Tài liệu Research effects of environmental and ecological factors to the distribution of some rare plant species in xuan thuy national park, nam dinh province

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TRAN THI CHIEN RESEARCH EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME RARE PLANT SPECIES IN XUAN THUY NATIONAL PARK, NAM DINH PROVINCE BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full - Time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : K43 – AEP THAI NGUYEN, 30/09/2015 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name TRAN THI CHIEN Student ID DTN1153411090 Research effects of environmental and ecological factors to Thesis Title the distribution of some rare plant species in Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province. Supervisor (s) A/Prof. Hoang Van Hung Abstract Nowadays, the issue of biodiversity conservation is an interested issue of countries worldwide, particularly ecosystems in conservation areas or National Parks. Mangrove ecosystem is one of the diverse ecosystems and most abundant. It has a tremendous role in the economic development of a country. Besides the role supply forest product, mangrove plants have a role in the conservation of coastal tropical region, maintain the rich nutrient source to ensure the development of some species in the mangroves. It controls climate, expansion alluvial area, and limit erosion. Under the influence of the weather conditions, the development of the economic and social activities, the ecological environment such as: the vegetation, canopy cover, fresh vegetation cover, salinity of sea water, tide amplitude… mangrove ecosystem has suffered tremendous impact. That has influenced the development of flora, especially rare plant species are needing protection. With many different methods such as: Collect information, identifying information about the plant, selected plots research, we have listed rare plant species. Based on the fact identified, we have launched a number of appropriate measures for the conservation of rare plant species in general and in particular biodiversity of species such as: policy solutions, technical and economic solutions. Key words Biodiversity conservation, ecosystems, mangrove, Ecological environment, diversity, rare plant, National Park. Number of pages: 59 Date of submission: 30/9/2015 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the process of implementing the research topics: “Research effects of environmental and ecological factors to the distribution of some rare plant species in Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province”. I got the guide and help, encouragement of the teachers and the students. I would like to express sincere gratitude to: First and foremost, I wish to express sincere thanks to the Director Board of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, board of managers of International Training and Development Center and all the teachers have dedicated teaching, the scientific knowledge and the valuable experience for me during the training period, learning in school. In particular, I take this opportunity to express profound gratitude and deep regards to the supervisor A/Prof. Hoang Van Hung, who guided wholeheartedly, to advise, imparted knowledge and valuable experience help me during the study and completed thesis. I also would like to express my gratitude to the Management Board and staff officers Xuan Thuy National Park in Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province has helped me during practice, the actual investigation to completion this thesis. Finally, I would like to express our gratitude to the family, relatives and friends who have helped me during the internship. Due to the short time, limited professional qualification and less experience the report may have inevitable mistakes. I very much look forward to the valuable inputs and recommendation of teachers and friends to my thesis more perfect. Thank you very much! Thai Nguyen, 30/09/2015 Student Tran Thi Chien ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... 1 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... 3 PART I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 4 1.1.Research rationale ...............................................................................................4 1.2. Research’s objectives .........................................................................................5 1.2.1. General objective ............................................................................................5 1.2.2. Specific objective ............................................................................................5 1.3. Research questions and hypotheses ...................................................................6 1.4. Significance........................................................................................................6 1.5.Limitations …………………………………………………………………….6 PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 7 2.1. Scientific basis of topics ....................................................................................7 2.1.1. Related Concepts ............................................................................................7 2.1.2. The conventions concerning threatened species .............................................8 2.2. The legalbasis………………………………………………………………..............10 2.2.1. The text of Central ........................................................................................10 2.2.2. The texts related to the Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province. ....11 2.3. Factual basis and reasoning .............................................................................11 2.3.1. The influence of environmental factors to the flora in the world .................11 2.3.2. The influence of environmental factors to the flora in Vietnam ..................13 2.2.3. Introduction to Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province ..................14 iii PART III. METHODS ........................................................................................ 