.3 Evaluation of results....................................................................................................... 22 7. Application of Other Models on a North Sea Well.............................................................. 23 7.1 JSG model calculations .................................................................................................. 23 7.2 NTNU project calculations............................................................................................. 24 8. Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 28 9. Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 30 10. References .......................................................................................................................... 31 11. Tables ................................................................................................................................. 32 12. Figures................................................................................................................................ 34 13. Appendixes......................................................................................................................... 46 III Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 1. Introduction In the course of a field’s life, reservoir pressure will fall and inflow decline. As a water drive reservoir is depleted, water cut will rise and production decrease. This can cause wells either to stop flowing or to produce only limited amounts of oil. In these cases, different artificial lift systems can be installed to save the well and increase production. A wide range of artificial lift systems are available. The choice of lift system is dependent on well characteristics, well location and costs considerations. One of these lift systems is the one reviewed in this paper: the Hydraulic Jet Pump. Several different Jet Pump models have been developed, varying in accuracy and complexity. However, few models for predicting the behaviour of compressible flow are developed. Among these few models is the “Performance model for Hydraulic Jet Pumping of two-phase fluids” by Baohua Jiao, published in a thesis at Tulsa University in 1988 (in this project referred to as the Tulsa model). The project assignment is to review the Tulsa model, convert the basic equations to SI and perform calculations for a production well in the North Sea, using PROSPER for pressure drop calculations. Then, look at previous NTNU projects/thesis and perform calculations on the North Sea well with a few other models. Finally, compare the results with the Tulsa model. The project starts with a literature survey of the Jet Pump, giving a brief introduction to the Jet Pump principles, different Jet Pump models and comparison between Jet Pump and other artificial Jet Pump models. In chapter 3, 4 and 5 the Tulsa Jet Pump model is introduced and documented, and in chapter 6 the model is used for calculations on a North Sea well. Chapter 7 contains calculations using other models, for comparison. 1 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 2. Jet Pump Literature Survey 2.1 When is artificial lift required The objective of any artificial lift system is to add energy to the produced fluids, either to accelerate or to enable production. Some wells may simply flow more efficiently on artificial lift, others require artificial lift to get started and will then proceed to flow on natural lift, others yet may not flow at all on natural flow. In any of these cases, the cost of the artificial lift system must be compared to the gained production and increased income. In clear cut cases, such as on-shore stripper wells where the bulk of the operating costs are the lifting costs, the problem is usually not present. In more complex situations, which are common in the North Sea, designing and optimising an artificial lift system can be a comprehensive and difficult exercise. This requires the involvement of a number of parties, from sub-surface engineering to production operations. The requirement for artificial lift systems are usually presented later in a field’s life, when reservoir pressure decline and well productivity drop. If a situation is anticipated where artificial lift will be required or will be cost effective later in a field’s life, it may be advantageous to install the artificial lift equipment up front and use it to accelerate production throughout the field’s life. All reservoirs contain energy in the form of pressure, in the compressed fluid itself and in the rock, due to the overburden. Pressure can be artificially maintained or enhanced by injecting gas or water into the reservoir. This is commonly known as pressure maintenance. Artificial lift systems distinguish themselves from pressure maintenance by adding energy to the produced fluids in the well; the energy is not transferred to the reservoir. (Jahn, Cook & Graham, 1998)2 2 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 2.2 Jet Pump compared to other artificial lift methods The Jet Pump has many advantages towards other artificial lift systems. There are no moving parts, the pump is tolerant not only of corrosive and abrasive well fluids, but also of various power fluids. Maintenance and repair are infrequent and inexpensive, the pump can be replaced without pulling the tubing (casing type installation) and it consists of few parts. The pumps are suitable for deep wells, directional wells, crooked wells, subsea production wells, wells with high viscosity, high paraffin, high sand content, and particularly for wells with GOR up to 180 Sm 3 . Also, the pureness of the power fluid can be relatively low compared to Sm 3 the quality of for instance the hydraulic piston pump power fluid. Other great advantages of the jet pumps are that water can be used as power fluid and that the power source can be remotely located