16 3.1. Material ............................................................................................................17 3.1.1. Object of study ..............................................................................................17 3.1.2. Location and Time of the research ...............................................................17 3.1.3. Research contents..........................................................................................17 3.2. Research Methods ............................................................................................18 3.2.1. Methods of collecting data, analysis and synthesis of secondary data .........18 3.2.2. Methods for ditermining information about the vegetation and ecology should collect……………………………………………………………………..19 3.2.3. Choices and establish research plots .............................................................19 3.2.4. Collect information .......................................................................................19 3.2.5. Processing data..............................................................................................20 3.2.6. Data analysis .................................................................................................20 3.2.7. Method: Investigate plants following the lines. ............................................20 PART IV. RESULTS .......................................................................................... 22 4.1. Assessment of natural conditions of the Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province ..................................................................................................................22 4.1.1 Geographical location ....................................................................................22 4.1.2. Topographic characteristics ..........................................................................23 4.1.3. Land characteristics ......................................................................................24 4.1.4. Climate characteristics ..................................................................................26 4.1.5. Tidal characteristics, hydrology and sedimentation rate ..............................27 4.1.6. Advantage and disadvantage.........................................................................28 iv 4.2. Socio-economic characteristics affect biodiversity conservation in Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province ........................................................................28 4.2.1. Population, labor and employment ...............................................................28 4.2.2. Economic development situation ..................................................................30 4.2.3. Infrastructure .................................................................................................30 4.2.4.Culture affects indigenous plants in Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province ..................................................................................................................31 4.3. Assessment of the status of biodiversity in Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province ................................................................................................. 32 4.3.1. Diversity ecosystems of Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province... 32 4.3.2. Diversity of plant species in Xuan Thuy NP, Nam Dinh Province ............ 32 4.3.3. Species composition of phytoplankton .................................................... 34 4.3.4. Scientific value and practicality of the flora in Xuan Thuy NP ......... 34 4.4. The distribution of vascular plants occurs in the research area..................... 35 4.4.1. The relationship between ecological and environmental factors in 5 standard plos………………………………………………………………..38 4.4.2. The relationship between the plants in 5 plot research .............................. 40 4.4.3. Resources endemic plants and rare trees .................................................. 42 4.5. Proposed solutions to conserve, maintain the flora of Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province ................................................................................ 43 4.5.1. Policy solutions ...................................................................................... 43 4.5.2. Management solutions ............................................................................ 43 v 4.5.3. Technical solutions ................................................................................ 44 4.5.4. Economic solutions ................................................................................ 44 PART V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION................................................. 45 5.1. Discussion ........................................................................................................45 5.2. Conclusion .......................................................................................................46 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 49 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: Map of Xuan Thuy National Park...............................................................22 Figure 4.2: The relationship between the ecological and environmental factors with the distribution of flora in Xuan Thuy National Park. ........................................................38 Figure 4.3: Rate uniformity of ecological factors in the standard plots ........................39 Figure 4.4: The relationship between