and can handle high volume rates. Hydraulic Jet Pumps are adaptable to all existing hydraulic pump bottomhole assemblies, can handle free gas and are applicable offshore. However, using a Jet Pump as the artificial lift solution will also bring disadvantages. First and foremost, it’s a relatively inefficient lift method. As seen in Figure 4, the hydraulic efficiency of the Jet Pump is very low compared to for instance the Progressive cavity pump (PC) or the Beam Pump (BP). It also requires at least 20% submergence to approach best lift efficiency and is very sensitive to changes in backpressure. Also, the pump requires high surface power fluid pressure. The casing type installation is the most common solution, using the casing-tubing annulus as the return conduit and the tubing as the power fluid string. For this type of installation, the production of free gas through the pump causes reduction in the ability to handle liquids. The advantage is, as mentioned above, that the Jet Pump can be replaced without pulling the tubing. (Brown, 1982, Jiao, 1988)1,3 Figure 4 shows a comparison for the different artificial lift methods. 3 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 2.4 Jet Pump principles Jet Pumps operate on the principle of the venturi tube. A high-pressure driving fluid (“power fluid”) is ejected through a nozzle, where pressure is converted to velocity head. The high velocity – low pressure jet flow draws the production fluid into the pump throat where both fluid mix. A diffuser then converts the kinetic energy of the mixture into pressure, allowing the mixed fluids to flow to the surface through the return conduit. (Jiao, 1988)1 Figure 2 illustrates the principle. 4 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 3. Review of the Tulsa Jet Pump Model 3.1 Development of the model The Tulsa Jet Pump model is presented in the thesis “Performance Model for Hydraulic Jet Pumping of Two-Phase Fluids” by Baohua Jiao from 1988. The model is based on experimental studies conducted at Tulsa University, and is a further development of the model presented in his master thesis “Behaviour of Hydraulic Jet Pumps When Handling a GasLiquid Mixture” from 1985. Experimental studies were performed using a mixture of water and air as the production fluid and water as the power fluid. The operating pressures were set to typical values found in the field, with power fluid, for example, reaching 3000 psig (20 MPa) and production intake fluid exceeding 1200 psig (8.3 MPa). The performance data acquired were the power fluid pressure, the pressures at the intake and discharge, the flow rates of the power fluid, the two phases of the production fluid, and the appropriate temperature so that the air-liquid ratio could be computed. For further description of the experimental facility and test data it is referred to the thesis. The analysis of the data followed the model of Petrie, Wilson and Smart (PWS). This model is based on conservation of mass and energy, and is widely familiar to production engineers. The PWS model and the Tulsa model differ only in the treatment of the two empirical, dimensionless parameters, K n and K td , which are the loss parameters for the nozzle and the throat-diffuser, respectively. The objective of both models is to predict a dimensionless pressure recovery ratio, N, as a function of a dimensionless mass flow ratio, M. (Jiao, 1988)1 5 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 3.2 Presentation of the model and its main principles The model is originally derived in oilfield-units, but is presented here in SI-units. Conversion from field to SI-units is a task specifically mentioned in the project-description, and is conducted on both the “Derivation of the Jet Pump Model” (Appendix A) and the “Pump Sizing Procedure” (Appendix B). Following is a presentation of the main principles of the Tulsa model. For the model derivation in its entirety it is referred to Appendix A. The terminology used in the model is detailed in the Nomenclature (Appendix A, page 61-62) and shown in Figure 1. The brackets on the right side of the mathematical expressions contain the equation number in the derivation. As mentioned earlier, the purpose of the model is to predict pressure recovery, N, as a function of dimensionless mass flow ratio, M. The dimensionless pressure recovery is the pressure increase over the pump divided by the pressure difference between the drive fluid and the pump discharge. Mathematically it’s defined as follows: N≡ Pd − Pi Pp − Pd ….(19) The dimensionless mass flow ratio between the suction (producing) fluid and the power fluid is defined as: M ≡ mint ake ρQi Q = = i , mnozzle ρQ p Q p for one phase flow, assuming equal density for the two fluids. Extended to include gas, the mass flow ratio can be expressed as: M = Qi + Qia × 1.227 Qp ….(37) 6 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 As shown in the derivation of the pump model (Appendix A).The numerator in equation (37) describes the total producing fluid mass flow. This includes both liquid and gas, where the term 1.227 × Qia represents the gas mass flow (derivation page 56-58). In the Tulsa thesis, it is assumed equal density for the power fluid and the produced liquid phase. For an oil production case with high water cut, it could be argued that Qi in equation (37) should be adjusted for difference in oil and water density. The product of the two parameters N and M is the ratio of the transferred useful power to consumed input power. Explained mathematically: η = Efficiency = N × M ….(38) The model use a functional form of N = f (M ) that is based on work by Cunningham4, who developed this function on mass energy conservation principles. Simplifying the typing of this function, two component elements are defined: [ B = 2 R + (1 − 2 R )( M 2 R 2 ) /(1 − R ) 2 C = R 2 (1 + M ) 2 ] ….(39) ….