species appears in 5 plots research. ...................40 Figure 4.5: The relationship between the plants in 5 plots research in Xuan Thuy NP ...........................................................................................................41 Figure 4.6: The relationship between the 5 plots based research of species .................41 1 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: The area of natural land areas in Xuan Thuy National Park ........................25 Table 4.2: Statistics of all soil type in Xuan Thuy National Park .................................26 Table 4.3: Area, population and population density of the buffer zone ........................29 Table 4.4: Statistics area of ecosystem types in Xuan Thuy National Park ..................32 Table 4.5: The number of plant species found in coastal mangrove areas....................32 Giao Thuy District .........................................................................................................32 Table4.6: Botanical ingredients are useful in Xuan Thuy National Park,.....................35 Nam Dinh Province .......................................................................................................35 Table 4.7: The list of species appear in all standard plot research ................................35 in XuanThuy National Park ...........................................................................................35 Table 4.8: A number of rare plant species in Xuan Thuy National Park ......................42 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations CBD Ha IUCN Meaning Convention Biological Diversity Hectare International Union For Conservation of Nature NH New Hampshire NP National Park 3 PART I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Research rationale Vietnam is located in the belt tropical monsoon climate along with the diverse topography has made high biological diversity. That made Vietnam become one of the few countries in the world has ecosystems mangrove coastal very unique of wetland. The role and significance of economic, social, environment mangroves have been confirmed in several studies and in practice not only in our country but all over the world, especially where there are mangroves. Thereby, shows the importance of the ecosystem this potential. The economic value of mangroves is to provide food, medicine, feed for livestock, timber, firewood, coal, oil and many other raw materials. Regarding environment, mangrove fixed mudflats estuary expand plain rapidly encroaching sea, combat coastal erosion and the banks of rivers and canals in coastal areas, protecting of levee system coastal, prevent salt water, climate regulation coastal areas, mangrove forests are ideal habitats for mammals, water birds live in mangrove areas. To learn more about the rare species in the mangrove areas, subjects chose research location is the National Park (NP), Xuan Thuy - Nam Dinh in Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province, where recognized 50th Ramsar site in the world and the first in South East Asia in 1989. It has the total area about 7,100 hectares, including 3.100 hectares of well-forested land and 4.000 hectares mangroves forest land. According to statistics, the national park is 182 vascular plant species, including many species of algae have high economic value. In plant species, 14 species of woody, of which there are 6 species involved in mangroves concentration such as River mangroves, Grey & white mangroves, Large4 leafed orange mangrove, Corky stilt mangrove, Casuarinas … Composition more diverse small woody species and grass species. Plant composition of Xuan Thuy National Park is relatively poor compared to many other national parks in the country, but has implications for biodiversity conservation in wetland areas, fixed sandbanks, mudflats, breakwater and protection activities agriculture and fisheries. There have been many domestic and foreign projects are done in the NP. However, there isn't thesis to study and fully statistic of biodiversity, particularly systematic study on the effects and correlation of environmental and ecological factors to the distribution of plant species, as the basis for biodiversity conservation strategy in the NP. From the urgency above, us to conduct research: “ Effects of environmental and ecological factors to the distribution of some rare plant species in Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province”. 1.2. Research’s objectives 1.2.1. General objective Identify some ecological and environmental factors impacts to the distribution of some plant species in the Xuan Thuy National Park. 1.2.2. Specific objective + Assessment of the status plant biodiversity at Xuan Thuy National Park. + Identify relationships between ecological and environmental factors for the distribution of some rare plants in Xuan Thuy National Park. +Proposed solutions to conserve biodiversity of plant species in Xuan Thuy National Park. 5 1.3. Research questions and hypotheses 1. What is current status of plant biodiversity at Xuan Thuy National Park? 2. How do ecological and environmental factors affect the distribution of some rare and precious species in Xuan Thuy National Park? 3. What is the conservation measure biodiversity of plant species in the Xuan Thuy National Park? 1.4. Significance + The significance in learning and scientific research: Helping students have the opportunity to approach with how to performing a scientific research project, helped me applied the knowledge learned into practice.. + The significance in practice: Research equipped for students the basic knowledge about the environmental and forest ecosystems, made me understand more about the biodiversity of our country as well as their localities. From which helping region oriented measures for conservation and maintain of some rare plant species