(40) where R is the ratio of the nozzle to throat area. As shown in the derivation (Appendix A) N can be written: N= B − (1 + K td )C (1 + K n ) − B + (1 + K td )C ….(41) where K n and K td are the dimensionless loss parameters for the nozzle and throat-diffuser, respectively. 7 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 In the above expression of N, the importance of the loss parameters is obvious. The nozzle loss parameter, K n , is in this model set to 0.04. This value was estimated in the Tulsa thesis from optimization based on high pressure data. K td is a combination of the loss parameter for the throat K t and the diffuser K d , respectively. The equation for K td was developed using regression analysis. The analysis was done by a computer program, performing a multiple linear least squares regression on the logarithms of the variables R, R p and AWR (Air-Water-Ratio). For single-phase flow, the right side of the equation simplifies to the constant 0.1, as AWR=0. The expression is presented as: K td = 0.1 + (10.88 * 10 −3 )( R p ) −2.33 ( AWR) 0.63 R 0.33 ….(43) where R is the ratio of the nozzle to throat area, R p is the ratio of the discharge pressure to the power fluid pressure and AWR is the air-water ratio, equivalent to GOR in a gas-oil system. 8 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 4. Tulsa Jet Pump Performance 4.1 Main factors to control pump performance The performance of the jet pump can be expressed by comparing different important elements of the Jet Pump model. Figures 7-16 are based on data from the thesis-experiment described in Chapter 3.1 “Development of the Model”. They illustrate jet pump performance under varying conditions. Figure 7 is a plot of the throat-nozzle loss parameter versus air-water-ratio, for three fixed values of R p (ratio of discharge pressure to power fluid pressure). The trend shows that an increasing air-water ratio results in an increasing throat-nozzle friction factor. Figure 8 are the same plot as Figure 7, but with AWR in field units. K td is also expressed in figure 9. Here the throat-nozzle friction factor is plotted against R p for five different values of AWR. Clearly it shows that K td decrease as R p increase. Hence, referring to equation (19) in chapter 3.2, the higher pressure recovery ratio the lower the friction loss in the throat and diffuser. Following, as N increase and M remains the same, the efficiency will increase. Also, the horsepower needed to drive the power fluid will decrease as the horsepower requirement varies with N (Appendix B, step 27, 24, 22). Figure 10 shows K td vs. R with five different values of AWR. As R increase, K td increase, the only exception is for AWR=0 where K td remains constantly equal to 0.1. A common trend for the plots mentioned is that the throat-nozzle friction factor increase with increasing air-water-ratio. The Figures 11 and 13 describe the dimensionless pressure recovery ratio vs. dimensional mass flow rate. As explained in chapter 3, for optimal performance of the pump it is important to find the values of N and M that together result in the highest efficiency and lowest power demand for the power fluid. As seen on Figure 11 and 12, increasing nozzle/throat area ratio 9 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 results in decreasing flow of the production fluid to the power fluid and overall lower pump efficiency. The nozzle/throat relation is described in more detail in chapter 4.2. Figure 13 restates the influence of air (gas) in the system. The higher AWR, the lower the total efficiency(N*M) and production flow rate to fluid flow rate. This can also be seen on figure 14. The last two figures, 15 and 16 describes N vs. M and efficiency vs. M for different values of R p . R p influence K td which again influence N. Decreasing R p leads to decreasing efficiency and decreasing production fluid flow to power fluid flow. 4.2 Sizing of the pump Dimensioning a jet pump is an important part of a jet pump installation process. The nozzle/throat combination defines the degree of pump optimization and performance, another consideration is that a minimum area of throat annulus is required to avoid cavitation. Following is a description of these two important elements of Jet Pump sizing: The nozzle/throat relation Jet Pump performance is well specific and careful selection of the nozzle/throat combination is therefore necessary to ensure optimum well performance. Due to this fact, manufacturers of Jet Pumps have made a wide range of nozzles and throats available (Figure 5), where the optimum combination represents a compromise between maximum oil production and minimum power fluid rates. In general, the areas of nozzles and throats increase in geometric progression. Because of this, fixed area ratios between nozzles and throats, R, can be established. The different configurations of the nozzle/throat relation are given in Figure 5. A given nozzle (N) matched to the same number throat (N) will always give the same area ratio, R. This is referred to as an A ratio. For a given nozzle(N): B, C, D….ratios represent throats with number N+1, N+2 and N+3 respectively. It is possible to match a given nozzle with a throat which is one size smaller; this is a A combination (by some manufacturers also referred to as an X combination). Because of geometric considerations, application of successively smaller throats is not suitable. 10 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 A specific nozzle/throat combination is defined by a number, which refers to the nozzle size, followed by a character which defines the throat size. For example a 10A combination refers to a 10/10 nozzle/throat combination, a 12B a 12/13 combination and so on (Figure 3). The A (X)-ratio is for high lift and low production rates compared with the power fluid rate, while for instance the C ratio is for low lift and high relative production rates. This is explained in the paper “Jet Pumping Oil Wells” by Petrie, Wilson and Smart: “Physical nozzle and throat sizes determine flow rates while the ratio of their flow areas determines the trade off between produced head and flow rate. For example, if a throat is selected such that the area of the nozzle is 60% of the throat area, a relatively high head, low flow pump will result. There is a comparatively small area around the jet for well fluids to enter, leading to low production rates compared to the power fluid rate, and with the energy of the nozzle being transferred to a small amount of production, high heads will be developed. Such a pump is suited to deep wells with high lifts. Conversely, if a throat is selected such that the area of the nozzle is only 20% of the throat area, more production flow is possible. But since the nozzle energy is being transferred to a large amount of production compared to the power fluid rate, lower heads will be developed. Shallow wells with low lifts are candidates for such a pump“ (Petrie, Wilson Smart, 1983, Allan, Moore, Adair, 1989)5,6 Cavitation and sizing of throat entrance area When sizing a hydraulic Jet Pump for multiphase flow, one of the most important factors is to avoid cavitation. Cavitation can damage the Jet Pump, and the throat in particular. When oil reaches the bubble point, it is saturated with gas, so any lowering of pressure means that more gas will come out of the solution. The cavitation phenomenon is caused by the collapse of these gas bubbles on the throat surface as the pressure increases along the jet pump axis (Figure 6). This collapse of vapour bubbles may cause erosion known as cavitation damage and will decrease the jet pump performance. 11 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 Within the throat, pressure must remain above liquid-vapour pressure to prevent throat cavitation damage. Note that pressure drops below pump-intake pressure as produced fluids accelerate into the throat mixing zone. If pressure drops below the liquid-vapour pressure, vapour bubbles will form. The throat entrance pressure is controlled by the velocity of the produced fluid passing through it. From fluid mechanics we have the Bernoulli equation that states that as the fluid velocity increase, the fluid pressure will decrease and vica verca. In order to maintain the throat entrance pressure above the liquid-vapour pressure, the nozzle and throat combination must be carefully selected. The nozzle and throat flow areas define an annular flow passage at the throat entrance. This area decides the velocity of the fluid, and therefore the fluid pressure. The smaller flow area, the higher velocity of the fluid. The static pressure of the fluid drops as the square of the velocity increase and will reach the vapour pressure of the fluid at high velocities. This low pressure can cause cavitation. Thus, for a given production flow rate and a given pump intake pressure, there will be a minimum annular flow area required to avoid cavitation. (Grupping, Coppes, 1988, Christ, Petrie, 1989,Petrie, Wilson, Smart, 1983)8,7,5 A step-by-step guide for sizing hydraulic Jet Pumps is enclosed in Appendix B. The procedure was first presented in the Tulsa thesis, and is in this project converted to SI-units. 12 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 5. Application of the Tulsa Jet Pump Model 5.1 Sizing and performance calculations Following is a calculation example for the Jet Pump Model. This example is originally presented in the Tulsa thesis, and is included in this project to illustrate the application of the model. Input data has been converted to SI-units, and calculations have been carried out following the “step by step”-procedure enclosed in Appendix B. The two set of calculations (in this project, 5.1 and in the example in the Tulsa thesis) only differs in the computing of the Reynolds number. In this project, a considerable higher Reynolds-number was computed, which results in turbulent flow in the power fluid tubing. In the Tulsa thesis, laminar flow was calculated in the power tubing. In this project the relation Re = ρud ρud [SI] is used, while in the Tulsa thesis, the relation N Re = 124 [field] is used. μ μ In both cases, the following criteria for flow-regime determination are used: Reynolds numbers above 2100 implies turbulent flow (transient between 2100 and about 4000) and below 2100 implies laminar flow. This results in different flow regimes for the two cases, as the Reynolds number is different. In the Tulsa thesis, the following calculations are made: Velocity in power fluid tubing = 4.152 ft / sec Density of the power fluid = 52.93 lbm / ft 3 Diameter of the tubing = 1.995 inches = 0.16625 ft Viscosity of the power fluid = 5 cp N Re = 124 ρud 52.93 × 4.152 × 0.16625 = 124 = 906.1 μ 5 The constant 124 is a conversion factor between cP and lbm × inch ft 2 × sec 906.1 is the value used in the Tulsa thesis. 13 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 The above equation assumes that the diameter is in inches, not in feet. This is stated on page 61 of the Tulsa thesis. As seen in the above calculations, feet are used as the diameter unit. This results in an incorrect Reynolds number. Using inches as the tubing inside diameter unit, we get: N Re = 124 ρud 52.93 × 4.152 × 1.995 = 124 = 10873 μ 5 This is about the same number calculated in this project, therefore it seems like the calculations using the standard relation Re = ρud are correct. μ A conversion of the input data, from field to SI units, are given in Table 1 The example-well from the Tulsa thesis is hereafter called Well A. 14 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 15 Review and Application of the Tulsa Liquid Jet Pump Model December 2006 16
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