in the future 1.5. Limitations This study can’t include all the management problems of plant species in the park. Because the study was done in a short time, the thesis is limited by many factors in the process of survey and investigation of the diversity of plant species in the study area. 6 PART II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Scientific basis of topics 2.1.1. Related Concepts Ecosystem: Ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. Biodiversity: Biodiversity is the abundance and diversity of life, has a vital role on Earth. Biodiversity has many great values, focus on three groups: economic values, humane values and ecological values. (Gaston and Spicer, 1998). + Economic value is to provide food, only food for humans. According to calculations of scientists around the world, annually, biodiversity gives people a product output worth 33,000 billion. + Human values of biodiversity is richness, colorful beauty of nature, provide aesthetic value. + Value ecological role is to maintain biological balance, protect resources, climate regulation and decomposition of waste. National Park: NP is an area on land or at sea, no or just slightly affected by human activities, there are rare plant and animal species and endemic or has a range of beautiful landscapes national or international. The goal NP is protected: + Protect the ecosystems and species of rare plants have national importance and international. + Science research. + To develop ecotourism. 7 Extinction: The concept of extinction has many different meanings. A species is considered extinct when no particular individuals of that species to survive anywhere in the world. A species that only some individuals surviving thanks to the care and rearing of humanity, so it is considered extinct in the wild. A species is considered locally extinct if it does not survive in places where they lived, but people still find them in other places in nature. The mangroves: Mangroves are forest growing in marshy land, saline wetlands of the estuary, the coast, along the rivers and canals have brackish water tidal risen and fall daily. Mangrove formed by the mangroves if the cover of over 10%. This forest consists of mangrove species orthodoxy, these are the only species in the mangroves, theses plants can be found in both the mangroves and other areas. 2.1.2. The conventions concerning threatened species International Convention is writing, stating what to follow and what is prohibited implementation, involving a certain field by a group of countries with commitments agreed upon and implemented, in order to create a common voice, unity of action and cooperation in member countries. Vietnam has participated and signed a lot of international agreements related to the Convention on Biological Diversity. • Conservation of threatened species: Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) is a program of the United Nations Environment (UNEP) has drafted since 1988, undergo many meetings and discussions between the countries since 1992, at an international conference on environmental and development in Rio (Brazil), 168 countries have signed the Convention and implemented in dated November 28, 1994. The Convention on Biodiversity includes 8 the preamble, 42 articles and two appendices. Vietnam has signed the Convention on Biodiversity on May 10, 1994 and became the 99th member of the convention. All contents of the convention made three main objectives: + Protect Biodiversity. + Sustainable use of biodiversity. + Profit distribution of new products derived from wild species and domesticated species. • Cites Convention ( Convention on International Trade for plants and animal wild species have be endangered). Cites convention was signed through dated March 1, 1973, effective from dated July 1, 1975 in Washington. Contents of Cites are member countries implementing the prohibition on trade of wild animal and plant species international, which are threatened with extinction listed in the appendix attached to the convention. • International Union for Conservation of Nature International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was established to target to influence, encourage and assist organizations throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature, ensure the use of natural resources sustainable and equitably ecologically. Vietnam has become a country member of IUCN since 1993. • Ramsar Convention on wetland areas Ramsar Convention is an international convention for the conservation and rational uses of an appropriate and wetland area, purpose to prevent the increasing encroachment on wetland areas as well as the loss of them in this time as well in the future, recognizing the ecological function of the platform and the values wetland areas of entertainment, science, culture and our economy. 9 2.2. The legal basis 2.2.1. The text of Central Biodiversity Law 2008 provided for the conservation and sustainable development of biodiversity, the rights and obligations of organizations, households, citizen in conservation and sustainable development of biodiversity. Environmental Protection Law dated November 29, 2005. + Law on Protection and Development of forest (effect from dated August 1, 2005). + Fishery Law promulgated in 2003. + Decree No. 32/2006 / ND-CP dated November 30, 2006 on forest vegetation management, endangered animals, rare-Law Environmental protection dated November 29, 2005. + Decree No. 80/2003 / ND - CP dated August 9, 2006 of the Government stipulating in detail and guiding the implementation of some provisions of environmental protection law. + Decree No. 117/2009 / ND-CP on handling violations of law in the field of environmental protection. + Decree No. 32/2006 / ND-CP dated March 30, 2006 about managing the forest flora and fauna endangered, rare and precious. + Decree No. 48/2002 / ND-CP dated April 22, 2002 amended list of plants, rare wildlife. + Decree No.109/2003 / ND-CP on the conservation and sustainable development of wetlands in Vietnam. + Decision 04/2004 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment approved an action plan for the conservation and sustainable development of wetlands period 2004- 2010. 10 2.2.2. The texts related to the Xuan Thuy National Park, Nam Dinh Province. + Decree No.48 / CP dated August 12, 1996 of the Government on sanctioning administrative regulations in the field of protection of aquatic resources. + Decision No. 01/2003 / QD-TTG on Xuan Thuy conversion of wetland protected areas converted into Xuan Thuy National Parks, Nam Dinh Province. + Decision No. 04/2004 / QD NRE April 5, 2004 by the Minister of Natural Resources and Environment approved a plan of action on conservation and sustainable development of wetland areas for 2004 to 2010. 2.3. Factual basis and reasoning 2.3.1. The influence of environmental factors to the flora in the world The crisis of species of plant and wildlife, even worse financial crisis and global recession today. That is the warning from the deputy director of animal programs of conservation group Biodiversity International Federation of nature conservation (IUCN) G. Cry VI-XTOP when his analogy here is the time to recognize that nature is the largest "company" is the world's profitable100% of humans. Yet nature is being devastated to serious consequences for the environment.( G. Cry VI-XTOP, 1997). The plants and animals make up the magic of wildlife have a specific role and contributions are essential for human life, such as providing food, medicine, oxygen, water and balance ecosystem. Climate change leads to habitat changes and the fauna and flora must also change the growth cycle and the physical characteristics or alter migratory routes to adapt to the new environment, undermines the biodiversity. According to a recent study of international biodiversity, scientists warned more than a third of the world's animal species in danger of extinction. In addition 47 677 species in Red list, a most authoritative assessment of some countries of the species 11 on Earth has endangered and are based on research by thousands of scientists, today 17.291 species are threatened, of which 21% are mammals, 30% of amphibians, 70% of plants and 35% invertebrates. The amphibian species are groups of organisms most seriously affected on the word, with 1.895 among 6.285 species in the list threatened. Of these, 39 species extinctions, 484 species at risk high extinction, 754 species threatened, 657 species are not protected (Twinkle and colleagues, 1992). The scientists warned the world not to fear the species at risk high extinction, but also threatened, breaking completely ecosystems. The numbers on the alarm-risk species disappear forever though leaders world have pledged to take action to reverse that trend. The Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) came into force in 1993 made three goals: conservation of biodiversity; to use biological diversity in a sustainable way; benefit sharing of biodiversity in a fair manner. Currently, 168 countries have signed on, which aims to 2010 significantly reduced rate of biodiversity loss at the global level, regional and national levels. However, according to conservationists, mankind has not conducted sufficient measures to prevent major threats. Environmental pollution, climate change leading to the gradual loss of habitat of the fauna and flora, one of the main causes leading to the loss of biodiversity. Loss of habitat affects 40% of mammals, IUCN Director, Ms. G. Mat warning, is the scientific evidence for a serious extinction crisis. The loss of biodiversity most serious occurred in Central and South America; East, West and Central Africa, especially in Madagascar, South and East-South Asia (Ms. G. Mat, 1994). Loss of biodiversity is one of the most serious crisis the world as the number of species decreased to low. 12 African countries warned that the ecosystem of the continent most vulnerable to shocks world of weather. Famine, water scarcity, desertification status, reduced agricultural productivity caused human quality of life in Africa is low. Africa accounts for about a fifth of the global land area and about a fifth of the plants, mammals and birds in the world, accounting for one-sixth of amphibians and reptiles. About a fifth of the birds in southern Africa have seasonal migration in Africa and one in ten migrants between Africa and other continents of the world. 2.3.2. The influence of environmental factors to the flora in Vietnam Drought occurs in most areas of the country, average annual temperature increased by 0, 1 and 0, 30 ° C / decade. Temperature increase and rainfall changed that will affect agriculture and water resources. Sea levels likely rise one meter by the end of the century, then Vietnam will take over 12% of land area, the residence of 23% of the population. The consequences of global climate change cause more clearly, including impacts on biodiversity, valuable resources of the country. Based on some research done in the world and the natural conditions of Vietnam, forecast consequences of climate change will impact on the Mekong Delta and Hong Delta, the coastal area and the system forest ecology in the country. Sea level rise will affect the wetland coast of Vietnam, the most serious is the mangrove area in Ho Chi Minh City, Vung Tau Province and Nam Dinh Province.( Nguyen Hoang Tri and colleagues, 2002). Two deltas and coastal in our country, including mangroves and wetland system are very rich in species, are very vulnerable ecosystems. Sea level rise along with the intensity of storms will change the composition of the sediment, salinity and pollution levels of water, degrade and threaten the survival of mangroves and species in dirty. 13